pathology solved papers 2015
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NAIT] JP_DFH
@ oijpfdtdm jy JAA_ hrij _QJO & Q@ [irur Ogdlln` `l >00?. ]gdrdnhtdr @
gnvd oijpfdtdm jy M`pfijn `l Of`l`onf [ntgifiby hrij JJO Ogdlln`, wg`og
gns b`vdl jd n mddpdr ulmdrstnlm`lb ih tgd Ans`o so`dlods. Hurtgdr ti tg`s @ m`mjy [ist brnmuntd JM `l [ntgifiby hrij [B@AJ_ ]nrnjnl` Ogdlln`. @ gnvd nfsi
pnssdm tgd Lnt`ilnf Ainrms `l [ntgifiby dnrl`lb jy MLA.
]giubg lit not`vdfy wirc`lb ns n [ntgifib`st nt prdsdlt, ldvdrtgdfdss, mud ti
jy strilb nonmdj`o briulm`lb `l tgd Ans`o _o`dlods @ mdo`mdm ti oijp`fd
nlswdrs ti prdv`ius ydnrs ]L Mr JBQ Tl`vdrs`ty ^udst`ils `l irmdr ti jncd
tgd prdpnrnt`il dns`dr hir stumdlts wgi h`lm `t m`hh`ouft ti nss`j`fntd gubd
qunlt`t`ds ih suaedot jnttdr `l tgd sgirt t`jd nvn`fnafd.
@l tg`s ihhdr`lb @ gnvd dlmdnvirdm ti b`vd tgd nlswdrs ns ofdnrfy ns piss`afd nlm
`l n pi`lt w`sd jnlldr ti jncd rdnm`lb dns`dr. @ffustrnt`ils gnvd nfsi addl
b`vdl. Dxtdls`vd rdhdrdlod gns addl jnmd ti stnlmnrm tdxtaiics.
@ s`lodrdfy gipd tgnt jdm`onf stumdlts adldh`t hrij tg`s dhhirt oivdr`lb
[gnrjnoifiby, J`oria`ifiby nlm [ntgifiby.
Fnstfy stumdlts nrd dloiurnbdm ti b`vd tgd`r oilstruot`vd hddmanoc nlm gdfp
`jprivd tgd oiltdlt jnttdr nlm oirrdot j`stncds tgnt nrd aiulm ti orddp `l,
mdsp`td jy adst dhhirts ti nvi`m tgdj.
Fncsgj` Xdlcntnrnjnl(fncsgj`mr2;Kbjn`f.oij)
Oipyr`bgt © Mr Fncsgj` Xdlcntnrnjnl - 1;>4
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NOCLIRFDMBDJDL]
@ w`sg ti tgnlc jy jitgdr Mr _nlcnr` Xdlcntnrnjnl, n [rih ih [gys`ifiby
(Qdtm), hir bi`lb tgriubg jy nlswdrs pnt`dltfy nlm gdfp`lb jd ti `jprivd
upil tgd oiltdlts dspdo`nffy `l [gys`ifiby w`tg gdr lujdrius vnfunafdsubbdst`ils nlm `lputs.
Jy og`fmrdl put up w`tg jd spdlm`lb jird t`jd nt tgd Oijputdr tgnl w`tg
tgdj nlm aird jd iut pnt`dltfy hir tgd fnst hdw jiltgs. ]gnlc yiu hir yiur
pnt`dlod.
@ sgiufm jdlt`il gdrd jy gusanlm‐s vnfunafd nmv`od nlm subbdst`ils hir
jnlnb`lb tgd mioujdlts pripdrfy wg`fd tgdy wdrd bdtt`lb rdnmy. @ nfsi w`sg ti
tgnlc g`s ihh`od tdnj hir gdfp`lb ti put tgd aiic il tgd wda w`tg su`tnafd
jim`h`ont`ils.
MDM@ON]@IL
]g`s wirc `s mdm`ontdm ti nff jdm`onf stumdlts
Oipyr`bgt © Mr Fncsgj` Xdlcntnrnjnl ‟ 1;>4
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]nafd ih Oiltdlts[N]GIFIBP @ HDAQTNQP 1;>4 ...................................................................................................... =
@. Dfnairntd il5.......................................................................................................................... =
@@. Rr`td litds il5 ..................................................................................................................... 4
@@@. _girt nlswdrs il5 ................................................................................................................ 0
[N]GIFIBP @ NTBT_] 1;>4 ....................................................................................................... >1
@. Dfnairntd .............................................................................................................................. >1
@@. Rr`td litds il .................................................................................................................... >=
@@@. _girt nlswdrs il ............................................................................................................... >7
[N]GIFIBP @@ HDAQTNQP 1;>4 ................................................................................................... 1;
@. Dfnairntd il ......................................................................................................................... 1;
@@. Rr`td litds il5 ................................................................................................................... 11
@@@. _girt nlswdrs il5 .............................................................................................................. 14
[N]GIFIBP @@ NTBT_] 1;>4 ...................................................................................................... 17
Dfnairntd il............................................................................................................................ 17
@@. Rr`td litds il .................................................................................................................... ?;
@@@. _girt nlswdrs il ............................................................................................................... ??
A@AF@IBQN[GP............................................................................................................................ ?4
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[N]GIFIBP @ HDAQTNQP 1;>4
@. Dfnairntd il5
>. Ofnss`hy Gdjifyt`o Nldj`ns. Rr`td `l mdtn`f naiut tgd pntgibdlds`s, afiim p`oturd nlm of`l`onf
hdnturds ih adtn ]gnfnssdj`n jneir.
Gdjifyt`o nldj`ns nrd mdh`ldm ns tgisd nldj`ns wg`og rdsuft hirj nl `lordnsd `l tgd rntd ih rdm odff
mdstruot`il.
@l gdjifyt`o m`sirmdrs, rdm odffs nrd mdstriydm prdjnturdfy, usunffy `l n rnlmij hnsg`il. @h tgd rdm
afiim odff f`hd spnl `s ilfy jimdrntdfy sgirtdldm, tgd pnt`dlt w`ff usunffy gnvd f`ttfd, `h nly, nldj`n
adonusd tgd aild jnrriw `s onpnafd ih `lordns`lb tgd rntd ih ldw rdm afiim odff primuot`il ay =-7
t`jds.
Ansdm il tgd s`td ih gdjifys`s, gdjifyt`o nldj`ns onl ad ofnss`h`dm ns @ltrnoirpusoufnr vdrsus
Dxtrnoirpusoufnr Mdhdots
@ltrnoirpusoufnr mdhdots
]gdsd nrd `ltr`ls`o ti tgd rdm afiim odff. ]gdy nrd usunffy `lgdr`tdm, nlm bdldrnffy (aut lit nfwnys)
tgd nalirjnf`ty `s iasdrvnafd `l tgd pdr`pgdrnf afiim sjdnr.
Dxtrnoirpusoufnr mdhdots
rdhdr ti priafdjs `l tgd dlv`riljdlt ih tgd rdm afiim odff, lit `l tgd rdm afiim odff `tsdfh.
Dxtrnoirpusoufnr gdjifys`s `s usunffy noqu`rdm nlm `s ihtdl aut lit nfwnys m`sodrl`afd `l tgd hirj
ih jirpgifib`o nalirjnf`t`ds `l tgd pdr`pgdrnf afiim sjdnr.
Fnairntiry h`lm`lbs ‟ Oijjil ti gdjifyt`o nldj`ns
• ]gd jneir or`tdr`n hir tgd fnairntiry m`nblis`s ih gdjifyt`o nldj`n nrd rdt`oufioytis`s nlm
nl `lordnsd `l sdruj fdvdf ih uloileubntdm a`f`rua`l.
• _druj fdvdf ih fnot`o mdgymribdlnsd (FMG) `s dfdvntdm.
• _druj gnptibfia`l fdvdf `s mdordnsdm.
• ]gd pdr`pgdrnf afiim sjdnr ihtdl aut lit `lvnr`nafy sgiws jirpgifib`o ognlbds `l tgd rdm afiim
odffs oijpnt`afd w`tg gdjifys`s.
α ‟ ]GNFN__DJ@N JNEIQ
]gnfnssdj`ns nrd n gdtdribdldius briup ih bdldt`o m`sirmdrs wg`og rdsuft hrij n rdmuodm rntd ih
syltgds`s ih ξ ir α bfia`l ogn`ls `l tgd Gdjibfia`l jifdoufd.
[ntgibdlds`sOijpfdtd (α; α;) ir nfjist oijpfdtd (α; α+) hn`furd ih α-bfia`l ogn`l syltgds`s rdsuft`lb hrij
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`lgdr`tnlod hrij dnog pnrdlt ih ild ih ivdr =;; m`hhdrdlt pi`lt jutnt`ils ir mdfdt`ils ̀ l tgd α-
bfia`l bdld ir `ts oiltriff`lb sdqudlods.
]gdrd `s n sdvdrd `janfnlod ih ξ 5 α-ogn`ls w`tg prdo`p`tnt`il ih tgd dxodss ξ-ogn`ls `l drytgriafnsts
fdnm`lb ti `ldhhdot`vd drytgripi`ds`s, sdvdrd nlndj`n nlm dxtrnjdmuffnry gndjipi`ds`s.
Of`l`onf hdnturds
• Nlndj`n prdsdlts nt tgd nbd ih ?‟ 8 jiltgs wgdl tgd sw`tog hrij ο- ti α-ogn`l syltgds`s lirjnffyioours. J`fmdr onsds prdsdlt fntdr (up ti tgd nbd ih = ydnrs).
• Hn`furd ti tgr`vd, `ltdrourrdlt `lhdot`il, pnffir, j`fm enulm`od (mud ti gdjifys`s).
• Dlfnrbdjdlt ih tgd f`vdr nlm spfddl (dxtrnjdmuffnry gdjntipi`ds`s), dxpnls`il ih tgd ailds
rdsuft`lb hrij aild jnrriw gypdrpfns`n ‟ dspdo`nffy ih tgd scuff ‟ w`tg aiss`lb nlm n ‗gn`r-il-dlm‐
nppdnrnlod il W-rny3 tgnfnssndj`o hno`ds, onusdm ay dxpnls`il ih scuff nlm hno`nf ailds.
• Hdnturds ih `ril ivdrfinm ns n rdsuft ih afiim trnlshus`ils nlm `lordnsdm `ril nasirpt`il `lofumd
jdfnl`l p`bjdltnt`il, briwtg/ dlmior`ld mdhdots, d.b. m`nadtds jdff`tus, gypitgyri`m`sj,
gypipnrntgyri`m`sj, hn`furd ih sdxunf mdvdfipjdlt, onrm`no hn`furd ir nrrgytgj`n, f`vdr nalirjnf`ty.
Afiim p`oturd
• _dvdrd nlndj`n (Ga 1;‟8; b/F) w`tg rdmuodm jdnl oirpusoufnr vifujd nlm jdnl oirpusoufnr
gndjibfia`l.• Afiim h`fj sgiws gypiogrij`o, j`orioyt`o odffs, tnrbdt odffs, drytgriafnsts nlm, ihtdl, jydfioytds.
• Aild jnrriw `s gypdrodffufnr w`tg drytgri`m gypdrpfns`n.
• G`bg pdrhirjnlod f`qu`m ogrijntibrnpgy ir gndjibfia`l dfdotripgirds`s onl ad usdm ti jdnsurd
tgd oilodltrnt`il ih tgd m`hhdrdlt gndjibfia`ls prdsdlt `l rdm odffs. Li Ga N `s mdtdotdm `l α; α;
pnt`dlts.
• MLN nlnfys`s rdvdnfs tgd spdo`h`o jutnt`ils ir mdfdt`ils.
@@. Rr`td litds il5
>. Briwtg hnotirs
Gdnf`lb `lvifvds nl irmdrfy sdqudlod ih dvdlts wg`og `lofumds rdbdldrnt`il nlm j`brnt`il ih
spdo`nf`zdm odffs, nlb`ibdlds`s, prif`hdrnt`il ih h`ariafnsts nlm rdfntdm odffs, jntr`x pritd`l syltgds`s
nlm h`lnffy odssnt`il ih tgdsd priodssds.
]gdsd priodssds, nt fdnst `l pnrt, nrd jdm`ntdm ay n sdr`ds ih fiw jifdoufnr wd`bgt pifypdpt`mds
rdhdrrdm ti ns briwtg hnotirs.
]gdsd briwtg hnotirs gnvd tgd onpno`ty ti st`jufntd odff m`v`s`il nlm prif`hdrnt`il. _ijd ih tgd
hnotirs, cliwl ti pfny n rifd `l tgd gdnf`lb priodss, nrd ar`dhfy m`soussdm adfiw.
_iurods ih Briwtg Hnotirs5
Hiffiw`lb `leury, briwtg hnotirs jny ad mdr`vdm hrij n lujadr ih siurods suog ns5
>. [fntdfdts, not`vntdm nhtdr dlmitgdf`nf mnjnbd,
1. Mnjnbdm dp`tgdf`nf odffs,
?. O`roufnt`lb sdruj briwtg hnotirs,
=. Jnoripgnbds, ir
4. Fyjpgioytds rdoru`tdm ti tgd nrdn ih `leury
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]gd gdnf`lb priodss odnsds wgdl fist t`ssud gns addl rdpfnodm.
]gd jdognl`sjs rdbufnt`lb tg`s priodss nrd lit huffy ulmdrstiim. ]BH-α nots ns n briwtg `lg`a`tir hir aitg dp`tgdf`nf nlm dlmitgdf`nf odffs nlm rdbufntds tgd`r rdbdldrnt`il.
Nppf`dm nspdot
N jneir not`v`ty ih briwtg hnotirs `s ti st`jufntd tgd hulot`il ih briwtg oiltrif bdlds, jnly ih
wg`og nrd onffdm priti-iloibdlds adonusd jutnt`ils `l tgdj fdnm ti ulrdstrn`ldm odff prif`hdrnt`il
ognrnotdr`st`o ih onlodr (iloibdlds`s)
>. Jutnt`ils nlm njpf`h`ont`ils `l tgd Qdodptir hir DBH lnjdfy DBHQ-> gnvd addl mdtdotdm `l
onlodrs ih tgd fulb, gdnm nlm ldoc, nlm ardnst, bf`iafnstijns, nlm itgdr onlodrs.
Liwnmnys tgd jutntdm briwtg hnotir rdodptir `s ad`lb tnrbdtdm `l tgd trdntjdlt ih onlodr ay
jdnls ih Jiliofilnf nlt`aim`ds tgnt a`lm ti nlm `lnot`vntd `t.
1. ]gd rdodptir hir Gdpntioytd briwtg hnotir (GBH ), lnjdfy o-JD], `s ihtdl g`bgfy dxprdssdm ir
jutntdm `l gujnl tujirs, dspdo`nffy `l rdlnf nlm tgyri`m pnp`ffnry onro`lijns._dvdrnf GBH nlm o-JD] `lg`a`tirs nrd prdsdltfy ad`lb dvnfuntdm `l onlodr tgdrnpy of`l`onf tr`nfs.
?. Fiss ih ]BH-α rdodptirs hrdqudltfy ioours `l gujnl tujirs, priv`m`lb n prif`hdrnt`vd nmvnltnbd ti
tujir odffs3 il tgd oiltrnry `ts ivdrdxprdss`il fdnms ti dxodss`vd h`aris`s nlm gypdrtripg`o sonrs. @ts
ivdrdxprdss`il gns nfsi addl mioujdltdm `l _ystdj`o sofdris`s nlm Jnrhnl‐s sylmrijd.
1. ]rnlspfnlt rdedot`il
Nlt`bdls dloimdm ay tgd JGO il ogrijisijd 8 nrd or`t`onf `jjulibdl`o jifdoufds tgnt onl
st`jufntd rdedot`il ih trnlspfnltdm t`ssuds.
]gus, ipt`jnf brnht surv`vnf ioours wgdl rdo`p`dlt nlm milir nrd ofisdfy jntogdm w`tg rdbnrm ti
g`stioijpnt`a`f`ty nlt`bdls.
]rnlspfnlt rdedot`il rdnot`ils nrd usunffy ontdbir`zdm ns ‖gypdrnoutd,‚ ‖noutd‚ nlm ‖ogril`o‚
rdedot`il, ansdm il tgd of`l`onf tdjpi ih tgd rdspilsd nlm pntgipgys`ifib`o jdognl`sjs `lvifvdm.Giwdvdr, `l prnot`od, tgd hdnturds ih dnog ivdrfnp, ordnt`lb nja`bu`ty `l m`nblis`s.
