paul nicolae borza smart grids and ict2014
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Energy efficient systemsin distribution grid
Prof dr ing Paul BORZA
4thRenewable Energy Sources School Afyon Kocatepe University Electrical Engineering Department TURKEY
22.01.2015
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Transilvania University of Brasov
Brasov Romania city mentioned from 1241 asGerman cityGeographic coordinates: 45.6528° N, 25.6119° EActually number of inhabitants:
Transilvania University History:1940 First HE institutionAcademy of Trade andIndustrial Studies.1948 The Silviculture Institute isset up.
1949 The Mechanical Instituteis set up1971 The University ofBrasov is born through themerger of the Polytechnicand Pedagogical Institutes.1991 University of Brasov’sSenate decided to changethe name of the universitythat becomes University of
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Transilvania University
Campus
18 Faculties
27,000 students
Graduates, Masters and PhD students
More than 800 professors
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Institute for sustainable
development “GENIUS” Campus
March 2012 Inauguration of PRO-DD Institute12 Research Departmentsoriented to durable developmentFull Institute become an exampleof eco-friendly buildings using in
principal renewable resources
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Energy and his characteristics
Energy: Capacity to provide an action
Electrical energy must be consumed when it isproduced (volatility), in all other situation appearlosses
Finite character of energetic resources andpower generation
The multidimensional forms of energy: electrical,mechanical, chemical, thermal, radiant, etc.
Offer an Integral image of movement as
reflection of energy
(from the Greek ἐνέργεια - energeia, "activity, operation", from ἐνεργός - energos,
"active, working“ [1])
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Raw material used as Energysources
Conversion of fossil energy in electricity – chemical way - or co-generation (CHP) from:
Coal
Petrol
Natural gas
Atomic
Capture of Sun energy – radiant way - by renewable:
Direct solar radiation conversion by PV cells
Thermal cells Wind mills and wind farms power
Water by hydro-electric power
Wave energy
Biomass based power plants
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Several feature of primary formsof energy
The fossil fuels present a high energy density
Fossil fuels generate “greenhouse” gases
Technologies are mature
The “green” technologies are dependent on sun radiation andalso local factors: latitude, climate
Part of technologies are in research phase or “earlier” stages ofimplementation
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Price for different forms ofgeneration
http://www.raeng.org.uk/news/publications/list/reports/Cost_Generation_Commentary.pdf see
2.2p2.3p
• Pulverised fuel (PF) steam plant; • Circulating fluidized-bed combustion (CFBC) plant;• Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) plant
• Open-cycle gas turbine (OCGT) plant;• Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant;
2.6p
3.2p
Royal Academy of Engineering data (UK)
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Ontological image aboutenergetic processes
Different parameters : fromseveral volts to mega-volts,from several W to GW
Voltage from: 1.2MV to110KV, Power from: TWto MW
Voltage from: 50KV to 6 KV
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Facets from ontological point of viewrelated to the energetic processes
Energetic capacities & Power flows (finite)
Information flow (essential to optimize the efficiency) Effects of energy (“usage value”)
Environmental concerns (“eco-footprints”)
Economical effects (“smart systems”)
Societal effects (rules, regulations, contracts for providing,consumption and quality of energy supplied)
Opportunity of generation, consumption & conversion(generation characteristics, load characteristics, load“demands” - matching phenomena -)
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Parameters and characterization of
energy providedType of power flow variation in time:Alternative current:
Mono phase
Three phase
Multi phase
Direct current
Electrical parameters:Voltage
Current
Power
Frequency
Phase
Qualitative parameters:Noise spectrum
Availability of power supplies
Reliability of providing process
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Matching processes in powerflow transfer
Types of systems that implement the matching processes:
Electrical transformers
Voltage control rectifiers Inverters
Noise cancellers (quality of power flow variation)
Management of energy (time oriented matching processes)
Active Filters (Power quality assurance)
Electronic power commutation devices implement themajority of matching processes
Types of commutation processes:
Forced
Natural (or crossing zero / resonant converters)
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Other energy characteristics
Granularity of the system (from power andinformation embedded into the system
elements)Capacity and reaction speed of the
electricity system
Stability of the system assured: In the past: by over-generation and central control of the power flow
In the present and more in the future: by embedded of control at very lowlevel in order to find out the equilibrium at the level of elementary groups(e.g. case of Distributed Generation most remarkable example: RenewableEnergy Sources RES) that minimize the power flow circulation andsuccessive conversions
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generation, transport, conversion and
consumption of electrical energy
The problem is a COMPROMISE Wisdom in choosing of targets/objectives for
optimal Uniform definition of the multidimensional problem
Adoption of the optimal granularity for the system elements
Choosing of the appropriate model and developing of virtual models toeasier the control process that assure the mastering of the systemcomplexity
Choosing of the right informational system attached at the energeticsystem able to process, communicate and real time control of thesystem. The common languages, the appropriate protocols used forcommunication represent premises to reach an optimal control
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Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy (1)
Base load (production of electric energy quasi constant in time)
Peak shaving (procedure to increase the production of energy
and to shift the maximum of load profile in order to smooth theload curve)
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Types of services related to thegeneration of electric energy (2)
Standby power (minimum power necessary to maintain infunction a system)
Spinning reserve (The spinning reserve is the extra generatingcapacity that is available by increasing the power output ofgenerators that are already connected to the power system.)
