PATHOLOGY

PATHOLOGY

- is a bridging discipline involving both basic science and clinical practice and is devoted to the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.

PATHOLOGY

- molecular, - microbiologic, - immunologic, - morphologic techniques

Pathology explains the whys and wherefores ofthe signs and symptoms manifested by patients while providing a foundation for rational clinical care and therapy.

PATHOLOGY

The four aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology:

PATHOLOGY

pathoMORPHOLOGY(morphology)

the structural changes

pathoPHYSIOLOGY(pathogenesis)

the functional changes

PATHOLOGY

is divided into:

- general pathology

- systemic pathology

PATHOLOGY

general pathology (morphology)

- hemodynamic disorders

- cell injury, adaptation and death

- inflammation

- tissue renewal and repair

- neoplasia

Hemodynamic disordres

Cell injury, adaptation and death

Inflammation

Tissue renewal and repair

Neoplasia

PATHOLOGY

general pathologyalso includes- genetic disorders

- diseases of immunity

- infectious diseases

- environmental and nutritional pathology

- diseases of infancy and childhood

PATHOLOGY

systemic pathology

the importance of the proper terminology

what is the difference between:

- neoplasm

- tumour

- cancer

- carcinoma

PATHOMORPHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

- element of the diagnostic and therapeutic structure of the hospital

- scientific department

- teaching department

PATHOMORPHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

- histopathology

- cytopathology

- post-mortem diagnostics

sampling approachessampling approaches

cclinical datalinical data

clinicians tend to underestimate clinicians tend to underestimate the value of the clinical datathe value of the clinical data

  - - selectionselection of an appropriate site of an appropriate site and method and method for for the the biopsy biopsy

- - appropriate appropriate preservationpreservation of the specimen of the specimen

appropriate preservation of the specimenappropriate preservation of the specimen

quick-frozen sectioquick-frozen sectionsns

ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry((specific monospecific mono- and poly- and polyclonal antibodiesclonal antibodies))

determination of site of origindetermination of site of originof metastatic tumorsof metastatic tumors

detection of molecules detection of molecules that have prognostic or therapeutic that have prognostic or therapeutic significancesignificance

pathomorphological autopsiespathomorphological autopsiesvsvsforensic autopsiesforensic autopsies

CASE STUDY:

21 y.o. woman collapsed at work

clinical symptoms noticed by co-workers:

-pale, diaphoretic skin

-rapid pulse

-mental status- confused

Hemodynamic disorders

the following part of the lecture covers only chosen aspects of hemodynamic diorders

Hemodynamic disorders

- hemorrhage - hyperemia and congestion - embolism - infarction- edema- shock - pathology of hemostasis

Guidelines for learning:

- definition- etiology- pathogenesis- morphologic changes

- gross and microscopic features- classification- natural history- complications- clinical significance

- influence of the diagnosis on therapy and prognosis for the patient

Hemorrhagedefinition

Hemorrhage

etiology

Petechiae

Purpura

Ecchymoses

Hematoma (!)

Hemorrhage complications

Hyperemia

Congestion

Acute hepatic congestion

Chronic passive congestion of the liver

Acute pulmonary congestion

Chronic pulmonary congestion

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Thrombosis:

Thrombosis

pathogenesis:

Thrombi

Fate of the thrombus

Thrombus vs. blood clot

Embolism

Embolism

biologically active:

Infarction (infarct)