Ontdbir`znt`il ih trnlspfnlt rdedot`il `s nfsi oijpf`ontdm ay tgd tix`o`ty ih `jjulisupprdss`vd
mrubs djpfiydm ti oiltrif rdedot`il rdnot`ils.
n) Gypdrnoutd rdedot`il
(`) Ioours w`tg`l j`lutds ih trnlspfnltnt`il
(``) Jdm`ntdm ay prdhirjdm nlt`milir nlt`aim`ds prdsdlt `l tgd rdo`p`dlt‐s o`roufnt`il (d.b., NAI
`loijpnt`a`f`ty)
(```) Nlt`bdls `l tgd dlmitgdf`uj ih tgd trnlspfnltdm irbnl nrd rdoibl`zdm ay tgd prdhirjdm
nlt`aim`ds (@bJ nlm @bB) onpnafd ih oijpfdjdlt not`vnt`il, rdsuft`lb `l tgrijais`s nlm h`ar`li`m
ldoris`s nlm hiffiwdm ay `sogdj`o ldoris`s ih tgd trnlspfnltdm irbnl.
a) Noutd rdedot`il(`) Ioours w`tg`l mnys ir jiltgs nhtdr tgd trnlspfnltnt`il ir nt nly t`jd nhtdr tgd w`tgmrnwnf ih
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`jjulisupprdss`vd tgdrnpy.
(``) Jdm`ntdm ay aitg gujirnf (nlt`aimy-jdm`ntdm) nlm odffufnr (] odff ‟jdm`ntdm) jdognl`sjs.
(```) Xnsouf`t`s `s n prij`ldlt hdnturd. @t `s jdm`ntdm ay nlt`milir nlt`aim`ds tgnt nttnoc tgd vdssdf
wnff, w`tg suasdqudlt tgrijais`s nlm tg`ocdl`lb ih tgd nrtdr`ifds. Xnsoufnr ognlbds onusd nl
`sogdj`n ih tgd trnlspfnltdm irbnl.
(`v) @ltdrst`t`nf nooujufnt`il ih fyjpgioytds `s n prij`ldlt hdnturd. @t `s nssio`ntdm w`tgpnrdlogyjnf odff `leury (d.b., tuaufnr dp`tgdf`uj ih c`mldys ir jyioytds `l tgd gdnrt).
o) Ogril`o rdedot`il
(`) Onusdm prdmij`lnltfy ay vnsoufnr ognlbds (`lt`jnf h`aris`s) nooijpnl`dm ay `sogdj`n nlm fiss ih
pnrdlogyjnf odffs.
(``) Brnmunf nlm pribrdss`vd mdof`ld `l trnlspfnltdm irbnl hulot`il ivdr n pdr`im ih jiltgs nlm
ydnrs.
?. Oyst`o h`aris`s.
Oyst`o h`aris`s (OH) `s nl nutisijnf rdodss`vd m`sirmdr tgnt nhhdots dp`tgdf`nf odff `il trnlspirt nlm
onusds nalirjnf hfu`m sdordt`il `l dxior`ld bfnlms, ns wdff ns `l rdsp`rntiry, bnstri`ltdst`lnf, nlm
rdprimuot`vd juoisn.
@lmddm, nalirjnffy v`so`m juoius sdordt`ils tgnt afioc tgd n`rwnys nlm tgd pnlordnt`o muots nrdrdspils`afd hir tgd twi jist `jpirtnlt of`l`onf jnl`hdstnt`ils5 rdourrdlt nlm ogril`o pufjilnry
`lhdot`ils nlm pnlordnt`o `lsuhh`o`dloy.
Jifdoufnr pntgibdlds`s
• @t `s nl dxnjpfd ih n Ognlldfipntgy3 n ognlldfipntgy `s onusdm ay tgd myshulot`il ih n spdo`h`o`il ognlldf `l odff jdjarnlds.
• Oyst`o h`aris`s `lvifvds `lgdr`tdm jutnt`ils `l tgd bdlds dloim`lb pritd`ls `lvifvdm `l
trnlsjdjarnld `il`o hfiw ih dxior`ld sdordt`ils.
• @l lirjnf dp`tgdf`n, tgd trnlspirt ih ogfir`md `ils noriss tgd odff jdjarnld ioours tgriubg
trnlsjdjarnld pritd`ls suog ns OH]Q tgnt hirj ogfir`md ognlldfs.
Jutnt`ils `l tgd OH]Q bdld rdlmdr tgd dp`tgdf`nf jdjarnlds rdfnt`vdfy `jpdrjdnafd ti ogfir`md
`ils w`tg oilsdqudlt dhhdots tgnt fdnm ti tgd of`l`onf p`oturd ih OH.• OH]Q nfsi rdbufntds itgdr `il ognlldfs nlm odffufnr priodssds.
• OH]Q nssio`nt`il w`tg tgd dp`tgdf`nf sim`uj ognlldf (DLnO) `s ldodssnry ti rdnasira fuj`lnf
ogfir`md `ils nlm nubjdlt sim`uj rdnasirpt`il
]gdrdhird, `l tgd swdnt muots, fiss ih OH]Q hulot`il fdnms ti mdordnsdm rdnasirpt`il ih sim`uj
ogfir`md nlm primuot`il ih gypdrtil`o (‖snfty‚) swdnt wg`og hirjs tgd ans`s hir tgd _RDN]
OGFIQ@MD ]D_].
[N]GI[GP_@IFIB@ONF AN_@_ IH FTLB NLM @L]D_]@LNF NHHDO]N]@IL @L OH
• @l oiltrnst w`tg tgnt `l tgd swdnt bfnlms, OH]Q `l tgd rdsp`rntiry nlm `ltdst`lnf dp`tgdf`uj hirjs
ild ih tgd jist `jpirtnlt nvdluds hir not`vd fuj`lnf sdordt`il ih ogfir`md.
• OH]Q jutnt`ils rdsuft `l fiss ir rdmuot`il ih fuj`lnf ogfir`md sdordt`il.
• Not`vd fuj`lnf sim`uj nasirpt`il tgriubg DLnOs nfsi `s `lordnsdm, nlm aitg ih tgdsd `il ognlbds• `lordnsd pnss`vd wntdr rdnasirpt`il hrij tgd fujdl, fiwdr`lb tgd wntdr oiltdlt ih tgd surhnod
hfu`m fnydr oint`lb juoisnf odffs.
• ]gd rdsp`rntiry nlm `ltdst`lnf oijpf`ont`ils `l OH rdsuft hrij nl `sitil`o aut fiw-vifujd surhnod
hfu`m fnydr.
• @l tgd fulbs, tg`s mdgymrnt`il fdnms ti mdhdot`vd juoio`f`nry not`il nlm tgd nooujufnt`il ih
oilodltrntdm, v`so`m sdordt`ils tgnt iastruot tgd n`r pnssnbds nlm prdm`spisd ti rdourrdlt
pufjilnry `lhdot`ils.
Bdldt`o nlm Dlv`riljdltnf Jim`h`drs ih tgd m`sdnsd
(`) Qdmuodm dxprdss`il ih jnllisd-a`lm`lb fdot`l 1 (`lvifvdm `l j`oria`nf ipsil`znt`il) oilhdrs nl
`lordnsdm r`sc ih dlm-stnbd fulb m`sdnsd3
(``) pifyjirpg`sjs tgnt `lhfudlod trnlshirj`lb briwtg hnotir-α dxprdss`il (n m`rdot `lg`a`tir ihOH]Q hulot`il) nfsi dxnodrantd tgd pufjilnry pgdlitypd.
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(```) ]gd lnturd ih sdoilmnry pufjilnry `lhdot`ils (d.b., [sdumijilns), w`tg jird ir fdss juoi`m
pifysnoognr`md a`ih`fj primuot`il, nfsi `jpnot suasdqudlt `lhfnjjnt`il nlm fulb mdstruot`il.
=. Gimbc`l Fyjpgijn
GF `s n hirj ih fyjpgijn nr`s`lb `l n s`lbfd limd ir ogn`l ih limds nlm sprdnm`lb ognrnotdr`st`onffy
ti tgd nlntij`onffy oilt`buius limds.
@t `s ognrnotdr`zdm jirpgifib`onffy ay tgd prdsdlod ih ldipfnst`o b`nlt odffs, Qddm ‟ _tdrladrb (Q_)odffs, wg`og `lmuod tgd nooujufnt`il ih rdnot`vd fyjpgioytds, g`st`ioytds, nlm brnlufioytds.
]gd ldipfnst`o odffs oijpr`sd n j`lir hrnot`il (>% ‟4%) ih tgd titnf tujir odff jnss.
GF `s ild ih tgd jist oijjil hirjs ih jnf`blnloy `l yiulb nmufts, w`tg nl nvdrnbd nbd nt m`nblis`s
ih ?1 ydnrs.
]gd m`sdnsd `s ournafd `l jist onsds.
H`vd suatypds ih GF nrd rdoibl`zdm. ]gd h`rst hiur nrd briupdm `lti tgd si-onffdm ofnss`onf GF,
wgdrdns tgd fnst hirj (fyjpgioytd prdmij`lnlod) `s oils`mdrdm ti ad n sdpnrntd dlt`ty5
GF, limufnr sofdris`s typd (84% ‟24% ih onsds)
GF, j`xdm odffufnr`ty typd (1;% ‟14% ih onsds)
GF, fyjpgioytd r`og (rnrd)
GF, fyjpgioytd mdpfdt`il typd (n rnrd nlm sijdwgnt oiltrivdrs`nf hirj ih m`sdnsd)GF, fyjpgioytd prdmij`lnlod typd (8%)
[N]GIBDLD_@_
]gd ir`b`l ih Q_ odffs rdjn`ldm jystdr`ius tgriubg tgd >0tg nlm jist ih tgd 1;tg odltur`ds aut wns
h`lnffy sifvdm ay jifdoufnr stum`ds pdrhirjdm il s`lbfd j`orim`ssdotdm Q_ odffs.
]gdsd sgiwdm tgnt dvdry Q_ odff hrij nly b`vdl onsd pissdssdm tgd snjd `jjulibfiauf`l bdld
rdnrrnlbdjdlts. @l nmm`t`il tgdsd stum`ds rdvdnfdm tgnt tgd rdnrrnlbdm `jjulibfiauf`l bdlds gnm
ulmdrbild sijnt`o gypdrjutnt`il.
Ns n rdsuft, `t `s liw nbrddm tgnt Gimbc`l fyjpgijn `s n ldipfnsj nr`s`lb hrij bdrj`lnf odltdr A
odffs.
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@@@. _girt nlswdrs il5
>. Mystripg`o onfo`h`ont`il
[ntgifib`o onfo`h`ont`il `s tgd nalirjnf t`ssud mdpis`t`il ih onfo`uj snfts, tibdtgdr w`tg sjnffdr
njiults ih `ril, jnblds`uj, nlm itgdr j`ldrnf snfts.
]gdrd nrd twi hirjs ih pntgifib`o onfo`h`ont`il, lnjdfy mystripg`o nlm jdtnstnt`o.
Mystripg`o onfo`h`ont`il
]g`s ioours `l prdv`iusfy mnjnbdm t`ssud, suog ns nrdns ih ifm trnujn, tuadroufius fds`ils,
sonrrdm gdnrt vnfvds, & ntgdrisofdrit`o fds`ils.
Mdpis`t`il uft`jntdfy `lvifvds prdo`p`tnt`il ih n orystnff`ld onfo`uj pgispgntd s`j`fnr ti aild
gymrixynpnt`td5
[ntgibdlds`s
]gd onfo`h`ont`il dvifvds `l tgd hiffiw`lb jnlldr• @l`t`nt`il (luofdnt`il) ioours dxtrnodffufnrfy ir `ltrnodffufnrfy.
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Dxtrnodffufnr `l`t`nt`il ioours il jdjarnld-aiulm vds`ofds hrij mdnm ir my`lb odffs tgnt
oilodltrntd onfo`uj mud ti tgd`r oiltdlt ih ognrbdm pgispgif`p`ms3
jdjarnld-aiulm pgispgntnsds tgdl bdldrntd pgispgntds tgnt hirj onfo`uj-pgispgntd
oijpfdxds3
tgd oyofd ih onfo`uj nlm pgispgntd a`lm`lb `s rdpdntdm, dvdltunffy primuo`lb n mdpis`t.
@l`t`nt`il ih `ltrnodffufnr onfo`h`ont`il ioours `l j`tiogilmr`n ih mdnm ir my`lb odffs.• [ripnbnt`il ih orystnf hirjnt`il mdpdlms il tgd oilodltrnt`il ih onfo`uj nlm pgispgntds, tgd
prdsdlod ih `lg`a`tirs, nlm struoturnf oijpildlts ih tgd dxtrnodffufnr jntr`x.
Jirpgifiby.
G`stifib`onffy, w`tg tgd usunf gdjntixyf`l nlm dis`l stn`l, onfo`uj snfts gnvd n ansipg`f`o,
njirpgius brnlufnr, sijdt`jds ofujpdm nppdnrnlod. ]gdy onl ad `ltrnodffufnr, dxtrnodffufnr, ir `l
aitg fiont`ils.
@l tgd oiursd ih t`jd, gdtdritip`o aild jny ad hirjdm `l tgd hious ih onfo`h`ont`il. Il ioons`il
s`lbfd ldorit`o odffs jny oilst`tutd sddm orystnfs tgnt adoijd dlorustdm ay tgd j`ldrnf mdpis`ts.
1. Bnuogdr‐s odff
Bnuogdr m`sdnsd `s nl nutisijnf rdodss`vd m`sdnsd ognrnotdr`zdm ay jutnt`ils `l tgd bdld hir
bfuoiodrdaris`mnsd.Bfuoisyfodrnj`md (odrdaris`md) `s mdr`vdm hrij tgd mdbrnmnt`il ih bfyoispg`lbif`p`ms, wg`og nrd
naulmnlt `l tgd pfnsjn jdjarnlds ih ldurils nlm afiim odffs.
Odrdaris`md `s ofdnvdm ti bfuoisd nlm hrdd odrnj`md ay tgd not`il ih bfuoiodrdaris`mnsd.
Mdh`o`dloy ih tg`s dlzyjd rdsufts `l tgd nooujufnt`il ih odrdaris`md `l fysisijds ih pgnbioyt`o
odffs tgriubgiut tgd aimy.
Jnoripgnbds dlbirbdm w`tg stirdm f`p`m (Bnuogdr odffs) onl ad sddl `l tgd spfddl, f`vdr, fyjpg
limds, nlm aild jnrriw.
Jirpgifiby
Nhhdotdm odffs (`.d., Bnuogdr odffs) nrd m`stdlmdm w`tg pdr`im`o no`m ‟_og`hh ([N_)-pis`t`vd jntdr`nf w`tg
n h`ar`ffnry nppdnrnlod rdsdjaf`lb ‖orujpfdm t`ssud pnpdr‚ (oijpisdm ih dfilbntdm fysisijds
oiltn`l`lb stirdm f`p`m `l a`fnydr stnocs).?. Nrtgus rdnot`il
]gdrd nrd 1 typds ih @jjuld oijpfdx jdm`ntdm Gypdrsdls`t`v`ty.
>. Fionf Nrtgus rdnot`il
1. _ystdj`o `jjuld oijpfdx mdpis`t`il
Fionf Nrtgus rdnot`il
• Nrtgus rdnot`il `s typ`onffy df`o`tdm `l tgd sc`l ay `ledot`lb nl Nlt`bdl `l tgd pdr`vnsoufnr spnod ih
nl `jjul`sdm nl`jnf nlm `jjuld oijpfdxds hirj fionffy.
• ]gd nlt`bdl m`hhus`lb `lti tgd vdssdf wnff dloiultdrs tgd nlt`aimy dltdr`lb tgd vdssdf wnff hrij
tgd o`roufnt`il.
• Nlt`bdl nlm nlt`aimy jddt`lb `l tgd vdssdf wnff hirj `jjuld oijpfdxds, wg`og not`vntd tgd
oijpfdjdlt systdj.• Not`vntdm oijpfdjdlt hirjs ogdjitnot`o hrnbjdlts tgnt nttrnot ldutripg`fs, tgus onus`lb nl
`lhfnjjnt`il `l tgd vdssdf wnff .
• @l tgd of`l`onf sdtt`lb, `jjuld oijpfdxds nrd hirjdm `l tgd vdssdfs `l [ifynrtdr`t`s limisn. ]g`s `s
tgd dqu`vnfdlt ih tgd dxpdr`jdltnf Nrtgus pgdlijdlil.
