patterns of struggle

7/29/2019 Patterns of Struggle

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History of the struggles of its people for freedom and a better life - most fundamental

aspect of Philippine History

Anti-colonial struggles- reason why the native inhabitants became conscious of their

identity as one nation

People's rebellions- negative response to colonial oppression rather than positive

movement for the attainment of national goals

The Landscape Reviewed

Philippines

Societies were in different levels of development but they were all based on

subsistence economies, produced to surplus, and therefore had no basis for

existence of an institutionalized exploiting class

Chiefs were still entrusted with communal responsibilities

There was no real concept of private property, or sense of ownership

Tagalog and Pampango areas- Muslim outposts, have relatively higher levels of

development

At the mercantilist stage of capitalist development, though it still exhibited

feudal traits

Mercantilism- emphasized immediate extraction of wealth, --particularly--

mineral wealth--- for trading purposes, rather than long range development

of natural resources

-the Spaniards extracted what they could from the marginal economy of the

natives since the Philippines had no hoards of gold and silver ready to hand,

and the colonizers did not have knowledge on how to acquire these

Spain

Union of the Church and State

Most salient feature of the Spanish rule

Active participation of the friars in colonial administration

Use of chiefs as colonial intermediaries was responsible for the development

of baranganic social stratification

Patterns of StruggleSunday, August 18, 2013

6:33 PM

VII Patterns of Struggle Page 1


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Early Resentments

Lapu-lapu, chief of Mactan, resulted in the death of Magellan

Lakandula and Soliman resisting the invaders under Legaspi

Leaders were Magat Salamat (son of Lakandula), Agustin de Legazpi(Lakandula's nephew)

Asked help from Bornean leaders and Japanese Captain

Remained a secret for 15 months but was betrayed by a chief

Sentenced to death, exile and confiscated property

1857- chiefs of Tondo, Pandacan, Paco, Polo, Catangalan, Castilla, Taguig,

Candaba, Navotas, Maysilo, Bulacan, Bangos and Cuyo

Early Resistance

Underlying cause of most resistance

Cruel method of collection

Communities would fight off soldiers sent by encomenderos to collect tribute

No tribute was collected from the King's encomienda, Cebu, for 3 years-

revolt

Abolition of tribute-principal demand of every uprising

Tribute

In 1583, many natives of Pampanga were sent to gold mines in Ilocos and

were not allowed to return home, starved to death

Because of 1584 famine, Pampangos revolted, asked help from Borneans to

massacre all Spaniards but was betrayed by a native woman married to a

Spaniard

Forced Labor

They retreated into rugged mountain ranges of the province

Rising of natives of Zambales

In the wake of the resettlement efforts of the religiousNueva Segovia (Ilocos)

Reduction

Winning the Chiefs

Early colonizers tried to win over the more influential chiefs

But when there was a change in general who didn't give him

Lakandula- was given privileges by Legazpi for loyalty



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benefits he threatened to revolt

Hispano-Dutch war greatly increased the demands on the material and

human resources of the colony

Abuses and corrupt practices were condoned as long as they helped

produced supplies and manpower so urgently needed

Economic Roots of Nativism

In the more backward areas, expression of protest took the form of a return to

the old native religion

Contraposition of power of the old gods to the power of the new religion- only

ideological basis for protest

Rebels claimed that their old gods promised them relief from tributes and

church dues

Bohol

1622, A babaylan reported the appearance to him of a diwata or goddess

who:

Promised life of abundance

No burden of paying the tribute to the government or dues to churches

Ifthey would rise against the Spaniards and reject Catholic religion, go to the

hills and build a temple

They burned 4 villages and their churches, threw away all their rosaries andcrosses, pierced an image of the Virgin repeatedly with javelins

It took an expedition of 50 Spaniards and 1, 000 native troops from

Pampanga and Cebu to put down the revolt but not before being attacked by

1500 Boholanos with javelins and etc.

Spanish regarded this as a dangerous one for their was evidence that it

would spread to other communities

Carigara, Leyte also rose

Tamblot

Led the Leyteos

Uprising had nativistic features

Rebels erected a temple to their diwata and church property was

destroyed

Women and children fought alongside men

His head was placed on a stake as a warning after their defeat

Bankaw



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Led the uprising in Panay

He attracted many followers with his story

Had conversations with the demon

Mountains would rise against the Spaniards

Spanish muskets would not fire, but if they did it would fire back at

them

Any native who died in the rebellion would live again

Leaves of tress would turn into fish

Fibers of coconuts would turn into fine linen

Have all they wished in abundance

He said that if the people abandoned Catholic religion and attacked the

Spaniards the demon would help in various ways

Had one new characteristic: Tapar proclaimed himself God Almighty

(Catholic feature)

But still Tapar was executed

Tapar

The demand for woodcutters, shipbuilders, and crewmen rose sharply

during Hispano-Dutch war

All the regulations designed to protect the polistas were discarded,

abuses happened

To partially relieve the Tagalogs and Pamapangos, Leyte and othervisayan provinces were told by General Fajardo (1649) to step up labor

conscription to supply shipyards of Cavite, Bohol, and the Visayas

Labor Conscription

Samar

First resistance engendered by forced labor

He was ordered by his father (babaylan) to kill a priest in a convent,

June 1, 1649

On Corpus Christi day , all the people marched to the convent and

burned and destroyed the church, friars fled, simultaneous happening

with all the villages in samar

Simultaneous action alarmed the Spanish officials because of proximity

to Catbalogan, the seat of jurisdiction in the province

Rebels sent a head of the pig when demanded for Sumuroy's head

The Spanish used the Lutaos of Zamboanga to assault the rebels,

Sumuroy



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surrendering happened and the rebels killed Sumuroy themselves and

