patent law and community interest in public health: should patent law be supplemented by a health...

7/22/2019 PATENT LAW AND COMMUNITY INTEREST IN PUBLIC HEALTH: SHOULD PATENT LAW BE SUPPLEMENTED BY A HEALT

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2/29


3/29

ONR >

RNUOCU DNW NCE JIAA_CFUV FCUO]OZU FC R_MDFJHONDUH0ZHI_DE RNUOCU DNW MO Z_RRDOAOCUOE MV N

HONDUH FARNJU L_CE9

@IWN JHNC *

Nmstrnjt

Uhfs nrtfjdo oxpdiros tho dfvody fssuo il whothor usfcg tho pntoct systoa ns n ico-sfzo-lfts-ndd systoa ti rogudnto tho phnranjoutfjnd fceustry fs `ustflfoe. Fc nssossfcg thoshirtjiafcgs il tho pntoct systoa, thfs pnpor wfdd efsjuss tho primdoas fchoroct fc

tho pntoct systoa, whfjh rosudt lria fts rodfncjo ic anrkot lirjos ti gocorntoriyndtfos ti fcjoctfvfso phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct. Ft wfdd mo nrguoethnt tho systoa nt prosoct eios cit sullfjfoctdy njjiuct lir pumdfj hondth fctorosts, nefaocsfic ucfquo ti tho phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct fceustry. Mydfckfcg lfcncjfnd roturcs ti anrkot eoance lir n prieujt nt aicipidfstfj prfjos, ncfcjoctfvo systoa rownres tho anrkotfcg il n prieujt ti jicsuaors nmdo ti pny lir thoprieujt, nce cit cojossnrfdy tho hondth mocolfts il thnt prieujt jiclorroe ic thojiaaucfty. Jicsoquoctdy, thfs nrtfjdo jictoces thnt rolira fs cojossnry.

Uho pripisnd il n Hondth Fapnjt Luce, ns nevijntoe my Rrilossir Uhians Riggo nceRrilossir Nfenc Hiddfs, wfdd thoc mo ovnduntoe ns n cntficnd sjhoao fc tho jictoxt ilNustrndfn's rogudntiry ocvfricaoct fc tho dnttor pnrt il thfs nrtfjdo. Uho nevnctngos

il n Hondth Fapnjt Luce, n prfzo systoa usfcg n efrojt aonsuro il hondth mocolfts lirphnranjoutfjnd trontaocts rogfstoroe wfth tho luce ti eotorafco tho sfzo il thoprfzos, wfdd mo oxpdiroe nce n jrftfquo il tho neiptfic il sujh n systoa ti jiapdoaocttho Nustrndfnc pntoct systoa wfdd mo aneo. Uho jurroct prnjtfjnd nce dognd jhnddocgoslnjoe fc fapdoaoctfcg sujh n systoa wfdd mo efsjussoe. Eospfto tho pitoctfnd imstnjdosfc fapdoaoctfcg n Hondth Fapnjt Luce ic n cntficnd sjndo, thfs nrtfjdo jictoces thnthnvfcg n viductnry sjhoao ti jiapdoaoct tho oxfstfcg pntoct systoa fs n mocolfjfndiptfic thnt fs wirth jicsfeorfcg fc dfght il tho rojoct lijus ic phnranjoutfjnd pntoctrolira.

Fctrieujtfic

Uho rido il pntoct dnw fc tho lfode il rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct fctiaoefjfcos nce thofr aothies il uso, whfjh lir tho purpisos il thfs pnpor wfddmo rolorroe ti ns phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct, hns dicg mooc ntipfj lir pnssficnto eomnto. Fc Nustrndfn, nevijntos lir stricgor pntoct

* MZj, DDM (Hics) _cfvorsfty il Cow Ziuth Wndos. Zfcjoro thncks ti Er Jnthorfco

Mice nce twi ncicyaius rovfowors lir looemnjk eurfcg tho ernltfcg il thfspnpor.


4/29

@iurcnd il Dnw, Fclirantfic nce Zjfocjo \id =:(=) =2>=-=2>:

ONR =

pritojtfic jfto tho ossoctfnd fcjoctfvfsfcg ollojt thnt pntoct dnw hns icphnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct,> nce mnso thofr nrguaocts ic thocooe ti ocjiurngo fccivntfic fc tho phnranjoutfjnd sojtir my neerossfcg tho

rfsfcg jists il rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct.= Ic tho jictrnry, tho jistsnssijfntoe wfth pntoct pritojtfic nro njkciwdoegoe ti roeujo thonjjossfmfdfty il tho mocolfts il phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct lirtho diwor sijfi-ojiciafj sojtfics il tho jiaaucfty.: Nt tho honrt il thosonrguaocts dfos tho lucenaoctnd mndncjo motwooc prfvnto nce pumdfj fctorostsfc Nustrndfnc pntoct dnw.

Fc dfght il nc nssossaoct il tho `ustflfjntfics il rogudntfcg tho phnranjoutfjndfccivntfic thriugh pntoct dnw, thfs pnpor nrguos thnt tho Nustrndfnc pntoctsystoa ndico, fc fts jurroct lira, fs cit nppriprfnto lir ancngfcg nddphnranjoutfjnd fccivntfic. Jicsoquoctdy, thfs pnpor pisfts thntjicsfeorntfic shiude mo gfvoc ti suppdoaoctfcg tho jurroct systoa wfth nHondth Fapnjt Luce (HFL), n givorcaoct-ruc prfzo systoa rownrefcgpnrtfjudnr jdnssos il phnranjoutfjnd fccivntfic suggostoe my RrilossirsNfenc Hiddfs nce Uhians Riggo.5 Eospfto tho HFL mofcg fcftfnddy pripisoe nsn gdimnd fcftfntfvo nfaoe nt faprivfcg njjoss ti aoefjfcos ti eovodipfcgcntfics, tho fapdoaoctntfic il n HFL ic n cntficnd sjndo illors sumstnctfndmocolfts lir eovodipoe cntfics sujh ns Nustrndfn.

Uho lfrst pnrt il thfs pnpor, thriugh nc nssossaoct il tho pntoct systoa, wfddjhnddocgo tho citfic thnt pntoct dnw hns mooc ollojtfvo fc njhfovfcg fts pidfjyim`ojtfvos. Fc pnrtfjudnr, tho ollojtfvocoss il pntoct dnw fc nddiwfcg lir thorojivory il rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct jists wfdd mo quostficoe. Lurthor, ft

wfdd mo jictoceoe thnt tho mndncjo motwooc pumdfj nce prfvnto fctorosts fc thopntoct systoa hns mooc skowoe oxjossfvody tiwnres prfvnto fctorosts euo titho rodfncjo ic anrkot lirjos ti efrojt fccivntfic.

Uho dnttor pnrt il thfs pnpor wfdd oxpdiro tho nevnctngos il n prfzo-mnsoesystoa fc tho lira il n cntficnd HFL, put fc pdnjo ti rownre phnranjoutfjndfccivntfic. Ft wfdd jrftfquo tho neiptfic il sujh n systoa ti suppdoaoctNustrndfnc pntoct dnw nce ovndunto fts pitoctfnd ollojtfvocoss fc Nustrndfn.Uhfs pnpor jicjdueos thnt whfdo prnjtfjnd nce dognd jhnddocgos lnjoe fc

> Oxpdncntiry Aoairnceua, Fctoddojtund Rriporty Dnws Naoceaoct Mfdd >667(Jth), :.

= @fa IKoolo ot nd, _cdonshfcg Rhnran lria tho ]&E \nduo Jhnfc (@udy =2>:) NUKonrcoy 4http0//www.ntkonrcoy.jia.nu/fccivntfic/lonturoe-nrtfjdo/-/nssotYpumdfshor/72>6=3.

: Uicy Hnrrfs, Efncco Cfjid nce Cfjhidns Gruoc, Rhnranjoutfjnd Rntocts ]ovfow]opirt(Jncmorrn =2>:) v.

5 Uhians Riggo, Uho Hondth Fapnjt Luce0 Mottor Rhnranjoutfjnd Fccivntfics ntAujh Diwor Rrfjos fc Uhians Riggo, Antt ]faaor nce Kfa ]umfcstofc (oes),

Fcjoctfvos lir Gdimnd Hondth0 Rntoct Dnw nce Njjoss ti Ossoctfnd Aoefjfcos(Jnamrfego_cfvorsfty Rross, =2>2) >78, >6


5/29

Huanc ]fghts ns Othfjnd Mnsfs lir Zjfocjo

ONR :

fapdoaoctfcg n HFL ei oxfst, tho iporntfic il n HFL fs lonsfmdo nce wirthjicsfeorntfic fc luturo roliras.