=. Ogfirijn
NJF jist oijjilfy prdsdlts w`tg s`bls ih hnt`bud, hdvdr, nlm spiltnldius juoisnf (b`lb`vnf nlm
ur`lnry trnot) nlm outnldius afddm`lb (pdtdog`nd nlm doogyjisds).
Tloijjilfy, pnt`dlts prdsdlt w`tg fionf`zdm jnssds oijpisdm ih jydfiafnsts `l tgd nasdlod ih
jnrriw ir pdr`pgdrnf afiim `lvifvdjdlt (rdhdrrdm ti ns jydfiafnstijns, brnlufioyt`o snroijns, ir
ogfirijns).
R`tgiut systdj`o trdntjdlt, tgdsd typ`onffy pribrdss ti typ`onf NJF.
4. X`tnj`l O mdh`o`dloy
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X`tnj`l O mdh`o`dloy `s liw jist oijjil `l dfmdrfy pdipfd nlm `l ogril`o nfoigif`os, wgisd m`dt `s
ihtdl fnoc`lb `l hrdsg hru`t nlm vdbdtnafds.
]gd v`tnj`l (nsoira`o no`m) `s dssdlt`nf pr`lo`pnffy hir oiffnbdl syltgds`s5 `t `s ldodssnry hir tgd
primuot`il ih ogilmri`t`l sufpgntd nlm gymrixyprif`ld hrij prif`ld.
J`lir mdh`o`dloy jny ad rdspils`afd hir fnss`tumd nlm nl ulusunf susodpt`a`f`ty ti aru`s`lb._dvdrd mdh`o`dloy onusds sourvy, n oilm`t`il ognrnotdr`sdm ay swiffdl, afddm`lb bujs, gypdrcdrntis`s
ih gn`r hiff`ofds, nlm pdtdog`nf sc`l gndjirrgnbds.
[ntgibdlds`s ih afddm`lb nlm piir wiulm gdnf`lb `l _ourvy
• ]gd jist ofdnrfy dstnaf`sgdm hulot`il ih v`tnj`l O `s tgd not`vnt`il ih prifyf nlm fysyf gymrixyfnsds
hrij `lnot`vd prdoursirs, nffiw`lb hir gymrixyfnt`il ih prioiffnbdl.
• @lnmdquntdfy gymrixyfntdm prioiffnbdl onllit noqu`rd n stnafd gdf`onf oilh`burnt`il ir ad
nmdquntdfy oriss-f`lcdm, si `t `s piirfy sdordtdm hrij tgd h`ariafnsts.
• ]gisd jifdoufds tgnt nrd sdordtdm fnoc tdls`fd strdlbtg, nrd jird sifuafd, nlm nrd jird vufldrnafd
ti dlzyjnt`o mdbrnmnt`il.
• Oiffnbdl, wg`og lirjnffy gns tgd g`bgdst oiltdlt ih gymrixyprif`ld, `s jist nhhdotdm, pnrt`oufnrfy
`l afiim vdssdfs, nooiult`lb hir tgd prdm`spis`t`il ti gdjirrgnbds `l sourvy.
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[N]GIFIBP @ NTBT_] 1;>4
@. Dfnairntd
>. Mdh`ld Ldipfns`n. Rr`td `l mdtn`f naiut tgd jifdoufnr ans`s ih onlodrs. Nmm n litd il
Iloibdlds nlm tgd`r jimd ih not`vnt`il.
Mdh`l`t`il
Ldipfns`n jdnls ‗‗ldw briwtg.‐‐ Ar`t`sg pntgifib`st _`r Qupdrt R`ff`s mdh`ldm `t ns hiffiws5
N ldipfnsj `s nl nalirjnf jnss ih t`ssud, tgd briwtg ih wg`og dxoddms nlm `s uloiirm`lntdm w`tg
tgnt ih lirjnf t`ssuds nlm pdrs`sts `l tgd snjd dxodss`vd jnlldr nhtdr odssnt`il ih tgd st`juf` tgnt
dvicd tgd ognlbd.
@l oiltrnst ti lirjnf odffs, tgd briwtg ih ldipfnst`o odffs `s
(`) Nutilijius - ]gd briwtg ih ldipfnst`o odffs `s `lmdpdlmdlt ih briwtg hnotirs nlm rdbufntiry
jdognl`sjs ipdrnt`lb `ls`md tgd lirjnf t`ssuds.
(``) Dxodss`vd - ]g`s dxodss jny ad dv`mdlt `l tgd s`zd ih tgd iutbriwtgs nlm tgd murnt`il ih tgd
prif`hdrnt`il.
(```) M`sirbnl`zdm - ]gd struoturds hirjdm ay tujir odffs m`hhdr hrij lirjnf t`ssuds nlm mi lit h`t `lti
tgd bdldrnf irbnl`znt`il sogdjd ih tgd lirjnf aimy.
]gd Jifdoufnr ans`s ih onro`libdlds`s `lofumds
>) Lil-fdtgnf bdldt`o mnjnbd f`ds nt tgd gdnrt ih onro`libdlds`s.
_uog bdldt`o mnjnbd (jutnt`il) jny ad noqu`rdm ay tgd not`il ih dlv`riljdltnf nbdlts suog
ns ogdj`onfs, rnm`nt`il ir v`rusds ir `t jny ad ̀ lgdr`tdm `l tgd bdrj f`ld.
1) ]gd tgrdd ofnssds ih lirjnf rdbufntiry bdlds ̀ lvifvdm `l Ldipfnst`o trnlshirjnt`il nrd5
`) ]gd briwtg prijit`lb priti-iloibdlds
Not`vnt`il ih priti-iloibdlds ti iloibdlds fdnms ti uloiltriffdm odff prif`hdrnt`il nlm ldipfnst`o
trnlshirjnt`il. [riti iloibdlds nrd not`vntdm ay
• [i`lt jutnt`il
• Ogrijisijnf rdnrrnlbdjdlts (trnlsfiont`il nlm mdfdt`ils)
• Bdld njpf`h`ont`il
• @lsdrt`ilnf jutnbdlds`s ‟ wgdl n v`rnf bdlijd `loirpirntds `lti gist MLN db DAX
Dxnjpfds ih lirjnf priti iloibdld nlm `ts not`vntdm oiultdrpnrt o-iloibdld
``) Onlodr supprdssir bdlds (nlt`-iloibdlds)
@ts pgys`ifib`o rifd `s ti rdbufntd odff briwtg giwdvdr, tgd `lnot`vnt`il ih onlodr supprdssir bdlds `stgd cdy dvdlt `l onlodr bdlds`s
Dxnjpfds ih tujiur supprdssir bdlds `lofumd Qa, [4?, N[O, Qns nlm LH->&1 bdlds
```) Bdlds tgnt rdbufntd npiptis`s
Bdlds tgnt prdvdlt ir `lmuod pribrnjjdm odff mdntg nrd nfsi `jpirtnlt vnr`nafds `l tgd onlodr
mdvdfipjdlt.
]gdsd bdlds `lofumd aof-1 tgnt `lg`a`ts npiptis`s wgdrdns, itgdrs suog ns anx, Anm, nlm aof-4 hnviur
pribrnjjdm odff mdntg.
Bdlds tgnt rdbufntd npiptis`s jny ad mij`lnlt ns nrd priti-iloibdlds ir jny adgnvd ns onlodr
supprdssir bdlds (rdodss`vd `l lnturd)
`v) Bdlds tgnt rdbufntd MLN rdpn`r
@lna`f`ty ti MLN rdpn`r onl prdm`spisd ti jutnt`ils `l tgd bdlijd nlm gdlod, ti ldipfnst`otrnlshirjnt`ils.
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Db Wdrimdrjn p`bjdltisuj
Jifdoufnr ans`s ih Juft`stdp onro`libdlds`s
Ldipfnst`o trnlshirjnt`il `s n juft`stdp priodss aitg jirpgifib`onffy nlm nt tgd jifdoufnr fdvdf.
N s`lbfd nftdrnt`il `s lit suhh`o`dlt ti onusd jnf`blnloy ns `ffustrntdm adfiw.
ILOIBDLD_ NLM ]GD@Q NO]@XN]@IL
Iloibdlds nrd onlodr-`lmuo`lb bdlds mdr`vdm hrij lirjnf odffufnr bdlds onffdm pritiiloibdlds.
Gujnl iloibdlds, lnjdm odffufnr iloibdlds (o-iloibdlds), nrd gijifibius ti v`rnf iloibdlds (v-
iloibdlds), cliwl hir sijd t`jd ti onusd onlodr `l nl`jnfs.
Nff tgdsd bdlds nrd `lvifvdm `l odff prif`hdrnt`il nlm m`hhdrdlt`nt`il nlm nrd ofnss`h`dm il tgd ans`s ih
tgd`r hulot`il `lti hiur briups. ]gdsd hulot`ilnf briups nlm tgd rdprdsdltnt`vd pritiiloibdlds nlm
o-iloibdlds nrd f`stdm adfiw.
Jimd ih not`vnt`il
[ritiiloibdlds onl ad trnlshirjdm `lti iloibdlds tgriubg hiur ans`o jdognl`sjs5
>. [i`lt jutnt`il
N s`lbfd ansd suast`tut`il `l tgd MLN ogn`l rdsufts `l n j`soimdm pritd`l. [i`lt jutnt`il ih tgd rns
iloibdld `s hiulm `l npprix`jntdfy ?;% ih oijjil gujnl onlodrs, suog ns onro`lijn ih tgd fulb,
fnrbd `ltdst`ld, nlm pnlordns.
1. Bdld njpf`h`ont`il]g`s fds`il `s nssio`ntdm w`tg nl `lordnsdm lujadr ih oip`ds ih n pritiiloibdld. ]gd adst dxnjpfd
`s njpf`h`ont`il ih o-jyo `l lduriafnstijns. ]gd jird o-jyo `s njpf`h`dm, tgd jird jnf`blnlt nrd
tgdsd og`fmgiim tujirs.
?. Ogrijisijnf rdnrrnlbdjdlts
]rnlsfiont`ils nlm mdfdt`ils ih pnrts ih ogrijisijds fdnm ti n euxtnpis`t`il ih bdlds tgnt nrd
lirjnffy lit `l ofisd prix`j`ty ti ild nlitgdr. ]gdsd rdnrrnlbdjdlts hirj ldw bdld oijpfdxds, `l
wg`og ild bdld nots ns tgd prijitdr hir tgd itgdr. Hir dxnjpfd, trnlsfiont`il ih tgd o-jyo bdld
(lirjnffy fiontdm il ogrijisijd 7) ilti ogrijisijd >= pis`t`ils tg`s pritiiloibdld ldxt ti tgd
`jjulibfiauf`l gdnvy ogn`l bdld. ]gd `jjulibfiauf`l bdld `s not`vntdm `l A fyjpgioytds nlm nots
ns n prijitdr hir tgd o-jyo bdld. ]g`s ogrijisijnf rdnrrnlbdjdlt `s tgd ans`s ih jnf`blnlt
trnlshirjnt`il ih fyjpgioytds `l Aurc`tt fyjpgijn.=. @lsdrt`ilnf jutnbdlds`s
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]g`s hirj ih iloibdld not`vnt`il ioours adonusd ih nl `lsdrt`il ih n v`rnf bdld `lti tgd jnjjnf`nl
MLN, rdsuft`lb `l bdldt`o mysrdbufnt`il. ]gd adst dxnjpfd ih suog nl dvdlt jny ad hiulm `l
gdpnt`t`s v`rus A‟ ̀lhdotdm gujnl f`vdr odffs.
@@. Rr`td litds il
>. [ntgibdlds`s ih sgioc.
_gioc `s tgd h`lnf oijjil pntgwny hir sdvdrnf pitdlt`nffy fdtgnf of`l`onf dvdlts, `lofum`lb sdvdrd
gdjirrgnbd, dxtdls`vd trnujn ir aurls, fnrbd jyionrm`nf `lhnrot`il, jnss`vd pufjilnry djaif`sj,
nlm j`oria`nf sdps`s.
_gioc `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay systdj`o gypitdls`il mud d`tgdr ti rdmuodm onrm`no iutput ir ti rdmuodm
dhhdot`vd o`roufnt`lb afiim vifujd.
]gd oilsdqudlods nrd `jpn`rdm t`ssud pdrhus`il nlm odffufnr gypix`n. Nt tgd iutsdt tgd odffufnr
`leury `s rdvdrs`afd3 giwdvdr, prifilbdm sgioc dvdltunffy fdnms ti `rrdvdrs`afd t`ssud `leury tgnt ihtdl
privds hntnf.
]gd onusds ih sgioc hnff `lti tgrdd bdldrnf ontdbir`ds
• Onrm`ibdl`o sgioc rdsufts hrij fiw onrm`no iutput mud ti jyionrm`nf pujp hn`furd. ]g`s onl admud ti `ltr`ls`o jyionrm`nf mnjnbd (`lhnrot`il), vdltr`oufnr nrrgytgj`ns, dxtr`ls`o oijprdss`il
(onrm`no tnjpilnmd, ir iuthfiw iastruot`il (d.b., pufjilnry djaif`sj).
• Gypivifdj`o sgioc rdsufts hrij fiw onrm`no iutput mud ti tgd fiss ih afiim ir pfnsjn vifujd,
suog ns onl ioour w`tg jnss`vd gdjirrgnbd ir hfu`m fiss hrij sdvdrd aurls.
• _dpt`o sgioc rdsufts hrij vnsim`fnt`il nlm pdr`pgdrnf piif`lb ih afiim ns pnrt ih n systdj`o
`jjuld rdnot`il ti anotdr`nf ir hulbnf `lhdot`il. @ts oijpfdx pntgibdlds`s `s m`soussdm adfiw
[N]GIBDLD_@_ IH _D[]@O _GIOC
• @t `s liw dstnaf`sgdm tgnt sdpt`o sgioc onl ad onusdm ay fionf`zdm `lhdot`il dvdl w`tgiut
sprdnm `lti tgd afiimstrdnj.
Jist onsds ih sdpt`o sgioc nrd liw onusdm ay Brnj-pis`t`vd anotdr`n, hiffiwdm ay Brnj-ldbnt`vd
anotdr`n nlm hulb`.• Jira`m`ty nlm jirtnf`ty `l sdps`s nrd oilsdqudlods ih t`ssud gypipdrhus`il nlm juft`-irbnl
myshulot`il mdsp`td `l`t`nffy prdsdrvdm ir dvdl `lordnsdm onrm`no iutput.
]g`s `s mud ti systdj`o vnsim`fnt`il nooijpnl`dm ay w`mdsprdnm dlmitgdf`nf odff (DO) not`vnt`il nlm
`leury, fdnm`lb ti n gypdroinbufnafd stntd nlm M@O.
]gdrd nrd nfsi systdj`o jdtnaif`o ognlbds tgnt supprdss lirjnf odffufnr hulot`il.
• ]gd pntgibdlds`s ih sdps`s `s n oija`lnt`il ih m`rdot j`oria`nf `leury nlm not`vnt`il, nlm gist
`lhfnjjntiry rdspilsds
N. @lhfnjjntiry jdm`ntirs5
J`oria`nf odff wnff oijpildlts not`vntd fducioytds nlm DO v`n tiff-f`cd rdodptirs nlm itgdr rdodptirs
ih `llntd `jjul`ty. Not`vnt`il tr`bbdrs rdfdnsd ih `lhfnjjntiry oytic`lds, pristnbfnlm`ls, rdnot`vd
ixybdl spdo`ds, nlm pfntdfdt not`vnt`lb hnotir .Oinbufnt`il nlm oijpfdjdlt onsonmds nrd nfsi m`rdotfy not`vntdm, wg`og onl, `l turl, mr`vd
nmm`t`ilnf `lhfnjjntiry rdspilsds.
A. Dlmitgdf`nf odff not`vnt`il nlm `leury5
DO not`vnt`il fdnms ti nl nmgds`vd, prioinbufnlt DO pgdlitypd w`tg jnrcdmfy `lordnsdm tgrijait`o
nlm afddm`lb tdlmdlo`ds (M@O `l up ti 4;% ih onsds), ns wdff ns vnsim`fnt`il nlm `lordnsdm
pdrjdna`f`ty.
]gd primuot`il ih itgdr dlmitgdf`nf nlt`oinbufnlt hnotirs, suog ns t`ssud hnotir pntgwny `lg`a`tir,
tgrijaijimuf`l, nlm pritd`l O, `s nfsi m`j`l`sgdm .
