patterns of power. the eu‘s external steering techniques at work - the case of democratization...

8/22/2019 Patterns of Power. The EUs External Steering Techniques at Work - The Case of Democratization Policies in Moroc

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P P

The EUs External Steering Techniques at Work - The Case

of Democrazaon Policies in Morocco

Dvd Budd d Mh Glu

No. 22 | December 2010

Working Paper


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 22 | December 2010

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T Tv P Ep

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vll d ul. I h d xh ll h d d x

h l d xl du Eu d h Eu U.

All KFG W P vll h KFG .u.u dd v l

[email protected].

Cyh h u: Dvd Budd d Mh Glu

Edl d du: F Ahu, C Bluuh, Jul S

Budd, Dvd / Glu, Mh 2010: P P. Th EU Exl S Thqu W - Th C

Dz Pl M, KFG W P S, N. 22, D 2010, Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG)

Th Tv P Eu, F Uv Bl.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

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Patterns of Power | 3

Patterns of Power

The EUs External Steering Techniques at Work - The Case of

Democratization Policies in Morocco

Dvd Bdd d M G

F Uv B

Abstract

Th ulz ll h lud d

uld y Fuul, H, Budu d h d l h l ly

h EU hhd l. Alyz h hu h d dy hv uy y M 2003, h uh uz h u d h

hh, d d d EU xl v h Suh Md.

Th d u h Eu ly lx y h v l, vl y

d y l, h h v x d. Wh l v

ld h v lvl, hy vd v M vl

y . S d h ly dv l h h l- h d

l v--v h EU d h ul du hu h d dy, hu

ll -vl h h v d dd d .

Th d v h EU hhd l hy vl h d

uh xl -hqu xl v ly.

T Ars

Dvd Bdd du ud Pll S F Uv

Bl d Tl Avv Uvy. H h lzd d h,

Mddl E l d Eu hhd l.

C: [email protected]

M G du ud Pll S F Uv

Bl d Bz Uvy Iul. H h lzd du hy

d Eu U ly.

C: [email protected]


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Cnts

1. Idu 5

2. Culz P 7

2.1 Europe as a Power and the Power of Europe 7

2.2 Power, Governance or Steering? Towards a

Conceptual Framework 8

2.3 Framework for Analysis 13

3. Th C EU Dz Pl M 15

3.1 Case Study Design 15

3.2 Democrazaon Policies as Security Pracces 16

3.3 Instuonal Context 17

4. S Md W 19

4.1 Hierarchic Steering Mechanisms 19

4.2 Indirect Steering Mechanisms 20

4.3 So Steering Mechanisms 22

5. P P? Alyz h Rul 27

5.1 Steering Strategies and their Resonance in Morocco 27

5.2 Assessing Polical Steering as Framework for Analysis 29

6. Clu 30

Lu 32


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1. Id1

The ENP [European Neighbourhood Policy] has helped European Union

neighbors to transform their countries [] It conrms that when we use the

right policy mix and tool kit, we can work as a transformave so power

spreading stability and prosperity beyond the enlargement area

(S Fl, EU C El d Nhuhd Ply, .

Lj 2010).

I l l, h xluv l v , h Eu U h

vlvd l d uu u l. Aly v ly l, h EU

v h hhd. N l h Eu Suy Sy

(ESS) 2003, h EU h u uy xl v d, v lh

uy ulu huh lz h h d quly h. T

h d, h EU h dlyd lx l d ll vd u

h E h Eu U d h d h Md h h jy l

d v l (Eu C 2003: 8). Th hd lh d

ly h h d xl v y ly.

O u h xly hl EU xl v. Qu h y,

h uu h l Eu xl v ( y Sju

2006; Sh 2008: 15). Hv, h jy h v hh h EU y

vd l l d power capacies,

h , l x u h lh h h (Dz 2005: 616). Gv

lyl d EU hhd , Eu d,

ly x d l v h ylly h

lh ly d ll l vy d h.

Th vv hl ud y d

dvld ()d l hy d ly ly d vll ud ll v

(Ghl l. 2010). W ll l h h l ly Eu hhd

l2 y x h M Eu Suh Md d.

By W d h d h ly h h l

lh ll y u h ll d , dl hh h

ly (W 1968: 53) d h d G ll h ll

d Euz, ulz d, h d u .

1 Th uh uld l h Tj A. Bzl d Mhd Ajhd h hlul h .

Th ul h h d l y h Kll-Fhu (KFG) Th Tv

P Eu, hd h F Uv Bl. Th KFG udd y h G Rh Fud-

(DFG) d h h h du d h EU l d xl l. F

uh , l ul .u.u.

2 By u h Eu hhd ly/l h u EU l h dh h . Wh h Eu Nhuhd Ply (ENP) h

EU, ll h dly.


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By d d h h vd h h ly either

xld h l h h l - lul, v d

l orh ll d h h lz d l l

(Suu 2009). Th dv ulz h d hv

d d xl v h l u duv

d h l h hd ly lvd d, hl h xlud

y d u d ly. W uh h lv

h d udd d h y hh xd huh

d ll u vl h d hh , hu

du EU xl v.

W xl h qu h h hh u hlly d d

lly vv v EU xl v:

(1) Whh d y lyd hhd l? H, hl

h dl h-ll l , v d , d hh

ully ll ulz d l ly.

(2) Whh d lyd Eu hhd l d h ? W

h h EU u u, hh ly ll

. Fuh, h h u h h dd, hu

h qu hh h EU ully lv u u ly l.

(3) O hh y hu vlu h ll ld h ? S

h x lly h hu vlu u d h ul yld h d

h h.