> Rntocts nce phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct

]osonrjh nce eovodipaoct fcti cow aoefjfcos nce aothies il uso fs nucfquo nron il fccivntfic whoc jiapnroe ti trneftficnd lfodes il fccivntficnssijfntoe wfth pntocts.? Fc Nustrndfn, twi lonturos eflloroctfnto thfs nron ilrosonrjh nce eovodipaoct lria ithor liras il tojhcidigfjnd fccivntfic. Uholfrst fs tho rfgirius rogudntfic il tho prijoss il phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nceeovodipaoct, nce il tho rosudtnct prieujt icjo fts anculnjturors wfsh ti soddft ti tho pumdfj.686 (Jth) nce tho Uhornpoutfj Giies ]ogudntfics >662

(Jth).7Ui mrfcg n cow aoefjfco ti anrkot, onrdy rosonrjh ostnmdfshfcg priil-il-jicjopt nce pitoctfnd jiapiuces fs liddiwoe my throo phnsos il strfjtjdfcfjnd trfnds, wfth onjh phnso fcvidvfcg prigrossfvody airo pnrtfjfpncts.8Uho lfcnd prieujt fs thoc sumafttoe ti tho Uhornpoutfj Giies Neafcfstrntfic(UGN) lir npprivnd moliro ft jnc mo dfstoe ic tho Nustrndfnc ]ogfstor ilUhornpoutfj Giies nce anrkotoe ti tho pumdfj.6 Uho UGN roqufros, ic

nvorngo, twi yonrs ti jicsfeor nppdfjntfics lir npprivnds.>2 Uhfs strfcgoctnpprivnd prijoss, whoc jiapnroe ti trneftficnd pntoct tojhcidigfos wfthiutsfafdnr rogudntiry npprivnd roqufroaocts, oxtoces tho tfaolrnao lir thoeovodipaoct il cow aoefjfcos nce aothies il trontaoct.

Uho sojice ucfquo nspojt il phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct fs thowfeody njkciwdoegoe hfgh rfsks il lnfduro il phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjhpri`ojts,>>whfjh nro dfckoe ti tho rosonrjh nce npprivnd prijossos nce thofr

? Njjirefcg ti tho Rhnranjoutfjnd Rntocts ]ovfow, pntocts woro trneftficnddyprfanrfdy grnctoe lir aojhncfjnd nce fceustrfnd prijossos0 Hnrrfs, Cfjid nceGruoc, nmivo c :, 52.

5 Any =228) =2 Hondth nce Gunrefncshfp =2.>>]ogudntfic il Erugs [=2.>>.=:) :7.

6 Uhornpoutfj Giies Njt >686 (Jth) s 6N.

>2 Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn,Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn Lnjtmiik =2>:(=2>:, :reoe) ??.

>>

Oxpdncntiry Aoairnceua, Fctoddojtund Rriporty Dnws Naoceaoct Mfdd >667(Jth), >=.


6/29


ONR 5

nssijfntoe jists. Njjirefcg ti Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn, nc irgncfsntficroprosoctfcg tho fctorosts il an`ir phnranjoutfjnd jiapncfos iporntfcg fcNustrndfn,>= tho nvorngo jist il eovodipfcg n cow aoefjfco ir aothie il

trontaoct fs npprixfantody $>.? mfddfic.>:Nc ostfantoe ?2 por joct il jnpftndfcvostaoct fcti phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct lir n prieujtjiaprfsos il ippirtucfty jists il pursufcg civod yot ucsujjossludjiapiuces, whfjh fcftfnddy shiw pitoctfnd mut nro udtfantody sjroocoe iuteurfcg jdfcfjnd trfnds.>5Uhoso lfguros nro cit moyice efsputo. Fc jiaaoctfcgic phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct jists ostfantoe my CirthNaorfjnc phnranjoutfjnd jiapncfos nce fceustry ncndysts,>? Dfght nceWnrmurtic hnvo jrftfjfsoe tho ipnquo aothieidigy usoe fc ronjhfcg dnrgojist lfguros.>7 Dfght nce Wnrmurtic hnvo

jnutficoe thnt tho jicstrujtoe cnturo il rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct jistsostfantos shiude mo rojigcfsoe nce thnt tho aothies usoe ti ronjh thoprosoctoe lfguros shiude mo sjrutfcfsoe.>8 N sfafdnr nrguaoct any mo aneolir tho lfguros prosoctoe my Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn. Covorthodoss, thoro fsgocornd rojigcftfic fc tho dftornturo thnt tho jists il mrfcgfcg n cow erug iraothie il trontaoct ti tho anrkot hnvo rfsoc stonefdy ivor tho pnst eojneo>6wfth nc nssijfntoe eojronso fc tho sujjoss rnto il eovodipfcg cowjiapiuces.=2

Uho ndroney-hfgh rfsks nce jists il rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct fctiphnranjoutfjnd fccivntfics nro jiapiuceoe my tho efrojtfic tnkoc my

rosonrjh fc tho phnranjoutfjnd fceustry, citnmdy tho rojoct oaphnsfs icmfitojhcidigy, ns ippisoe ti trneftficnd sandd aidojudo jhoafjnd

>= Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn, Nmiut _s (Eojoamor =226) Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn4http0//aoefjfcosnustrndfn.jia.nu/nmiut-us/3.

>: Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn, Zumafssfic ti tho Rhnranjoutfjnd Rntocts ]ovfow,Jiaaicwondth il Nustrndfn, ]ovfow il Rhnranjoutfjnd Rntocts fc Nustrndfn, =:@ncunry =2>:, >.

>5 Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn Icjidigy Fceustry Unsklirjo, Njjoss ti jncjor aoefjfcos fcNustrndfn(=2>:) :8.

>? Zoo @isoph EfAnsf, ]icnde W Hncsoc nce Hocry G Grnmiwskf, Uho prfjo ilfccivntfic0 Cow ostfantos il erug eovodipaoct jists (=22:) == @iurcnd il HondthOjiciafjs>?>. Uho ostfantos il tho jists roqufroe ti mrfcg ico erug ti anrkot fcthnt stuey nro fc tho snao ireor il angcftueo aneo my Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn, wfthnc ostfanto il nc nvorngo il _Z$>.6 mfddfic lir jnpftndfsoe pro-npprivnd jist porcow trontaoct mriught ti anrkot0 nt >8>.

>>) ) MfiZijfotfos :5, :5.

>7 Fmfe :8.

>8 Fmfe 57.

>6 Hnrrfs, Cfjid nce Gruoc, nmivo c :, :7.

=2 Fmfe :8.


7/29


ONR ?

eovodipaoct. Uho Uults Joctro lir tho Ztuey il Erug Eovodipaoct, n cic-prilft njneoafj rosonrjh griup mnsoe fc tho _cftoe Ztntos, hns imsorvoe thntmfitojhcidigfjnd erugs nro fcjronsfcgdy eiafcnct fc tho phnranjoutfjnd

fceustry, wfth n an`irfty il tho tip >2 soddfcg trontaocts fc =2>= mofcg mnsoeic mfitojhcidigfjnd erugs.=> Uhfs shflt fs rodovnct ti Nustrndfn, gfvocNustrndfns griwfcg priafcocjo fc tho gdimnd mfitojhcidigy fceustry wfthNZX-dfstoe mfitojhcidigy lfras wirth ivor $?2 mfddfic. == Mfitojhcidigfjnderugs rody ic airo jiapdox njtfvo fcgroefocts thnc sandd aidojudojhoafjnds, nce roqufro airo rfgirius pro-jdfcfjnd trfnds thnc sandd aidojudojhoafjnds.=: EfAnsf nce Grnmiwskf hnvo imsorvoe thnt mfitojhcidigfjndtrontaocts fc tho _cftoe Ztntos, jiapnroe wfth trneftficnd sandd aidojudotrontaocts, roqufro oxtoceoe porfies il jdfcfjnd npprivnd=5 nce npponr ti mo

sfgcflfjnctdy airo jistdy ti eovodip thnc cow sandd aidojudos.=?Uho rosonrjh

efrojtfic fc tho fceustry thoroliro npponrs ti suppirt jdnfas il rfsfcg jists fcrosonrjh nce eovodipaoct.

Uho rido il pntoct dnw ns n aojhncfsa lir mndncjfcg jiapotfcg pumdfj nceprfvnto fctorosts fc phnranjoutfjnd fccivntfic shiude mo jicsfeoroe wfthrognre ti tho fceustrys ucfquo rogudntiry ocvfricaoct nce jists. FcNustrndfn, tho Rntocts Njt >662 (Jth) (tho Njt) nce fts rogudntfics nro thosiurjo il tho cntficnd pntoct systoa. N pntoct fs tho nwnre il n aicipidy titho pntoctoe fcvoctfics pntoct-hideor, thoirfsoe fc aist jnsos ti mo thofcvoctir, lir n dfaftoe porfie il tfao, whfjh lir n stncenre pntoct fs twoctyyonrs.= Kovfc Grignc, Uults ropirt jiclfras eiafcntfic il mfitojh prieujts,RhnranUfaos Icdfco (Icdfco) >5 Civoamor =2>:,

4http0//www.phnrantfaos.jia/nrtfjdo/>:->>->5/UultsYropirtYjiclfrasYeiafcntficYilYmfitojhYprieujts.nspx3.

== NusMfitojh, Nmiut Mfitojhcidigy - Fceustry Ivorvfow (: Nprfd =2>5) NustMfitojh0Nustrndfns Mfitojhcidigy Irgncfsntfic4http0//www.nusmfitojh.irg/jictoct.nsp9pngofe1=?3.

=: Ncftn A IJiccir, Fctrieujtfic ti mfitojh erugs (=226) ) ]ogudntiry]nppirtour 5,?.

