Project appraisal

Environment

Pavement Design-New Roads

Cross Section,Shoulders and Drainage

Traffic

Subgrade

Problem Soils

DES

IGN

ELEM

ENTS

PavementRehabilitation

BituminousSurfacings

Gravel Roads

STRU

CTUR

ALDE

SIGN

Comparison of alternatives and selection of design

Refinement of design, if required

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Material CML test properties method

Wet or moderate climatic zones: min 80 after 4 days soak Wet or moderate climatic zones: min 60 after 4 days soak CBR

[%] Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met): Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met): at 98% MDD of min 80 at OMC of BS-Heavy min 60 at OMC of BS-Heavy 1.7 and BS-Heavy min 60 after 4 days soaking min 45 after 4 days soaking 1.11

General Coral rock, calcrete or General Coral rock, calcrete or Atterberg requirements other calcified materials requirements other calcified materials limits 1) Wet or Dry Wet Dry or Wet Dry or Wet Dry or

moderate climate climate moderate climate moderate climate moderate max LL [%] 30 40 35 45 35 45 40 45 1.2 max PI [%] 8 14 10 16 10 16 12 18 1.3 max LS [%] 4 7 5 8 5 8 6 9 1.4

Grading, sieve

sizes [mm] 63 37.5 Grading requirements: 20 - dMAX shall be maximum 2/3 of the compacted layer thickness 5 - Grading Modulus (GM *) ): min 2.0 2

*) 0.425 GM = [ 300 - (% passing 2mm) - (% passing 0.425mm) - (% passing 0.075mm) ] / 100 0.075 Particle TFVdry : min 80 kN TFVdry : min 50 kN strength TFVsoaked : min 60% of TFVdry TFVsoaked : min 60% of TFVdry Soluble salts Where the gravel is used under a surface treatment, soluble salt content is assessed in accordance with /7-11/. Field density

CBR - swell [%] max 0.5 max 1.0measured at BS-Heavy compaction measured at BS-Heavy compaction

30 - 65

1) It is emphasised that the Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and

Nominal value: min 98% of MDD, BS-Heavy

utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.

1.7

2.7

10 - 3020 - 50

Material class

5 - 15

10080 - 10060 - 95

Grading envelope, G80[% passing]

G80 G60

(no envelope for G60, coral rock, calcrete or other calcified materials)

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properties methodWet or moderate climatic zones: min 45 after 4 days soak Wet or moderate climatic zones: min 25 after 4 days soak

CBR [%] Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met): Dry climatic zones (both requirements shall be met): at 95% MDD of min 45 at OMC of BS-Heavy min 25 at OMC of BS-Heavy 1.7 and BS-Heavy min 25 after 4 days soaking min 15 after 4 days soaking 1.11

General Coral rock, calcrete or General Coral rock, calcrete or Atterberg requirements other calcified materials requirements other calcified materials limits 1) Wet or Dry Wet Dry or Wet or Dry Wet Dry or

moderate climate climate moderate moderate climate climate moderate max

LL [%] 40 45 45 50 45 50 45 55 1.2 max

PI [%] 14 18 16 20 16 20 18 24 1.3 max

LS [%] 7 9 8 10 8 10 9 12 1.4 Grading *) Modulus (GM) *)

GM = [ 300 - (% passing 2mm) - (% passing 0.425mm) - (% passing 0.075mm) ] / 100 Particle size dMAX shall be maximum 2/3 of the compacted layer thickness Soluble salts Where the gravel is used under a surface treatment, soluble salt content is assessed in accordance with /7-11/. Field density

BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.

Nominal value: min 95% of MDD, BS-Heavy

G45 G25

1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise

1.7

Material class

min 1.5 min 1.2

CBR - swell [%] max 0.5 max 1.0measured at BS-Heavy compactionmeasured at BS-Heavy compaction

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properties method

Material source

max LL [%] 1) 1.2

max LS [%] 1) 1.4 Grading, sieve

sizes [mm] Coarse Type Fine Type Coarse Type Fine Type 50 100 37.5 100 90 - 100 100 28 87 - 97 100 75 - 95 90 - 100 20 75 - 90 87 - 97 60 - 90 65 - 95 10 52 - 68 62 - 77 40 - 75 40 - 70

5 38 - 55 44 - 62 29 - 60 29 - 522 23 - 40 27 - 45 20 - 45 20 - 401,18 18 - 33 22 - 38 17 - 40 15 - 330,425 11 - 24 13 - 27 12 - 31 10 - 240,075 4 - 12 5 - 12 5 - 15 4 - 12

Aggregate strength Soluble salt content For aggregate used under a surface treatment, soluble salt content is assessed in accordance with /7-11/. Field density requirements

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of MDD BS-Heavy Nominal value: min 100%

Material classCRR

[% passing][% passing]

CRS

335

Nominal value: min 88%

30

1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise

BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.