Fly, ll y v h vu EU xl v ulz

u hu l ly. W ll h du h M d h

udy d dl h EU u d d h v d

dd xl dz l. Flly, ll u h qu

d d u u l d ll d ly h EU hu

h d dz M ll h vlu -d

ll ly. Thuh ld d , v h hu vlu

h hl h h yd ll d ly ly d

vl h lx vlvd l l h 21 uy.


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2. Cp P

I h , du h x xl v d Euz lu

dquly h lx h h Eu hhd. Bd h,

h ly h ll v h l vulz v

ll v ulz h h l ly EU hhd

l.

2.1 Europe as a Power and the Power of Europe

Whl h qu hh h Eu U qul ully-dd l

l h h hlly d, d Eu xl u

ld. M h hv dd d l l (Dz/M2007: 173). Y, h l djv ud d y h l: Eu

hzd vl, vlz, l, l, v, v, .

I yd vy h h EU h xl v udd y v

u h d, hv, ly h u d ly lv h

(Yu 2009). Sll, dqu vully dy v vl vu.

Cully, h d Nv P Eu d-l. Exl xl

ly ld h qu h Eu l. I l h h, h ld

d h ul : M u hh Eu acts

Normave Power hh ullypossesses normave power lh

(Dz 2005: 616).

W u . Y, d v lyz type (Eu ), u

ul l pracce (Eu ). Bh v lly ld u

dv d v d: Whl h u ly l,

h l u ul h ld h. Th lly xd

hu ully ld, huh lylly d xl. I I M l l,

Eu ly dd h duv y (M 2002: 239).

Nvhl, Nv P Eu h l, u l hlul

h ly h : Nv ly dd h h d

h vlu, l h h u h l (M

2002: 253). Nv dly l h W h ly

lz ll v h h. B y being able

to exercise llv, ul, uul d duv (B/Duvll 2005:

8). I h Eu xl l, h l u h vd

l uy l u (B 2008: 604). Th u ll lyl

v h d ly ly, u l lly ulz power to h

ly acng ly.

I h h , Euz lu h dud v dl hz u

d h h Eu U u u (Lvx/Shl 2009).


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Y, h ll h hl l h ld

h h hd lh .

Alhuh h h vd y ul u hhl h y lud

-lld d (Suu 2009), ly ld ll h C d

h Wh P Eu Gv, ly h l ul h h -

d l uh d, udl, v l-ul h ly d

(Eu C 2001: 20). H, d dly udd h -

applicaon hd, hhl d h h h d . Whl

h d mechanisms ul ( -d hhl

hz) ll-dd, h hl d d uh

ul. Fuh, d l h h ul qu hzly

ud v.

A ll u uh d, d uly h. Mv,

h l ulzd uh h dd d d

, h h d h ly hd xl v uu h

hv.

I dly ud h l h u either huh v or

huh lz d l l. Bh ul d hv dly dvld

d lu (Suu 2009). I , h d h h EU h hhly uul

h ul u l v uduv (Yu 2009: 899) qu

d l ul quvl. W h x h xvly

h h h. By udd h d hh y d

l hy h ud l d h , h h h lyl

vlu lud hhl v ll d h uly d u

hzl l .

2.2 Power, Governance or Steering? Towards a Conceptual Framework

Ou udl udd h h du l l l, xd lly structure elds of acon. Thu, h xd,

d u ld . Th y u h h u uu h

l dl u (Ghl l. 2010: 3).

H d v l h ? Whl h v d l d,3

hll d h h H l. (2006) h d v d

dvd ll y (. Duh 1966). I h udd, h

regulang d regulatedy u d dvly h h y

d d h u v.

3 Chv du ud Bzl (2007) d Myz (2005).


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Th v ly

ulzd modes of coordinaon through which collecvely binding decisions are adopted and

implemented []. Governance structures relate to the instuons and actor constellaons while [gover-

nance] modes of social coordinaon refer to the processes which inuence and alter the behavior of

actors.(Bzl 2007: 3, hhlh DB/MG)

Thu, h v h l u uu d d l

h hv ulzd d ly v ul lv ly l.

Th y d h h v , h ly l

xlly v. I y, v h ld ul h: Th

ul y d dx vlu vl h xlly v d

ld. Th uld y u d h ul y hh dju

d ( hl vl) dly (H l. 2006: 12), l

d h d hld u.

Wh d ll h h hd, h dx vlu vl lld y

h ul y l d hu uj . Th , h ul y h

u d have to l (Duh 1966: 304). Whl h d h ll

, xl huh l, h d ll vd lvly u h dx vlu

lld (H l. 2006: 12).

Th y u d v h h h , d

d l h d y qud y h

d dd, h v h l h uld

h xlzd. T u u, ll h intenonal use ; y u h

ll d , dl hh h ly (W 1968: 53).

W d modes, mechanisms d instruments ll (H 2008).

S d h d hhy vlvd d h h d h h,

h h ll h ul lh h l h l

ld . Iu y vl h h. Hhy

dd y h d ulz (1) d h d lz

(2). Gv h u duh h d,

h vl h d l u (see table 1).


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Table 1: Modes, mechanisms and instruments of polical steering

S M I & F

S huh

ulzd

Cl Cdd l ju h

hyl vl u l

S huh

v

Rl h My ud y uully vlud

u l dd -

lul

Elh

y

Elh hzl y

(.. Rud Tl) hld

hl hhlly

v huld hld

udd u

Suul S Elh y

Elh ul d ul

hld v d

y du ul d;

l

hhlly

Elh Elh ul

ulzd v

y ll d l

(, l ulul l) dd

y hld dv h

h h

Sujv S u , -ud uj (uj)

Cz A , v, uj

h

duv

Suu

Suu

lly h ul du

S huh

duv

Pdu ld Cll, uu d u

d ld d l ul

du uj

Pdu uh P huh hh ld d

d lhd

udl uh

Pv

h l

P h l hh ,

l ul duv

(.. ll lz hqu)

R y

Ely vu d ll

(d-)lz l d

d

S huh

u

Ju Ely qu d h

uv d

ud h h

S huh

yl

Syl d Ld yl (.. hd) h

dd d v dv

Source: Adapted and modied from (Ghler 2007: 90, 2009: 165).

