Dnieper

R.

Ob

R.

Ob R.

IrtyshR

.

Volga R.

Ural R.

Don

R.

Am

uD

aryaR

.

Syr Darya

R.

Dniester

R.

N.D

v inaR

.

Tobo

l R.

Kama

R.

FranzJosefLand

Svalbard

Novaya Zemlya

ARCTICOCEAN

Barents Sea

North Sea

KaraSea

Sea of Azov

Cas

pian

Sea

B a l t i c SeaWhite Sea

Black

Sea

Gulf o

fO

b

LakeBalkhash

ZaysanLake

Lake Issyk Kul

LakeLadoga

LakeOnega

AralSea

KAZAKHSTAN

R U S S I A

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

ARMENIA

GEORGIA

UKRAINE

BELARUS

MOLDOVA

LITHUANIA LATVIARUSSIA

ESTONIA

AZERBAIJANAZER.

KYRGYZSTAN

TAJIKISTAN

FINLAND

SWEDEN

NORWAY

POLAND

TURKEY

I R A N

I R A Q

70°N60°N

30°N

80°N

50°N

40°N

20°E

10°E

10°W

40°E

30°E

0°

ArcticCircle

W E S T

S I B E R I A N

P L A I N

N O R T H E R N

E U R O P E A N

P L A I N

TuranPlain

Kazakh

Uplands

K i r g h i z S t e p p e

CAUCASUS

MTS.

UR

AL

MO

UN

TA

IN

S

PAMIRS

TIAN SHAN

Kyzyl Kum

Desert

Kara KumDesert

KolaPeninsula

Caspian DepressionMt. Elbrus18,510 ft.

(5,642 m.)

Mt. Narodnaya6,217 ft.(1,895 m.)

Communism Peak24,590 ft.(7,495 m.)

Patterns of Physical Geography

336 UNIT 5

Comparing Data

Lakes

Dep

th(f

eet)

World’s DeepestLake BaikalAsia (Russia)

5,715 feet

U.S. DeepestCrater Lake

North America1,932 feet

Caspian SeaEurope-Asia3,363 feet

Lake Issyk-KulAsia (Kyrgyzstan)

2,303 feet

6,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000

0

Russia and the Republicsspan two continents. Thepart of the region thatlies to the west of theUral Mountains is part of Europe. The part ofthe region that lies to the east of the Urals ispart of Asia.

Use the Unit Atlas toadd to your knowledge ofRussia and the Republics.As you study the mapsand charts, noticegeographic patterns and specific details about the region.

Jot down answers tothe following questionsin your notebook.

Making Comparisons1. What ocean lies to the

north of Russia and theRepublics? How mightthis ocean affect theregion’s climate?

2. How much deeper isLake Baikal than thedeepest lake in theUnited States?

3. Based on these maps andcharts, which region doyou think has the higherpopulation density: Russiaand the Republics or theUnited States? Why?

For updated statistics on Russia and the Republics . . .

DATA UPDATECLASSZONE .COM

336-340-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:57 AM Page 336

North Pole

YeniseyR.

Amur R.

Lena

R.

Kolym

aR.

Lena

R.

Angara R.

Ussuri R

.

IndigirkaR

.

Lower Tunguska R.

New SiberianIslands

WrangelIsland

SakhalinIsland

Ku

ri

lI

sl

an

ds

ARCTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

EastSiberian

Sea

Bering Sea

LaptevSea

Sea of Okhotsk

Sea ofJapan

ChukchiSea

LakeBaikal

R U S S I A

MONGOLIA

JAPAN

C H I N A

70°N 60°N80°N

30°N

50°N

40°N

20°N

130°E 140°E

150°E

160°E

170°E

180°

Arctic

Circ

le

Tropic of Cancer

C E N T R A L

S I B E R I A N

P L A T E A U

R U S S I A N

FA R E A S T

S I B E R I A

SAYAN MTS.

YABLO

NOVY

RAN

GE

VE

RKHOYANSK RANGE

STANOVOY RANGE

CHERSKIY RANGE

KO

LY

MA

MT

S.

KO

RY

AK

MTS.

KamchatkaPeninsula

ChukchiPeninsula

Elevation

Mountain peak

(4,000 m.)(2,000 m.)

(500 m.)(200 m.)

(0 m.)Below sea level

13,100 ft.6,600 ft.1,600 ft.