Not`lb `l oilodrt, tgdsd dhhdots prijitd tgd systdj`o mdpis`t`il ih h`ar`l-r`og tgrija` `l sjnff
vdssdfs, tgus dxnodrant`lb t`ssud gypipdrhus`il.
@l huff-afiwl m`ssdj`lntdm `ltrnvnsoufnr oinbufnt`il (M@O), tgdrd `s nfsi oilsujpt`il ih ofitt`lbhnotirs nlm pfntdfdts, fdnm`lb ti oiloij`tnlt gdjirrgnbd.
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]gd fiisdldm DO eulot`ils adoijd fdncy, rdsuft`lb `l tgd nooujufnt`il ih pritd`l-r`og dxumntds nlm
dmdjn tgriubgiut tgd aimy.
Dxprdss`il ih vnsinot`vd `lhfnjjntiry jdm`ntirs tibdtgdr w`tg `lordnsdm LI primuot`il, fdnms ti
systdj`o rdfnxnt`il ih vnsoufnr sjiitg jusofd, primuo`lb gypitdls`il nlm hurtgdr rdmuot`ils `l
t`ssud pdrhus`il.
O. Jdtnaif`o nalirjnf`t`ds5
@lsuf`l rds`stnlod nlm gypdrbfyodj`n nrd ognrnotdr`st`o ih tgd sdpt`o stntd, nttr`autnafd ti
`lhfnjjntiry oytic`lds nlm tgd dnrfy primuot`il ih strdss-`lmuodm girjilds suog ns bfuonbil,
briwtg girjild, nlm oirt`sif. R`tg t`jd, nmrdlnf `lsuhh`o`dloy jny supdrvdld.
M. @jjuld supprdss`il5
]gd gypdr`lhfnjjntiry stntd `l`t`ntdm ay sdps`s onl not`vntd pitdlt oiultdr-rdbufntiry`jjulisupprdss`vd jdognl`sjs.
D. Irbnl myshulot`il5
Gypitdls`il, dmdjn, nlm sjnff vdssdf tgrijais`s nff rdmuod ixybdl nlm lutr`dlt mdf`vdry ti t`ssuds3
tgd odffufnr jdtnaif`sj `l vnr`ius t`ssuds `s nfsi mdrnlbdm mud ti `lsuf`l rds`stnlod.
Jyionrm`nf oiltrnot`f`ty jny ad m`rdotfy `jpnotdm, nlm dlmitgdf`nf mnjnbd ulmdrf`ds tgd
mdvdfipjdlt ih noutd rdsp`rntiry m`strdss sylmrijd.
1. Njyfi`mis`s.
• Njyfi`m `s n pritd`lnodius suastnlod mdpis`tdm adtwddl odffs `l vnr`ius t`ssuds nlm irbnls `l n
vnr`dty ih of`l`onf sdtt`lbs.
• ]gd lnjd mdr`vds hrij `ts stnrogf`cd stn`l`lb pripdrt`ds ([N_ Spdr`im`o no`m sog`hhZ pis`t`vd).
• @t nppdnrs njirpgius, dis`lipg`f`o, gynf`ld dxtrnodffufnr suastnlod `s sddl ulmdr tgd j`orisoipd.• Njyfi`ms nrd ogdj`onffy m`vdrsd.
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• Njyfi`ms gnvd typ`onf pgys`onf pripdrt`ds. Nff njyfi`ms, `rrdspdot`vd ih tgd`r a`iogdj`onf
oijpis`t`il, hirj lilarnlog`lb filb h`ar`fs (2.4 ‟>; jj). Ay dfdotril m`hhrnot`il, tgdy nrd nrrnlbdm
`lti α-pfdntdm sgddts.
• Ns njyfi`m nooujufntds, `t primuods prdssurd ntripgy ih nmenodlt pnrdlogyjn.
]gd pritd`ls tgnt hirj njyfi`m hnff `lti twi bdldrnf ontdbir`ds5
(>) lirjnf pritd`ls tgnt gnvd nl `lgdrdlt tdlmdloy ti hifm `jpripdrfy, nssio`ntd ti hirj h`ar`fs, nlmmi si wgdl tgdy nrd primuodm `l `lordnsdm njiults nlm
(1) jutnlt pritd`ls tgnt nrd prild ti j`shifm`lb nlm suasdqudlt nbbrdbnt`il.
Ih tgd jnly a`iogdj`onffy m`st`lot hirjs ih njyfi`m pritd`ls tgnt gnvd addl `mdlt`h`dm, tgrdd nrd
jist oijjil5
n) Njyfi`m f`bgt ogn`l (NF)5
@jjulibfiauf`l f`bgt ogn`ls mdr`vdm hrij pfnsjn odffs3 fnjamn f`bgt ogn`l njyfi`m ioours jird
ihtdl tgnl cnppn3
Nssio`ntdm w`tg pfnsjn odff tujirs (d.b., juft`pfd jydfijn).
a) Njyfi`m-nssio`ntdm (NN)5
N lil-`jjulibfiauf`l pritd`l mdr`vdm hrij n fnrbdr sdruj prdoursir onffdm sdruj njyfi`m ‟
nssio`ntdm (_NN) pritd`l syltgds`zdm ay gdpntioytds ns pnrt ih tgd ‖noutd pgnsd rdspilsd‚3NN njyfi`m `s nssio`ntdm w`tg ogril`o `lhfnjjntiry stntds.
o) α-Njyfi`m (Nα)5
Hirjs tgd oird ih odrdarnf pfnquds nlm mdpis`ts w`tg`l odrdarnf vdssdf wnffs `l Nfzgd`jdr m`sdnsd3
`t mdr`vds hrij n trnlsjdjarnld njyfi`m prdoursir pritd`l
NJPFI@MI_@_
Njyfi`mis`s `s n briup ih m`sdnsds ognrnotdr`zdm ay n mdpis`t`il ih njyfi`m `l vnr`ius irbnls.
]gd mdpis`t`il ih njyfi`m jny ioour ns n pr`jnry Njyfi`mis`s (d.b., `l juft`pfd jydfijn) ir `l n
sdoilmnry Njyfi`mis`s mur`lb tgd oiursd ih ogril`o `lhfnjjntiry ir itgdr m`sdnsds.
]gd m`sdnsd jny ad f`j`tdm (fionf`zdm) ti n s`lbfd irbnl, ir `t jny ad systdj`o .
_ijd hirjs jny ad gdrdm`tnry.
JIQ[GIFIBP]gd jist sdvdrdfy nhhdotdm irbnls `l systdj`o njyfi`mis`s
>. C`mldys
Aitg c`mldys nrd dlfnrbdm, pnfd, nlm wnxy. Bfijdrufnr jdsnlb`nf, `ltdrst`t`nf, nlm vnsoufnr wnff
mdpis`t`ils ih njyfi`m nrd hiulm.
1. _pfddl
_pfdlijdbnfy prdsdlts w`tg d`tgdr limufnr (hiff`oufnr) mdpis`t`ils (snbi spfddl) ir jnp f`cd (rdm
pufp) mdpis`t`ils (fnrmnodius spfddl).
?. F`vdr
Gdpntijdbnfy, dxtrnodffufnr njyfi`m w`tg prdssurd ntripgy ih gdpntioytds.
=. _jnff afiim vdssdfs
Jnly irbnls sgiw vnsoufnr mdpis`ts ih njyfi`m, nlm, nooirm`lbfy, tgd m`nblis`s jny ad jnmd aya`ipsy ih t`ssud hrij tgd hnt pnm, b`lb`vn, ir rdotuj .
4. Gdnrt
Jny ad `lvifvdm `l nly hirj ih systdj`o njyfi`mis`s. @t `s nfsi tgd jneir irbnl `lvifvdm `l sdl`fd
systdj`o njyfi`mis`s. ]gd gdnrt jny ad dlfnrbdm nlm h`rj, aut jird ihtdl `t sgiws li s`bl`h`onlt
ognlbds il briss `lspdot`il. G`stifib`onffy tgd mdpis`ts adb`l ns hionf suadlmionrm`nf nooujufnt`ils
nlm w`tg`l tgd jyionrm`uj adtwddl tgd jusofd h`adrs.
8. Itgdr irbnls
Njyfi`mis`s ih itgdr irbnls `s bdldrnffy dloiultdrdm `l systdj`o m`sdnsd. ]gd nmrdlnfs, tgyri`m, nlm
p`tu`tnry nrd oijjil s`tds ih `lvifvdjdlt. ]gd bnstri`ltdst`lnf trnot jny ad `lvifvdm nt nly fdvdf,
hrij tgd irnf onv`ty (b`lb`vn, tilbud) ti tgd nlus.
M@NBLI_@_>. ]gd m`nblis`s ih njyfi`mis`s mdpdlms il tgd g`stifib`o mdjilstrnt`il ih njyfi`m mdpis`ts `l
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t`ssuds.
1. ]gd jist oijjil s`tds a`ips`dm nrd tgd c`mldy, wgdl rdlnf jnl`hdstnt`ils nrd prdsdlt, ir rdotnf
ir b`lb`vnf t`ssuds `l pnt`dlts suspdotdm ih gnv`lb systdj`o njyfi`mis`s.
]gd g`stifib`o m`nblis`s ih njyfi`m `s ansdm il `ts stn`l`lb ognrnotdr`st`os. ]gd jist oijjilfy usdm
stn`l`lb tdogl`qud usds tgd myd Oilbi rdm, wg`og ulmdr irm`lnry f`bgt `jpnrts n p`lc ir rdm oifir ti
njyfi`m mdpis`ts. Tlmdr pifnr`zdm f`bgt, tgd Oilbi-rdm stn`ldm njyfi`m sgiws n brddl a`rdhr`lbdlod.Oilh`rjnt`il onl ad iatn`ldm ay dfdotril j`orisoipy wgdrd α-pfdntdm sgddt nrrnlbdjdlt ih tgd
h`ar`fs `s sddl.
?. Dxnj`lnt`il ih namij`lnf hnt nsp`rntds stn`ldm w`tg Oilbi rdm onl nfsi ad usdm hir tgd m`nblis`s
ih systdj`o njyfi`mis`s. ]gd tdst `s qu`td spdo`h`o, aut `ts sdls`t`v`ty `s fiw.
=. @l suspdotdm onsds ih `jjulioytd-nssio`ntdm njyfi`mis`s, sdruj nlm ur`ld pritd`l
dfdotripgirds`s nlm `jjulidfdotripgirds`s sgiufm ad pdrhirjdm. Aild jnrriw nsp`rntds `l suog
onsds ihtdl sgiw jiliofilnf pfnsjnoytis`s, dvdl `l tgd nasdlod ih ivdrt juft`pfd jydfijn.
4. _o`lt`brnpgy w`tg rnm`ifnadfdm sdruj njyfi`m [ (_N[) oijpildlt `s n rnp`m nlm spdo`h`o tdst,
s`lod _N[ a`lms ti tgd njyfi`m mdpis`ts nlm rdvdnfs tgd`r prdsdlod. @t nfsi b`vds n jdnsurd ih tgd
dxtdlt ih njyfi`mis`s nlm onl ad usdm ti hiffiw pnt`dlts ulmdrbi`lb trdntjdlt.
?. Jdbnfiafnst`o Nldj`n.Jdbnfiafnst`o nldj`ns nrd ognrnotdr`zdm ay `jpn`rdm MLN syltgds`s nlm m`st`lot`vd jirpgifib`o
ognlbds ih nhhdotdm QAO prdoursirs nlm tgd`r mdsodlmnlts `l tgd afiim nlm aild jnrriw.
@t `s n m`sdnsd ih ifmdr nbd, jist oijjilfy m`nblisdm `l tgd h`htg ti d`bgtg mdonmd ih f`hd.
]wi jn`l typds nrd5
• [drl`o`ius nldj`n, tgd jneir hirj ih v`tnj`l A>1 mdh`o`dloy nldj`n
• Hifntd mdh`o`dloy nldj`n
N mdh`o`dloy ih v`tnj`l A>1 nlm hif`o no`m ir `jpn`rjdlt `l tgd`r usd rdsufts `l mdhdot`vd luofdnr
jnturnt`il mud ti mdrnlbdm ir `lnmdquntd syltgds`s ih MLN.
=. Jydfih`aris`s
@l tg`s jydfiprif`hdrnt`vd m`sirmdr, jnrriw h`aris`s supdrvdlds dnrfy `l tgd m`sdnsd oiursd, ihtdl
nhtdr n ar`dh pdr`im ih brnlufioytis`s nlm tgrijaioytis`s.
Ns gdjntipi`ds`s sg`hts hrij tgd h`arit`o jnrriw ti tgd spfddl, f`vdr, nlm fyjpg limds, dxtrdjd
spfdlijdbnfy nlm gdpntijdbnfy mdvdfip.
]gd dxtrnjdmuffnry gdjntipi`ds`s nt tgdsd s`tds `s m`sirmdrdm nlm `ldhhdot`vd, rdsuft`lb `l nldj`n
nlm tgrijaioytipdl`n.
Ldutripdl`n nfsi jny ioour aut tdlms ti ad j`fm.[ntgibdlds`s
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[r`jnry mdhdot `s w`tg`l tgd gndjipi`dt`o stdj odff3 h`aris`s rdsufts hrij n rdnot`vd lil-ldipfnst`o
prif`hdrnt`il ih jnrriw strijnf odffs.
Jifdoufnr pntgibdlds`s
Not`vnt`lb ENC1 jutnt`ils nrd prdsdlt `l 4;% ti 8;% ih onsds nlm not`vnt`lb J[F jutnt`ils `l >%
ti 4%.
]gd jnrriw h`aris`s nlm iaf`tdrnt`il jny ad sdoilmnry ti rdfdnsd ih h`aribdl`o hnotirs hrijldipfnst`o jdbncnryioytds3 pfntdfdt-mdr`vdm briwtg hnotir nlm trnlshirj`lb briwtg hnotir-α (]BH -
α) nrd aitg `jpf`ontdm.
Fnairntiry hdnturds
• Lirjiogrij`o lirjioyt`o nlndj`n. ]g`s jny ad sdvdrd.
• Fduoioytis`s nlm tgrijaioytis`s ioour dnrfy, nlm fntdr fduoipdl`n nlm tgrijaioytipdl`n
• Afiim h`fj5 rdm odff pi`c`fioytis`s w`tg tdnrmrip hirjs, o`roufnt`lb rdm odff nlm wg`td odff prdoursirs
(fduoidrytgriafnst`o p`oturd).
• _druj fnot`o mdgymribdlnsd `s rn`sdm, `l m`st`lot`il ti [QX ir D].
• F`vdr hulot`il tdsts nrd ihtdl nalirjnf adonusd ih dxtrnjdmuffnry gndjipi`ds`s.
• Aild jnrriw nsp`rnt`il `s usunffy ulsuoodsshuf (‗mry tnp‐)3 tgd trdpg`ld a`ipsy sgiws `lordnsdm
odffufnr`ty, `lordnsdm jdbncnryioytds nlm h`aris`s• Aitg f`vdr nlm spfddl sgiw hio` ih dxtrnjdmuffnry gdjntipi`ds`s.
• ENC-1 jutnt`ils nrd sddl `l 4;% onsds
Of`l`onf hdnturds
Nbd usunffy . Noutd pgnsd rdnotnlts.
Jdnsurdjdlt ih n lujadr ih spdo`h`o pritd`ls b`vds usdhuf `lhirjnt`il `l tgd m`nblis`s nlm
jnlnbdjdlt ih m`sdnsd
Ognrnotdr`st`o ognlbds `l tgd oilodltrnt`il ih odrtn`l pfnsjn pritd`ls nrd sddl hiffiw`lb surbdry
ir trnujn, ir mur`lb `lhdot`il ir tujiur briwtg . ]gd pritd`ls `lvifvdm nrd onffdm noutd pgnsd
rdnotnlts.
]gdsd noutd pgnsd pritd`ls jny ad usdm ti jil`tir pribrdss ih tgd oilm`t`il ir `ts trdntjdlt .
Noutd-pgnsd rdnotnlts tgnt `lordnsd `l pfnsjn nrd O-rdnot`vd pritd`l, n>-nlt`tryps`l, odrufipfnsj`l, h`ar`libdl, sdruj njyfi`m nssio`ntdm (_NN)‟ pritd`l, nlm sijd itgdrs.
]gdrd nrd sdls`t`vd a`iogdj`onf tdsts tgnt jdnsurd tgd oilodltrnt`il ih O-rdnot`vd pritd`l `l afiim.