=5 @isoph N EfAnsf nce Hocry G Grnmiwskf, Uho Jist il Mfiphnranjoutfjnd ]&E0Fs Mfitojh Eflloroct9 (=227) =8Ancngorfnd nce Eojfsfic Ojiciafjs5


8/29


ONR Eospfto thfs, uceor tho jurroct musfcoss aieods neiptoe my

phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct jiapncfos,:= jiaaoctntirs hnvo

jdnfaoe thnt pntoct dnw pdnys n pfvitnd pnrt::fc privfefcg lfcncjfnd fcjoctfvoslir phnranjoutfjnd fccivntfic.:5

=8 Knthy Miwroy, Afjhnod Hncedor nce Efncco Cfjid, Nustrndfnc Fctoddojtund RriportyDnw (Ixlire _cfvorsfty Rross, =2>2) :78.

=6 Rntocts Njt >662 (Jth) ss 72-87.

:2 Oxpdncntiry Aoairnceua, Fctoddojtund Rriporty Dnws Naoceaoct Mfdd >667(Jth), :.

:> Rntoct dogfsdntfic wns icdy neiptoe njriss Ouripo nltor jicsfeornmdo eomnto,whfjh snw siao cntfics sujh ns Hiddnce nce Zwftzordnce fcftfnddy aivo nwnylria pntoct dogfsdntfic, nce nltor hfstirfjnd ovocts wonkocoe ippisftfic tipritojtficfst pidfjfos dfko tho pntoct systoa0 Ztovoc Zhnvodd nce Uncguy vncVporsodo, ]ownres vorsus Fctoddojtund Rriporty ]fghts (=22>) 55@iurcnd il Dnw nceOjiciafjs?=?, ?=7.

:= ]imort Jhndaors, Ovorgrooc ir Eojfeuius9 Nustrndfnc Uroces fc ]odntfic tiOvorgroocfcg il Rntocts (=22)Aodmiurco _cfvorsfty Dnw ]ovfow=6, ?6.

:: Hnrrfs, Cfjid nce Gruoc, nmivo c :, =6. Zoo ndsi Ncerow L Jhrfstfo ot nd, Rntocts

Nssijfntoe wfth Hfgh-Jist Erugs fc Nustrndfn (=2>:) 8(5) Rumdfj Dfmrnry il ZjfocjoICO>, >.

:5 Ft aust quostficoe whothor pntocts nro lucenaoctnd ti privfefcg lfcncjfndfcjoctfvos ti ocjiurngo fccivntfic mojnuso il musfcoss strntogfos mnsoe icoxpdiftfcg tho pntoct systoa usoe my phnranjoutfjnd lfras nt prosoct, ir mojnusotho systoa ftsodl fs fchoroctdy cojossnry ti pritojt nce stfaudnto fccivntfic. Uhonmsocjo il oapfrfjnd ovfeocjo euo ti tho dnjk il rojoct ernantfj jhncgos ti thopntoct systoa fctorcntficnddy hns aneo ft efllfjudt ti tost whothor pntocts nrolucenaoctnd ti ocjiurngfcg fccivntfic, wfth rosonrjhors rosirtfcg ti ncndysfs iltho pntoct systoa fc hfstirfjnd orns0 Mricwyc H Hndd nce Efotanr Hnrhill, ]ojoctrosonrjh ic tho ojiciafjs il pntocts (Wirkfcg pnpor ci. >777:, 5 Nccund ]ovfowil Ojiciafjs, =2>=) >=. Zoo Rotrn Aisor, Fccivntfic wfthiut Rntocts Ovfeocjo

lria tho Wirde Lnfrs (=2>=) ?? @iurcnd il Dnw nce Ojiciafjs 5:4http0//pnpors.ssrc.jia/sid:/Rnpors.jla9nmstrnjtYfe16:2=5>3. Nltor prosoctfcg


9/29


ONR 7

= Rrimdoas wfth tho pntocts systoa

=.> Rntocts nro cit tho aist ollojtfvo wny lir jist rojivory fcrosonrjh nce eovodipaoct

Fcjronsfcgdy, hiwovor, eiumts hnvo nrfsoc ivor tho ollfjfocjy il pntoct dnw nsn aojhncfsa lir rojivory il jists nssijfntoe wfth erug eovodipaoct. Whfdotho pntoct systoa ivorndd eios ocjiurngo oxpocefturo fc phnranjoutfjndrosonrjh nce eovodipaoct,:?tho fcjiao gocorntoe lria tho sndos il pntoctoeprieujts fc tho phnranjoutfjnds fceustry my lnr oxjooes tho oxpocefturo icrojivorfcg rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct. Eurfcg tho porfie lria =226-=2>2, iltho titnd Nustrndfnc fceustry turcivor il $== mfddfic, tho octfrophnranjoutfjnd fceustry icdy utfdfsoe nriuce $>.2: mfddfic ic rosonrjh nce

eovodipaoct.:6thjoctury nce onrdy =2 thjoctury, Aisor citos thnt ndtorcnto aothies ti pritojtfcg nce oxpdiftfcgfctoddojtund priporty, sujh ns sojrojy, woro jicsfeoroe ollojtfvo stfaudncts lirfccivntfic0 nt >. Zho lurthor imsorvos thnt tho an`irfty il fcvoctfics prosoctoe nttho Wirde Lnfrs woro cit pntoctoe eospfto tho nvnfdnmfdfty il pntoct systoas fcMrftnfc nce tho _cftoe Ztntos0 nt =6. Aisor jictoces thfs wns pnrtdy euo ti tho

efllfjudty il rovorso-ocgfcoorfcg siao fcvoctfics nt tho tfao, citnmdy thisofcvidvfcg jhoafjnd liraudntfics, nddiwfcg sojrojy ti mo usoe ns nc ollojtfvoaothie ti privfeo lir n aicipidy rosudtfcg fc lfcncjfnd roturcs0 nt ==. Hiwovor,wfth tho fctrieujtfic il ncndytfjnd jhoafstry, whfjh nddiwoe lir jhoafjndjiapiuces ti mo rovorso-ocgfcooroe, pntoct rntos lir jhoafjnd jiapiucesfcjronsoe ernantfjnddy0 nt =?. Uhoroliro tho fapirtncjo il pntocts lir pritojtfcgnce ocjiurngfcg fcvostaoct fc fccivntfic nrfsos whoro tho fccivntfic jnc moonsfdy rovorso-ocgfcooroe0 nt =6. Whfdo thoro fs dfttdo oapfrfjnd ovfeocjosuppirtfcg tho jdnfa thnt tho pntoct systoa fs lucenaoctnd ti ocjiurngfcgfccivntfic, fc dfght il Aisors imsorvntfics nce gfvoc tho onso wfth whfjh rfvndsjnc rovorso-ocgfcoor n phnranjoutfjnd trontaoct, ft jnc mo snfe nt donst thnt pntoctspdny nc fapirtnct rido fc pritojtfcg phnranjoutfjnd fccivntfic lria lroo-rfeors0soo Frwfc F Rnrk, Oxtfcgufshfcg Oxjdusfvo Anrkotfcg ]fghts0 Fctorprotfcg thoAoefjnd Fccivntfic Rrfzo Luce Njt il =2>> (=2>>->=) EoRnud @iurcnd il Nrt,Uojhcidigy & Fctoddojtund Rriporty Dnw >8:, >86. _dtfantody, Hndd nce Hnrhilljiaaoct thnt whfdo pntocts nro cit fapirtnct lir fccivntfic fcjoctfvos fcgocornd, thofr jnpnjfty lir gocorntfcg dnrgo lfcncjfnd roturcs eios gocorntoeoance lir rosonrjh0 nt :?.

:? Fctoddojtund Rriporty Nustrndfn Rhnranjoutfjnd Rntocts ]ovfow Rncod,Jiaaicwondth il Nustrndfn, Rhnranjoutfjnd pntocts rovfow0 ernlt ropirt(Nprfd =2>:)


10/29


ONR 8

griwth fc oxpocefturo njriss ndd ithor musfcoss sojtirs,:7 tho dnjk iltrncspnrocjy fc tho prfjfcg il aoefjfcos gocorntos eiumt ns ti whothor thoefspnrfty fc titnd rovocuo nce lucefcg nppdfoe ti rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct

fs `ustflfoe.:8Lir oxnapdo, lir tho erug fantfcfm, usoe lir trontfcg cuaoriusjncjors sujh ns douknoafn, tho prfjo nt whfjh ft wns anrkotoe wiude hnvorojiupoe fts eovodipaoct jists wfthfc twi yonrs il octorfcg tho anrkot. :6

Rnrt il tho efspnrfty fs euo ti fcollfjfocjy nrfsfcg lria lfras wfth ostnmdfshoepntocts eorfvfcg fcjiao my eovodipfcg strntogfos uceor pntoct dnw tiollojtfvody oxtoce tho porfies il pritojtfic rojofvoe uceor thofr pntocts, ir tiefsjiurngo tho octrncjo il cow pnrtfjfpncts. Irefcnrfdy, icjo n pntoct lir ncnjtfvo phnranjoutfjnd fcgroefoct dnpsos, tho anrkot fs ipoc lir jiapotftficmy gocorfj erug anculnjturors, fcjronsfcg tho rncgo il prieujts jictnfcfcgtho fcgroefoct nce diworfcg tho prfjos lir oqufvndoct prieujts. Lir oxnapdo,

sfcjo tho dnpsfcg il tho pntoct fc =2>= lir tho jiapiuce jdipfeigrod, thonjtfvo fcgroefoct lir tho honrt-nttnjk provoctfic erug Rdnvfx,52 airo thnc 72

prieujts jictnfcfcg tho snao njtfvo fcgroefoct hnvo octoroe tho anrkot.5>Lurthor eovodipaocts fc eodfvory systoas nce fc mfi-oqufvndoct jiapiucesjnc ndsi mo jiceujtoe my gocorfj jiapncfos icjo tho pntoct il n aoefjfcohns dnpsoe.5=Hiwovor, fc n rovfow uceortnkoc my tho Rhnranjoutfjnd Rntocts]ovfow Rncod, ft wns liuce thnt lfras iltoc ancngo ti rogfstor audtfpdosujjossfvo sojice-gocorntfic pntocts nriuce n sfcgdo njtfvo phnranjoutfjndfcgroefoct wfth cogdfgfmdo civodty, ollojtfvody oxtocefcg ir gocorntfcg naicipidy ivor tho prieujt my jrontfcg n thront il dftfgntfic lir cow anrkot

octrncts.