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Types of services related to the
generation of electric energy (3)
Reactive power supply generation in order to compensate the load factor into thegrid;
Ancillary services those services necessary to support the transmission of electricpower from seller to purchaser given the obligations of control areas andtransmitting utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operationsof the interconnected transmission system, and consists in the followingservices:
1) Scheduling, System Control and Dispatch
2) Reactive Supply and Voltage Control from Generation Sources
3) Regulation and Frequency Response
4) Energy Imbalance
5) Operating Reserve – Spinning
6) Operating Reserve – (Supplemental see Federal Energy Regulation Commission order888 and 1995)
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Types of services related to the
generation of electric energy (4)
Power quality is the result of an incompatibility between the power delivered into the grid and the
loads that consume this power; This notion reflect how much differ the form of voltage relative atsinusoidal form
Type of disturbances that affect the power quality:
Voltage sags (dips) are brief reductions in voltage, typically lasting from a cycle to a
second or so, or tens of milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds.
Voltage swells are brief increases in voltage in the same range of time
Transient overvoltage are variation of voltage in the range from 10 to 80% of nominal
voltage
Harmonics induced in special by rectifiers and inverters as result of circuit
commutation by electronic power devices (involve important values for 3 rd, 5th , 7th
harmonics
Frequency variation of voltage supplied could be the result of over load of the
network or poor network, high frequency noise produced by arch of motor brushes or
radio transmitters, extremely fast transient overvoltage result of arches appeared intothe network, unbalance three phase systems
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Power networks evolution 19th & 20th C
Generation based on local power plants majority functioning withcoal – steam – . Island networks (close inter correlation between
generation &load) clustered
19th Century – INSULATED-
Classical power networks: bulk generation, wide power networks,captive consumers; assurance of network stability by excess of energyproduction especially based on fossil resources: coal, gas, petrol;generation follow the loads .
20th Century – INTEGRATED & AGGREGATED- producer centered
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Power networks evolutiontoday & tomorrow
Nodaway: Decentralization of generation and increasing ofintermittent generation based on renewable sources; management
of fluctuations on both sides: producer & consumer; producing ofenergy based on classical & renewable fuels TOWARD LARGE SCALEINTEGRATION & AGGREGATION, INTRODUCTION OF VIRTUALIZATIONCONCEPTS , consumer centered.
Tomorrow : complete INTEGRATION between generation andconsumption by ICT; self healing systems able to manage byfeedback and also feed-before procedures the fluctuations on bothsides; minimizing of power flow excursion with benefic effects ofenergy efficiency; clean / green technological processes in energyproduction & usage prosumers’ centered
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A classical power network systems
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Sub-transmission
Substations
Feeders
Services
Customers
Ch t i ti f l i l
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Characteristics of classical
systems
Independent technologies for every layer of the system
Information exchange realized using sessions – discontinuously –
between the different layers
Assure a relatively independently functionalities that preserve thecoherencies of data and functions used in functionalitiesimplementations
Encourage the specificity of developed solutions
Increase competitiveness in industry
Facilitate Trade and Commerce of specific solutions
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Smart Grids a vision about futurepower networks
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Smart Grid vision
Smart grids will implement the desiderate of fusion betweenenergy and information at all levels of power network systems by:deeply integration of all control components of the powernetworks using ICT.