]gdsd tdsts onl ad usdm `lstdnm ih tgd stnlmnrm D_Q.
1. FD odff.
@l t`ssuds, luofd` ih mnjnbdm odffs rdnot w`tg NLNs, fisd tgd`r ogrijnt`l pnttdrl, nlm adoijd
gijibdldius, ti primuod si-onffdm FD aim`ds ir gdjntixyf`l aim`ds.
Qdfntdm ti tg`s pgdlijdlil `s tgd FD odff, wg`og `s rdnm`fy sddl wgdl afiim `s nb`tntdm `l v`tri ti
mnjnbd tgd odff nlm dxpisd `ts luofdus.
]gd FD odff `s nly pgnbioyt`o fducioytd (afiim ldutripg`f ir jnoripgnbd) tgnt gns dlbufhdm tgd
mdlnturdm luofdus ih nl `leurdm odff.
]gd mdjilstrnt`il ih FD odffs `l v`tri wns usdm `l tgd pnst ns n tdst hir _FD. R`tg ldw tdogl`quds hir
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mdtdot`il ih NLNs, giwdvdr, tg`s tdst `s liw fnrbdfy ih g`stir`onf `ltdrdst. _ijdt`jds, FD odffs nrd
hiulm `l pdr`onrm`nf ir pfdurnf dhhus`ils `l pnt`dlts.
?. Ogril`o brnlufijntius m`sdnsd.
• Mdh`o`dloy ih LNM[G ix`mnsd `s tgd ans`o mdhdot `l og`fmrdl suhhdr`lb hrij ogril`o brnlufijntius
m`sdnsd.
• @l tg`s m`sdnsd, tgd fducioytds onllit bdldrntd supdrix`md, wg`og `jpn`rs tgd ixybdl-mdpdlmdltc`ff`lb ih anotdr`n.
• Ixybdl-`lmdpdlmdlt c`ff`lb ih anotdr`n `s dspdo`nffy `jpirtnlt `l suog pdipfd suhhdr`lb hrij
oilbdl`tnf mdh`o`dloy ih LNM[G ix`mnsd (ogril`o brnlufijntius m`sdnsd) ir jydfipdrix`mnsd
mdh`o`dloy.
• ]gdsd og`fmrdl nrd dspdo`nffy sdls`t`vd ti `lhdot`il w`tg ontnfnsd-pis`t`vd j`oriads suog ns
_tnpgyfioioous nurdus. Ontnfnsd-ldbnt`vd strdptioioo` nrd fdss mnlbdrius.
• ]gdsd anotdr`n primuod pdrix`md tgnt `s usdm ay tgd fducioytds ti bdldrntd gypiogfir`o no`m nlm ti
c`ff tgd pntgibdls. Mdh`o`dloy ih jydfipdrix`mnsd `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay nl `lna`f`ty ih fducioytds ti
primuod G1I1 nlm gypiogfir`o no`m.
• Nhhdotdm og`fmrdl nrd prild ti hulbnf `lhdot`ils.
=. Fnlbdrgnls odff g`st`ioytis`s.• Fnlbdrgnls odffs nrd tgd nlt`bdl prdsdlt`lb odffs hiulm `l tgd dp`mdrj`s.
• Fnlbdrgnls odff g`st`ioytis`s (G`st`ioytis`s W) `s n m`sdnsd pr`lo`pnffy ih sjicdrs, ognrnotdr`sdm ay
tgd prif`hdrnt`il ih Fnlbdrgnls odffs hirj`lb limufnr `lh`ftrntds.
• ]gd prif`hdrnt`lb Fnlbdrgnls odffs gnvd naulmnlt, ihtdl vnouifntdm oytipfnsj nlm vds`oufnr
luofd` oiltn`l`lb f`ldnr briivds ir hifms.
• Mdrjnf `lh`ftrntds nrd oijpisdm ih odffs tgnt gnvd tgd `jjulig`stiogdj`onf nlm uftrnstruoturnf
hdnturds ih dp`mdrjnf Fnlbdrgnls odffs ns hiffiws.
]gd prdsdlod ih A`radoc brnlufds `l tgd oytipfnsj `s ognrnotdr`st`o. A`radoc brnlufds nrd
pdltnfnj`lnr tuaufds, ihtdl w`tg n m`fntdm tdrj`lnf dlm primuo`lb n tdll`s rnocdt ‟f`cd nppdnrnlod,
wg`og oiltn`l tgd pritd`l fnlbdr`l.
@l nmm`t`il, tgd tujir odffs nfsi typ`onffy dxprdss GFN-MQ, _->;;, nlm OM>n. • N pr`jnry hirj ih tgd m`sdnsd ioours `l og`fmrdl yiulbdr tgnl 1 ydnrs ih nbd nlm `s cliwl ns
Fdttdrdr ‟ _`wd m`sdnsd.
4. Lnjd hiur Jiliofilnf Bnjjipntg`ds.
• Juft`pfd jydfijn
• Rnfmdlstrøj‐s jnoribfiauf`ldj`n
• Gdnvy ogn`l m`sdnsd
• [r`jnry ir `jjulioytd nssio`ntdm njyfi`mis`s
• Jiliofilnf bnjjipntgy ih ulmdtdrj`ldm s`bl`h`onlod
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[N]GIFIBP @@ HDAQTNQP 1;>4
@. Dfnairntd il
>. Mdh`ld M`nadtds Jdff t̀us. Rgnt nrd tgd typds9 Mdsor`ad tgd [ntgipgys`ifiby, jirpgifiby nlm
oijpf`ont`ils ih M`nadtds Jdff`tus.
Mdh`l`t`il
M`nadtds jdff`tus `s n oijpfdx jdtnaif`o m`sturanlod ognrnotdr`zdm ay gypdrbfyodj`n mud ti `lsuf`l
mdh`o`dloy ir t`ssud rds`stnlod ti tgd not`il ih `lsuf`l.
M`nadtds jny ad ofnss`h`dm ns [r`jnry nlm _doilmnry.
[r`jnry m`nadtds gns li iav`ius onusd.
@t nooiults hir 04% ih nff onsds.
]wi of`l`onf typds nrd rdoibl`zdm5 typd > (`lsuf`l mdpdlmdlt) nlm typd 1 (lil-`lsuf`l mdpdlmdlt).
_doilmnry m`nadtds (4%) `s onusdm ay ulmdrfy`lb m`sdnsd
Mdstruot`vd fds`ils ih tgd pnlordns (d.b., ogril`o pnlordnt`t`s)
Dlmior`ld m`sdnsds (d.b., Ousg`lb sylmrijd, bfuonbilijn sylmrijd, nlm norijdbnfy)
Mrubs (d.b., m`urdt`os suog ns tg`nz`mds)
Bdldt`o sylmrijds (d.b., ]urldr sylmrijd nlm Miwl sylmrijd)
[N]GI[GP_@IFIBP
N. ]ypd @ - @MMJ
]gd pntgibdlds`s ih typd > m`nadtds `lvifvds tgd `ltdrpfny ih bdldt`o nlm dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs.
Bdldt`o hnotirs
Ih tgdsd, tgd pr`lo`pnf susodpt`a`f`ty fious hir typd > m`nadtds rds`mds `l tgd ogrijisijnf rdb`il
tgnt dloimds tgd ofnss @@ JGO jifdoufds il 8p1> (GFN-M).
Adtwddl 0;% nlm 04% ih wg`td pnt`dlts w`tg typd > m`nadtds gnvd GFN-MQ?, ir MQ=, ir aitg, `l
oiltrnst w`tg naiut =;% ih lirjnf suaedots, nlm =;% ti 4;% ih pnt`dlts nrd MQ?/MQ=
gdtdrizybitds, `l oiltrnst w`tg 4% ih lirjnf suaedots.
Dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs
Dv`mdlod subbdsts tgnt dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs, dspdo`nffy `lhdot`ils, jny ad ̀ lvifvdm `l typd >
m`nadtds.
@t gns addl pripisdm tgnt odrtn`l v`rusds (jujps, ruadffn, nlm oixsnoc`d A v`rusds, `l pnrt`oufnr)
jny ad nl `l`t`nt`lb tr`bbdr, pdrgnps adonusd sijd v`rnf nlt`bdls nrd nlt`bdl`onffy s`j`fnr ti adtn odff
nlt`bdls (jifdoufnr j`j`ory), fdnm`lb ti aystnlmdr mnjnbd ti tgd `sfdts mur`lb tgd aimy‐s `jjuld
rdspilsd.
@jjuld jdognl`sjs gnvd addl `jpf`ontdm `l tgd pntgibdlds`s ih typd > m`nadtds.
@t `s nssujdm tgnt tgd oytitix`o ] odffs mdstriy tgd `sfdts ih Fnlbdrgnls, tgus onus`lb nl nasifutd
mdh`o`dloy ih `lsuf`l.
]ypd > m`nadtds `s nssio`ntdm w`tg n lujadr ih nuti`jjuld m`sdnsds.
]gdsd pnt`dlts nfsi gnvd nlt`aim`ds ti `lsuf`l nlm adtn odffs ih tgd `sfdts.
A. ]ypd @@ ‟ L@MMJ
]ypd 1 m`nadtds `s n pritityp`onf oijpfdx juft`hnotir`nf m`sdnsd.
Dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs, suog ns n sdmdltnry f`hd styfd nlm m`dtnry gna`ts pfny n rifd.
Bdldt`o hnotirs nrd nfsi `lvifvdm `l tgd pntgibdlds`s, ns dv`mdlodm ay tgd m`sdnsd oiloirmnlod rntd
ih ?4% ti 8;% `l jilizybit`o tw`ls3 giwdvdr tgdrd `s li nssio`nt`il w`tg JGO jifdoufds.
]ypd 1 m`nadtds `s onusdm ay n oija`lnt`il ih pdr`pgdrnf `lsuf`l rds`stnlod nlm `lnmdquntd
oijpdlsntiry rdspilsds ay pnlordnt`o α-odffs (‖rdfnt`vd `lsuf`l mdh`o`dloy‚).
JIQ[GIFIBP
• [nlordns5 H`lm`lbs nrd vnr`nafd.
]ypd >5 @sfdt lujadr nlm s`zd nrd rdmuodm nlm n fyjpgioyt`o `lh`ftrntd (`lsuf`t`s) jny ad prdsdlt.
]ypd 15 _uatfd rdmuot`il `l `sfdt odff jnss jny ad nooijpnl`dm ay njyfi`m mdpis`t`il, ioons`ilnffy
dhhno`lb tgd `sfdts.
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• M`nadt`o jnorivnsoufnr m`sdnsd `s jnl`hdstdm ns noodfdrntdm ntgdrisofdris`s `l tgd nirtn nlm
fnrbd nlm jdm`uj-s`zdm nrtdr`ds3 gynf`ld nrtdr`ifisofdris`s `s jird prdvnfdlt nlm sdvdrd.
• M`nadt`o j`orinlb`ipntgy `s rdhfdotdm ay m`hhusd ansdjdlt jdjarnld tg`ocdl`lb, jist dv`mdlt `l
tgd onp`ffnr`ds ih tgd sc`l, scdfdtnf jusofd, rdt`ln, rdlnf bfijdruf`, nlm rdlnf jdmuffn.
_uog onp`ffnr`ds nrd jird fdncy tgnl lirjnf ti pfnsjn pritd`ls.
Ansdjdlt jdjarnld tg`ocdl`lb onl nfsi nhhdot lilvnsoufnr struoturds (d.b., rdlnf tuaufds, Aiwjnlonpsufd, pdr`pgdrnf ldrvds, nlm pfnodltn).
]gd j`orinlb`ipntgy ulmdrf`ds tgd mdvdfipjdlt ih m`nadt`o ldpgripntgy, rdt`lipntgy, nlm sijd
hirjs ih lduripntgy.
• M`nadt`o ldpgripntgy `lvifv`lb tgd bfijdrufus `lofumds
(`) m`hhusd ansdjdlt jdjarnld tg`ocdl`lb,
(``) jdsnlb`nf sofdris`s oils`sts ih m`hhusd `lordnsd `l jdsnlb`nf jntr`x,
(```) limufnr bfijdrufisofdris`s (C`jjdfst`df-R`fsil fds`il) ]gd bfijdrufnr fds`ils tncd tgd hirj ih
ivi`m ir spgdr`onf, ihtdl fnj`lntdm, limufds ih jntr`x s`tuntdm `l tgd pdr`pgdry ih tgd bfijdrufus.
(`v) dxumnt`vd fds`ils.
(v) Xnsoufnr dhhdots `lofumd rdlnf nrtdry ntgdrisofdris`s nlm nrtdr`ifisofdris`s w`tg gypdrtdls`il.
(v`) ]gdrd `s `lordnsdm `lo`mdlod ih `lhdot`ils, `lofum`lb pydfildpgr`t`s nlm sijdt`jds ldorit`z`lbpnp`ff`t`s.
• M`nadt`o rdt`lipntgy
]gd rdt`lnf vnsoufipntgy ih m`nadtds jdff`tus onl ad ofnss`h`dm `lti anocbriulm (prdprif`hdrnt`vd)
m`nadt`o rdt`lipntgy nlm prif`hdrnt`vd m`nadt`o rdt`lipntgy.
Anocbriulm rdt`lipntgy `s ognrnotdr`sdm ay j`orinldurysjs3 prif`hdrnt`vd rdt`lipntgy `lvifvds
ldivnsoufnr`snt`il ir hirjnt`il ih ldw vdssdfs tgnt ardnog tgd `ltdrlnf f`j`t`lb jdjarnld ih tgd
rdt`ln.
• M`nadt`o lduripntgy `s n oija`lnt`il ih m`rdot ldurnf `leury ns wdff ns j`orivnsoufnr `sogdj`n
OIJ[F@ON]@IL_ IH M@NAD]D_
• ]gd jist `jpirtnlt oijpf`ont`ils ih tg`s m`sirmdr nrd5
• Ntgdrisofdris`s• Nrtdr`nf gypdrtdls`il
• M`nadt`o ldpgripntgy
• M`nadt`o rdt`lipntgy
• [dr`pgdrnf lduripntgy
• Ontnrnots
[N]GIBDLD_@_
Nt fdnst tgrdd m`st`lot jdtnaif`o pntgwnys gnvd addl `jpf`ontdm `l tgd mdfdtdr`ius dhhdots ih
pdrs`stdlt gypdrbfyodj`n il pdr`pgdrnf t`ssuds, lnjdfy
(`) Hirjnt`il ih Nmvnlodm Bfyont`il Dlm [rimuots.
Nmvnlodm bfyont`il dlm primuots (NBDs) nrd hirjdm ns n rdsuft ih lildlzyjnt`o rdnot`ils adtwddl
`ltrnodffufnr bfuoisd-mdr`vdm suastnlods w`tg tgd nj`li briups ih aitg `ltrnodffufnr nlm dxtrnodffufnrpritd`ls. ]gd lnturnf rntd ih NBD hirjnt`il `s brdntfy noodfdrntdm `l tgd prdsdlod ih gypdrbfyodj`n.
]g`s oriss-f`lc`lb mdordnsds pritd`l rdjivnf wg`fd dlgnlo`lb pritd`l mdpis`t`il. NBD-jim`h`dm
jntr`x oijpildlts nfsi trnp lilbfyontdm pfnsjn ir `ltdrst`t`nf pritd`ls.
@l fnrbd vdssdfs, trnpp`lb ih FMF, hir dxnjpfd, rdtnrms `ts dhhfux hrij tgd vdssdf wnff nlm dlgnlods
tgd mdpis`t`il ih ogifdstdrif `l tgd `lt`jn, tgus noodfdrnt`lb ntgdribdlds`s.
@l onp`ffnr`ds, `lofum`lb tgisd ih rdlnf bfijdruf ̀, pfnsjn pritd`ls suog ns nfauj`l a`lm ti tgd
bfyontdm ansdjdlt jdjarnld, nooiult`lb `l pnrt hir tgd ansdjdlt jdjarnld tg`ocdl`lb tgnt `s
ognrnotdr`st`o ih m`nadt`o j`orinlb`ipntgy.
(``) Not`vnt`il ih [ritd`l c`lnsd O
Not`vnt`il ih `ltrnodffufnr pritd`l c`lnsd O ([CO) ay On1+ `ils nlm tgd sdoilm jdssdlbdr m`noyf
bfyodrif (MNB) `s nl `jpirtnlt s`blnf trnlsmuot`il pntgwny `l jnly odffufnr systdjs. @ltrnodffufnr
gypdrbfyodj`n st`jufntds tgd md livi syltgds`s ih MNB hrij bfyoifyt`o `ltdrjdm`ntds, nlm gdlod
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onusds not`vnt`il ih [CO.