S Md

Indirect

Steering

Hierarch

ic

Steerin

g

SofrtSteering


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I h ll, vd d h h d d h d h

hl ud hy dvld. W h y h d hy

uully xluv (.. Fuuld d H du), u lv h

l uully duv hu l l ly, h h hd lh

d l . A l d lqu hl du h

d y ud lh (. Ghl 2007; Ghl l. 2009, 2010).

(1)Hierarchic steering v ulzd ly ud ldd

y. Cdd l vd d u l. Th

hhly lzd qu h l y (.. y hv

ly v hyl vl) d u l u.

(2) Indirect steering h hvd y ly v , u ully

dd h ly xl v. Steering through incenves xl ul

--lul y u h d uh hv. Th d

ll qu yy h h uully vlud u dud uqully

h .4 Wh structural steering, d lhd ll hld

hzlly (.. Rud Tl ) d u lu

v l, xl huh . I h h, hv, h

xd xl v h ld uu h hv

hld h h hy y vd h v (Ghl 2007: 90). S hl

d uu u , h ll uud y ulzd

(v) d lzd (.. huh v dd ), d hu ly

y .5

(3) So steering h y h lu.6 Hv, h jy h h lld

d uud ud d u h d y d

l xl v ully . M ud d h

(Ghl l. 2010), hv, vd h u d x. Thy d u

no instuonalized sancons or formalized processes vlvd hh h h hzl

lh. A hzl lh d h yy, l, u

d dd h d (Ghl l. 2009:

17; Ghl l. 2010: 4). Th y ul h qul du lv u

quly d lly ( h steering through arguing).

4 I d hh h v v d d v d lyd

uh ( h v u llu x h duy l

h v ) u h , --lul

ld d ud. Hv, h d lud -

dd y h Ud N Suy Cul (UNSC), hh y d y .

5 Id d h qu dy d hv v uh v

lu. D uh hv ld h u ddy, ly x

d d v d h h d ddd hhl

d d v; . Bzl (2010).

6 I Il Rl Ny (1990) h d du . Th l

du d v d d h ud Euz-

lu; y C/Rhd (2006: 469-472); d El/K (2004).


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W duh h d d h v h hy .

Steering through discursive pracces d h du hy uly uld

y Fuul d Llu/Mu (Ad/Rh 2009). Whl -duv l

d h v, du h Fuuld l ujvy d hy y

h l (All 2000: 127) u ly ulzd h h l d

x (Ad/Rh 2009: 30-32). Thuh duv l du d

lly ld y - xlu . Exl dud 2.3.

Steering through arguing h h hy uld y J H d h

y v h h l h v d y qu d v ,

hy h h ju (D L R/Gd 2009: 83-95). A y uu

uv d dd hh h ly h v

(D L R/Gd 2009: 96-105). I h h , hy l

hh xlud y u h d y uj u. H hzl lh h h du h .7

Steering through symbols lly, h uully dd

yl. Syl d vlu d h vll ul x (Ghl

l. 2010: 10). Bd y v , yl h l hzd y h

v . Cy udd yl ,

udd h hu h, h v xd, d hy ly d

d y h (Ch/Lh 2009: 141), hh ll h

vd l .

S qu l v d v - (Ghl l. 2010:

13, l DB/MG) h ddd d vd, xl y v u

yl. Ghl l. u h h h ud d h d . Whl

h d l, huld vu h d d h, u h

d u h -ulul x dd d ly u.

Cd h d, h l dl, u l ul

lyd uully u l h y dvdul h hlv d h ld ud

h.

Figure 1 uz h dl-y dl ll . Th steering actorlly x

, h , h uu h addresseesld . I h dl dl, dd d recipient

dl. H d y ly instrumenth h mechanism, h

ul lh h l h l ld , uh d,

l h h uj l.

7 Th l l h h hh h uu huh h y u qu-

d ully ld.


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Figure 1: Ideal-type model of polical steering

actor

addressee

recipient

intentionoptions for taking

action

instrument mechanism

uses

triggers

limits / extends

structures

intentional use of power

2.3 Framework for Analysis

A h du d d h l h ll hy, hll

ulz h h ll . W y ul h ll ud h

l ly.

(1) W d h EU steering actor h x Eu hhd l. W u

h EU hv ul quly hhd l. Th , h EU uu u

d h lly ll .

(2) W u d intenonalityd d ll l h dd

h ll d h d qu EU ll h d

EU ly. I h d h Eu Suy Sy v h v h

EU ll h h x .

(3) Wh ulz h addressees ll EU hhd l h hNhhd Suh Md ll h dly d . W d

h v h h ul dd, hy h uj

h l d h h EU.

(4) Flly, duh addressees d recipients , hy

h dl ud hy.

B h u l h x , hll xl h ll

l d u h d uld h vu d table 1. A hv

dvld u dduvly, ll h u l duvly. A v ly ll

lyzd d h d hhy ( dd y ulzd y


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d lzd ). Hierarchical steering x ly h vlvd. I ly

h h h lu d -l.

