paul m. nurse

47
Scientists need to earn the trust and confidence of the public if we are to retain our “license to operate.” But to do that we have to be accurate about what science can do. It is no good exaggerating what science can deliver, as happened when the Director of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach, announced the Institute’s challenge goal in 2003 as “To eliminate the suffering and death due to cancer by 2015.” This cannot be justified even as a statement of aspiration because when we fail to deliver, as we surely will with such a claim, we will lose the confidence and trust of both the politicians and the public. Paul M. Nurse

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Page 1: Paul M. Nurse

Scientists need to earn the trust and confidence of the public if we are to retain our “license to operate.” But to do that we have to be accurate about what science can do. It is no good exaggerating what science can deliver, as happened when the Director of the National Cancer Institute, Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach, announced the Institute’s challenge goal in 2003 as “To eliminate the suffering and death due to cancer by 2015.” This cannot be justified even as a statement of aspiration because when we fail to deliver, as we surely will with such a claim, we will lose the confidence and trust of both the politicians and the public.

Paul M. Nurse

Page 2: Paul M. Nurse

CDC28 kóduje p34!

„cyclin-dependent kinase“, CDK

Page 3: Paul M. Nurse
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Transkripční (pretranslační?) regulace v buněčném cyklu

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Cykliny jsou spřízněné s TFIIB a pRb!

Nucleic Acids Res. 1994 March 25; 22(6): 946–952.

Page 6: Paul M. Nurse

Co dělají „příbuzní“ cyklinů?

viz též Pho80/85

Page 7: Paul M. Nurse

Cykliny jakožto derivát transkripčních regulátorů?

A co CDK??(Noble et al. 1997)

Page 8: Paul M. Nurse

CDK-like kinázy a transkripce• TFIIH• CTD kinase (S.cer.:

KIN28)• P-TEFb (Positive-

Transcription Elongation Factor) ... + cyclin T (referát)

Page 9: Paul M. Nurse

16 Arabidopsis CDK dosud zmeškáno, 2 CDK10/11 a 14 recentně duplik. CDK9

Guo and Stiller 2004

CdkC

CdkB

CdkA

CdkD

CdkF

CdkE

CAK + TFIIH

CTD kinase

P-TEFb

RNA proc.?G2M?

Page 10: Paul M. Nurse

„Pocket proteins“ - příbuzenstvo cyklinů: pRB a spol.

Page 11: Paul M. Nurse

pRB a E2F – regulace „S-fázních efektorů“

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Mechanismus represe je možná trochu složitější ...

Rb indukuje deacetylaci histonů, což brání transkripci přísluš. oblasti chromatinu

Page 15: Paul M. Nurse

Dal

ší e

fekt

ory

pRb

Kor

enja

k an

d B

rehm

200

5

Page 16: Paul M. Nurse

... a není to živočišná specialita!

DNA damage

GSH

Page 17: Paul M. Nurse

Regulace transkripce se uplatňuje i jinde v BC.

Page 18: Paul M. Nurse

Je transkripce tak důležitá, nebo o ní jen hodně víme?

• Měření množství mRNA:– Northern– Microarrays

• Měření produkce mRNA je něco jiného!!

A jak se vůbec transkripce dá regulovat?

Page 19: Paul M. Nurse

Microarrays

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Kvasinkový BC jakožto posloupnost „vln“ cyklinů

  

G1 S G2 M"start"

Cln3

Cln1,2

Clb5,6

Clb3,4

Clb1,2

Page 21: Paul M. Nurse

Důvody ale nejsou pouze transkripční!

Yan

g a

Kor

nblu

th, T

iBS

199

9

Page 22: Paul M. Nurse

G1 S G2 M

jádr

o

cy

topl

asm

a

konc

entr

ace/

akti

vita

Cykliny: A, E, D1, B1, B2

Page 23: Paul M. Nurse

Transkripční regulace v BC S. cerevisiae

Gene expression during the yeast cell cycle. Genes correspond to the rows, and the time points of each experiment are the columns. The ratio of induction/repression is shown for each gene such that the magnitude is indicated by the intensity of the colors displayed. If the color is black, then the ratio of control to experimental cDNA is equal to 1, whereas the brightest colors (red and green) represent a ratio of 2.8:1. Ratios >2.8 are displayed as the brightest color. In all cases red indicates an increase in mRNA abundance, whereas green indicates a decrease in abundance. Gray areas (when visible) indicate absent data or data of low quality. Color bars on the right indicate the phase group to which a gene belongs (M/G1, yellow; G1, green; S, purple; G2, red; M, orange). These same colors indicate cell cycle phase along the top. (A) Gene expression patterns for cell cycle-regulated genes. The 800 genes are ordered by the times at which they reach peak expression.

