Dr. R. P. SharmaScientist-Soil Science

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research,

Varanasi-221305

Dr. R. P. SharmaScientist-Soil Science

Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi-221305

Optimisation of Land Use of Eastern U POptimisation of Land Use of Eastern U PVegetables as revenue generation CropsVegetables as revenue generation Crops

Classification of Farmers on the Basis of Land Holdings

0.83100100Total

15.070.152.695. Big (>10 ha)

5.572.1414.354. Medium(4-10 ha)

2.746.5821.723. Semi Medium (2-4 ha)

1.4114.2524.282. Small (1-2 ha)

0.476.8836.971. Marginal (<1ha)

Av holding size (ha)

No. of Farmers (%)

Area(%)

Category of farmer

Uttar Pradesh at a glance

• Geographical Area 242-02 Lac ha. • Divisions 17 • Districts 70 • Tehsils 303 • Development Blocks 813 • Nyay-Panchayats 8135 • Gram-Panchayats 52028 • Revenue Villages 1-09 Lac• Population 16-61 Crore• Literacy 57-36 %

Land Use Classification : (Area in lac ha.)

• Reported area - 242.02 • Net cultivated area - 168.12 • Area sown more than once - 86.35• Forest - 16.89 • Sodic - 5.92 • Gross Cropped area - 254.47• Rabi - 126.59• Kharif - 120.23 • Zaid - 7.35 • Cropping Intensity - 151%

Soils of Eastern UP are most fertile but poorly managed

The plant nutrient balance system

Inputs Mineral fertilizersOrganic manures

Atmospheric depositionBiological nitrogen-fixation

Sedimentation

OutputsHarvested crop partsCrop residuesLeachingGaseous lossesWater erosion

Micronutrient status based land use Analysis of 2.52 lakhs surface soil

S. No. Micronutrient % Deficient area

1 Zn 49

2 Fe 12

3 Mn 4

4 Cu 3

5 B 33

Emergence of Nutrients Deficiency in Indian Agriculture

Zinc fertility status in soils of UP

CategoriesVery low: 21 dist.Low: 38Marginal: 11

Iron fertility status in soils of UP

Kashi Alankar:Pointed gourd

Kashi Harit:Pumpkin

Kashi Dhawal, Kashi Ujwal:Ash gourd

Kashi Madhu:Muskmelon

Kashi Param:French bean

Kashi Kunwari, Kashi Agahani:Cauliflower

Kashi Sweta, Kashi Hans:Radish

Kashi Ganga, Kashi Bahar (F1):Bottle gourd

Kashi Vibhuti, Kashi Pragati, Kashi Satdhari, Kashi Lila, Shitla Uphar(Hyb.), Shitla Jyoti (F1), Kashi Bhairav (F1), Kashi Mahima (F1):Okra

Kashi Shyamal, Kashi Gowri, Kasi Unnati, Kash, Kanchan, Kashi Sudha:Cowpea

VRP-2, VRP-3, Kashi Nandini, Kashi Udhay, Kashi Shakti, Kashi Mukti:Pea

Kashi Anmol, Kashi Surkh, F1), Kashi Early (F1):Chilli

Kashi taru, Kashi Prakash , Kashi Sandesh (F1), Kashi Ganesh (F1):Brinjal

Kashi Amrit, Kashi Anupam, Kashi Vishesh, Kashi Hemant, Kashi Sharad:Tomato

Varieties developed by IIVR

Tomato

Kashi Amrit (DVRT-1)Sel-7 X B-6013 (L. hirsutum f glabratum) Backcross pedigree method (BC3F3 generation)Yield 600-650 q/haReleased for UP, Bihar, and Jharkhand

Kashi Vishesh (H-86)Sel-7 X B-6013 (L. hirsutum f glabratum) Backcross pedigree method (BC3F3 generation)Tolerant to TyLCVYield 600-650 q/haReleased for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, HP, J&K

Kashi Hemant (IIVR Sel-1)Sel-18 X Flora dade , Pedigree selectionRound medium to large fruits Yield 400-420 q/haReleased for Chattisgarh, Orissa, MP, and Maharashtra

Kashi Sharad (IIVR Sel-2)MTH-6 X Kalyani Eunish, pedigree selection, Indertminate broad leaves Fruits Slightly oval medium to largeYield 400-500 q/haReleased for J&K, HP, and Uttaranchal

Swarna LalimaSelection from land race Fruits round large size Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 60-700 q/haReleased for Jharkhand and Bihar

Swarna SamridhiF1 hybrid (IC-400215 X BL-333), IndeterminateResistant to bacterial wilt and early blight Yield 1000-1050 q/haReleased for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Tomato Cont…