2.7

1.7

TFVdry : min 110 kN TFVsoaked : min 75% of TFVdry TFVsoaked : min 60% of TFVdry

of Aggregate Density

Crushed rock. Shall be made by crushing and screening of fresh quarried rock or clean, un-weathered boulders of minimum 0.3 m diameter. All particles shall be crushed, no soil fines allowed.

Crushed stone. Made by crushing and screening of blasted rock, stones, boulders and oversize from natural gravel. Min 50% by mass of particles larger than 5 mm shall have at least one crushed face. Max 30% of material passing 5 mm can be soil fines.

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Material CML test

properties C2 C1 CM methodEarthworks quality soils/gravel

min UCS [MPa] 2,0 1,0 0,5 1.21 ICL - test 1.22 max PI after stabilisation [%] 1) 8 8 8 1.2 and 1.3

Before stabilisation: min CBRsoaked [%] at 95% MDD of BS-Heavy max PI [%] 1) 20 25 35 1.2 and 1.3

min 1.5 min 1.2 -

Particle size, dMAX Aggregate strength TFVdry : min 50 kN - - 2.7 Field density Nominal value: min 97% of MDD BS-Heavy

Grading modulus *)

Nominal quality of source material - with requirements as given here

1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow BS procuders and utilise

BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.

1.11

1.7

The content of organic matter should not exceed 0.5% - 1% - 2% for C2 - C1 - CM materials respectively.

Source material

Material class

d MAX to be max 2/3 of compacted layer thickness

Stabiliser content [ % design ] shall be minimum the initial consumption of lime (ICL) value

*) GM = [ 300 - (% passing 2mm) - (% passing 0.425mm) - (% passing 0.075mm) ] / 100

30 -20

Subbase quality soils/gravel

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Material Material class properties FBMIX CML test

Foamed bitumen mix method

Aggregate source Natural gravel or crushed material, free from lumps of clay or other deleterious matter. PI [%] 1) max 14 before admixture of bitumen 1.2 and 1.3 CBRsoaked [%] min 30 before admixture of bitumen, tested at 95 % MDD of BS-heavy 1.11 Aggregate TFVsoaked : min 75% of TFVdry strength Traffic TLC 3 and TLC 10: TFVdry : min 110 kN

Traffic TLC 1 and lower: TFVdry : min 80 kN Grading, sieve sizes [mm] % passing

37,5 10028 80 - 10020 60 - 9510 42 - 785 30 - 652 20 - 50

0,425 10 - 300,075 5 - 15

E-Modulus [MPa] min 1600, measured by indirect tensile strength, tested at 29oC 3.21

Marshall stability [N] min 6000 tested at 40oC

Marshall flow [mm] 2 - 4 Moisture content at min: mix design moisture less 1.5% points the time of laying [%] max: mix design moisture plus 0.5% points Type of bitumen 80/100 or 150/200 penetration grade 3.5 Adhesion agents Approved adhesion agents shall be admixed at min 0.5% by weight of bitumen Bitumen content

Consumption, residual bitumen: 80 to 100 litres per m3 of compacted material 3.22 Field density min 96% of Marshall dry density

1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow

BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.

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Bitumen emulsion mix Aggregate source Natural gravel or crushed material, free from lumps of clay or other deleterious matter. PI [%] 1) max 8 before admixture of bitumen 1.2 and 1.3 CBRsoaked [%] min 30 before admixture of bitumen, tested at 95 % MDD of BS-heavy 1.11 Aggregate TFVsoaked : min 75% of TFVdry strength Traffic TLC 3: TFV dry : min 110 kN

Traffic TLC 1 and lower: TFVdry : min 80 kN Grading, sieve sizes [mm] % passing

37,5 10028 80 - 10020 60 - 9510 35 - 705 25 - 502 18 - 35

0,425 10 - 250,075 5 - 8

E-Modulus [MPa] min 1200, measured by indirect tensile strength, tested at 29oC 3.21

Marshall stability [N] min 4500 tested at 40oC

Marshall flow [mm] 2 - 4 Moisture content at min: mix design moisture less 1.5% points the time of laying [%] max: mix design moisture plus 0.5% points Type of base bitumen 80/100 or 150/200 penetration grade 3.5 Bitumen content Consumption, residual bitumen: 80 to 100 litres per m3 of compacted material 3.22 Field density min 96% of Marshall dry density

1) It is emphasised that Atterberg limits shall be measured according to CML test methods 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4. These methods follow

BS procuders and utilise BS equipment. Other laboratory test procedures are likely to give results that are not comparable with the given material requirements.

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