Indirect steering h ly vluy vlv y dd, u l u l

yy h l h v l y

uxd u. I xl v, h h hv v

d h l h uu d lhd

h , ulzd d l hld

h dd u hlv. F h v ll

hh d h h v d hlv, u h h hy u l

d ud u ll d.

So modes lly, qu hzl lh h d h dd

h h l, u qully dud u u

d h h ulz y. S huh yl dd h h

y , xl u yl ud h ll llv y.

N d ll dlu ly uj huh u hy h ul

dlv d v h. Th EU ly l h u

ll dlu h (Kzlh 2009), u h u, .. A Pl, ll hv

d huhly v .

My h x huh duv ; hy ll d h l

h l h Fuuld du. Subjecvaon(assujessement) d

l d h dvdul uj huh d y ldy ll, xl y ll

d dvl . By categorizaon, , v

uj d h h du h uu dvdul ld , ..

h z NGO z y h UN, hh ll ld d u.

C speaker posions y uud y h ll dvdul lly

u h h ul , hu u d h u d ul

h . D ud produce knowledgeu l y d hy

h u , .. y y h l u d

udvld u y. Sll, d x, xl h vu

(empty signiers) uh hu h d v hu

y. Whl h h lv h EU dz l, h

ludd h hv vv table 1.


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3. T C EU D P M

I h u u udy d d h EU dz l M.

W hll l y ul h ul x M d h EU ly h

uy.

3.1 Case Study Design

Whu hv h ld lhy hdll du h, hll ly h d hy

ddd h u l ly. F ll, uu u h qu

h qulv udy. T , u (d

u), hh ld u h h-d v vl-d h

(Exdyl/Rdll 2009: 512-514), hh y lld hu udy:

[Heurisc case studies; DB/MG] examine a parcular case or perhaps several cases for the purpose of

developing more general theorecal proposions, which can then be tested through other methods

[] Case selecon is driven by theorecal consideraons [] and only parcular aspects of the case are

invesgated(Lvy 2002: 135).

S h udy -lhd hyh u dlly v h

uu h, - uld u h . Th, uu h-

ly huh hh l vd h u l d l

(Cll l. 2004: 95).

W h d-, hv (Exdyl/Rdll 2009: 512). Du h h- d,

h ul h ly ll ly ld lz d vldy, u

hy d v h u huhly vlu h lly u hu .

Th d h h Kingdom of Morocco h h- ly. F ll,

dd y dly d h v h EU NATO. Fuh,

M ly hlly d y h d ud Il d h Pl T

d h dl ul u h uld ul l . A M d

h l l ud huh h European Neighbourhood and Partnership

Instrument(ENPI) h 654 ll ldd 2007 d 2010, d M most-likely

(Lvy 2002: 143) d hh u d l vy h .

F u ly ud d vy u v h d 2003-2010, ly EU

u, M vl y d h h u.8 W ld hu h

h d d lud u ul x dvld d u hu .

8 Hv, y h d h l du M v u, hh l h h ld u v.


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T u h ujv lly d vldy u d, d hu l9

h . Th d vd dqu h h , lhuh

-dh h v h d d h.

3.2 Democrazaon Policies as Security Pracces

Eu Md Ply uy ly. Th Eu h Md

l uy lx d h 1990, h Il z d

vd h regional stabilityld h Eu d l Md

d (P 2009).

By lyz Eu l h h hhd , h lyz uy .

Fll h Ch d uy, udd uh duv. N lh, u uerance uy lv securizaon h lylly lv acon

(Wv 1995: 57). I dd h uz , h j, h ul ud

d h uz (Buz l. 1998: 25), h hu dl ll

l vulz uypolicies acons.

Sll, h h d ll ll- udy ll h

h d ld hhd l 2003. H u ly l dd

h dv d l. Th l dz ly

h EU hv uy h lylly uu u : F,

uh l ld ll vl d. W ly x v

h ( ll uh l v l) -l h hhly lzd

dy l. Thu, x hh d -hhl . Wh

, hhly lzd u uud y h ldd

hl d hu dul u l y (Mlv 2005: 359). W hy

vd h hdll l v h (Hvld

2006).

D h EU l u h h Md d Eu dvl l h

vy x d h d dvl d llz h l dvl (P 2006; Yu 2008), xlly dl dy ly

dju. W hu vd h v h ly

polical. Wh , ly u h vh uy h

EU lly d u dz .

Thu, lylly lv l h h (1) h d

; vly h dd EU-v h d, (2) h

ld ll, l ll h d (3) ld llz.

9 E.. d u ly x, vl d h h d ly d h -dd lv ( h d ) d x, d d u

d , ddd h l x.


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3.3 Instuonal Context

B A A uy Eu d, M hl ly dv l

h ly. Whl jy l l h h h u h uh

Md, M h h Eu h ly vvd, h

uy (jd) h d 1987.

S dd Fh ll ul 1956, M h hy h

ully hd ul-y y (Bl Fud 2003). S

ll dvld. O h h u, K Mhd VI, 1999, h ll,

ly d lu ld h uy. Th ul ly d h M-

Eu - l h xluv d h .

S h 1990, h uy h ud h

hu h d lly h . Fd Hu h v-ll

ll d vl h lly (Fd Hu 2009), hl Ply IV ld

llz d h uh y (C Sy P 2007). Whl h u

h M l ld, h l ly l 2007 hv dd

d , h ddly l v uu 39 . Gv h lx M v

y, y uld h 11 h v (MFul/C W 2008: 20). Th

v h vv Idd Py (PI), h Sl Py (UNSFP) d h -

l Il Py Ju d Dvl (PJD). Ovll, h x xly 30 ll

v d h ll u, h h uu hdly ldd d

l d u.