Swarna SampadaF1 hybrid (IC-400216 X HAT-193) fruits round large Resistant to bacterial wilt and early blight Yield 1000-1050 q/haReleased for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Swarna NaveenSelection from EC-386019 EarlyFruits oblong medium Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/haReleased for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Swarna BaibhavF1 hybrid (CH-3 X CHRT-4) Fruits Round large and firm Yield 900-1000 q/haReleased for Jharkhand, Bihar and UP

Tomato Cont…

Kashi SandeshF1 ybrid ( VR-14 X Pant Rituraj) Fruits Purple round and medium sizeYield 750-800 q/haReleased for cultivation throughout the country

Brinjal

Kashi KomalF1 hybrid (Uttara X Punjab Barsati) Fruits light purple and small longsoft texture Early fruiting Yield 800-850 q/haReleased for cultivation throughout the country

Kashi PrakashSelection from land race Light purple spotted fruits spiny calyx Yield 650-700 q/haReleased for UP, Bihar, and Jharkhand

Kashi TaruSelection from land race Fruits Long purpleErect plant Yield 700-750 q/haReleased for UP, Bihar, and Jharkhand

Brinjal Cont…

Swarna ManiPunjab Neelam X CHES -82 Backcross pedigree method Tolerant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/haReleased for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna Shyamli (CH-204)Selection from CH-249 Fruits Green with white stripes round sizeYield 600-650 q/haReleased for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna Prathibha (CH-309)Selection from CH-309 Erect plants Resistant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/ha Released for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Brinjal Cont…

Swarna ShaktiF1 hybrid (CH-309 X CH-157-16-4-1) Erect plant Fruits shiny purple and oblongYield 700-750 q/haReleased for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna Ajay F1 hybrid (Ch-249 X HAB-792) Fruits purple and oblongResistant to bacterial wilt Yield 700-750 q/haReleased for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Swarna ShobhaSelection from CH-309 Fruits shiny purple medium sizeResistant to bacterial wilt Yield 600-650 q/haReleased for Bihar, Jharkhand, and UP

Brinjal Cont…

Kashi Surkh (CCH-2)F1 hybrid (CCA-4261 X Pusa Jwala)Semi determinate erect plants Light green strait fruits Yield 200-240 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Rajathan, Gujrat, Hayana, Delhi, and N.E. States

Kashi Anmol (KA-2)Selection from Shrilankan introductionDeterminate dwarf plants Early maturing Yield 200-225 q/haReleased for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Chilli

Kashi Early (CCH-3)F1 hybrid (R line x KA-2)Semi determinate erect plants Light green strait fruits Yield 250-300 q/ha Released for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Rajathan, Gujrat, Hayana, Delhi, and N.E. States

Kashi Udai (VRP-6)Arkel X FC-1Pedigree selectionEarly maturing Yield 100-110 q/haReleased for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Shakti (VRP-7)Hara bona X NDVP-8Pedigree selectionMedium maturing 140-160 q/haReleased for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Mukti (VRP-22)No-7 X PM-5Pedigree selectionResistant to powdery mildew Yield 100-120 q/haReleased for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Pea

Swarna AmarSelection from CHPMR-1Medium maturing and Resistant to powdery mildew Yield 100-150 q/haReleased for Bihar, Jharkhand

Swarna MuktiHC-17-11 X FC-1 Pedigree SelectionMedium maturing Resistant to powdery mildew, Yield 100-150 q/haReleased for Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Nandini (VRP-5)P-1542 X VT-2-1 Pedigree selection Early maturing Yield 100-120 q/haReleased for Punjab, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Kerala, and Tamilnadu

Kashi Kanchan (VRCP-4)Bush type, Photo-insensitive dark green pods Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and pseudocercospora Yield 150-200 q/haReleased for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Punjab, AP, MP

Kashi Unnati (VRCP-3)Dwarf and bushy type, photo-insensitive Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and pseudocercospora Yield 125-150 q/haReleased for UP, Bihar and Jharkhand

Kashi Gowri (VRCP-2)Bush type, Photo-insensitive Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and pseudocercospora Yield 100-120 q/haReleased for UP, Bihar, Jharkhand

Kashi Shyamal (VRCP-1)Dwarf and bushy Early flowering Tolerant to Golden mosaic virus Yield 80-100 q/ha

Cowpea

Swarna HaritaSelection from IC-28143 Early Tolerant to Golden mosaic virus Yield 200-250 /haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, and Bihar

Swarna SwetaSelection from CHCP-1 Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and rust Yield 200-220 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, and Bihar

Swarna SuphalaSelection from IC-202932 Resistant to Golden mosaic virus and rustYield 200-250 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, and Bihar