The two-way communication system will improve the reactivity(fast and complex) of the power system at the demands fromconsumer side and all other actors (providers, traders, regulators
entities) involved in the frame of power systems The SG will implement an intelligent monitoring and control
functionality of all power networks components, thecommunication between all these components, and theprocessing of all signals afferent to power grid.
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Smart Grid vision
Will better solve the incidents and malfunctioningevents that could appear on power networks inclusive
by developing “self healing” facilities
Will offer a high level of reliability, resilience andsecurity of power network system
Will integrate new intermittent power generators anddistributed generators such as: renewable powersources thus, the consumers will be transformed in“ prosumers” respectively they will become in the sametime energy providers and consumers
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Smart Grid vision
Will offer the support for operating the energy storage facilitiesthat will be integrated into the power grid not only at energy
provider level (generators) but also deep into the grid at thelevel of end-users (consumers)
Will significantly reduce the environmental impact of thewhole electricity supply system
SG represents in the same time the complex system able toaccommodate the requirements from economical, social andtechnological sides in order to assure a high efficient powernetwork operation, facilitating trading of the energy
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Trinomial model of SG
Consumers
Electric Energy
Providers
Electric Energy
Traders
Operational networkPower plant automationGeneration & Load BalancingStation Sub-Station automations
Feeder automation and monitoring
Local consumer’snetwork
RES managementSmart appliances
Building EnergyManager
Smart metering
Commercial network:TSO Transmission System OperatorDSO Distribution System OperatorAutomated billing system
Dynamic tariff applicable for prosumersMarket place interaction
AMI (Advance Metering Infrastructure)
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Smart Grid actual stage – anexample-
Power network management
Market
Operation
AMR
Automatic
MeterReading
Billing systemCIS, GIS,
ERP…
Enterprise Integration
Power PlantAutomation
SubstationAutomation
Feeders
monitoring &Control
ResidentialGateway
SmartMetersHome
Automatio
nsProducing/Storing
CustomerServicesProviders
GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
ADINE ABB project 2010
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EU vision about what means and howwill evolutes the Smart Grid concept
This will be done via an integrated and innovative approach to
technical,
commercial
regulatory
dimensions
European Smart Grids Technology Platform Vision
and Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks ofthe Future see on
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SG in EU vision (1)
User-centric approach: increased interest in electricity marketopportunities value added services, flexible demand for energy,lower prices, micro generation opportunities;
Electricity networks renewal and innovation: pursuing efficient assetmanagement, increasing the degree of automation for better qualityof service;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update ofthe SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (2)
Using system wide remote control;
Applying efficient investments to solve infrastructure ageing;
Security of supply: limited primary resources of traditionalenergy sources, flexible storage; need for higher reliability andquality; increase network and generation capacity;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update of
the SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (3)
Liberalised markets: responding to the requirements andopportunities of liberalisation by developing and enabling bothnew products and new services;
High demand flexibility and controlled price volatility,
Flexible and predictable tariffs;
Liquid markets for trading of energy and grid services;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update ofthe SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (4)
Interoperability of European electricity networks: supporting theimplementation of the internal market; efficient managementof cross border and transit network congestion; improving thelong-distance transport and integration of renewable energysources; strengthening European security of supply throughenhanced transfer capabilities;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update ofthe SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (5)
Central generation renewal of the existing power-plants,
Development of efficiency improvements, increased flexibilitytowards the system services;
Integration with RES and Distributed (decentralized) Generation DG;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update of
the SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (6)
Developing of Distributed generation and production based onrenewable energy sources (RES):
Local energy management, and as consequence losses andemissions reduction, integration within power networks;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update of
the SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (7)
Environmental issues:
“reaching Kyoto Protocol targets” and evaluate their impact on theelectricity transits in Europe;
reduce losses;
increasing social responsibility and sustainability; optimizing visual impact and land-use;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update ofthe SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (8)
Demand response and demand side management(DSM):
developing strategies for local demand modulation and loadcontrol by electronic metering and automatic metermanagement systems;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update of
the SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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SG in EU vision (9)
Politics and regulatory aspects: continuing development andharmonisation of policies and regulatory frameworks in theEuropean Union (EU) context;
SmartGrids SRA 2035: Strategic Research Agenda Update of
the SmartGrids SRA 2007 for the needs by the year 2035
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Investments for SG in EU
countries
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A remark of Frederick Butler 2008
“most people have paid for their electricity at the same rate
every day of every year, every hour of every day.”