Spellman et al. 1998

Page 24: Paul M. Nurse

Mechanismy regulace: historický „krok stranou“- přepínání párovacích typů pučivé kvasinky

a/

2a + 2

Párovací typ určen jediným lokusem, ale HOMOTHALISMUS!!!

Page 25: Paul M. Nurse

Kazetový model MAT lokusu

- konverzi zahajuje HO endonukleáza

Page 26: Paul M. Nurse

Transkripční regulace HO

• Jen v haploidech

• Jen v mateřských buňkách

• Jen v G1

• (booleovské AND)

Nástroj ke studiu: swi (switching) mutanti

Page 27: Paul M. Nurse

Promotor genu HO

M/D specifitaSwi5?

G1 specifitaSwi4/6

diploid-specif.

Page 28: Paul M. Nurse

Swi5 a asymetrie M/D

M

D1

M

D1D2

D2

a Swi5 podmínkou M exprese HO (ale nikoli důvodem asymetrie!)

Page 29: Paul M. Nurse

G1 S G2 M

Sw

i5 n

a U

RS

2

S

WI5

mR

NA

Regulovaná lokalizace Swi5p

(přetrvávající Swi5 v M???)

Page 30: Paul M. Nurse

Regulace jaderné lokalizace Swi5p

• S/G2/M - P ace NLS

• M/G1 - de P ace NLS

• fosforylace závisí na Cdc28!

• defosforylace: Cdc14

Page 31: Paul M. Nurse

(Jak je to s tou M/D asymetrií?)

G1 jádro aktin

Myo4/She2/3

Ash1 mRNA

ASH1: asymmetry of HO switching - D-specif. represor!

Page 32: Paul M. Nurse

Lokalizace mRNA jakožto univerzální způsob vzniku asymetrie?

Page 33: Paul M. Nurse

A co G1 specifická regulace?

• Swi4/Swi6 váží SCB (Swi Cell Cycle Box)

• SCB = CACGAAAA– např. v promotorech CLN1, CLN2!– SWI4/6 = SBF = SCB Binding Facror

• MCB = MluI Cell Cycle Box = ACGCGTNA

• MBF (MCB Binding factor) = Swi6 + Mbp1

Historie Mbp1 - „Emily factor“

Page 34: Paul M. Nurse

Transkripční faktory rodiny Swi4/Swi6

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I tyto proteiny podléhají fosforylaci...

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(Lehce diskutabilní) funkční překryvy...

(Bean et al. 2005)

Page 37: Paul M. Nurse

G1-specifická exprese

(pro Pho85)

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Další BC-regulované geny S. cer.

+ histony!

+ Fkh1/2!

Page 39: Paul M. Nurse

Příklad transkripčně regulovaných „efektorů“:

separace buněk

ACE2: • homolog Swi5,

podobně regulován• reguluje mj.

chitinázu!

Page 40: Paul M. Nurse

Kvasinka znovu – skupiny

kotranskrib. genů

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Lze identifikovat regulační obvody?

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SWI4/6

Paradox regulace HO: je „start“ transkripční událost?

START SWI4/6 HO

SWI4/6 CLN1,2 START

velikostCLN3

CLN1,2

START

Page 43: Paul M. Nurse

Co se stane, když buňka nemá CLB?

Amon et al. 1993

Page 44: Paul M. Nurse

Nelze vypnout CLN!

CLN2/CDC28mRNA ratio

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CLN regulují expresi CLB

Amon et al. 1993

Page 46: Paul M. Nurse

X: proteiny rodiny Forkhead

(Fkh1, Fkh2)

Page 47: Paul M. Nurse

Jorgensen and Tyers 2000

(CDK inhibitor;viz příště!!