Kashi Lila Medium plant height (110-130 cm)Fruits with five ridgesResistant to YVMVYield 150-170 q/haReleased for Orissa, AP, Rajasthan, Gujrat, Hayana, Delhi

Swarna UtkrishtSelection from CHDB-1, Photo-insensitiveTolerant to anthracnose and bean mosaic virus Yield 350-400 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Kashi KunwariSelection from land raceEarly maturing, Curd white and compact Yield 300-350 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Okra

Dolichos

Cauliflower

Swarna AgetiMutation breeding –Selection from M-5 generationCylindrical long green fruits Tolerant to powdery mildew Yield 300-325 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Swarna SheetalHot season X Long green Pedigree selection Cylindrical long green fruits Yield 300-350 q/ha Released for Jharkhand and Bihar

Swarna PoornaSelection from CH-20 Cylindrical long green fruits Tolerant to powdery mildew Yield 300-350 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Cucumber

Kashi BaharF1 hybrid, Fruits strait long light green Tolerant to downey mildew, anthracnose and CercosporaYield 500-550 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Kashi HansSelection from land racestraight tappering roots yield 430-450 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Bottle gourd

Radish

Kashi ParamIIHR-909 X KVP-1, Pedigree selection, Pods are fleshy round dark green Yield 120-140 q/haReleased for J&K, HP, Uttaranchal, MP, and Maharashtra

Swarna LataSelection from EC-94498, Fleshy round pods, Yield 120-140 q/haReleased for J&K, HP, Uttaranchal, and Jharkhand

Swarna PriyaSelection from EC-76402, Flat green fleshy pods, Yield 120-140 q/haReleased for Maharastra, MP, and N.E. States

French Bean

Swarna ManjariCHES-15 X CHES-4, Pedigree selection Tolerant to powdery mildew Yield 180-200 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Swarna UpharCH-5 X CH-3Pedigree selectionYield 200-300 q/haReleased for Jharkhand and Bihar

Swarna PrabhaSelection from CHSG-1Tolerant to powdery mildew and downey mildewYield 250-300 q/haReleased for Jharkhand and Bihar

Ridge gourd

Sponge gourd

Kashi DhawalSelection from local land raceHigh flesh recoverySuitable for sweet preparation and processingyield 600 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Narendra Agrim X PKM-1, Pedigree SelectionSmall fruited, suitable for green fruit, Rich in carotene contentYield 350 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and Punjab

Pumpkin, ash gourd and musk melon

Kashi Harit

Kashi Madhu

Selection from IVMM-3, a land race from MauHigh TSSyield 250 q/haReleased for UP, Jharkhand, Bihar and PunjabSuitable for protected cultivation

Performance varieties/hybrids at farmers field

Districts covered: Varanasi, Mirzapur, Chandauli, Sonbhadra, Gazipurand Kushinagar

Chilli

21166200Kashi Anmol (KA-2)

103370755Kashi Sandesh

15370425Kashi Taru (IVBL-9)

17370435Kashi Prakash (IVBR-14)

Brinjal

18369437Kashi Visesh (H-86)

41369521Kashi Anupam (DVRT-2)

40369516Kashi Amrit (DVRT-1)

Tomato

Percent Increase over local Cultivars

Average yield of local cultivars (q/ha)

Average yield at farmers field (q/ha)

Cultivars

Mismanagement of soils in UP

• Brick kilns- Removes most fertile soil layer• Generation wise fragmentation of land

resources.• Flood irrigation creates secondary

salinization followed by sodification.• There is no optimized land utilization plan.• Allocation of land to builders without

assessing soil quality for agriculture use.

• We apply only DAP and urea, and think that this is good enough for increasing yield. We used to apply manure but not anymore because we don't have enough.

• So far no one told us about this type of fertilizer. We never knew that small quantities of fertilizers could make such a big difference. We only wish that these fertilizers are easily made available at the right time.

Opinion of farmers about Micronutrients

Conclusion

• Land holding sizes are very small therefore, involvement of vegetable crops in land use plan will ensure a way of regular revenue generation to poor farmers.

• Friable soil structure beneficial for tillage and root growth, climate and ample resources of good quality water of eastern UP favors vegetable growers.

• Trend of vegetable export oriented market will help to improve livelihood status of poor communities in the region.

Agro-Climatic ZonewisePlanning for Rabi Crops

• Bundelkhand-Pulses/Oilseeds • Western, South Western Semi Dry zones-

Wheat, Oilseeds, pulses and Cotton • Central, Eastern & North Eastern Plain

Zones-Wheat, Gram, Pulses and oilseeds • in Tarai & Mid Western Plain Zones-Wheat.