5:

Gocorfj suppdfors nro ollojtfvody eodnyoe lria octorfcg tho anrkoteospfto tho oxpfrntfic il tho irfgfcnd pntoct.

Nrriw Rhnranjoutfjnds Dfaftoe v Aorjk & Ji., Fcj 55fs nc oxnapdo il nc nttoaptti oxtoce tho aicipidfstfj pritojtfic nriuce n pntoctoe jiapiuce. Uhorospiceoct, Aorjk & Ji., Fcj, hne njqufroe n mnso pntoct lir ndocericfj njfe

:7 Fctoddojtund Rriporty Nustrndfn Rhnranjoutfjnd Rntocts ]ovfow Rncod,Jiaaicwondth il Nustrndfn, Rhnranjoutfjnd pntocts rovfow0 ernlt ropirt(Nprfd =2>:)


11/29


ONR 6

lir trontfcg istoipirisfs fc >688,5?nce sumsoquoctdy rogfstoroe sovoc pntoctsivor tho neafcfstrntfic il spojflfj eisos il ndocericfj njfe nce thojiapisftfic il tnmdots nce dfqufe liras il ndocericfj njfe fc =222. 5 Neeftficnddy, tho nssijfntoe jists il dftfgntfic nriuce

jhnddocgos ti quostficnmdo sojice gocorntfic pntocts nce ti pritojt vndfepntocts ngnfcst jiapotftirs aust ndsi mo njjiuctoe lir fc tho fceustry. Zujhfcollfjfocjfos fc tho systoa nro mirco my tho pumdfj. Rnyfcg hfghor prfjos fctho hipo il luces fcefrojtdy trfjkdfcg ti rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct pri`ojts fsthoroliro n jistdy nce fcollojtfvo aothie ti luce rosonrjh. ?=

5? Fmfe >88.

5>.

58 Fmfe >8=.

56 Fmfe =>=.

?2 Ncerow L Jhrfstfo ot nd, Rntocts Nssijfntoe wfth Hfgh-Jist Erugs fc Nustrndfn(=2>:) 8(5) Rumdfj Dfmrnry il Zjfocjo ICO>, >.

?> Jhndaors, nmivo c :=, :-=, Grnttnc Fcstftuto,Anrjh =2>:) :2.


12/29


ONR >2

=.= Mndncjo il pumdfj nce prfvnto fctorosts skowoe ti thoprfvnto fctorosts il lfras

Ns n rosudt il tho aicipidfos grnctoe ti lfras jiceujtfcg rosonrjh nceeovodipaoct, tho pntoct systoa ndsi nddiws phnranjoutfjnd prieujts ti moprfjoe ti prihfmft njjoss ti aoefjfcos my thiso fc cooe il thoa, nrgunmdywfth n jiapdoto efsrognre lir pumdfj fctorost hondth jicjorcs. Uhfs fs mith ncfctorcntficnd nce cntficnd jicjorc.?: Fc Nustrndfn, givorcaoct sumsfefos oxfstlir jortnfc erugs thnt nro nssossoe ns mofcg pnrtfjudnrdy jist-ollojtfvo lir thopipudntfic, dfstoe uceor tho Rhnranjoutfjnd Mocolfts Zjhoao (RMZ). Uhososumsfefos nro n rojigcftfic thnt nt tfaos tho prfjos il pntoctoe erugs nro tiihfgh, nce thnt tho pumdfj fctorost fs sorvoe my givorcaoct fctorvoctfic.?5Liroxnapdo, wfthiut tho RMZ sumsfey, tho erug rncfmfzuanm, usoe lir trontfcg

anjudnr (oyo) eogocorntfic, jists $>,8:2 por eiso.??

Whoc prosjrfmoe lirpntfocts uceor tho RMZ, tho anxfaua naiuct thnt jnc mo jhnrgoe ti pntfoctsfs $:2 por eiso.?=2,222 wfthiut RMZsumsfefos,?7 whfdo uceor tho RMZ ft fs njjossfmdo ti pntfocts nt $:2 por

trontaoct.?8 Erugs wfthiut tho mocolft il mofcg dfstoe uceor tho RMZ nrojicsoquoctdy icdy nvnfdnmdo ti n sandd afcirfty whi hnvo tho jnpnjfty ti monrtho jists. Ns sujh, lfras sot tho prfjos il thofr pntoctoe erugs ti tnrgot thopipudntfic il prfjo fcsocsftfvo jicsuaors,?6 rognredoss il tho gocorndeoance lir tho erug.

Airoivor, pntoct dnw hns tho ollojt il stfldfcg rond liddiw-ic fccivntfic mnsoeic oxfstfcg pntocts. Fc n sftuntfic whoro pntocts hnvo mooc lfdoe nriuce n

?: Fmfe =7.

?5 Nustrndfnc Aoefjnd Nssijfntfic, RMZ Efsjussfic Rnpor wfth NAN Loeornd Jiucjfd]odntfics (Anrjh =22=) Nustrndfnc Aoefjnd Nssijfntfic 2/RMZ%=2Rnpor-Lfcnd%=2\orsfic.eij3.

?? Eujkott, nmivo c ?=, =:.

?:8=]3.

?7 Aodncian Rntfocts Nustrndfn, ARN Aoamors jodomrnto RMZ dfstfcg il Vorviy(Aoefn]odonso, : @udy =2>:) > 4http0//www.aodncianpntfocts.irg.nu/dntost-cows/apn-aoamors-jodomrnto-pms-dfstfcg-il-yorviy-=3.

?8 Eopnrtaoct il Hondth (Jiaaicwondth), Jhoaithornpy Ftoas lir RrfvntoHispftnd/Rrfvnto Jdfcfj uso, Rhnranjoutfjnd Mocolfts Zjhoao4http0//www.pms.giv.nu/aoefjfco/ftoa/=


13/29


ONR >>

pnrtfjudnr phnranjoutfjnd prieujt, ft mojiaos fcjronsfcgdy efllfjudt lirjiapotftirs ir rosonrjhors ti utfdfso tho pntoctoe prieujt fc lurthorfccivntfics wfthiut lonr il fclrfcgfcg tho pntoct.=fctrieujoe an`ir roliras ti airo jdonrdy eflloroctfnto motwooc rosonrjhnce jiaaorjfndfsntfic jicjorcfcg n pntoctoe prieujt. Fc pnrtfjudnr,njtfvftfos jiceujtoe ti oxporfaoctnddy faprivo nc fcvoctfic nro ciwoxoaptoe lria fclrfcgoaoct.< Nprfd =2>=,


14/29


ONR >=

pntfocts fs nt tfaos fcefjntoe my odovntoe dovods il jhidostorid fc tho mdiie, nsyaptia il strossos pdnjoe ic tho miey.n phociaocic eosjrfmoe my jiaaoctntirs ns ao-tii erugs, whfjheorfvo prilftnmfdfty anfcdy lria tho anrkotfcg piwor oapdiyoe my thofreovodipors.7=Ic tho jictrnry, Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn jdnfas thnt ao-tii erugsnro cit cojossnrfdy eotrfaoctnd ti tho anrkot my illorfcg nevncjos fc snlotynce ollfjnjy fc n pnrtfjudnr dfco il aoefjfcos.7: Covorthodoss, thfs nrguaoctfgciros tho jist il efrojtfcg ollirts nwny lria eovodipfcg griuce-mronkfcg

jiapiuces.Ic n mrineor sjndo, lria mith tho fapnjts il pntoct dnw ic prfjfcg nce thoefrojtfic fc whfjh fccivntfic fs erfvoc, trneftficnd pntoct dnw lijusos icfcjoctfvfsfcg phnranjoutfjnd eovodipaoct nce pnys dfttdo rognre ti tho stricgpumdfj fctorost fc priaitfcg pumdfj hondth. Rhnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nceeovodipaoct fs efstfcjtfvo fc thnt tho pumdfj fctorost fc njjossfcg fccivntficfc tho nron efrojtdy fapnjts ic tho sijfotys lucenaoctnd fctorost fcpriaitfcg pumdfj hondth. Ic tho ithor hnce, ft any mo nrguoe thnt tho pntoctsystoa sullfjfoctdy jntors lir pumdfj hondth fctorosts fc thnt n Jriwc-usorogfao oxfsts75 lir sftuntfics fcvidvfcg cntficnd oaorgocjfos roqufrfcg njjossti aoefjfcos, n rogfao thnt wns ti mo jdnrflfoe my tho ciw-dnpsoe FctoddojtundRriporty Naoceaocts Mfdd =2>:.7? Hiwovor, ovoc fl tho jdnrflfjntfic il thoprivfsfics hne mooc pnssoe, tho lnjt thnt Jriwc-uso privfsfics hnvohfstirfjnddy rnrody mooc usoe, wfth n dnjk il rojoct jnso dnw fctorprotfcg thoprivfsfics,7) Risftfvo HondthIcdfco Fssuo >76 4http0//www.pisftfvohondth.jia/nrtfjdo/honrt/jhidostorid-n-syaptia-cit-tho-efsonso3.