650 ft.0 ft.

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Two–Point Equidistant Projection

N

SE

W

337

Russia and the Republics: Physical

RU

SS

IA &

REP

.

Russia and the Republics

8,600,340 sq mi

ContinentalUnited States

3,165,630 sq mi

Comparing Data

Landmass

Population

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

United States281,422,000

Russia and the Republics

289,730,000

Population (in millions)

336-340-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:57 AM Page 337

St. Petersburg

Samara

Yekaterinburg

Nizhniy Novgorod

Novosibirsk

Chelyabinsk

Almaty

Donets'k

Dnipropetrovs'k

Zaporizhzhya

KazanKharkiv

Murmansk

Odessa

Omsk

RostovVolgograd

SaratovUfa

L'viv

Perm

Semey

Voronezh

Chernobyl

Arkhangelsk

Bukhoro

Grozny

Samarqand

Izhevsk

Togliatti

Simbirsk

Krasnodar

Astrakhan

YaroslavlHomel'

Riga

Tallinn

Kiev

Chisinau˘¸

Minsk

Vilnius

Moscow

Yerevan

Tbilisi

Baku

Tashkent

Astana

Bishkek

Dushanbe

Ashgabat

Irtysh R.

Ob

R.

Volga R.

Dnieper

R.

Ob R.

Am

u Darya

R.

Syr Darya

R.

N.D

v inaR

.

Tobo

l R.

Kama

R.

Novaya Zemlya

FranzJosefLand

Svalbard(Nor.)

Cas

pian

Sea

Black

Sea

ARCTICOCEAN

Barents Sea

North Sea

Sea of Azov

B a l t i c SeaWhite Sea

Gulf o

fO

b

KaraSea

LakeBalkhash

ZaysanLake

LakeLadoga

LakeOnega

AralSea

KAZAKHSTAN

R U S S I A

TURKMENISTANUZBEKISTAN

ARMENIA

GEORGIA

UKRAINEBELARUS

MOLDOVA

LITHUANIA LATVIARUSSIA

ESTONIA

AZERBAIJANAZER.

KYRGYZSTANTAJIKISTAN

FINLAND

SWEDEN

NORWAY

POLAND

TURKEY

I R A N

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

INDIANEPAL

I R A Q

70°N60°N

30°N

80°N

50°N

40°N

20°N

20°E

10°E

10°W

40°E

30°E

60°E

50°E

80°E70°E

0°

ArcticCircle

Tropic of Cancer

Patterns of Human Geography

In 1991, the politicalgeography of Russia andthe Republics changeddramatically. Fordecades, the region’s 15 republics had beenpart of the Soviet Union.Each of the republicsbecame independentafter 1991, when theSoviet Union collapsed.

Study the map of theformer Soviet Unionand the map of Russiaand the Republics today.Then answer thesequestions in yournotebook.

Making Comparisons1. Where are most of the

region’s smaller republicslocated?

2. What was the largestrepublic in the SovietUnion? What is thelargest republic in theregion today?

3. To which of the SovietSocialist Republics didKaliningrad belong?

338 UNIT 5

336-340-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:57 AM Page 338

Irkutsk

Krasnoyarsk

Khabarovsk

Vladivostok

Yakutsk

Oymyakon Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski

Norilsk

Amur R.

Lena

R.

Lena

R.

Angara R.

IndigirkaR

.

YeniseyR.

Lower Tunguska R.

Kolym

aR.

SevernayaZemlya

New SiberianIslands

WrangelIsland

SakhalinIsland

Ku

ri

lI

sl

an

ds

ARCTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

EastSiberian

Sea

Bering Sea

LaptevSea

Sea of Okhotsk

Sea ofJapan

ChukchiSea

LakeBaikal

R U S S I A

MONGOLIA JAPANNORTHKOREA

C H I N A

70°N 60°N80°N

30°N

40°N

90°E

150°E

160°E

170°E

180°

Arctic

Circ

le

National capital

Other city

0

0 250 500 kilometers

250 500 miles

Two–Point Equidistant Projection

N

SE

W

North Pole

339

Russia and the Republics: Political

RU

SS

IA &

REP

.

ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

AralSea

BeringSea

Baltic Sea

Cas

pia

nSe

a

Sea of Okhotsk

Seaof

Japan

Black

Sea

LakeBaikal

LakeBalkhash

ARMENIANS.S.R.