_ijd dhhdots ih NBDs nlm not`vntdm [CO ivdrfnp, nlm aitg oiltr`autd ti tgd filb-tdrj
oijpf`ont`ils ih m`nadt`o j`orinlb`ipntgy.
(```) M`sturanlods `l [ifyif pntgwnys
@l sijd t`ssuds tgnt mi lit rdqu`rd `lsuf`l hir bfuoisd trnlspirt (d.b., ldrvds, fdlsds, c`mldys, afiim
vdssdfs), pdrs`stdlt gypdrbfyodj`n `l tgd dxtrnodffufnr j`f`du fdnms ti nl `lordnsd `l `ltrnodffufnrbfuoisd.
]g`s dxodss bfuoisd `s jdtnaif`zdm ay tgd dlzyjd nfmisd rdmuotnsd ti sira`tif, n pifyif, nlm
dvdltunffy ti hruotisd, `l n rdnot`il tgnt usds LNM[G (tgd rdmuodm hirj ih l`oit`lnj`md
m`luofdit`md pgispgntd) ns n oihnotir.
LNM[G `s nfsi rdqu`rdm ay tgd dlzyjd bfutntg`ild rdmuotnsd `l n rdnot`il tgnt rdbdldrntds rdmuodm
bfutntg`ild (B_G). B_G `s ild ih tgd `jpirtnlt nlt`ix`mnlt jdognl`sjs `l tgd odff, nlm nly
rdmuot`il `l B_G `lordnsds odffufnr susodpt`a`f`ty ti ix`mnt`vd strdss.
@@. Rr`td litds il5
>. A`f`nry O`rrgis`sN m`sirmdr ih a`fd muots pribrdss`lb ti o`rrgis`s.
]gd ? jneir m`sirmdrs ih a`fd muots `lofumd
(`) [r`jnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s
(``) _doilmnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s
(```) [r`jnry sofdris`lb ogifnlb`t`s
Rd sgnff m`souss pr`jnry nlm sdoilmnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s gdrd.
[r`jnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s `s nl nuti`jjuld m`sdnsd. O`rrgis`s mdvdfips adonusd ih nuti`jjuld
mdstruot`il ih `ltrngdpnt`o a`fd muots nlm h`arius rdpn`r ih tgdsd fds`ils.
_doilmnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s mdvdfips `l rdspilsd ti ogril`o a`fd muot iastruot`il. A`f`nry stns`s fdnms
ti tgd mdstruot`il ih a`fd muots nlm h`arius rdpn`r, wg`og uft`jntdfy suam`v`mds tgd f`vdr `lti sjnff
limufds typ`onf ih o`rrgis`s.
1. [ntgibdlds`s ih dssdlt`nf gypdrtdls`il
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Gypdrtdls`il rdprdsdlts nl dfdvnt`il `l systif`o nlm/ir m`nstif`o afiim prdssurd.
Dssdlt`nf gypdrtdls`il `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay n ogril`o dfdvnt`il `l afiim prdssurd tgnt ioours w`tgiut
dv`mdlod ih itgdr m`sdnsd (@m`ipntg`o), nlm sdoilmnry gypdrtdls`il ay nl dfdvnt`il ih afiim
prdssurd tgnt rdsufts hrij sijd itgdr m`sirmdr, suog ns c`mldy m`sdnsd.
[ntgibdlds`s
>. ]gd pntgibdlds`s ih dssdlt`nf gypdrtdls`il `s tgiubgt ti rds`md w`tg tgd c`mldy nlmn) `ts rifd rdbufnt`lb vnsoufnr vifujd tgriubg snft nlm wntdr df`j`lnt`il3
Qdmuodm rdlnf sim`uj dxordt`il `l tgd prdsdlod ih lirjnf nrtdr`nf prdssurd jny ad n cdy `l`t`nt`lb
dvdlt `l dssdlt`nf gypdrtdls`il nlm, `lmddm, n h`lnf oijjil pntgwny hir tgd pntgibdlds`s ih
gypdrtdls`il.
Mdordnsdm sim`uj dxordt`il jny fdnm sdqudlt`nffy ti nl `lordnsd `l hfu`m vifujd, `lordnsdm onrm`no
iutput, nlm pdr`pgdrnf vnsioilstr`ot`il, tgdrday dfdvnt`lb afiim prdssurd.
a) tgd rdl`l-nlb`itdls`l-nfmistdrild systdj tgriubg `ts dhhdots il afiim vdssdf tild, rdbufnt`il ih
rdlnf afiim fiiw, nlm snft jdtnaif`sj3
o) nlm tgd syjpntgdt`o ldrvius systdj, wg`og rdbufntds tgd tild ih tgd rds`stnlod vdssdfs.
Xnsioilstr`ot`vd `lhfudlods, suog ns hnotirs tgnt `lmuod vnsioilstr`ot`il ir st`juf` tgnt onusd
struoturnf ognlbds `l tgd vdssdf wnff, onl fdnm ti nl `lordnsd `l pdr`pgdrnf rds`stnlod nlm jny nfsipfny n rifd `l pr`jnry gypdrtdls`il. Jirdivdr, ogril`o ir rdpdntdm vnsioilstr`ot`vd `lhfudlods oiufm
onusd tg`ocdl`lb nlm r`b`m`ty ih tgd `lvifvdm vdssdfs.
]gd jdm`ont`ils tgnt nrd usdm `l tgd trdntjdlt ih gypdrtdls`il dxdrt tgd`r dhhdots tgriubg ild ir
jird ih tgdsd rdbufntiry jdognl`sjs.
1. Nftgiubg s`lbfd bdld m`sirmdrs `l tgd naivd pntgwnys nrd rnrd onusds ih gypdrtdls`il, `t `s
nppnrdlt tgnt suatfd vnr`nt`ils `l tgd`r not`v`ty j`bgt `lhfudlod afiim prdssurd `l tgd arinmdr
pipufnt`il5
• Jutnt`ils `l dlzyjds tgnt `lhfudlod nfmistdrild syltgds`s (>>a-gymrixyfnsd, >2n-gymrixyfnsd)
fdnm ti `lordnsdm nfmistdrild primuot`il
• Jutnt`ils `l tgd rdlnf dp`tgdf`nf Ln+ ognlldf pritd`l fdnm ti `lordnsdm sim`uj rdsirpt`il (F`mmfd
sylmrijd).?. Dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs onl jim`hy tgd `jpnot ih bdldt`o mdtdrj`lnlts.
_trdss, iads`ty, sjic`lb, pgys`onf `lnot`v`ty, nlm gdnvy oilsujpt`il ih snft gnvd nff addl `jpf`ontdm
ns dxibdlius hnotirs `l gypdrtdls`il.
@lmddm, dv`mdlod f`lc`lb tgd fdvdf ih m`dtnry sim`uj `ltncd w`tg tgd prdvnfdlod ih gypdrtdls`il `l
m`hhdrdlt pipufnt`il briups `s pnrt`oufnrfy `jprdss`vd. Jirdivdr, `l aitg dssdlt`nf nlm sdoilmnry
gypdrtdls`il, gdnvy sim`uj `ltncd nubjdlts tgd oilm`t`il.
]i sujjnr`zd, dssdlt`nf gypdrtdls`il `s n oijpfdx, juft`hnotir`nf m`sirmdr.
Nftgiubg s`lbfd bdld m`sirmdrs onl ad rdspils`afd hir gypdrtdls`il `l rnrd onsds, `t `s ulf`cdfy tgnt
suog jutnt`ils nrd n jneir onusd ih dssdlt`nf gypdrtdls`il. @t `s jird f`cdfy tgnt dssdlt`nf
gypdrtdls`il rdsufts hrij `ltdrnot`ils ih jutnt`ils ir pifyjirpg`sjs nt sdvdrnf fio` tgnt `lhfudlod
afiim prdssurd, w`tg n vnr`dty ih dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs (d.b. strdss, snft `ltncd).?. [ifyoyst`o c`mldy m`sdnsd.
]wi hirjs ih [ifyoyst`o c`mldy m`sdnsd ([OCM) nrd cliwl ti ioour.
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=. Bnff stilds
Nfsi rdhdrrdm ti ns Ogifdf`tg`ns`s
]gdrd nrd 1 ans`o typds ih bnffstilds, dnog gnv`lb n m`st`lot pntgibdlds`s.
[ntgibdlds`s5
▫ A`fd hirjnt`il `l tgd f`vdr5
Ogifdstdrif `s `lsifuafd `l wntdr. Rgdl sdordtdm ay gdpntioytds `lti tgd a`fd, `t `s gdfm `l sifut`il ay
tgd oija`ldm not`il ih a`fd no`ms nlm fdo`tg`l nlm `s onrr`dm `l tgd hirj ih j`xdm f`p`m j`odffds. @h a`fd
gns tii juog ogifdstdrif ir `s mdo`dlt `l a `fd no`ms, `t adoijds supdrsnturntdm `l ogifdstdrif. A`fd
hrij pdipfd wgi gnvd ogifdstdrif bnffstilds oiltn`ls jird ogifdstdrif nlm hdwdr a`fd snfts ns `t
fdnvds tgd f`vdr tgnl a`fd ih lirjnf pdrsils.
]gd supdrsnturntdm ogifdstdrif prdo`p`tntds ns sif`m orystnfs ti hirj stilds (f`tgibdl`o a`fd).
▫ Fionf hnotirs `l tgd bnffafnmmdr 5 A`fd `l tgd bnffafnmmdr hrij pnt`dlts w`tg bnffstilds orystnff`zds
jird dns`fy tgnl lirjnf. [riluofdnt`lb a`f`nry pritd`ls nlm gypdrsdordt`il ih bnffafnmmdr juous
noodfdrntd ogifdstdrif prdo`p`tnt`il hrij bnffafnmmdr a`fd.
▫ Bnffafnmmdr jit`f`ty 5 @jpn`rdm bnffafnmmdr jitir hulot`il fdnms ti a`fd stns`s nlm pdrj`ts a`f`nry
sfumbd ti hirj. ]g`s sfumbd pribrdssds ti jnorisoip`o stilds.
▫ [`bjdlt stilds hirj `l tgd sdtt`lb ih `lordnsdm uloileubntdm a`f`rua`l (jist oijjilfy mud ti
ogril`o gdjifyt`o oilm`t`ils) nlm prdo`p`tnt`il ih onfo`uj a`f`rua`l snfts. @l ulmdrmdvdfipdm
oiultr`ds, p`bjdltdm stilds nrd ihtdl hirjdm adonusd a`f`nry `lhdot`ils (d.b., w`tg Dsogdr`og`n oif`,
Nsonr`s fujar`oi`mds, ir Ip`stgirog`s s`ldls`s) prijitd a`f`rua`l bfuouril`md mdoileubnt`il
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Jirpgifiby
• Ogifdstdrif stilds nr`sd dxofus`vdfy `l tgd bnffafnmmdr, nlm nrd ofnss`onffy gnrm nlm pnfd ydffiw3
a`f`rua`l snfts onl `jpnrt n afnoc oifir. Rgdl oijpisdm prdmij`lnltfy ih ogifdstdrif, tgdy nrd
rnm`ifuodlt3 onfo`uj onrailntd mdpis`t`il `l >;% ti 1;% ih stilds `s suhh`o`dlt ti rdlmdr tgdj
rnm`ipnqud. _`lbfd stilds nrd ivi`m3 juft`pfd stilds tdlm ti ad hnodtdm.
• [`bjdltdm stilds onl ad afnoc (stdr`fd bnffafnmmdr a`fd) ir ariwl (w`tg `lhdot`il)3 aitg nrd siht
nlm usunffy juft`pfd, nlm 4;% ti 24% ih p`bjdltdm stilds nrd rnm`ipnqud.
Of`l`onf Hdnturds
Qiubgfy 2;% ti 7;% ih bnffstild pnt`dlts nrd nsyjptijnt`o tgriubgiut f`hd3
_yjptijs `lofumd spnsjim`o, oif`ocy pn`l mud ti pnss`lb stilds `l tgd a`fd muots (sjnffdr stildsonusd syjptijs jird oijjilfy tgnl mi fnrbd stilds).
Nssio`ntdm bnffafnmmdr `lhfnjjnt`il (ogifdoyst`t`s) bdldrntds r`bgt uppdr namij`lnf pn`l.
Ofdnr juo`lius sdordt`ils `l nl iastruotdm bnffafnmmdr m`stdlm tgd bnffafnmmdr (juoiodfd).
]gdrd `s nfsi `lordnsdm r`sc hir bnffafnmmdr onro`lijn.
@@@. _girt nlswdrs il5
>. Biim pnsturd sylmrijd
]g`s pufjilnry ‟rdlnf m`sdnsd `s onusdm ay nlt`aim`ds tgnt rdnot w`tg typd @X oiffnbdl `l tgd
bfijdrufnr nlm pufjilnry vnsoufnr ansdjdlt jdjarnlds.
@t `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay tgd s`juftnldius nppdnrnlod ih prif`hdrnt`vd, usunffy rnp`mfy pribrdss`vdbfijdrufildpgr`t`s nlm ldorit`z`lb gdjirrgnb`o `ltdrst`t`nf pldujil`t`s.
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@jjulihfuirdsodlod stn`l`lb sgiws f`ldnr stn`l`lb pnttdrl ih tgd ansdjdlt jdjarnlds.
Aitg tgd fulb gdjirrgnbd nlm tgd bfijdrufildpgr`t`s `jprivd w`tg `ltdls`vd pfnsjn dxognlbd.
Itgdrw`sd, tgd priblis`s `s ulhnvirnafd.
1. Nsogihh aimy
]gd Nsogihh aimy `s tgd ognrnotdr`st`o brnlufijntius fds`il ih rgdujnt`o jyionrm`t`s, mdvdfip`lb
sdvdrnf wddcs nhtdr syjptijs adb`l.]g`s struoturd `l`t`nffy oils`sts ih n pdr`vnsoufnr hious ih swiffdl dis`lipg`f`o oiffnbdl surriulmdm ay
fyjpgioytds, pfnsjn odffs nlm jnoripgnbds.
R`tg t`jd, tgd Nsogihh aimy nssujds n brnlufijntius nppdnrnlod, w`tg n odltrnf ar`li`m hious
nssio`ntdm w`tg n pdr`jdtdr ih fyjpgioytds, pfnsjn odffs, jnoripgnbds nlm b`nlt odffs. Dvdltunffy,
tgd Nsogihh aimy `s rdpfnodm ay n limufd ih sonr t`ssud.
?. Odrv`onf @ltrndp`tgdf`nf Ldipfns`n
[rdonlodrius odrv`onf dp`tgdf`nf g`stifib`o ognlbds nrd ofnss`h`dm ns fiw-brnmd ir g`bg-brnmd
squnjius `ltrndp`tgdf`nf fds`ils (F_@F nlm G_@F, rdspdot`vdfy).
Jird tgnl 7;% ih F_@F nlm >;;% ih G_@F fds`ils nrd nssio`ntdm w`tg g`bg-r`sc G[X3 G[X >8 `s tgd
jist oijjil typd nssio`ntdm w`tg aitg.
• F_@F sgiw ilfy j`fm myspfns`n, `lvifv`lb tgd jird ansnf fnydrs ih tgd dp`tgdf`uj. Rg`fd nssio`ntdmw`tg primuot`vd G[X `lhdot`il, tgdrd `s li s`bl`h`onlt nftdrnt`il ih tgd gist odff oyofd. Npprix`jntdfy
8;% ih F_@F spiltnldiusfy rdbrdss w`tg`l 1 ydnrs, wg`fd nlitgdr ?;% pdrs`st ivdr tgnt pdr`im3 ilfy
>;% pribrdss ti G_@F, nlm F_@F mids lit prioddm m`rdotfy ti `lvns`vd onro`lijn.
@t `s tgdrdhird lit trdntdm f`cd n prdjnf`blnlt fds`il.
• G_@F dxg`a`t jimdrntd ti sdvdrd myspfns`n nlm `lvifvd pribrdss`vdfy jird ih tgd dp`tgdf`nf
tg`ocldss3 tg`s ontdbiry nfsi `lofumds onro`lijn `l s`tu.
]gdrd `s hurtgdr G[X-mr`vdl mdrdbufnt`il ih tgd odff oyofd, w`tg `lordnsdm prif`hdrnt`il, mdordnsdm
dp`tgdf`nf jnturnt`il, nlm m`j`l`sgdm v`rnf rdpf`ont`il.