72

Rotor Dfmmy, Fcldnaantfic nce jnrefivnsjudnr efsonso aojhncfsas (=222) Jncnefnc Aoefjnd Nssijfntfic @iurcnd>, =.

7= Anrdycc Wof, Zhiude Rrfzos ]opdnjo Rntocts9 N Jrftfquo il tho AoefjndFccivntfic Rrfzo Njt il =22? (Wirkfcg pnpor, Mistic _cfvorsfty @iurcnd il Zjfocjonce Uojhcidigy Dnw, =227) :.

7: Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn,Aoefjfcos Nustrndfn Lnjtmiik =2>:,nmivo c >2, :.

75 Rntocts Njt >662(Jth) ss >72.

7? Gocovfovo Mutdor, Fctoddojtund Rriporty Dnws Naoceaoct Mfdd =2>:, Rnrdfnaoct ilNustrndfn, MfddsEfgost Ci. 7 il =2>:->5, (? Zoptoamor =2>:) >7.

72.


15/29


ONR >:

fcvoctirs, wfthiut rognre ti wfeor pumdfj hondth fapdfjntfics ic tho oce-usors, fs ldnwoe.

: Uho Hondth Fapnjt Luce (HFL)

:.> Mnjkgriuce ti tho HFL

Uho HFL fs nc ndtorcntfvo aojhncfsa lir stfaudntfcg rosonrjh nceeovodipaoct fcti phnranjoutfjnds thnt hns mooc suggostoe ti ivorjiao thoshirtjiafcgs il pntoct dnw. Uho jicjopt il n HFL hns fts riits fc pripisndslir n prfzo systoa lir ocjiurngfcg rosonrjh,77 whoro fcstone il mnsfcglfcncjfnd roturcs lir nc fcvoctfic ill sndos uceor n dfaftoe aicipidy, nsuceor tho pntocts systoa, lfcncjfnd roturcs nro privfeoe lir my nc nddijntfic

il nc nwnre lria n prfzo luce. Uho jicjopt il n HFL hns mooc tho sum`ojt ilnjneoafj eomnto fc rojoct eojneos, wfth tho jicjopt suppirtoe nce jrftfquoemy ancy ivor tho yonrs, citnmdy my Rrilossir il Dnw Afjhnod Nmrnaiwfjz,Efrojtir il Kciwdoego Ojidigy Fctorcntficnd @naos Divo, nce Rrilossir ilMfifclirantfjs Ufa Hummnre.78 N vnrfoty il pripisnds hnvo mooc nevijntoelir my njneoafjs sujh ns Rrilossir il Dnw nce Ojiciafjs Ztovoc Zhnvodd,nce Rrilossir Uncguy vnc Vporsodo.76 Ico sujh vorsfic il n HFL wnseovodipoe my Uhians Riggo, Rrilossir il Rhfdisiphy nt Vndo _cfvorsfty, nceNfenc Hiddfs, Rrilossir il Ojiciafjs nt tho _cfvorsfty il Jndgnry,82 wfthsiao il fts lonturos efrojtdy rosudtfcg lria n sorfos il aootfcgs motwoocnjneoafjs nce fceustry pnrtfjfpncts fc Any =22>, histoe my tho Wirde

Musfcoss Jiucjfd lir Zustnfcnmdo Eovodipaoct.8>

Rrosoctoe fc sopnrnto pnpors my Riggo nce Hiddfs fc =22?,8=Riggo nce Hiddfs

HFL jicsfsts il n sjndnmdo pumdfjdy-luceoe prigrna8: neafcfstorfcg nc ipocpiid il luces privfeoe my tho givorcaocts il pnrtfjfpntfcg cntfics.Irfgfcnddy eovodipoe ns n gdimnd fcftfntfvo fcvidvfcg givorcaocts nriuce thowirde, thfs HFL ocvfsngos phnranjoutfjnd jiapncfos viductnrfdy rogfstorfcgthofr prieujts wfth tho prigrna lir n lfxoe tora il >? yonrs ns n rosudt il

77 Afjhnod M Nmrnaiwfjz, Rorlojtfcg Rntoct Rrfzos (=22:) ?< \nceormfdt Dnw ]ovfow=, 5.

78 @naos Divo nce Ufa Hummnre, Uho Mfg Feon0 Rrfzos ti Ztfaudnto ]&E lir CowAoefjfcos (Rnpor prosoctoe nt ]umy Hutjhfsic Aoairfnd Neeross, Zyecoy, >5Civoamor =22?>6, >?=8.

76 Nmrnaiwfjz, nmivo c 77, ?.

82 Naftnvn Mncor`oo ot nd, Uho Hondth Fapnjt Luce0 fcjoctfvos lir faprivfcg njjossti aoefjfcos (=2>2) :7? Uho Dncjot >?=6.

8= Fmfe >?:>.

8: Riggo, nmivo c 5, >66.


16/29


ONR >5

pntoctfcg thofr prieujts.85 Fc roturc lir soddfcg thofr prieujt nt tho jist ilanculnjturo nce efstrfmutfic, tho jiapncfos nro gfvoc nccund lfcncjfndprfzos lria tho HFL lir tho eurntfic il thofr rogfstrntfic, wfth tho naiucts

rojofvoe eopoceoct ic tho nssossoe oxtoct il hondth mocolfts jiclorroe my thoprieujts ic jicsuaors.8?

Fc viductnrfdy rogfstorfcg uceor Riggos jicjoptfic il n HFL, phnranjoutfjndlfras ei cit rodfcqufsh tho pntocts ti thofr rogfstoroe prieujts uceor tho HFL,mut aorody gunrnctoo thnt thoy sodd thofr prieujts fc njjirencjo ti thojiceftfics fapisoe my tho HFL fc roturc lir nccund prfzo naiucts 8> nce rofctrieujoe fc Anrjh =2>:, tho Aoefjnd Fccivntfic Rrfzo Luce NjtZ.N cntficnd-sjndo HFL, ns nc ndtorcntfvofcjoctfvfsfcg aojhncfsa ti pntoct dnw iporntfcg sidody wfthfc Nustrndfn,shiude thoroliro mo jicsfeoroe.

85 Fmfe >68.

8? Mncor`oo ot nd, nmivo c 82, >85.87 Mncor`oo ot nd, nmivo c 82, >=) >=(?) Rfttsmurgh @iurcnd il Uojhcidigy Dnw& Ridfjy>, >:th Jicgross (=2>:-=2>5) (=2>:) Jicgross.giv _cftoe Ztntos DogfsdntfvoFclirantfic 4http0//motn.jicgross.giv/mfdd/>>:th/socnto-mfdd/ Knthorfco @oncco ]njz, Uho Hondth Fapnjt Luce Rripisnd0 Nppdfjntfic fc tho

_cftoe Ztntos' Orn il Jiapnrntfvo Ollojtfvocoss (=2>>) >6 @iurcnd il FctoddojtundRriporty Dnw587, ?>:.


17/29


ONR >?

:.= Uho viductnry HFL nssossoe fc nc Nustrndfnc jictoxt

:.=.> Nevnctngos il n HFL ivor tho Nustrndfnc pntocts systoa

Uho prfanry nevnctngo thnt n HFL hns ivor pntoct dnw fs tho sopnrntfic iljist-rojivory lir rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct oxpocefturo lria tho sndos ilprieujt ic tho ipoc anrkot, roeujfcg tho rodfncjo ic prfjfcg il tho oceprieujt ti rojiup tho rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct jists. Uho roturc gfvoc my nHFL ti fccivntirs il rogfstoroe prieujts fs dfckoe fcstone ti tho hondthmocolfts jiclorroe icti pipudntfic; tho grontor tho nssossoe hondth mocolftsjiclorroe, tho grontor tho roturc uceor n HFL. Rhnranjoutfjnd lfras nrofcjoctfvfsoe ti koop thofr rogfstoroe prieujt prfjos ti n afcfaua ti ocsurogrontor njjossfmfdfty ti nddiw lir airo wfeosprone hondth mocolfts.6=Jicsoquoctdy, n audtfcntficnd HFL wiude fcjoctfvfso lfras ti eovodip

prieujts tnrgotfcg efsonsos thnt nllojt dnrgo cuamors il poipdo, iltoc fcpivorty-strfjkoc cntfics, rognredoss il thofr nmfdfty ti pny hfghor aoefjntficprfjos.