D h v ly h h Il ,

hd h hh ul ly. Th uy dul l dly

u d dvl h h h y. Rll d l

vll ud d dy vll (Bl Fud 2003).

Wh h d llz ud y d h l ud h

u M vl y z h dly ll h ll

uv. Hv, h v -vl z ud h uvll

h My Il A (UNDP 2009). B ly v h ld hu h, du,

d hld h d vl , h v jy NGO xu

h h v. My z v h l (B/

H-Ch 2009). O h dly lvl, h vl y ll

d y K Mhd VI. Bd h, -zd -lld NGO x

(C 2007: 8).

Wh h ll lh h h EU, M h h u l l

dl d d y h EU v lld hu h d v

. Th ll h lh h Eu U d M hAssociaon Agreement Mh 2000 (Cul h Eu U 2000). O h ll


18/37


lvl, lh h Associaon Council, hh v h Cul, h EC d h

M Gv v d uu d h llly l h d (A. 78-80),

hl h lvl, h Associaon Commiee (A. 84), hh EU d M

l du hl u.

Pully lv EU dz l h Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP)

d, 2004, h European Neighbourhood Policy(ENP) hh h ly h

uld h A A. All j ld ud h d h

ly d d d d h l C Country Report M.

Fll h , u h h A C v uul

Acon Plan hh u h dd y h A Cul. Bh d ld

d h d vlu , hv, h C xluvly h

l ul Progress Report. Rdl h h du y ,

h Naonal Indicave Programmes (NIP) h v hy h l, xd ul, d d ly h lld

ud u h EU ud d u y.10 M h d huh h

European Neighbourhood Policy Instrument(ENPI). Bu hl ud u h ENPI uully dd

d v u, h European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR)

dly vl y z du -lvl j.

Whl dld du h ly uld h Cuy R M (Eu

C 2004) d h uqu A Pl 2004 (Eu C 2004) uld xd

u h, huld d h l h l dy d hu h u

ly h EU M, lly h d h ud ( see gure 2).

A h NIP, h EU lly z hl dvl d llv

l v M, dz h y d dd vl u v

hu h d dy .

Wh h A Pl d h NIP h hu h d dy, ul

v ll d dv (d v) d h UN hu h

v l h dvl l hu h l (Eu C 2004: 4).

Th h ud (2007-2010) ddd d ul h

judl .

S 2006, h C ully h h (Eu C

2006, 2008, 2009). Il v ll l d ly l 2007

h v y d y h C h M l hv h l

h h A Pl, lly d hu h (Eu C 2009: 2-5).

10 U ul 2006, h NIP ly vd d y.


19/37


Figure 2: Allocaon of pledged EU funds under the Naonal Indicave Programmes in million

0

100

200

300

400

NIP 2005/06 ( 275

Million)

NIP 2007/10 ( 654

Million)

Economic & Trade

Component

Social Component

Environmental Protection

Governance

Institutional Support

Human Rights

Source: Naonal Indicave Programmes Morocco, 2005-2006, 2007-2010 (European Commission 2004e, 2006c).

4. S Md W

I h , ly u hl ll h EU dz

l M. H, du h ul l h dl-y h uld table 1

lyz vll h uqu .11

4.1 Hierarchic Steering Mechanisms

Pqu hh h x EU hhd l d M

uld hv lu h h A A h ulz v

uh -l. Whl l h A

lu,12 hy ll qu h uully d vluly .

Fuh, h EU d M l h A, xlud h hh

h y hhd l d M.

11 Y, h dl-y dl, ly ludd h h u ly hh uld

x u d.

12 Ad A. 86 y d lv h du. Th h l dl-

h h .


20/37


4.2 Indirect Steering Modes

Incenves

Th EU d h M v h 2 ll h d NlHu Rh A Pl h huh v (Eu C

2004: 5). Sll, h v dd hv ; h A Pl h v lzd. I h

, h EU h d M h l-d dvd u h ly d

vlv y v uu. Th d l d d h vl

y (Kuh 2009: 175).

Thuh h u, h EIDHR, h EU dd h M vl y dly. I dd

h j, u h y uld NGO huh

v, lly j . Mv, h EU vd u d uu

vl y (Eu C 2004: 33). Thu, -ld v

NGO d: l huh h ud j d l huh h

u -h h h l d yl l v. Th v vly

vd y h dd; M hu h z h lz h

ul h (EMHRN 2007: 5). Hv, l judl ,

huh ly udd, dd yld y ul.

Thuh, h v h h (vl) l lvl u

d qully h : Th ud h M

ul d h Eu U vly v (Mz l. 2008: 36). Fuh,h y h W ld ud v , h l duv d

uh F, S, h EU h US (Syl l. 2006: 16). A h d

dd vl y, h EU : Ay ud ly

vd l v huh hh d uu .13

Cul h u Eu h (duv) M

vy h Eu l vy (Wll 2009:

234). I h h xl dly u NGO dy--dy , h

z ully l l u (Kh 2008: 16).

Establishing Negoaon Systems

Th A Cul dd y. I dld l y-

lvl d dl. Y, d u h h d h : D

h y h du h dy d u-, h A Cul h

u (Eu C 2009: 4). Th ly

13 A M v : F lv [] u h dul , dld

l (. Kh 2008: 17).


21/37


xl v h EU h within h y, huh establishing .

H, u h ju h .

W l hld h d l ll dlu l ll dy-lv ly

(Eu C 2004) huh u h d.

Th dlu u xd v h ly d y h

h h (Eu C 2003: 13).