Npprix`jntdfy ?;% ih G_@F w`ff rdbrdss ivdr 1 ydnrs, 8;% w`ff pdrs`st, nlm >;% w`ff pribrdss ti
onro`lijn w`tg`l n 1->; ydnr pdr`im.
Dnrfy mdtdot`il ih odrv`onf myspfns`nOdrv`onf prdonlodrius fds`ils nrd nssio`ntdm w`tg nalirjnf`t`ds `l oytifib`o prdpnrnt`ils ([np
sjdnrs) tgnt onl ad mdtdotdm filb adhird nly nalirjnf`ty `s v`s`afd il briss `lspdot`il.
Dnrfy mdtdot`il ih myspfnst`o ognlbds `s tgd rnt`ilnfd hir tgd [npnl`oifniu ([np) tdst, `l wg`og odffs
nrd sornpdm hrij tgd trnlshirjnt`il zild nlm dxnj`ldm j`orisoip`onffy. ]i mntd, tgd [np sjdnr
rdjn`ls tgd jist suoodsshuf onlodr sorddl`lb tdst dvdr mdvdfipdm
]gd rdodltfy ̀ ltrimuodm qunmr`vnfdlt G[X vnoo`ld hir typds 8, >>, >8, nlm >7 `s vdry dhhdot`vd `l
prdvdlt`lb G[X `lhdot`ils, wg`og `s dxpdotdm ti brdntfy fiwdr tgd hrdqudloy ih bdl`tnf wnrts nlm
odrv`onf onlodrs nssio`ntdm w`tg tgdsd G[X sdritypds.
Mdsp`td `ts dhh`onoy, tgd vnoo`ld mids lit suppfnlt tgd lddm hir riut`ld odrv`onf onlodr sorddl`lb-
jnly nt-r`sc wijdl nrd nfrdnmy `lhdotdm, nlm tgd vnoo`ld pritdots nbn`lst ilfy sijd ih tgd
sdritypds.=. Gdliog _ogilfd`l [urpurn
]g`s `s n systdj`o gypdrsdls`t`v`ty rdspilsd mud ti `jjuld oijpfdx mdpis`t`il nlm ognrnotdr`zdm
ay purpur`o rnsg, namij`lnf pn`l, pifynrtgrnfb`n, nlm noutd bfijdrufildpgr`t`s.
@t onl ioour nt nly nbd aut typ`onffy prdsdlts `l og`fmrdl adtwddl tgd nbds ih ? nlm 7 ydnrs3 h`lm`lbs
`lofumd purpur`o sc`l fds`ils (mud ti n vnsouf`t`s), namij`lnf syjptijs (d.b., pn`l, vij`t`lb,
afddm`lb), nrtgrnfb`n, nlm BL w`tg n oija`lnt`il ih gdjntur`n, ldpgr`t`o sylmrijd, nlm/ir
ldpgrit`o sylmrijd.
Jirpgifiby ih bfijdrufnr fds`ils
Bfijdrufnr fds`ils vnry hrij hionf jdsnlb`nf prif`hdrnt`il ti ordsodlt`o BL aut nrd nfwnys
nssio`ntdm w`tg jdsnlb`nf @bN mdpis`t`il.
Nftgiubg tgd oiursd `s vnr`nafd, tgd ivdrnff priblis`s `s usunffy dxodffdlt3 rdourrdlt gdjntur`n onl
pdrs`st hir ydnrs.
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4. Onrt`fnbd hirj`lb aild tujirs
Onrt`fnbd tujirs nooiult hir tgd jneir`ty ih pr`jnry aild tujirs nlm nrd ognrnotdr`zdm ay tgd
hirjnt`il ih gynf`ld ir jyxi`m onrt`fnbd3 h`arionrt`fnbd nlm dfnst`o onrt`fnbd nrd rnrd oijpildlts. Ns
`l jist typds ih aild tujirs, adl`bl onrt`fnbd tujirs nrd juog jird oijjil tgnl jnf`blnlt
ilds.
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[N]GIFIBP @@ NTBT_] 1;>4
Dfnairntd il
>. 4; ydnrs / Jnfd nmj`ttdm `l djdrbdloy onrd w`tg ogdst pn`l, prihusd swdnt`lb nlm Qnp`m pufsd.
Rgnt `s yiur m`nblis`s9 Mdsor`ad tgd Dt`ipntgibdlds`s, Jirpgifiby nlm Oijpf`ont`ils ih tgd
naivd jdlt`ildm m`sdnsd.
]gd of`l`onf p`oturd `s subbdst`vd ih noutd jyionrm`nf `lhnrot`il.
Jyionrm`nf `lhnrot`il (J@) `s jyioytd odff mdntg onusdm ay vnsoufnr ioofus`il.
N. Q@_C HNO]IQ_
A. D]@I[N]GIBDLD_@_
• Jist jyionrm`nf `lhnrots nrd onusdm ay Oirilnry nrtdry ioofus`il ay tgrijaus il prddx`st`lb
ntgdrisofdrit`o pfnqud.
J@s nrd mud jist oijjilfy ti `ltrnpfnqud gdjirrgnbd, pfnqud dris`il, ir pfnqud rupturd w`tg
supdr`jpisdm tgrijais`s.
• @l >;% ih onsds, vnsoufnr ioofus`il `s n oilsdqudlod ih vnsispnsj ir djaif`znt`il `l tgd oirilnry
o`roufnt`il ir mud ti sjnffdr vdssdf iastruot`il (d.b., vnsouf`t`s, njyfi`mis`s, s`ocfd odff m`sdnsd, dto.).
_TADLMIONQM@NF @LHNQO]
N suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrot nhhdots tgd `lldr ild tg`rm ti ild gnfh ih tgd fdht vdltr`ofd.
@t jny nr`sd w`tg`l tgd tdrr`tiry ih ild ih tgd jneir dp`onrm`nf oirilnry nrtdr`ds ir `t jny ad
o`roujhdrdlt`nf, `lvifv`lb suadlmionrm`nf m`str`aut`ils ih juft`pfd oirilnry nrtdr`ds.
_uadlmionrm`nf `lhnrot`il bdldrnffy rdsufts hrij gypipdrhus`il ih tgd gdnrt .
@t jny ad mud ti ntgdrisofdris`s `l n spdo`o oirilnry nrtdry, ir `t jny mdvdfip `l m`sirmdrs tgnt
f`j`t jyionrm`nf afiim fiiw bfianffy, suog ns nirt`o stdlis`s, gdjirrgnb`o sgioc ir gypipdrhus`il
mur`lb onrm`ipufjilnry aypnss.
Jist suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrots mi lit nr`sd ns n oilsdqudlod ih ioofus`vd oirilnry tgrija`, nftgiubg
sjnff pnrt`ofds ih pfntdfdt ‟ar`l tgrijaus jny ad sddl `l tgd dp`onrm`nf oirilnry nrtdry tgnt
suppf`ds tgd rdb`il ih `lhnrot`il.
]gus hir o`roujhdrdlt`nf suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrot`il onusdm ay bfianf gypipdrhus`il ih tgd
jyionrm`uj, oirilnry nrtdry stdlis`s lddm lit ad prdsdlt.
Adonusd ldoris`s `s f`j`tdm ti tgd `lldr fnydrs ih tgd gdnrt, oijpf`ont`ils nr`s`lb `l trnlsjurnf
`lhnrots (d.b., pdr`onrm`t`s nlm vdltr`oufnr rupturd) mi lit hiffiw suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrot`il.
]QNL_JTQNF @LHNQO]N trnlsjurnf `lhnrot `lvifvds tgd huff fdht vdltr`oufnr wnff tg`ocldss, usunffy nhtdr ioofus`il ih n
oirilnry nrtdry ay ntgdrisofdrit`o tgrijaus.
Ns n rdsuft, trnlsjurnf `lhnrots typ`onffy oilhirj ti tgd m`str`aut`il ih ild ih tgd tgrdd jneir
oirilnry nrtdr`ds.
▫ Q`bgt oirilnry nrtdry5 Ioofus`il ih tgd prix`jnf pirt`il ih tg`s vdssdf rdsufts `l nl `lhnrot ih tgd
pistdr`ir ansnf rdb`il ih tgd fdht vdltr`ofd nlm tgd pistdr`ir tg`rm ti gnfh ih tgd `ltdrvdltr`oufnr
sdptuj (‖`lhdr`ir‚ `lhnrot).
▫ FNM oirilnry nrtdry 5 Afiocnbd ih tg`s nrtdry primuods nl `lhnrot ih tgd np`onf, nltdr`ir nlm
nltdrisdptnf wnffs ih tgd fdht vdltr`ofd.
▫ Fdht o`rouj fi dx oirilnry nrtdry5 Iastruot`il ih tg`s vdssdf `s tgd fdnst oijjil onusd ih
jyionrm`nf `lhnrot`il nlm fdnms ti nl `lhnrot ih tgd fntdrnf wnff ih tgd fdht vdltr`ofd.Jyionrm`nf `lhnrot`il mids lit ioour `lstnltnldiusfy.
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Qntgdr, `t rst mdvdfips `l tgd suadlmionrm`uj nlm pribrdssds ns n wnvdhrilt ih ldoris`s hrij
suadlmionrm`uj ti suadp`onrm`uj ivdr tgd oiursd ih sdvdrnf giurs.
]rnls`dlt oirilnry ioofus`il jny onusd ilfy suadlmionrm`nf ldoris`s, wgdrdns pdrs`stdlt ioofus`il
dvdltunffy fdnms ti trnlsjurnf ldoris`s.
]gd binf ih noutd oirilnry `ltdrvdlt`ils (pgnrjnoifib`o ir jdognl`onf tgrijaifys`s) `s ti `ltdrrupt
tg`s wnvdhrilt nlm f`j`t jyionrm`nf ldoris`s._uadlmionrm`nf vs trnlsjurnf `lhnrot
@l ogril`o onrm`no gypipdrhus`il, dxtdls`vd oiffntdrnf o`roufnt`il, wg`og prdhdrdlt`nffy suppf`ds tgd
iutdr ir suadp`onrm`nf fnydr, ihtdl f`j`ts nl `lhnrot ti suadlmionrm`nf jyionrm`uj.Giwdvdr, `l hntnf onsds ih noutd jyionrm`nf ̀ lhnrot`il, trnlsjurnf `lhnrots nrd jird oijjil tgnl
tgisd rdstr`otdm ti tgd suadlmionrm`uj.
@lhnrots `lvifvd tgd fdht vdltr`ofd juog jird oijjilfy nlm dxtdls`vdfy tgnl tgd r`bgt vdltr`ofd.
]g`s m`hhdrdlod jny ad pnrtfy dxpfn`ldm ay tgd brdntdr wircfinm `jpisdm il tgd fdht vdltr`ofd ay
systdj`o vnsoufnr rds`stnlod nlm tgd brdntdr tg`ocldss ih tgd fdht vdltr`oufnr wnff.
Q`bgt vdltr`oufnr gypdrtripgy (d.b., `l pufjilnry gypdrtdls`il) `lordnsds tgd `lo`mdlod ih r`bgt
vdltr`oufnr `lhnrot`il.
O. JIQ[GIFIBP
Jnorisoip`o Ognrnotdr`st`os ih Jyionrm`nf @lhnrots
]gd dnrfy stnbds ih jyionrm`nf `lhnrot`il gnvd addl ognrnotdr`zdm jist tgiriubgfy `l dxpdr`jdltnf
nl`jnfs.R`tg`l >; sdoilms nhtdr f`bnt`il ih n oirilnry nrtdry, tgd nhhdotdm jyionrm`uj adoijds oynlit`o
nlm, rntgdr tgnl oiltrnot`lb, aufbds iutwnrm mur`lb systifd. @h tgd iastruot`il `s prijptfy rdf`dvdm,
jyionrm`nf oiltrnot`ils rdsujd nlm li nlntij`o mnjnbd dlsuds, nftgiubg oiltrnot`f`ty jny ad
mdprdssdm `l tgd pist`sogdj`o t`ssud hir jnly giurs (stulldm jyionrm`uj) ns n rdsuft ih tgd
mdfdtdr`ius dhhdots ih rdnot`vd ixybdl spdo`ds hirjdm upil rdpdrhus`il ih noutdfy `sogdj`o
jyionrm`uj.
]g`s rdvdrs`afd stnbd oilt`luds hir 1; ti ?; j`lutds ih titnf `sogdj`n, adyilm wg`og t`jd mnjnbdm
jyioytds pribrdss`vdfy m`d.
]GD H@Q_] 1= GITQ_5 Dfdotril j`orisoipy `s rdqu`rdm ti m`sodrl tgd dnrf`dst jirpgifib`o hdnturds
ih `sogdj`o `leury.
Qdvdrs`afy `leurdm jyioytds sgiw suatfd ognlbds ih snroipfnsj`o dmdjn, j`fm j`tiogilmr`nf
swdff`lb nlm fiss ih bfyoibdl (tgd uftrnstruoturnf oirrdfntds ih stulldm jyionrm`uj).
Nhtdr ?; ti 8; j`lutds ih `sogdj`n, wgdl jyioytd `leury gns adoijd `rrdvdrs`afd, j`tiogilmr`n nrd
brdntfy swiffdl w`tg m`sirbnl`zdm or`stnd nlm njirpgius jntr`x mdls`t`ds
]gd luofdus sgiws ofujp`lb nlm jnrb`lnt`il ih ogrijnt`l nlm tgd snroifdjjn `s hionffy m`sruptdm.
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@@. Rr`td litds il
>. Ordsodlt`o Bfijdrufildpgr`t`s
Ordsodlt`o ir Qnp`mfy pribrdss`vd bfijdrufildpgr`t`s (Q[BL) `s ognrnotdr`zdm of`l`onffy ay n rnp`m,
pribrdss`vd rdlnf mdof`ld. Q[BL `s m`v`mdm `lti tgrdd arinm briups ansdm il `jjulifib`o h`lm`lbs3
`l dnog briup, m`sdnsds onl ad nssio`ntdm w`tg cliwl m`sirmdrs,
nftgiubg riubgfy 4;% nrd `m`ipntg`o.
[ntgibdlds`s
• ]ypd @ Q[BL (1;% ih Q[BL) `s nl nlt`-BAJ m`sdnsd ognrnotdr`zdm ay f`ldnr @bB (nlm O?) BAJmdpis`ts. @l sijd onsds, tgd nlt`-BAJ nlt`aim`ds oriss-rdnot w`tg pufjilnry nfvdifnr ansdjdlt
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jdjarnlds ti primuod pufjilnry gdjirrgnbds (Biimpnsturd sylmrijd). ]gd rdnsil hir
nutinlt`aimy hirjnt`il `s ulcliwl, nftgiubg n g`bg prdvnfdlod ih odrtn`l GFN gnpfitypds subbdsts
n bdldt`o prdm`fdot`il3 sifvdlt dxpisurds ir v`rus `lhdot`ils gnvd addl `jpf`ontdm ns tgd `lo`t`lb
tr`bbdr `l susodpt`afd gists.
• ]ypd @@ Q[BL (14% ih Q[BL) `s nl `jjuld oijpfdx ‟jdm`ntdm m`sdnsd. @t onl ad n oijpf`ont`il ih
nly ih tgd `jjuld oijpfdx ldpgr`t`mds, `lofum`lb pist`lhdot`ius BL.@jjulihfuirdsodlod sgiws ognrnotdr`st`o brnlufnr stn`l`lb3 ads`mds ordsodlt hirjnt`il, tgdrd `s
ihtdl bfijdrufnr odffufnr prif`hdrnt`il.
• ]ypd @@@ Q[BL (pnuo`-`jjuld typd) (jird tgnl 4;% ih Q[BL) `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay tgd nasdlod ih
nlt`-BAJ nlt`aim`ds ir `jjuld oijpfdxds.
@lstdnm, pnt`dlts typ`onffy gnvd o`roufnt`lb nlt`ldutripg`f oytipfnsj`o nlt`aimy (NLON), nssio`ntdm
w`tg n systdj`o vnsouf`t`s.
@l `m`ipntg`o onsds, jird tgnl 0;% ih pnt`dlts gnvd dfdvntdm NLON t`tdrs. @t `s lit ydt ofdnr tgnt
tgd NLONs nrd onusnf `l nly ih tgd typd @@@ Q[BL.