Covorthodoss, quostfics hnvo mooc rnfsoe ns ti whothor n HFL wiude sfafdnrdynllojt tho njjossfmfdfty il tho prieujts ti jicsuaors fc eovodipoe jiuctrfossujh ns Nustrndfn. Zpojflfjnddy, thfs fssuo jiaos ti tho liro fc tho jictoxt iltho wfeosprone jivorngo il hondth fcsurncjo fc eovodipoe cntfics,6:whfjh fcNustrndfn fcjdueos mith prfvnto nce pumdfj hondth fcsurncjo, nce tho oxfstocjoil givorcaoct sumsfefos fc tho lira il tho RMZ, whfjh sumsfefsos ivor 82 porjoct il ndd prosjrfmoe aoefjfcos.65Fc pnrtfjudnr, wfth n pumdfjdy-luceoe HFL, ft

hns mooc jdnfaoe thnt n HFL wiude aorody ronddijnto tho mureoc il lucefcgrosonrjh nce eovodipaoct lria jicsuaors ti tnxpnyors.6? Hiwovor, anrk-ups lir pntoctoe prieujts fc eovodipoe jiuctrfos iltoc ei nllojt njjossfmfdftywhoc tho prieujts ronjh sujh n hfgh prfjo thnt thoy mojiao oxjdueoe lriafcsurncjo jivorngo.6


18/29


ONR >22Lir oxnapdo, pocfjfddfc, ns nc ucpntoctoeerug, wns cit sum`ojtoe ti lurthor eovodipaoct uctfd airo thnc n eojneonltor fts fctrieujtfic.>2>Whfdo thoro fs n dnjk il entn ic thfs nron ns n HFL hns

cit mooc fapdoaoctoe moliro,>2=sujh jicjorcs nro rodovnct icdy ti n sftuntficwhoro n HFL ropdnjos tho rfghts jiclorroe my pntocts ancentirfdy. Riggosjicjoptfic, ic tho ithor hnce, fs il n HFL suppdoaoctfcg pntoct dnw. Lfrasjnc jhiiso ti jiaaorjfndfso thofr prieujt uceor n HFL ir tho pntoct systoa,wfth prieujts il dfaftoe aoefjnd fapirtncjo nmdo ti mo anrkotoe wfthiut tho

fcput il n HFL.

Neeftficnddy, n HFL hns tho jnpnjfty ti mo ldoxfmdo fc ocjiurngfcg rond liddiwic erug eovodipaocts fc tho jictoxt il jiapotfcg lfras. Rhnranjoutfjndlfras iltoc hnvo n jhifjo il eovodipfcg n jiapdotody civod dfco il aoefjfcoswfth n griuce-mronkfcg npprinjh ti trontfcg efsonsos, toraoe lfrst fc jdnsserugs.>2:Ithor lfras ipt lir liddiw-ic erugs eovodipoe ic tho mnjk il lfrst-

fc-jdnss erugs, whfjh nro iltoc airo ollojtfvo nce snlor ti uso. >25 _ceor thopntocts systoa, whfdo tho lfrst-fc-jdnss eovodipor rojivors fts rosonrjh nce

66

@naos Divo, Uho Aoefjnd Fccivntfic Luce Rrfzo - N Cow Rnrnefga lir ZuppirtfcgZustnfcnmdo Fccivntfic nce Njjoss ti Cow Erugs0 Eo-Dfckfcg Anrkots lir Rrieujts lriaAnrkots lir Fccivntfic (=7 Any =2>>) Kciwdoego Ojidigy Fctorcntficnd Ydottor.pel3.

>22 Wof, nmivo c 7=, >7.

>2> Fmfe.

>2= Fmfe 6.

>2: Fcliran, Lfrst-fc-Jdnss Erugs pficoors wfth gront pitoctfnd! (>< Nugust =2>:)Fcliran Hondthjnro

4http0//fcliranhondthjnro.jia/eif/stiry/>2.>?>7/cows.=2>:.28.>25 Divo nce Hummnre, nmivo c 78, >?5=.


19/29


ONR >7

eovodipaoct jists, ft jnc uso fts pntoct rfghts ti rostrfjt ithors lriaoxporfaoctntfic, eoance enangos lir fclrfcgfcg prieujts, nce fapisodfjocsfcg ngrooaocts. N HFL, ic tho ithor hnce, jnc mo ostnmdfshoe si thnt

roaucorntfic jnc mo gfvoc lir rogfstoroe lfrst-fc-jdnss erugs whiso pntoctsnro tho mnsfs lir eovodipaoct il rogfstoroe liddiw ic erugs. Ns roturcs nromnsoe ic usngo nce hondth fapnjt, n HFL any nssfgc prfzos ti thisoeovodipfcg tho lfrst-fc-jdnss erugs ns n erug thnt efe hnvo n an`ir pisftfvohondth fapnjt, ns pnrt il tho nssossaoct systoa, ovoc whoro rond eoanceany mo afcfand euo ti tho anrkot eiafcncjo il airo ollojtfvo liddiw-icerugs.>2?

Airoivor, nc fccivntfic-fcjoctfvfsfcg systoa jicsfstfcg il n viductnry HFLsuppdoaoctfcg n pntocts systoa lir phnranjoutfjnd fcvoctfics, whocfapdoaoctoe pripordy, npponrs ti mo ojiciafjnddy suporfir ti n systoa thnt

rodfos purody ic pntocts. Uho anrkotfcg il giies nt aicipidfstfj prfjos, sujhns pntoctoe prieujts, gocorntos n eonewofght diss ti sijfoty. Jicsuaors whieorfvo n vnduo lria usfcg tho giies whfjh fs grontor thnc tho prieujtfic jistil tho prieujt, mut whi nro ucnmdo ir ucwfddfcg ti muy tho giies nt thoaicipidfstfj prfjo sot my tho pntoct-hideor, wfdd mo oxjdueoe my tho prfjo. >227 Ritoctfnd fcvoctirs whi wiude mo efsjiurngoe lriafccivntfcg euo ti fcsullfjfoct eoance lria jicsuaors nt tho aicipidy prfjolir tho fcvoctfic wiude tnko tho iptficnd rownre. Lir sijfoty ti mocolft ns nwhido, tho sfzo il tho rownres aust mo iptfand,>28sujh thnt tho rownre fs doss

thnc tho sijfnd surpdus gocorntoe my tho pntoct.>26 Zujh n rosudt any monjhfovoe my tho givorcaoct dfckfcg tho rownre sfzo lir n fcvoctfic ti thoviduao il prieujt sndos>>2 ir ncithor fcefjntir il tho fcvoctfics vnduo. Nciptficnd HFL, efstrfmutfcg rownres tho sfzo il whfjh nro dfckoe efrojtdy ti thohondth mocolfts jiclorroe my tho rogfstoroe phnranjoutfjnd prieujts, nceroqufrfcg rogfstoroe pntoct-hideors ti sodd thofr prieujt nt jist nce ti privfeolroo dfjocjos nt tho oce il tho HFL rownre tora, wiude mo oqufvndoct ti ncipt-fc rownres systoa. Hiwovor, Nmrnaiwfzj imsorvos thnt whfdo fc thoirync iptficnd rownre systoa fs suporfir ti tho pntoct systoa, thoneafcfstrntfvo jists, fc toras il tho givorcaoct imtnfcfcg fclirantficcojossnry ti sot nc iptfand rownre, nce tho susjoptfmfdfty il tho prijoss ti

nmuso, any iutwofgh tho mocolfts il sujh n systoa.>>> Eosjrfmoe ns tho

>2? Fmfe >?5=.

>2(=) Rumdfj Hondth Othfjs >=5, >=?.

>27 Ztovoc Zhnvodd nce Uncguy vnc Vporsodo, ]ownres vorsus Fctoddojtund Rriporty]fghts (=22>) 55@iurcnd il Dnw nce Ojiciafjs?=?, ?:6.

>28 Fmfe.

>26 Nmrnaiwfjz, nmivo c 77, =>.

>>2 Zhnvodd nce vnc Vporsodo, nmivo c >27, ?5>.

>>> Nmrnaiwfjz, nmivo c 77, >2.


20/29


ONR >8

Njhfddos hood il n rownres systoa,>>=thfs primdoa fs jiapiuceoe whoro thovnduo il liddiw-ic fccivntfics ic tho pntocts rogfstoroe wfth tho rownresystoa cooes ti mo ovnduntoe ns pnrt il tho prijoss ti eotorafco tho vnduo il

tho rogfstoroe pntoct.>>: Covorthodoss, fc Nustrndfn, tho ox-ncto vnduntfic ilpntoctoe phnranjoutfjnd prieujts uceor tho RMZ lir tho sumsfefos nttnjhoe tionjh trontaoct shiws thnt neafcfstrntfvo jists nro cit octfrody prihfmftfvo lirn joctrnddy-neafcfstoroe systoa ti ipornto. Fc ncy jnso, Nmrnaiwfjznjkciwdoegos thnt Zhnvodd nce vnc Vporsodo hnvo shiwc thnt ojiciafjmocolfts lir nc ipt-fc iptfand rownres systoa jiapdoaoctfcg n pntoctsystoa, sujh ns n viductnry HFL, nro grontor thnc thnt gocorntoe my n systoamnsoe sidody ic n pntoct systoa.>>5

:.=.= Uho dogndfty il n viductnry, cntficnd HFL ns ippisoe ti n ancentiry HFLsjhoao

Uho jictfcufcg uso il pntocts ndicgsfeo n cntficnd HFL nce tho rodfncjo ictho phnranjoutfjnd lfras viductnry pnrtfjfpntfic hns dfttdo rfsk ilocjiuctorfcg dognd imstnjdos fctorcntficnddy. Zpojflfjnddy, tho Ngrooaoct icUrneo-rodntoe Nspojts il Fctoddojtund Rriporty ]fghts >665 (U]FRZ Ngrooaoct)roqufros aoamor cntfics ti gunrnctoo tho nvnfdnmfdfty il pntocts wfth torasil nt donst =2 yonrs,>>?nce icdy nddiws lir oxjoptfics ti tho oxjdusfvo rfghts iln pntoct, uceor Nrtfjdo :2, whoro thoy0

n) ei cit ucronsicnmdy jicldfjt wfth tho cirand oxpdiftntfic il thopntoct;

m)

ei cit ucronsicnmdy pro`uefjo tho dogftfanto fctorosts il tho pntoct-hideor; nce

j) njjiuct lir tho dogftfanto fctorosts il thfre pnrtfos.>>>7 Uho

ldoxfmfdfty nddiwoe uceor Nrtfjdo :2 hns mooc jrftfjfsoe ns vnguo,>>8 ndthiugh

>>= Wof, nmivo c 7=, 6.