Establishing Compeon Systems

Th EIDHR ud l lh y h h M vl y huh h

ll d. A j d h , h EU vd v 1 ll vl y

z. Th y l h h lh v u: All

d h NIP lly u h u hld d d d (Eu

C 2004: 33, 2009) d y. Th dvd v hv

h x l d ll u h hd d u

d udy y Eu-d NGO h h. Th h

compeon l u h Eu U ul h xl uuly

vd h ll vu d y d d u

d d l (Buu/Ah 2006; Syl l. 2006). Th v

u EU ud hu vl l d Moroccan actors.

Alhuh h EIDHR ly ulh d ll j l, h ul l,h v h EU, h lvly hh d h h d l u

h h h dd v.

Y, h uul hu l. Th EIDHR ud qu

(Eu C 2004, 2005, 2006) l h y y h, l xlly,

xlud Il ly ul z ll ud. M h l v

y (Kh 2008: 19), h U h, d h d

lv h-d (Il) d ul .14 Th dd v

u hu ly h ul dd d d h EU luv

ly dd (Bh 2006). Th h lv l M v

h EU dz ly (Kh 2008: 19).

Establishing Compeon Systems

Buld h v -vl z (ud, d uu), l

NGO lhd 2009, lly vlu h h EU-M h

d vly lz dy d hu h u (P 2009). B dl d

14 Whl ly Eu-d NGO EU y, Il hv h ll u

l (: C 2007: 9).


22/37


ld dd h h h EU h xluv vd ud,

d d x.

4.3 So Steering Modes

Subjecvaon

A vu h Eu U dz ly h specic

uj huh duv . Th EU h M v

dz, dz d dvl. Thuh ld duv l, h

ujv l-ly v W dl d y h

h l dvll du.15 Pll d hu ud ud

qul d y l l h dvl, ll ud ld d h hu h d dvll l. Th h hzl

u ully dd h dd h uj l l-

d v. Th l hd h y lud

d uh d, xl huh dly.16

Th h d h uj l . I h u-u h 2007 ly

l, Mhd VI dld h v h x h , d M.

H, h M ul h dz du, u jd y

-v. Oly 37 ll v h ll, lly -d

ud v (MFul/C W 2008).17 Th l- dz ly d y

v ld hl h uy ul d vl y u l (EMHRN

2007: 5).

A d ujv y uud huh h ENP h du. A h

h h dz l, M quly ddd (d , ,

) huhu ll lv ly du. Th h

h l (Eu C 2004d: 8). Thy, xlly d

dd d u dlly vll . N ly h

v h dd h . A h v, h d NGO

ly u z h uully d l h A Pl v

Moroccan (Kh 2008: 12), h u u u h v d

h lz h vy .

15 F uh duv l y Eu C (2004: 2, 8, 31) d Eu C

(2008: 1).

16 A l C 2008 xlly : h [] ll l vd y

h h d d ll, lly

lud h hv h , Eu C (2008) . Kuh (2009: 174).

17 Ah h l v uu h ju hv h d h h l: yv dld u hy l d l v (Fdh E S-

u 2007: 1-3).


23/37


Categorizaon

Th xl huh z h dy

d hu h hl u EU-M . Th M v

h dd ly d h dz y EU

h uy. I h l du ( ul Eu C 2004: 8),

dy ud h h u uh vl .

Dz h d xl vll l h A Pl, uhd u h

h h C Nhuhd Ply.18

Th hv z dy -u h qu vl y ,

h, , h h u d hu h d dy (EMHRN 2007: 5,

11). Th h dd ully h lz u y hv

d , u llly d l . W h udd l.

A d z y l h v, u dd h l -dd . Th

hv judl d dv dd h l

d, h xl ly l h h ujvpercepon dvdul

h. Rul L hu l zd hl (Eu C 2004: 4). O

h hd, h EU l- dz (Eu C 2006: 16), u

z u dd h y h u d l

x ul h h (Eu C 2006: 18). Th y, hv, dly

h h l u judl d jud: Th ul l uj

h h h M du. A ulud l u

h u h judl y uh h l. A h My

Ju d d d dlz d h ly, h EU

h hl u ly h hd vv l (S 2009:

190). Rh h dul , h u h x

uu.19

Th hv d ll dz d

u hd z y. Th lu ud h l du l y

Eu ly dd u x M (EMHRN 2007: 5; Eu

C 2004: 5, 8, 31, 2008: 1). Th u h xl l

ll lvl dd d u uv EU-d NGO. Fuh,

h z l h M v d u h dz

l hu h l d ly.

18 C. F-Wld (2008). O h y, dz ll hhlhd h dd Eu-

ud. Exlly, h Su-C Hu Rh, D d Gv h

ly h v u- xlly d l d h dd EU ul.

19 I , vd h T u h M l l h d- l h lzd h v dv h (Fyu 2009: 23). Thu, -

dd l lly l hl u .


24/37


Th udd dy uy-lv udly ll hhd l h

z y. Th lly vd y h v (Syl l. 2006:

18), hl hd, u ll d l Eu y h jy vl

y (Mz l. 2008: 12; Syl l. 2006: 16).20

Structuraon of Speaker Posions

A duv h lhd d y NGO, h EU vly

h h -vl z h ul du. Bh d

h EU d h M v, NGO hhlhd l d l vl y

d hu qul h hhd ly du. Th Nl Idv

P v l u NGO z (Eu C 2004:

8, 31) y u h NGO lv u h xl d h v hd.

Th y dd - NGO - d h d h v

dly hd d h EU h ul hd h vlu (EMHRN 2007).

