pathways through vocational education and training for school leavers david d curtis 10 th annual...
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Pathways through vocational education and training for school
leavers
David D Curtis
10th Annual AVETRA ConferenceEvolution, Revolution or Status Quo?
Victoria University
11-13 April 2007
Acknowledgement and Disclaimer
• The research being reported was funded and
commissioned by the Department of Education
Science and Training (DEST)
• The research is part of the LSAY program, a
joint DEST / ACER initiative
• This presentation deals with some aspects of
the study, which is still in progress
• The views expressed are the author’s and are
not those of DEST
Outline
Participation in VET programsVET Program types:
Apprenticeships;
Traineeships;
Non-Apprenticeship courses
Completion of VET programs
Outcomes following VET programsEmployment status;
Weekly earnings and hours worked;
Benefits to program completion
Data and Methods
• Data sourcesLongitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth
(LSAY)Cohort sampled in 1995 (Y95) in Year 913,613 participants; 2 stage stratified sampleVET sector courses commenced by 2001Outcomes assessed in 2004 (Age = 23 years)Attrition: 2001, n=6,876; 2004, n=4,660
• LimitationsStudy restricted to young people in transition
(Much VET provision for older workers)
• MethodsCross-tabulations and logistic regression
Results 1: DemographicsNo PSS Apprnt’shp Traineeship Non-app
VETUni
Sex
Female 22 3 11 27 47
Male 25 20 8 21 35
Indig.St.
Indigenous 30 14 24 25 22
Non-Indig 23 12 9 25 42
Location
Metro 21 10 7 26 46
Regional 26 14 12 21 37
Remote 25 14 14 24 34
Results 2: Family BackgroundNo PSS Apprnt’shp Traineeship Non-app
VETUni
Parent Occ
Prof & para 16 8 7 20 59
Manag. 18 11 10 24 47
Clerical 22 11 11 26 40
Trades 26 18 10 25 32
Machine op 30 7 11 31 32
Labourer 28 10 12 26 33
Parent Ed.
Inc. sec 29 11 11 25 32
Comp. sec 25 11 12 25 38
Trade 21 16 10 25 38
Post sec. 13 8 7 19 64
Results 3: School FactorsNo PSS Apprnt’shp Traineeship Non-app
VETUni
Achieve Qtl
Lowest 35 16 11 31 15
Low-mid 26 13 11 29 32
Mid-high 19 11 11 22 49
Highest 13 7 6 15 68
Schl sector
Govt 27 13 11 26 33
Catholic 16 9 7 24 53
Independent 13 7 6 19 66
Results 4: School FactorsNo PSS Apprnt’shp Traineeship Non-app
VETUni
Yr Level
Yr 10 42 29 14 22 1
Yr 11 41 25 14 24 4
Yr 12 18 6 9 25 51
VETiS
No VETiS 18 7 8 22 54
VETiS 29 15 12 31 22
Program Completion
• Apprenticeships84% of commencers complete (m 87%, f 60%)
• Traineeships83% of commencers complete (m 81%, f 84%)
• Non-apprenticeship VET73% completion, but…
83% for lower certificates78% for higher certificates65% for diploma programs
• No influence of individual demographic factors• Substantial effects by field of study• Caution
These completion rates are higher than those reported by NCVER based on AVETMISS data
Outcomes
• Outcomes investigated were:1. Employment status (at 2004 interview)
FT employment; FT study; PT employment; Unemployed; NILF
2. Weekly gross earnings and hours worked
• Outcomes were assessed by1. Program type
2. Completion status
Education & Labour Market Status 2004
Sex Program FTS FTW PTW Unemp NILF
Female No PSS 2 60 14 7 18
Appshp 3 72 15 2 8
Trshp 3 76 8 4 8
NAV 5 70 11 4 11
Total 4 67 12 5 13
Male No PSS 2 78 8 9 4
Appshp 1 94 2 1 1
Trshp 2 87 6 0 5
NAV 4 82 7 5 2
Total 2 84 6 5 3
Earnings and Hours Worked
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male
No post-school study Apprenticeship Traineeship Non-app VET
Wee
kly
earn
ing
s
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ho
urs
Earnings Hours
Benefits to Completion
FTW PTW
Male Female Male Female
No PSS 78 60 8 14
App’shp Inc 85 75 12 4
Comp 96 70 1 22
Tr’shp Inc 89 68 11 8
Comp 87 78 6 8
Non-app VET
Inc 76 59 10 11
Comp 84 73 6 10
Results: Summary
• Substantial differences in post-school education and training pathway by:
Family SES; Sex; Country of birth; Indigenous status; Location;
• Apprenticeship pathway is important for:Males; School non-completers; Regional youth;
• Traineeship pathway is important for:Females; Indigenous youth; Rural youth;
• Non-apprenticeship VET pathwayprovides equitable access on most characteristics.
• Higher education is accessed by:Females; high achievers; high SES; OS NESB;
Results: Summary
All VET pathways are associated with more favourable outcomes than no post-school study
Increased FT work; Reduced unemploymentbut variable earnings benefits
Apprenticeships have the most favourable outcomes, but these appear to relate to fields of training/work and are gender-related
Traineeships work well for young womenBenefits to Non-app VET are less pronounced cf
apprenticeships, but typically Non-app VET courses do not require labour market experience
Implications
• Skills FormationYoung people who do no post-school
training are at risk of marginalisation
Not all pathways are equally productive for all young people
Apprenticeships important for males – labour market segmentation
Traineeships important for females
Higher education participation is related to ability and aspiration. Aspiration (and intention) mediate achievement and language background (Khoo & Ainley, 2005)
Implications
• Advice for Young PeopleYoung people form school completion and
post-school intentions by early secondary school
Career decisions are based on some good and some poor information (Beavis et al., 2005)
Poor information requires remediation
Some pathways are more promising than others for sub-groups of young people
Advice on the outcomes of alternative pathways could be provided explicitly during early secondary schooling