>>: Nmrnaiwfjz, nmivo c 77, =:.

>>5 Fmfe =5.

>>? Ngrooaoct ic Urneo-rodntoe Nspojts il Fctoddojtund Rriporty ]fghts >665, sfgcoe >?Nprfd >665, >8 @ncunry >66?) nrt ::.

>>>7 Efcn Hndn`fn, Fcneoqunjy il U]FRZ & tho jiapudsiry dfjocso0 Why mrinejiapudsiry dfjocsfcg fs cit n vfnmdo sidutfic ti tho njjoss ti aoefjfco primdoa,(=2>=->:) :8 Mriikdyc @iurcnd il Fctorcntficnd Dnw>>6>, >=2>8 Fmfe >=>2.


21/29


ONR >6

fctorprotntfics il tho privfsfics sjipo hnvo nt tfaos mooc mrine.>>6 Nviductnry HFL iporntfcg tigothor wfth n pntocts systoa, fc jictrnst ti nancentiry systoa thnt ropdnjos pntocts lir phnranjoutfjnd prieujts,

prosorvos pntocts ns roqufroe my tho U]FRZ Ngrooaoct nce eios cit ocgngoNrtfjdo :2, nvifefcg tho ucjortnfctfos fc fts fctorprotntfic.

Covorthodoss, fc jicsfeorfcg tho jicjopt il n HFL, jndds hnvo mooc aneo lirtho HFL ti mo fctrieujoe ns n ancentiry sjhoao fc neeftfic ti pntoct dnwrogudntfic. Whfdo Riggo nevijntos lir n viductnry sjhoao,>=2jrftfjs imsorvothnt sujh n sjhoao wfdd nddiw phnranjoutfjnd lfras ti jictfcuo oxpdiftfcgthofr pntocts rognredoss il tho sijfnd jist nce icdy rogfstor prieujts whfjhthoy jnc nctfjfpnto tho givorcaoct wfdd mo wfddfcg ti pny tii aujh lir, >=>fctrieujfcg lurthor fcollfjfocjfos my ivorjiapocsntfic. Zujh n sftuntfic wfddcit mo fcovftnmdo, ns n HFL wiude ipornto ti ocjiurngo fcvostaoct fc n

trontfcg n efsonso nllojtfcg n piiror sojtfic il sijfoty , whoro thoro hns moocuceorfcvostaoct fc tho trontaoct uceor tho pntocts systoa euo ti tholirojnstoe dnjk il eoance nt n hfgh aicipidy prfjo. N HFL wiude anko thotrontaoct jiaaorjfnddy vfnmdo wfth n hondth-mocolfts rownres systoa. Vot, nancentiry sjhoao nvifes tho rfsk il ivorjiapocsntfic primdoas>== nceafcfafsos tho prfjo pnfe uceor n HFL ti fcjoctfvfso rosonrjh fc gocornd.

Lurthor, fc jiaaoctnry efrojtoe tiwnres Zocntir Morcnre Znceors mfddpripisfcg ti ostnmdfsh tho Aoefjnd Fccivntfic Rrfzo Luce fc tho _cftoeZtntos, whfjh siught ti jiapudsirfdy dfaft tho oxpdiftntfic rfghts ilphnranjoutfjnd lfras lir thofr prieujts,>=: Divo suggosts thnt n ancentiry

sjhoao eios cit vfidnto tho U]FRZ Ngrooaoct. Ho nssorts thnt tho mfdd hnsmooc ernltoe ti oxpdift tho fchoroct ldoxfmfdftfos uceor tho U]FRZ Ngrooaoct>=5ospojfnddy uceor Nrtfjdo :2. Divo nrguos thnt n dfaftoe oxjoptfic any moaneo lir pntocts jicjorcfcg aoefjfcos nce vnjjfcos whfjh nro ronsicnmdo fctho jictoxt il tho dogftfanto fctorosts il tho pntoct-hideors euo ti thopnyaocts ti mo aneo lria tho ancentiry HFL.>=? Rripicocts il thoancentiry sjhoao thoroliro suggost thnt n ancentiry HFL fs mith dognddy

>>6 Goortruf \nc Ivorwnddo, Uho fapdoaoctntfic il tho Mfitojhcidigy Efrojtfvo fcModgfua nce fts nltor-ollojts0 tho fctrieujtfic il n cow rosonrjh oxoaptfic nce n

jiapudsiry dfjocjo lir pumdfj hondth (=22=2 Mncor`oo ot nd, nmivo c 82, >=> Wof, nmivo c 7=, >?.

>== Cfjkns, nmivo c 88, =5.

>=: Rnrk, nmivo c 8?.

>=5 @naos Divo, Uho Aoefjnd Fccivntfic Luce Rrfzo - N Cow Rnrnefga lir ZuppirtfcgZustnfcnmdo Fccivntfic nce Njjoss ti Cow Erugs0 Eo-Dfckfcg Anrkots lir Rrieujts lriaAnrkots lir Fccivntfic, Kciwdoego Ojidigy Fctorcntficnd (=7 Any =2>>) 8 4http0//koficdfco.irg/sftos/eolnudt/lfdos/mfgYprfzoYluceYivorvfowY=>Ydottor.pel3.

>=? Fmfe 6.


22/29


ONR =2

lonsfmdo nce cojossnry ti rondfso tho nevnctngos il prfzo systoas ivor thiso iltho pntoct systoa.

Ic tho ithor hnce, n ancentiry HFL sjhoao fs airo dfkody ti jicldfjt wfththo pntoct privfsfics ngnfcst efsjrfafcntfic fc rogudntfcg pntocts lriaeflloroct lfodes il tojhcidigy wfthfc tho U]FRZ Ngrooaoct. Nrtfjdo =7.> il thoU]FRZ Ngrooaoct prihfmfts efsjrfafcntfic fc pntoct rogudntfic ndicg thodfcos il tho lfode il tojhcidigy lir pntoct rfghts. >==7 n dnw thntucùstflfnmdy eflloroctfntos motwooc pntocts il spojflfj lfodes il tojhcidigy fsdfkody ti mo jicsfeoroe efsjrfafcntfic.>=8 _cùstflfnmdo eflloroctfntfic fs ndsicit dfaftoe ti fapisfcg rogudntfic ti tho eotrfaoct il pntocts wfthfc n

pnrtfjudnr lfode il tojhcidigy, wfth dnws ucùstflfnmdy lnviurfcg n pnrtfjudnrlfode il tojhcidigy mofcg jicsfeoroe ns efsjrfafcntfic.>=6 N ancentiry HFLthnt ropdnjos pntoct rogudntfic icdy lir phnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh wiude modfkody ti mo jicsfeoroe ns rogudntiry efsjrfafcntfic ngnfcst pntoctsirfgfcntfcg fc tho lfode il phnranjoutfjnd fccivntfic. Whfdo Nrtfjdo =7.> eioscit provoct micn lfeo eflloroctfntoe rogudntiry trontaoct lir pntocts ileflloroct lfodes il tojhcidigy ti neeross primdoas ucfquo ti tho spojflfjlfodes,>:2tho sjipo il micn lfeo eflloroctfntfic fc rogudntfic ti ento npponrs timo dfaftoe. Nc oxnapdo il rogudntfic thnt hns wfthstiie n lirand dogndjhnddocgo rognrefcg efsjrfafcntfic wiude mo naoceaocts ti n pntoct systoanddiwfcg lir phnranjoutfjnd prieujts ti mo stijkpfdoe my cic-pntoct-hideors

lir pursufcg rogudntiry npprivnd lir gocorfj prieujtfic fc tho dnst sfxaicths il n pntoct toras vndfefty.>:> Zujh n aonsuro eios cit npponr

>=665, sfgcoe >?Nprfd >665, >8 @ncunry >66?) nrt =7.>.

>=7 Anrfn \fjtirfn Ztiut, Jrissfcg tho U]FRZ Cic-efsjrfafcntfic Dfco0 Hiw JNLUNRhnranjoutfjnd Rntoct Rrivfsfics \fidnto U]FRZ Nrtfjdo =7.> (=228) >5 Mistic_cfvorsfty @iurcnd il Zjfocjo nce Uojhcidigy Dnw >77, >8=.

>=8 Rncod ]opirt, JncnenRntoct Rritojtfic il Rhnranjoutfjnd Rrieujts, WUI EijWU/EZ>>5/] (Anrjh >7, =222) [7.65Q.

>=6 Ztiut, nmivo c >=7, >8=.>:2 Rncod ]opirt, JncnenRntoct Rritojtfic il Rhnranjoutfjnd Rrieujts, WUI Eij

WU/EZ>>5/] (Anr. >7, =222) [7.65Q.

