PATTERNS OF MACROEVOLUTION(and review of phylogenetic trees worksheet)

#1

Genus

Family

Order

Class

#1B

No, they do not share a recent common ancestor

Should not group them together in any taxa without also including A, E and F

2.

DNA Proteins Anatomical Homologies Embryos

Data supports tree II Camel is least related to others Hippo and whale share many similarities

3.

Red P

anda

Racc

oon

Pan

da

Andean

Bear

Bla

ck B

ear

Gri

zzly

Bear

Pola

r B

ear

4.

Moss

Alg

ae

Liverw

ort

Pin

e T

ree

Gin

kgo

Corn

Rose

Bush

Fern

-Terrestrial living

-Xylem

-Seeds

-Flowers

-Dicotyledon

5. WOOPS. SHOULD HAVE BEEN NOT CONSISTENT…

A B and C are all consistent

D is not

PATTERNS OF MACROEVOLUTION

#1. TIMING

Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium Rate of

evolution is very slow and constant

(millions of years)

Evolution occurs in bursts (thousands of years) followed by millions of years of stasis

MORE ON PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

Evidence that evolution occurs more rapidly following environmental change

#2 CONVERGENT

Different species evolve to appear similar despite different ancestry

Leads to formation of analogous structures

EXAMPLE – PLACENTAL VS. MARSUPIAL MAMMALS

EXAMPLE OF ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES - WINGS

#3 DIVERGENT/ADAPTIVE RADIATION

Species evolve to look different

Often times many groups evolve from one common ancestor

FALL OF DINOSAURS GAVE RISE TO ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF MAMMALS

#4 COEVOLUTION Evolution of one species affects

evolution of another E.g. predator changes, causing prey

to change E.g. Plants and pollinators evolve in

tandem

EXAMPLE – MILKWEED AND MONARCH BUTTERFLIES

Milkweed is toxic Monarch

butterflies feed on milkweed and have evolved to withstand the toxin

They become toxic to predators

#5 APOSEMATIC COLORATION

Prey evolve very bright coloration

Predators have evolved to avoid butterflies with bright coloration

#6 MIMICRY Harmless

species evolve to appear similar to toxic/dangerous species