AZERBAIJAN S.S.R.

TURKMENS.S.R.

BELORUSSIANS.S.R.

MOLDAVIANS.S.R.

RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC(R.S.F.S.R.)

LATVIAN S.S.R.

LITHUANIANS.S.R.

KALININGRAD(R.S.F.S.R.)

ESTONIANS.S.R.

GEORGIANS.S.R.

UZBEKS.S.R.

KAZAKHS.S.R.

TADZHIK S.S.R.

KIRGHIZ S.S.R.

UKRAINIANS.S.R.

POLAND

FINLAND

SLOV.

ROMANIA

I R A N

TURKEY

MONGOLIA

C H I N A

JAPAN

S. KOREA

N. KOREA

60°N

0°

20°E

40°E 60°E 100°E 120°E

60°N 40°N80°N 80°N

Arct

icCi

rcle

0

0 500 1,000 kilometers

500 1,000 miles

Two-Point Equidistant Projection

N

SE

W

NOTE: S.S.R. is the abbreviationfor Soviet Socialist Republic

Former Soviet Union, 1989

336-340-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:57 AM Page 339

340 UNIT 5

Regional Patterns

These two pages containa pie graph and threethematic maps. The pie graph shows thereligions of Russia andthe Republics. The mapsshow other importantfeatures of the region: its different climates,numerous ethnic groups,and population density.After studying these two pages, answer thequestions below in yournotebook.

Making Comparisons1. Where is the population

of Russia and theRepublics most dense?Which climate do thoseareas have? How mightclimate affect populationdensity?

2. How would you describethe ethnic and religiouspopulations of Russiaand the Republics?Which is the most wide-spread ethnic group inthe region?

ARCTIC OCEAN

BeringSea

Baltic Sea

Cas

pian

Sea

Sea of Okhotsk

Seaof

Japan

Black

Sea

NorthSea

AralSea

LakeBalkhash

LakeBaikal

50°E 60°E 70°E 80°E 90°E 100°E 110°E

40°N

50°NArctic Circle

0

0 500 1,000 kilometers

500 1,000 miles

Two-Point Equidistant Projection

N

S

EW

Desert

Semiarid

Mediterranean

Humid subtropical

Humid continental

Subarctic

Tundra

Highland

Climates of Russia and the Republics

SOURCE: Britannica Book of the Year 2000

Religions of Russia and the Republics

Other Christian 4.5%

Islam21.8%

OrthodoxChristian

17.7%

OtherReligions/

Nonreligious55.5%

336-340-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:57 AM Page 340

ARMENIA

AZERBAIJAN

GEORGIA

BELARUS

ESTONIA

KAZAKHSTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

LITHUANIA

RUSSIA

LATVIA

MOLDOVA R U S S I A

TURKMENISTAN

TAJIKISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

UKRAINE

ARCTICOCEAN Bering

Sea

Baltic Sea

Cas

pia

nSe

a

Sea of Okhotsk

Black

Sea

60°E 80°E 100°E 120°E

140°E

160°E

180°

160°W

40°N

60°N

80°N

Arctic Circle

0

0 500 1,000 kilometers

500 1,000 miles

Two–Point Equidistant Projection

N

S

E

W

INDOEUROPEAN Slavic

Belarusian

Russian

Ukrainian

BalticLatvian

Lithuanian

URALIC Finish

Estonian

Karelian

Other Finnish

OTHERCaucasian

Mongolian

Sparsely populated

INDOEUROPEAN (con't.) Other

Armenian

Moldovan

Tajik

ALTAIC Turkish

Azerbaijani

Kazakh

Kyrgyz

Turkish

Uzbek

Yakut

Other Turkic

Moscow

Novosibirsk

Nizhniy Novgorod

St. Petersburg

Minsk

Vilnius

RigaTallinn

Kiev

Samara Yekaterinburg

BakuYerevan

Tbilisi

TashkentAshgabat

Chelyabinsk

Murmansk

Donets'k

Bishkek

Dushanbe

Irkutsk

KazanKharkiv

KrasnoyarskOmsk

Perm

Rostov

Ufa

Vladivostok

Almaty

Astana

Chisinau¸ ˘

ARCTIC OCEAN

AralSea

BeringSea

Baltic Sea

Cas

pian

Sea

Sea of Okhotsk

Seaof

Japan

Black

Sea

60°N80°N 80°N

40°N

140°E

160°E

180°

80°E60°E 100°E 120°E

Arct

icCi

rcle

0

0 500 1,000 kilometers

500 1,000 miles

Two–Point Equidistant Projection

N

S

E

W

Personsper

sq mi

Personspersq km

Over 520260–519130–25925–129

1–240

Over 200100–19950–9910–491–90

Ethnic Groups

Population Density

341

341-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:58 AM Page 341

Study the charts on thecountries of Russia andthe Republics. In yournotebook, answer thesequestions.