N, Hionf nlm sdbjdltnf ldorit`z`lb bfijdrufildpgr`t s̀. Q[BL typ̀ onffy adb l̀s ay onus`lb hionf nlm sdbjdltnf ldoris`s
(Ldo) ih bfijdrufnr onp`ffnry fiips, nssio`ntdm w`tg n fionf`zdm `lhfnjjntiry dxumntd. ]gd `lhfnjjntiry odffs nlm h`ar`l
oriss tgriubg tgd mdhdot ih tgd ansdjdlt jdjarnld `lti tgd ur`lnry spnod (T_). A, Ordsodlt`o bfijdrufildpgr`t`s.
Dxumntd `l tgd ur`lnry spnod dvifvds `lti n ordsodlt (Or), wg`og oijprdssds tgd oiffnpsdm bfijdrufnr onp`ffnr`ds (onp).
Jirpgifiby
• Q[BL g`stifiby `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay hionf bfijdrufnr onp`ffnry ldoris`s nlm m`st`lot`vd ordsodlts hirjdm ay pnr`dtnf odff prif`hdrnt`il nlm `lhfnjjntiry odff j`brnt`il `lti Aiwjnl spnod. R`tg t`jd,
ordsodlts onl ulmdrbi sofdris`s.
• @jjulihfuirdsodlod rdvdnfs f`ldnr stn`l`lb `l nlt`-BAJ m`sdnsd, brnlufnr mdpis`ts `l `jjuld
oijpfdx m`sdnsd, nlm f`ttfd ti li stn`l`lb hir pnuo`-`jjuld m`sdnsd.
• DJ `l Q[BL ofnss`onffy dxg`a`ts m`st`lot rupturds `l tgd BAJ3 suadp`tgdf`nf dfdotril-mdlsd mdpis`ts
onl nfsi ioour `l typd @@ m`sdnsd.
Of`l`onf Oiursd
Nff hirjs ih Q[BL typ`onffy prdsdlt w`tg gdjntur`n, rdm odff onsts, jimdrntd pritd`lur`n, nlm
vnr`nafd gypdrtdls`il nlm dmdjn.
@l Biimpnsturd sylmrijd, tgd oiursd jny ad mij`lntdm ay rdourrdlt gdjiptys`s.
_druj nlnfysds hir nlt`-BAJ, nlt`luofdnr nlt`aim`ds, nlm NLON nrd m`nblist`onffy gdfphuf.
Qdlnf `lvifvdjdlt `s usunffy pribrdss`vd ivdr tgd oiursd ih n hdw wddcs, oufj`lnt`lb `l sdvdrd
if`bur`n.
1. G. [yfir` bnstr`t`s.
Bnstr`t`s `s nl `lhfnjjnt`il ih tgd juoisn ih tgd stijnog. @t `s n oijjil m`sdnsd tgnt jny ioour `l
nl noutd ir n ogril`o hirj.
Jirpgifib`onffy, noutd bnstr`t`s typ`onffy prdsdlts w`tg sgnffiw dris`ils ih tgd juoisn (dris`vd
bnstr`t`s).
Ogril`o bnstr`t`s jny ad dris`vd ir lildris`vd.
Ogril`o lildris`vd bnstr`t`s `s `lhfnjjnt`il ih tgd juoisn ih tgd stijnog tgnt jny ad onusdm ay
`jjulifib`o jdognl`sjs, `lhdot`il, nlm prifilbdm `lbdst`il ih mrubs ir nfoigif ir o`bnrdttd
sjic`lb.
_dvdrnf of`l`oipntgifib`o hirjs ih ogril`o bnstr`t`s nrd rdoibl`zdm5
Ogril`o typd N bnstr`t`s (nuti`jjuld bnstr`t`s)
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Ogril`o typd A bnstr`t`s (Gdf`oianotdr pyfir` bnstr`t`s).
G. pyfir` `lhdot`il `s n r`sc hnotir hir pdpt`o ufodr m`sdnsd, bnstr`o nmdlionro`lijn, nlm bnstr`o
fyjpgijn.
Gypdrtripg`o bnstr`t`s (Jdldtr`dr m`sdnsd3 `l tg`s rnrd hirj ih bnstr`t`s, tgd bnstr`o juoisn gns b`nlt
hifms.)
Jirpgifiby
@l dnrfy stnbds ih tgd m`sdnsd, `t `s piss`afd ti m`st`lbu`sg typd N hrij typd A bnstr`t`s g`stifib`onffy,
aut `l nmvnlodm stnbds, suog n m`st`lot`il `s lit nfwnys piss`afd.
(`) @l tgd dnrfy stnbds ih nuti`jjuld bnstr`t`s, tgd juoisn ih tgd hulmus nlm aimy `s `lh`ftrntdm w`tg
fyjpgioytds nlm pfnsjn odffs.
(``) Noutd stnbds ih G. pyfir` `lhdot`il nrd nssio`ntdm w`tg `lh`ftrntds ih ldutripg`fs `l tgd bfnlms nlm
tgd fnj`ln pripr`n.
(```) G. pyfir` onl ad sddl `l tgd bnstr`o bfnlms, jistfy `l tgd pyfir`o nltruj.
(`v) Ns tgd m`sdnsds pribrdss, aitg hirjs ih ogril`o bnstr`t`s nrd nooijpnl`dm ay5
• Ntripgy ih bnstr`o bfnlms
• @ltdst`lnf jdtnpfns`n
• Fyjpgioyt`o hiff`ofds `l tgd ntripg`o juoisn
@l tg`s nmvnlodm stnbd ih tgd m`sdnsd, `t `s m`hh`ouft ti h`lm G. pyfir` , wg`og mids lit surv`vd `l tgd
jdtnpfnst`o `ltdst`lnf bfnlms.
Qdf`nafd g`stipntgifib`o m`st`lot`il ih typd N hrij typd A ogril`o bnstr`t`s adoijds `jpiss`afd `l tgd
m`sdnsd‐s fntdr stnbds.
Of`l`onf Hdnturds
G. pyfir` onl ad m`nblisdm ay nlt`aimy sdrifib`o tdst, urdn ardntg tdst, anotdr`nf oufturd, m`rdot
anotdr`nf v`sunf`znt`il `l bnstr`o a`ipsy, ir MLN-ansdm tdsts.
?. _dx oirm strijnf tujirs ih ivnry.
• ]gdsd tujirs nooiult hir >;% ih nff ivnr`nl tujirs.
• ]gdy ioour nt nly nbd nlm oijjilfy sdordtd stdri`m girjilds.
• ]gdsd ivnr`nl ldipfnsjs nrd mdr`vdm hrij tgd ivnr`nl strijn, wg`og `l turl `s mdr`vdm hrij tgd
sdx oirms ih tgd djaryil`o bilnm.
• Adonusd tgd ulm`hhdrdlt`ntdm bilnmnf jdsdlogyjd dvdltunffy primuods struoturds ih spdo`h`o odff
typd `l aitg jnfd (_drtif` nlm Fdym`b) nlm hdjnfd (brnlufisn nlm tgdon) bilnms, tujirs rdsdjaf`lb
nff ih tgdsd odff typds onl ad `mdlt`h`dm `l tgd ivnry‐
• Jirdivdr, adonusd sijd ih tgdsd odffs lirjnffy sdordtd dstribdls (brnlufisn nlm tgdon odffs) ir
nlmribdls (Fdym`b odffs), tgd`r oirrdspilm`lb tujirs jny ad d`tgdr hdj`l`z̀ lb (brnlufisn‟ tgdon odff
tujirs) ir jnsouf`l`z`lb (Fdym`b odff tujirs).
• ]gd jist `jpirtnlt sdx oirm strijnf tujirs nrd ns hiffiws
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[riblis`s ih sdx oirm tujirs
Jist sdx oirm tujirs nrd adl`bl. Npprix`jntdfy 14% ih nff brnlufisn odff tujirs nrd prild
ti rdour ir jdtnstns`zd mur`lb tgd >;-ydnr pdr`im nhtdr m`nblis`s nlm nrd oils`mdrdm fiw-brnmd
jnf`blnlt. G`bgfy jnf`blnlt tujirs ih tg`s typd nrd dxtrdjdfy rnrd. _drtif ̀‟Fdym`b odff tujirs nfsi
jny ad ioons`ilnffy jnf`blnlt.
=. M`nadt`o J`orinlb`ipntgy.
]gd `jpirtnlt jirpgifib`o ognlbds `l M`nadtds jdff`tus nrd rdfntdm ti tgd jnly fntd systdj`o
oijpf`ont`ils ih m`nadtds. @l `lm`v`munfs w`tg t`bgt oiltrif ih m`nadtds, tgd ilsdt j`bgt ad mdfnydm.
@l jist pnt`dlts, giwdvdr, jirpgifib`o ognlbds nrd f`cdfy ti ad hiulm `l nrtdr`ds (jnorivnsoufnr
m`sdnsd), ansdjdlt jdjarnlds ih sjnff vdssdfs (j`orinlb`ipntgy), c`mldys (m`nadt`o ldpgripntgy),
rdt`ln (rdt`lipntgy), ldrvds (lduripntgy), nlm itgdr t`ssuds. ]gdsd ognlbds nrd sddl `l aitg typd >
nlm typd 1 m`nadtds.
@@@. _girt nlswdrs il
>. ]ncnynsu nrtdr`t`s.
(`) Nfsi cliwl ns b`nlt odff nirt`t`s ir ‗‗pufsdfdss m`sdnsd‐‐
(``) Jist ihtdl nhhdots yiulb nmuft wijdl (6=; ydnrs) ih Dnst Ns`nl mdsodlt
(```) Nhhdots nirt`o nrog (?;%) nlm `ts arnlogds aut nfsi itgdr pnrts ih tgd nirtn nlm dvdl tgd
pufjilnry nrtdry3 nhhdotdm vdssdfs gnvd n tg`ocdldm wnff nlm lnrriwdm fujdl.
(`v) G`stifib`onffy prdsdlts ns brnlufijntius b`nlt odff nrtdr`t`s, s`j`fnr ti tdjpirnf nrtdr`t`s
(v) _yjptijs ih `sogdj`n”v`sunf nlm ldurifib`o syjptijs nlm tgd nasdlod ih pufsd.
(v`) [ufjilnry gypdrtdls`il jny ad prdsdlt adonusd ih tgd `lvifvdjdlt ih pufjilnry nrtdry(v``) Of`l`onffy tgd oiursd jny ad vnr`nafd”rnp`m miwlg`ff oiursd, > ir 1 ydnrs, ir sfiwfy pribrdss`vd
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?=
oiursd
1. Uiff`lbdr Dff`sil sylmrijd
(`) Bnstr`l-sdordt`lb tujir (7;% `l tgd pnlordns, >4% `l tgd muimdluj, nlm 4% `l itgdr s`tds)
(``) [rdsdlod ih Gypdrbnstr`ldj`n (mdjilstrnafd `l afiim)
(```) [dpt`o ufodrs, sif`tnry ir juft`pfd. M`nblis`s ih Uiff`lbdr ‟Dff`sil sylmrijd `s suspdotdm `h ufodrs
nrd5• juft`pfd
• Tlusunf s`td (d.b., edeuluj nlm Jdocdf m`vdrt`oufuj)
• Qds`stnlt ti stnlmnrm ufodr tgdrnpy
• Ioour `l tgd sdtt`lb ih juft`pfd dlmior`ld ldipfns`n
?. Hnj`f`nf Nmdlijntius [ifypis`s sylmrijd.
(`) @t `s nl nutisijnf mij`lnlt gdrdm`tnry tujir sylmrijd.
(``) @t `s f`lcdm ti mdfdt`il ih tgd tujir supprdssir bdld onffdm nmdlijntius pifypis`s oif` (N[O) il
ogrijisijd rdb`il 4q1>.
(```) ]gd oifil oiltn`ls lujdrius (;;) tuaufnr nmdlijns.
(`v) ]ujirs nrd lit prdsdlt nt a`rtg aut nppdnr `l og`fmgiim nlm adoijd of`l`onffy dv`mdlt `l tgd
sdoilm mdonmd ih f`hd(v) Nmdlionro`lijn mdvdfips `l nff pnt`dlts. Ay nbd =; ydnrs, onlodr `s hiulm `l >;;% ih pnt`dlts.
(v`) [ripgyfnot`o oifdotijy just ad pdrhirjdm `l j`mf`hd.
=. [nbdt‐s m`sdnsd ih ardnst.
(`) [nbdt m`sdnsd ih tgd ardnst `s n tdrj usdm hir `lh`ftrnt`lb muotnf onro`lijns `lvifv`lb tgd
dp`mdrj`s ih tgd l`ppfd nlm tgd nrdifn.
(``) @t onl ad rdoibl`zdm of`l`onffy ns n rdmmdldm, ji`st, ir sonfy sc`l fds`il rdsdjaf`lb dozdjn.
(```) G`stifib`onffy, tgd dp`mdrj`s nppdnrs `lh`ftrntdm w`tg fnrbd juoipifysnoognr`md-h`ffdm tujir
odffs, wg`og nrd jist prij`ldlt `l tgd ansnf pirt`il ih tgd dp`mdrj`s. ]ujir odffs jny hirj sjnff
briups nlm dxtdlm ti tgd surhnod, onus`lb ufodrnt`il, ihtdl w`tg supdr`jpisdm `lhdot`il.
(`v) ]gd priblis`s ih [nbdt m`sdnsd ih tgd ardnst mdpdlms il tgd dxtdlt ih tgd ulmdrfy`lb `lh`ftrnt`lb
muotnf onro`lijn.4. Bf`iafnstijn Juft`hirjd.
(`) @t `s tgd jist oijjil bf`ijn (8;% ih nff bf`ijns), nooiult`lb hir >4% ih nff `ltrnornl`nf tujirs
(`lofum`lb jdtnstnsds). @t `s n Brnmd @X nstrioytijn.
(``) ]gd pdnc `lo`mdlod `l tgd =4- ti 8;-ydnr-ifm nbd briup, aut `t jny ioour `l og`fmrdl, tddlnbdrs,
nlm vdry ifm pdipfd ns wdff.
(```) @t jny adb`l ns n g`bgfy jnf`blnlt bf`iafnstijn juft`hirjd ( pr`jnry bf`iafnstijn juft`hirjd),
ir `t jny mdvdfip hrij tgd pribrdss`il ih m`hhusd nstrioytijn w`tg dnrfy nlm hrdqudlt p4?
jutnt`ils (sdoilmnry bf`iafnstijn juft`hirjd).
(`v) ]gdrd `s `lvns`vd briwtg3 `t jny dxtdlm ti tgd itgdr s`md ih tgd arn`l (a`fntdrnf ‗‗auttdrhfy‐‐
fds`ils sddl ay O] sonl ir nt nutipsy). @t jny ad juft`hionf.
(v) Jnrcdm jnorisoip`o nlm j`orisoip`o pfdijirpg`sj (litd tgnt `t `s onffdm juft`hirjd). Briss dxnj`lnt`il sgiws nrdns ih ldoris`s, gdjirrgnbd, oyst`o ognlbd dto.
(v`) J`orisoip`onffy, tgd m`nblis`s `s jnmd ay rdoibl`z`lb tgd vnr`dbntdm pnttdrl rntgdr tgnl n
spdo`h`o nlnpfnst`o odff. ]yp`onffy tujirs sgiw nlnpfns`n, pfdijirpg`sj, ldoris`s, lujdrius
j`tis`s, nlm vnsoufnr-dlmitgdf`nf (‗‗bfijdrufi`m‐‐) prif`hdrnt`il.
(v``) @t gns nl dxtrdjdfy anm priblis`s. Jdnl surv`vnf `s > ydnr, nlm ilfy >% ih nff pnt`dlts surv`vd ?
ydnrs.
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A@AF@IBQN[GP
>. Qiaa`ls nlm Oitrnl [ntgifib`o Ans`s ih M`sdnsd, D`bgtg dm`t`il
1. [iocdt Oijpnl`il ti Qiaa`ls nlm Oitrnl [ntgifib`o Ans`s ih M`sdnsd
D`bgtg dm`t`il?. Tlmdrwiim‐s [ntgifiby, N Of`l`onf npprinog, _`xtg Dm`t`il
=. Qiaa`ls Ans`o [ntgifiby, L`ltg Dm`t`il
4. Qua`l‐s [ntgifiby, _`xtg dm`t`il
8. Mno`d nlm Fdw`s, [rnot`onf Gdjntifiby, Dfdvdltg dm`t`il
2. Oilo`sd Bu`md ti Gdjntifiby, _ogjn`dr nlm Fnznrus
7. Gdjntifiby Fdoturd Litds, D[G]@