carried his head to the Spanish commander

Spontaneity was the most significant aspect of the revolt

Franciscan father was banished from Sorsogon

An Alferez (chief ensign) was put to death in Masbate

An officer was killed in Cebu

Natives of Camiguin tied up priest

Several priests were killed in zamboanga

Entire coast of Northern Mindanao revolted

Other villages followed suit in the revolt in Samar

Dabao (Manobo chieftain)led the uprising of Northern Mindanao

Caused by the controversial decree to send carpenters to the Cavite

shipyard

He was a cunning fighter with a bagful of tricks

Once he was being pursued by Spaniards he went to a pries and asked

to be baptized

He pretended to take the prisoners (tied hands, but loose enough to be

released from, they carried weapons) to the fort

The Spanish garrison was wiped out

Governor Fajardo offered an amnesty to end the unrest in norther

Mindanao, but those who surrendered were hanged or enslaved

Tricky Dabao

The chiefs took advantage of the unrest mass for their own interests

Exploitative to gain higher economic status in Spanish administration

Cabezas often confiscated wages of polistas, and asked for money if

they did not want to work which they had to pay by being debt peons to

them

Period of intense exploitation= period of accelerated condition of

principalia control

Opportunites for the Chiefs

There were material reasons behind the revolts

Some other chiefs would assume the position of leader

New Stage in Native Resistance

The Maniago Revolt



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Because of forced labor for shipbuilding, bandalas, and other duties and

services

Pampanga was hard hit, being one of the traditional suppliers of goods

and services

The government was in a large debt to the Pampangos, 200,000 pesos

and thus building up resentment (the prices were already at a very low

level)

Labor drafts remained large even after the Hispano-Dutch war

The Pampangos also had to contend with military conscription (they

were recruited to quell revolts in other provinces and to fight in the

Dutch-Spanish war)

Had been working for 8 months under oppressive conditions

Maltreatment of timber-cutters was the immediate cause of the

uprising

The workers mutinied by setting fire to the camps

Don Francisco Maniago (chosen leader, was a chief from a village of

Mexico)

The Spanish were alarmed because they knew Pampangos had military

training and the Spanish force in the Philippines was reduced that time

Other armed rebels gathered in Lubao to close up the mouths of rivers

with stakes to deny the us of waterways to the Spanish forces

Exploited the fundamental division between the native elite and the

people which the Spanish colonialism itself had created

Governor Manrique de Lara

Managed to play off one chief against another

He went to Macabebe, rich and popolous town in Pamapanga, with

300 men

People became frightened upon seing the armed men so they

backed out from planning to join the rebellion

Assured the loyalty of Macapagal, chief of Arayat by treating him

with courtesy and giving privileges to him and his family, (lived in

Manila to be protected, but as hostage actually)

Show of force

Lara's Maneuvers

What happened with the bribing of the chiefs happened again and again

Change of Heart



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Macapagal sided with the Spaniards

Organized a force that would prevent the rebels from using the Arayat

route to seek refuge in Pangasinan

Because of the reward money many chiefs naghugas-kamay sa nangyari

The non-revolt, negotiations were done, Maniago was taken to Manila

and became maestro de campo of his fellow Pampangenos in Manila

Leaders were maneuvering between the people

Middlemen of Power

Center for foodstuff in Manila

They had an early modus vivendiwith the Spaniards

Spaniards were considerate of them

See the colonizers as friend

Became wealthyAfter the Maniago revolt no other happened in the province under

Spanish rule

Pampanga

Andres Malong of Pangasinan, proclaimed himself king

Threatened Maniago that if not join forces in revolt they would be

marched upon by 6,000 men

He had more than 4, 000 followers

40, 000 men - estimated total number of rebels

Mass Participation

The number was not able to overcome the superior fire power

Malong was arrested and later executed in Binalatongan, Pangasinan

(hometown)

Malong- New Ambitions

Ilocos

Gumapos had an army of zambals

The chiefs in Ilocos were loyal just to their property and asked the

bishop to keep it for them but the Zambals still was able to get these

riches

Ended when 400 rebels were slain

He was hung at Vigan

Gumapos



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There wasn't a resurgence of nativism, the rebels practiced Catholicism

but was not hesitant in killing priests or destroying church property

Religion and Rebellion

Ilocos

Member of principalia, like Maniago and Malong

Pedro Almazan

Had himself crowned king (like Malong)

Queen of Angels (crown he wore)

Almazan

Pampanga (Maniago), Pangasinan (Malong), Ilocos (Almazan)- principales

-desire of the native elite to supplant the Spanish rulers

Francisco Dagohoy (Boholano)

Concrete manifestation of the drive for freedom and a monument to

the people's struggle

Friar refused to give Dagohoy's brother a proper burial

3000 Boholanos joined, later on became 20, 000 over the years

Lasted for 85 years, 1774- 1829

It was the time of British invasion then

Economically self-sufficient

Free from tribute and forced labor

No longer subject to the abuses

But still adapted Catholic religion

Mountain communitiesMountain bases

Bishop Espeleta of Cebu

The Spanish tried negotiating with Dagohoy both the state and the

church

When Dagohoy died the rebellion continued until they were attacked

again this time with well-armed and well prepared forces

To ensure peace they were resettled in different villages

The Longest Revolt

Mid 18th century, The masses were already becoming acutely conscious

of the economic exploitation

Anti-clerical Feelings



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Aware of landgrabbing, subjecting the cultivators to stringent rules, and

charging unjust rents

Agrarian uprising in Bulacan, Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Rizal

patterns of struggle

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