Producon of Knowledge and Producon of Truth

Th Cuy R, A Pl d P R h EU uqud

uhvly du l ld u M. Th specicd relevant(.. vy) d h u ul (.. vy ul

d , , l du) jv knowledge

h ll v. Alhuh h j EU du hhly h, d

dvl uy dl h d u h qully

l h (.. Mx Il) v. I h lly h h

M v ully l h h d v u y dlv

d. Rly, h C exclusive right h h A Pl l

ud h l jvy d y h v lvl dd. Th y

du ld l d h ENP h du. Hv, h uul

dly h vl y. I ll ll h, hu h

z xlly ul h l h h x h ld y u

h h A Pl l. N- v y dy h ld y

u h h hu h u (EMHRN 2007: 6, 9).

20 Ev v h Il PJD : L v jux ux d l d (). [S] l

u, u l dvl, dqu l ld l d du. LEurope

sera plus scuriseIl y a un intrt commun entre lUMA et lEurope. S u l d d -, lEu d lu l ld (. Mz l. 2008: 12,

hhlh DB/MG).


25/37


Wh , h EU l u h y h y ld

uqul uh, h xl Muu Nl Hy h. Alhuh h l

u uh uu l dd hu h vl v lzd, h EU

u d u h j (Eu C 2006: 19-21).21

Reference to Empty Signiers

Th ul ld h d ly ly ud ujv d

z . Th Eu U l dv h uy

uu M ld . Th y yd , ul Eu

hhd l (Eu C 2004, 2004d; Pd 2002), ully h:

Th hzl h A ul d h d , j h

[] d uully zd vlu (Eu C 2004: 1)

duvly xdd hd vy dvdul ly u. Th u y

l d v, dz dvl lz uld

dd lh uul u h dd x: Whl h

dy v h x xl u, h uu

(d) v ud h ( h l h v h h

Nl Idv P h: Eu C 2004, 2006) u d l h

ll xlv (Blu 2004: 21).22

Th uul u lu vu d y: F, h vh y d y dd. Wh vl y, hl ly dju

dd vd ul v (Syl l. 2006: 16); v Il d

() l dz ly (Mz l. 2008: 12). Sd, h u vu

l v d dz d h vl lvl u jd

y vl y (EMHRN 2007: 39; Fdh E Su 2007). Vd xlly

d h EU vuly vu lldly ll l lz ul

(Kuh 2009: 169; Yu 2010). A ul, -vl z d lh ,

uquvl y u h v lv vu l (EMHRN

2007: 39).

Juscaon

A h v, M d h EU . Adly, h ju h

h h h A Cul, h A C d h vu

u, h ulzd lzd h . Th dly

21 F h u ld h x llv Ad

(2006: 178-185).

22 O h du h v ly . Eu C (2008).


26/37


h , hu h xlu ul u d , h ul d

d y lvl (A. 89 A A) ll dvdul

y (. .. Eu C 2008, 2008, 2009: 4) d u h

l negoaon system uud y h ly xl v.

Th M v hhly uul h hl EU j d u

qul l. Th h M uld u h d ujv d

z x h EU u h h juscaon h

. Hv, h y ld hh Eu d M l

uv ly. I h dld l h Pll Dlu du hu

h d dy u (A. 3 A A) hu dd lu. I d

, h EU uu h jv convincing h M v h v h

d v l. Ad dl d , h h

hd hzly hv uld d uul u (Eu C 2008:6; Kuh 2009: 174). Sll, ud , h Eu h ld

h A Pl ly l d hu h, dy d ul l hv

(Eu C 2009: 4).

I , M hu h z u h dlu h l. Th EU

uld h strategic ly ly d d vd h h

l hu h u hdly uh (Yu 2010: 17).

Sly, h Eu U dd y dd h M ul huh u. Th

h xluvly ud h vl lvl, l h h dly vd

y vd h xl M ll d u

d d.

Symbolic Densicaon

Th d lyzd d u xv huh yl d. Th EU dd

(vly h l) vl h , d

u d d j. Oh h h, lly h h EU lh yd h hu h du d yl h vly .

Y, u u dd vd vd h.

M ly, h h l l hv dv y

h d h yl uld ud d hv v h Eu U.

A, y l dly ddd.


27/37


5. P P? Ay R

I h ll h d d lyz h d hh h EU ly

h xl v. Fuh, ll h vlu u hu

h ly.

5.1 Steering Strategies and Their Resonance in Morocco

Th Eu U lly d h u l d M:

M v l, vl y d y l. Th u y l v

u ly h l vll d h . W ud d d

d jly h lx , u xd ul. Wh

d h ly ld h v lvl d d vd

v, hy d ll d h d h vl y lvl. Th M y

l ddd dly, u xd h l h h v-

d vl y z.

Whl d d, hy v, dd l

ly, hy dd h EU M h dz d h

hu h. Th h l l h ld l u u dlvy

h l Hu Rh A Pl. Th ul u d, hv, d h

h v l. Pl d l dly d h l qul ll

l d h d Nh A. Th ujv y uul

u h EU h l z ll qu ly hl u

v (h v y h d). Th v d M l h

v l dz hu l h h hy uld l

d h EU y dh dl vlu d . H, h EU d h

dz uld ll ld d h d y hhlh h

u. I , h EU uully lhd l l du ld ly

d d u dd M (.. huh ul P R). D h v

duv , h l h l hd l Hu Rh A Pl

d uqu ll huh uv huh u,

h d d ll d ly dd h h ujv

d d l.

I u, h EU vd h ll d l l y h d

(ujv, z, du ld, y ). Alhuh

ul ll , h EU dd u M l v hlv d

l dl h . Th duv h u h l

du h h vd ly d d .

Wh dd h vl y lvl, h EU ld ly v. Whl d ud

d -lvl j, NGO uld l ld d x dd


28/37


h d h v h l d ulul l. By -ll

d huh ll d, h EU d y ul NGO y v

vll hv ullld h l NGO. Th hv dv d

h-d (Il) d ul NGO.

