ALTERATIONS OF PULMONARY FUNCTIONS1. What is called the movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to the

body organs and tissues? 1. Perfusion2. Ventilation3. Diffusion4. Active transport5. Conduction

2. Which of the following is the maximum amount of gas that can be displaced (expired) from the lung?1. Vital capacity2. Total lung capacity3. Functional capacity4. Residual volume5. Tidal volume capacity

3. Which of the following is the role of surfactant facilitates alveolar distention and ventilation?1. Decreasing thoracic compliance2. Attracting water to the alveolar surface3. Decreasing surface tension in alveoli4. Increasing diffusion in alveoli5. Decreasing diffusion in alveoli

4. A 20-year-old male presents to his physician complaining of difficulty breathing when lying down. The patient is suffering from which of the following?1. Dyspnea2. Orthopnea3. Apnea4. Tachypnea5. Bradypnea

5. A 65-year-old female with emphysema presents to the ER for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals bluish skin and mucous membranes. What is called to this condition?1. Cyanosis2. Hemoptysis 3. Hematemesis4. Ischemia5. Clubbing

6. A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. What is the most likely cause of this disease?1. Bacteria2. Acute hyperventilation3. Allergy4. Viral infection5. Fungal infection

7. A 50-year-old male presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left. Tests reveal that the air pressure in the pleural cavity exceeds barometric pressure in the atmosphere. Which of the following is most likely the diagnosis?1. Pleural effusion2. Tension pneumothorax3. Open pneumothorax4. Transudative pneumothorax5. Compression pneumothorax

8. An 80-year-old female develops pneumonia in the hospital. She becomes cyanotic, tachycardic, and develops a fever and cough. Chest x-ray reveals pus in the pleural space. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?1. Pneumothorax2. Chyle3. Emphysema 4. Pleurisy5. Empyema

9. A 6-month-old female presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever. She is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which of the following is most likely causing her condition?1. Parainfluenza virus 2. Haemophilus B influenza3. Respiratory syncytial virus 4. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus5. Steptoccoccus Pneumoniae

10. A patient with severe asthma gets no relief from antihistamines. The symptoms are MOST likely to be caused by which of the following?

1. Interleukin-22. Leukotrienes 3. Serotonin4. Bradykinin5. Lymphocytes

Essay:1. What are the functions of the pulmonary system? (2 points)2. What is pneumothorax? Enumerate the different types of pneumothorax. (3 points)

Answer Key:

1.1(1)2.1(1)3.3(1)4.2(2)5.1(2)6.4(2)7.2(3)8.5(3)9.3(4)10. 2(2)

Essay:1. Ventilate the alveoli, diffuse gases into and out of the blood, and perfuse the lungs so that

the body may receive oxygen. (1)2. Pneumothorax is a collection of air or gas in the chest or pleural space that causes part or

all of a lung to collapse. Types of Pneumothorax:Open,Tension,Spontaneous and Secondary.(2)

ALTERATIONS OF HEMATOLOGIC FUNCTIONS

1. During assessment, the nurse noticed brittle spoon-shaped nails with longitudinal ridges from the patient’s finger nails. Which of the following conditions is the patient having?1. Iron deficiency anemia2. Leukemia 3. Megaloblastic anemia4. Pernicious anemia5. Thrombocytopenia

2. What is the main problem in pernicious anemia?1. Absence of intrinsic factor 2. Alteration in factor VIII3. Associated with Reed Sternberg cell4. Deficiency in iron5. Lack of vitamin B12

3. Which of the following is the most common disorder in children characterized by very fast-growing tumor of the jaw and facial bones?1. Acute lymphocytic leukemia2. Burkitt lymphoma 3. Epstein-Barr virus 4. Hodgkin lymphoma5. Wilm’s tumor

4. A 20-year-old female has an increase in eosinophils. Which of the following is the most likely cause?1. Viral infections 2. Fungal infection 3. Bacterial infections 4. Stress and anxiety reactions 5. Parasitic invasion and allergic reactions

5. A 35-year-old female is diagnosed with lymphadenopathy. What is the most likely finding leading to this diagnosis?1. Disordered lymph nodes2. Enlarged lymph nodes 3. Nonpalpable lymph nodes 4. Nontender lymph nodes 5. Small, hard lymph nodes

6. Which of the following defines leukocytosis? 1. Hemoglobin – 10g/dl2. pCO2 – 403. Platelet – 450,0004. RBC – 5.5 x 106/ml5. WBC – 20,000 cells/ml

7. A 57-year-old male presents to his physician for red face, hands, feet, ears, and headache and drowsiness. A blood smear reveals an increased number of erythrocytes, indicating1. Hemosiderosis2. Leukemia3. Lymphoma 4. Polycythemia vera5. Sideroblastic anemia

8. A 67-year-old male has chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. Which is the primary cause of her anemia?1. Bone marrow failure2. Folate deficiency 3. Hemolysis 4. Iron deficiency 5. Vitamin B12 deficiency

9. A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anemia. Which of the following could be the diagnosis?1. Hemolytic anemia 2. Iron deficiency anemia 3. Pernicious anemia 4. Sickle-cell anemia5. Sideroblastic anemia

10. When assessing lab values on a patient admitted with septicemia, the nurse would expect to find which of the following?1. Increased platelets 2. Decreased red blood cells 3. Decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)4. Increased bands in white blood cells(WBC)5. Decreased lymphocytes

Essay: 1. Discuss the importance of Vitamin K in maintaining hematologic homeostasis? (3 points)2. A patient verbalized, “I have a disease called anemia. My blood pressure is low.” What is

your best reply? (2 points)

Answer Key:1.1(1)2.1(1)3.2(1)4.5(2)5.2(2)6.5(2)7.4(3)8.4(3)9.1(4)10.4(4)

1. Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, the prothrombin factors (II, VII, XI, X), and proteins C and S anticoagulants. (1)

2. Anemia is not a specific disease; it is a manifestation of a pathologic process. Anemia is directly about blood pressure but a reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin. (3)