Butler said, “That’s going to have to change,” noting that “Ifyou’re going to have a smart grid, that allows you to measureand have two-way communication between the end-userpremises, the utility company, the [Regional Transmission
Operator] RTO, and other entities, rates will have to change tobe more time-of-use rates or critical peak period rates.”
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SG function definition(1)(recovery act smart grid programs)
Fault Current Limit devices able to automatically limit highcurrent that occur during faults
Wide Area Monitoring, Visualization & Control
Dynamic Capability Rating
Power Flow Control having as objective to reduce the power
flow travel along power networks
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SG function definition(2)(recovery act smart grid programs)
Adaptive Protections
Automatic Feeder and Line switching
Automatic Islanding and Reconnection Automatic Voltage and VAR Control
Diagnosis and notification of Equipment Conditions
Enhance Fault protection
Real-time Load measurement & management Real time load transfer as result of feeder reconfiguration
Customer electricity use optimization
CISCO i i b t SG
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CISCO vision about SG
assessment
Observable Controllable
Automated
Integrated
Implementation proposed b
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Implementation proposed by
CISCO
Challenges rinsed by SG
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Challenges rinsed by SGimplementation(1)
Development of a secure, reliable and resilient
communication system – creating redundantinfrastructures
Improvement of M2M connectivity down to the lastelements integrated into the power grid
Strict control of propagation delays on operationalnetwork in order to maintain the “real-time” capabilitiesfor whole system
Challenges rinsed by SG
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Challenges rinsed by SGimplementation(2)
Development of appropriate strategies in order to pass-off oravoid the “silent” – unresponsive nodes that should be over passed
Coordination and alignment of requirements from plurality of
stakeholders (EU case)
Development of standard and regulations that impose the usageof strict security solutions in order to avoid possible intrusion intoSG systems
See standards:IEC 61850 standard Communication networks andsystems for power utility automation; IEC 61499 standard forgeneral purpose Function Block architecture for industrial processmeasurement and control systems, endowing the architecturewith bio-inspired control patterns
V Vyatkin, G Zhabelova, N Higgins, M Ulieru, K Schwarz, N-Kumar,CStandards-enabled Smart Grid for the Future Energy Web, IEEE SG2009
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d i
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Advance MeteringInfrastructure(AMI)
Bi-directional communication based on standard protocols
Enabling usage of dynamic tariffs or instant price of Electricityconsumed or generated
Visualization in real – time of current status of the powernetwork
Endowing with control functions the Energy Counter in order to
be able not only to switch on-off the devices but also to offerstrategies for replacing components
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A model set-up for SG network
Tamilmaran V, D P Kothari “Smart Grid: An Overview “, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2011,2, 305-311 http://www.SciRP.org/journal/sgre) visualized 2012
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Electric Energy Counter
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IC meters
Sensors => Precisions of whole system Metering involve CALIBRATION ofmeasurementsCommunication module could be
changedSeals are mandatoryAuthentication is mandatory
A Laboratory implementation
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A Laboratory implementation
S l id ti b t
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Several considerations aboutelectric energy storage devices
21
21
21
111
C C
C C C
C C C
ESR R
V P V C E
42
1 2
2
Helmholtz 1853
(Symmetric electrodes)
Capacity, energy, power
Nano-structure of supercaps
electrodes
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Ragone Diagram
Different kind of
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Different kind of
supercapacitors
ELECTROLYTE organic anorganic Important for
Decomposition
voltage Higher Lower
Cell voltage
Electrical
conductivity Lower Higher
functionality
Environmentalconcern
Restrictions formaterials,
available nowno
Topic ofadmission
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How look these devices?
Cylindrical device “Stacked” device