Cvl y l d y d d v l h hy d

vlly z dlz hu h d v u. I h ,

hu h NGO quly d EU-ulhd l uh h A Pl d P

R, hu u ld dud y h EU lh hlv l h

h du dz M. S NGO ly h d

xl ud d jy d dly d ly du h ul , EU ud

M z xl v.

Ovll, h EU ud vl y M y u d huhv d huh h v y ud NGO d vd h h

ld d x j . Cvl y u jy hd

l h u hu h d h dy u hy lzd

h du dz qu u EU d h h uy

l hu h d ll . Hv, huh xluv dd d

huh h ul d M uu dvl, h EU h vy

ul d h-d Il z h hd lly d.

Flly, l h y l, u h h EU dd dly h

M y. O u d h, h d, y uld ll-v d

ull h l h vl d h vl y lvl. Th l

uu h 2007 l, hv, d du hh h l- d

ully v M hh hy dd y h l ul h

l hu h d ll d.

Whl y (lx) vulz h y x, h ly u d gure

3 vd h . W d h vl d vl y

lvl recipients h vu steering modes, hh dd h xly steering instruments

(d d ld l, d y). Th l h u d h dd

d h d dd h h y d uv lh.

H, d du ld h h h - h . I

huh h EU ly du d d ld M h ll lh

h y y lyd d ujv d z h vd

d v l. O h vl y lvl, v dd y lv

y, hh u l l vuly lhd ld. S d

y h udy h lvl: Cvl y d y y

h h dlz d hu dlz h d ll ,

h huh h hd , vl y h u ul

du vuly vd .


29/37


Figure 3: The paerns of power Simplied European Union steering strategy

Subjectivation

partners, modern

reformers

Categorization

democracy as technicalissue

Incentives

funding, expertise

Competition System

call for bids

Speaker Positions

role of NGOs

Empty Signifiers

governance

Production ofKnowledge

action plans, monitoring

SteeringModesat

CivilSocietyLevel

SteeringModes

at

GovernmentLe

vel

I lu huld ul ll h - h h

d d vl y h h, dl. W d h d h

EU hh d ly h andh

lvl (Eu C 2003: 6, 2004d). Th u h h EU zd

du l (Kuh 2009: 178; M 2009: 244) l xvy

ly (Bh 2006: 299).

5.2 Assessing Polical Steering as a Framework for Analysis

Th dv d hy ll d h d

l l. I h d h h d d d lyd

jly d y ly v h ld h d dd h

v d. Wh y ly hyhz h v l v

, h ld h l dd h y d ujv

hqu ul u h u y h dd vl

y M. Th u h h Eu U dd l h

h l (M 2002: 253). Ou h v h d ,h ul y x uh duv . Oly h ly


30/37


hl d dlzd h h EU hhd l h ll d

-d, .. ly ulh l ld u uy d y. H,

u hu dl vd uul x h y d ll u h v

-lvl l.

Hv, h u l vld ld h M.

Whl uul d d d h d hhy d h

v h hd h, h d h mechanisms. A

h ly hd dl-y h ly, u h , u qu

u h vldy . Muh l - y xlud h ul

lh d l v h u u d uquly d

h. Th hdll hll. S h dd ll

d vu h, xd d hv hdl l dd

l ly, lly h lyz d. I h d, hv

h h dd h.

O h h hl d h l lvl, h v. O h hl lvl,

h vu h d y hy huld hd vl

d lly ld h hdl l ldy u h h d hl

hy, .. du ly. O h l lvl, v d -dh h

h M vld u d ll - ly d u hh h EU

hly h h d h ly. Th ll

h ly vdd u h l uld hyh h

h EU hhd l.

6. C

Eu hhd l u . Th h ud vl, u h d

h h EU uld h M v d du h

dy Eu. Th d h h ly u d ll d

l l.

I h xld h qu: Wh d ll d xd

ll hy d y ld xl v? Whh d lly

lyd y h EU hhd l d h ? Flly, h uul hu

h v xl v ll ?

W lyzd EU hhd l d M 2003 d 2010. D d

d ll d (Ghl l. 2010) d d h , ulzd

h uh h ll l h u hhy d

hzly hu d uul udd h : hh l, xd

lly structures elds of acon. Adly hh, d d u

d ulzd h lu d ld h h l


31/37


ly.

Wh d u d ly h EU u l v h

h ld Hu Rh d dy M? W ud h EU udl d d,

hh h ly xl v, d u d, hh ly hzl

lh h , h hh d uuly vlvd

hhd l d M. Th EU dd h d h d

dd ll : Whl d uh h du l ld Cuy

d P R ll ujv du l- d

ully dd M v l, d d vld d vl

y . H, h EU ud lh d y huh

ll d d vu v ul d l vl y .

Alyz h h ud, h duv h ll h

M v l du du dz d , h u ud

h d l- dd ul d ul d . Hv,

vl y hd huh Eu ud d x d vlvd

d h ul h. Hu h NGO ly lzd h duv

h h uy ully z h d h d

d h l ul . L h d ll-v y l hu

l, d (Eu C 2009).

Flly, h h hu ll , h lly v

lu. Alyz EU hhd l huh h v ll h h

l u l v h d

ld EU xl v hl h uh d d (B/Czl

2007; Kll/Lh 2003; Lvx l. 2009) hv hl udd .

Th l ul d h y ly v l d h hyh d

d ddd lly d h hdly ud ly

h. Y, lv h h vlu h y ly

ly , u ly ly . Wh h EU ly vlvd

ld l d dd ly h vuly h h l d l

ly, hhl uh lyz l d d h

vlvd h.


32/37


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