Making Comparisons1. Which five republics

have the highest infantmortality rates? Do younotice any pattern?

2. Examine the literacy ratesfor the region. What dothe figures tell you aboutthe value placed oneducation in the region?

Sources:CIA World Factbook 2000 online Europa World Year Book 2000Human Development Report 2000,

United NationsInternational Data Base (IDB), 2000

updates, U.S. Census Bureau onlineMerriam-Webster’s Geographical

Dictionary, 3d ed., 1998Statesman’s Yearbook 2001WHO Estimates of Health Personnel,

1998, World Health Organizationonline

World Almanac and Book of Facts 2001World Education Report 2000,

UNESCO online 2000 World Population Data Sheet,

Population Reference Bureau online

Notes:a Life expectancy figures for Russia

and several other republics in theformer USSR declined significantly inthe 1990s.

b A comparison of the prices of thesame items in different countries is used to figure these data.

c Includes land and water, whenfigures are available.

For updated statistics on Russia and the Republics . . .

DATA UPDATECLASSZONE .COM

342 UNIT 5

Regional Data File

Country Country/ Population Life Expectancya Birthrate Infant MortalityFlag Capital (2000 estimate) (years) (per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 live births)

(2000) (2000) (2000)

Armenia 3,809,000 75 11 41Yerevan

Azerbaijan 7,734,000 72 18 83Baku

Belarus 10,004,000 68 9 15Minsk

Estonia 1,433,000 70 8 13Tallinn

Georgia 5,454,000 73 11 53Tbilisi

Kazakhstan 14,865,000 65 17 59Astana

Kyrgyzstan 4,929,000 67 26 77Bishkek

Latvia 2,416,000 70 8 16Riga

Lithuania 3,697,000 72 10 15Vilnius

Moldova 4,276,000 67 13 43ChisinBu

Russia 145,231,000 67 9 20Moscow

Tajikistan 6,374,000 68 34 117Dushanbe

Turkmenistan 5,239,000 66 29 73Ashgabat

Ukraine 49,509,000 68 9 22Kiev

Uzbekistan 24,760,000 69 26 72Tashkent

United States 281,422,000 77 15 7Washington, D.C.

342-343-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:58 AM Page 342

Russia and the Republics 343

Doctors GDPb Import/Exportb Literacy Rate Televisions Passenger Cars Total Areac

(per 100,000 pop.) (billions $US) (billions $US) (percentage) (per 1,000 pop.) (per 1,000 pop.) (square miles)(1998) (1999 est.) (1999) (1998) (1996–1998) (1996–1997)

316 9.9 0.782 / 0.24 98 217 2 11,506

360 14.0 1.46 / .885 99 254 36 33,436

443 55.2 5.76 / 6.0 99 314 111 80,154

297 7.9 3.4 / 2.5 99 480 294 17,413

436 11.7 0.84 / 0.33 99 472 80 26,911

353 54.5 4.8 / 5.2 99 234 61 1,048,300

301 10.3 0.59 / 0.515 97 44 32 76,641

282 9.8 2.8 / 1.9 99 593 174 24,595

395 17.3 4.5 / 3.3 99 376 242 25,174

400 9.7 0.56 / 0.47 98 297 46 13,012(1995)

421 620.3 48.2 / 75.4 99 420 120 6,592,812

201 6.2 0.77 / 0.634 99 285 31 55,251

300 7.7 1.25 / 1.1 98 201 N/A 188,455(1997)

299 109.5 11.8 / 11.6 99 490 97 233,089

309 59.3 3.1 / 2.9 88 273 37 173,591

251 9,255.0 820.8 / 663.0 97 847 489 3,787,319

342-343-Unit 5 Opener 10/16/02 10:58 AM Page 343