>:> Uhfs wns tho sumòjt il tho aist nuthirftntfvo WUI Rncod eojfsfic ic thofctorprotntfic il Nrtfjdo =7.> ti ento, cnaody tho Jncnen Rntoct Rritojtfic ilRhnranjoutfjnd Rrieujts eojfsfic il =222. Uho lnjts gfvfcg rfso ti tho efsputojoctroe nmiut Jncnens fapdoaoctntfic il dnws roaivfcg dfnmfdfty lir pntoctfclrfcgoaoct fc jnsos whoro tho pntoctoe prieujt wns usoe lir n purpisoronsicnmdy rodntoe ti gnfcfcg rogudntiry npprivnd fc n porfie ns spojflfoe myrogudntfics. Uho Jncnefnc givorcaoct thoc spojflfoe n dfnmfdfty-lroo porfie il thodnst sfx aicths il n pntoct tora lir pntoctoe aoefjfcos fc rogudntfics0 Rncod

]opirt, JncnenRntoct Rritojtfic il Rhnranjoutfjnd Rrieujts, WUI EijWU/EZ>>5/] (Anrjh >7, =222) [=.>Q-[=.7Q.


23/29


ONR =>

jiapnrnmdo ti tho rnefjnd rolira octnfdoe my fapisfcg n ancentiry HFL,fcjduefcg tho roaivnd il fceustry-spojflfj pntoct rfghts. Fc jictrnst, mywirkfcg fc jicùcjtfic wfth tho pntocts systoa, n viductnry sjhoao eios cit

roqufro tho roaivnd il phnranjoutfjnd pntoct rfghts, thoroliro roeujfcg thorfsk il mofcg sooc ns efsjrfafcntiry rogudntfic wfthfc tho gocornd pntoctsystoa.

N viductnry sjhoao ndsi nvifes tho rfsks il jicstftutficnd jhnddocgos fc ncNustrndfnc jictoxt. _ceor tho Nustrndfnc Jicstftutfic, tho LoeorndGivorcaoct aust ùstdy jiapocsnto fcefvfeunds lir ncy priporty njqufroe.>:=Lir sjhoaos ancentirfdy rostrfjtfcg phnranjoutfjnd pntocts ti jiclor icdyrfghts jiapntfmdo wfth tho iporntfic il n HFL, jicstftutficnd jhnddocgos nrodfkody ti mo aneo ic tho mnsfs thnt ci ùst jiapocsntfic wiude mo privfeoeti phnranjoutfjnd lfras lir tho dfaftfcg il thofr fctoddojtund priporty rfghts my

tho givorcaoct. Whfdo ft hns mooc rojoctdy ro-ftorntoe thnt aoro rostrfjtfic ilfctoddojtund priporty rfghts my Loeornd dogfsdntfic, wfthiut airo, eios citocgngo s ?>(xxxf),>:: tho fctrieujtfic il n sjhoao whfjh wiude cit jiapodlfras ti sumsjrfmo nce rostrfjt thofr oxpdiftntfic rfghts uceor thofr pntoctswiude nvife tho dftfgntfic jists il sujh jhnddocgos.

:.=.: Ridfjy jicsfeorntfics ngnfcst n ancentiry sjhoao

Whfdo thoro nro aorfts ti n ancentiry sjhoao fc roeujfcg tho rfsks ilivorjiapocsntfic, n ancentiry HFL wiude ndsi cit mo suftnmdo lirrogudntfcg ndd phnranjoutfjnd prieujts. Ns Riggo imsorvos, n HFL wfdd citgocornto sumstnctfnd roturcs lir erugs thnt hnvo dfaftoe hondth mocolfts, sujh

ns hnfr-diss trontaocts.>:5N viductnry HFL ostnmdfshoe wfth tho pntocts systoawfdd ocsuro thnt tho pntocts systoa wfdd roanfc ipoc ti lfras ns nc ndtorcntopnthwny lir oxpdiftfcg thofr prieujts. Lfras wfshfcg ti eovito rosiurjos fctieovodipfcg erugs thnt ei cit hnvo n gront ociugh hondth fapnjt lir n HFLnwnre any stfdd hnvo n vfnmdo aojhncfsa ti rojiup thofr rosonrjh nceeovodipaoct jists uceor tho pntoct systoa.>:?

Lurthorairo, tho fctrieujtfic il n ancentiry HFL wiude ocjiuctor lnr airopidftfjnd nce fceustry ippisftfic thnc n viductnry sjhoao wiude ocjiuctorfc toras il fts fapdoaoctntfic, ospojfnddy fc dfght il rojoct eoaicstrntoewfddfcgcoss ic mohndl il phnranjoutfjnd lfras ti utfdfso thofr pntocts fc

viductnry fcftfntfvos. Cuaorius jiaaoctntirs hnvo citoe thnt thofctrieujtfic il n HFL ti ropdnjo tho pntoct systoa fc lfcncjfcgphnranjoutfjnd rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct wiude lnjo jicsfeornmdoippisftfic lria phnranjoutfjnd lfras,>::= Nustrndfnc Jicstftutfics ?>(xxxf).

>:: @U Fctorcntficnd ZN v Jiaaicwondth(=2>=) 8< ND@] >=67, >:>>.

>:5 Mncoròo ot nd, nmivo c 82, >:? Fmfe.

>:??2.


24/29


ONR ==

my tho dnrgo pumdfj lucefcg roqufroaocts lir n ancentiry HFL. >:7Ic tho ithorhnce, n viductnry HFL eopocefcg ic fceustry pnrtfjfpntfic fs n airo lonsfmdoiptfic, ospojfnddy euo ti tho ippirtucftfos prosoctoe ti lfras ti prilft lria

rosonrjh ollirts efrojtoe nt anxfafsfcg HFL rownres. Uho wfddfcgcoss ilphnranjoutfjnd lfras ti pnrtfjfpnto fc ndtorcnto sjhoaos, utfdfsfcg thofr pntoctrfghts fc n airo sijfnddy jicsjfius yot sfaudtncoiusdy prilftnmdo anccor, jncmo efsjorcoe fc tho iporntfic il tho viductnry fctorcntficnd Aoefjfcos RntoctRiid lir HF\/NFEZ trontaocts. N viductnry pntoct piid jicsfsts il n joctrndneafcfstrntfcg ngocjy thnt rojofvos pntocts rogfstoroe ti ft my n griup ilpntoct-hideors. >:8 Uho pntocts nro thoc dfjocsoe iut ti thfre pnrtfos fc roturc

lir riyndtfos thnt nro efstrfmutoe ti tho rogfstoroe pntoct-hideors.>:6 Wfthpntoct piids rojigcfsoe ns ollojtfvo aojhncfsas ti roeujo trncsnjtfic rfsknce jists fc sopnrntody imtnfcfcg dfjocjos lir cuaorius pntocts nssijfntoewfth n sfcgdo prieujt,>52 tho Aoefjfcos Rntoct Riid wns ostnmdfshoe my_CFUNFE fc =2>2 ti nddiw phnranjoutfjnd lfras ti rogfstor thofr pntoctsnjriss audtfpdo `urfsefjtfics lir nctfrotrivfrnd erugs.>5> Uhoro hnvo mooc

pisftfvo rospicsos lria sovornd dnrgo phnranjoutfjnd lfras,>5=tho aist rojoctil whfjh mofcg nc ngrooaoct my \ff\ Hondthjnro, n `ifct vocturo motwoocRlfzor, GdnxiZafthKdfco nce Zhficigf, ti fcjronso njjoss ti fts cownctfrotrivfrnd erug, eidutogrnvfr, thriugh tho piid.>5: Whfdo tho fcvidvoaoctil dnrgo phnranjoutfjnd lfras fc sujh nc fcftfntfvo eios cit efrojtdy fcefjntotho dovod il suppirt thnt n HFL any rojofvo, ft eios shiw thnt whoro roturcsnro ronsicnmdo uceor n viductnry sjhoao, fceustry any mo wfddfcg ti doce ftssuppirt ti tho sjhoao.

>:7 Cfjkns, nmivo c 88, >:8 Afjhoddo Jhfdes, Uiwnres n Rntoct Riid lir HF\ Aoefjfcos0 Uho Mnjkgriuce(=2>2) 5 Uho Ipoc NFEZ @iurcnd::, :5.

>:6 Fmfe.

>52 Fmfe :?.

>5> Orfj Ciohrocmorg, Fapdfjntfics il Rntoct Riids ic Fccivntfic ]ognrefcgNctfrotrivfrnds (=2>2) 5 Uho Ipoc NFEZ @iurcnd Nprfd =2>5) 4http0//www.ucftnfe.ou/oc/rosiurjos/pross-joctro/stntoaocts/>::5: Uhfs ngrooaoct wns ncciucjoe ic > Nprfd =2>5 my tho Aoefjfcos Rntoct Riid0Knthorfco Aiiro, Aoefjfcos Rntoct Riid, \ff\ Hondthjnro Zfgc Dfjocjo lir thoAist ]ojoct HF\ Aoefjfco ti Hnvo ]ojofvoe ]ogudntiry Npprivnd (Aoefnrodonso, > Nprfd =2>5) 4http0//www.aoefjfcospntoctpiid.irg/aoefjfcos-pntoct-

piid-vffv-hondthjnro-sfgc-dfjocjo-lir-tho-aist-rojoct-hfv-aoefjfco-ti-hnvo-rojofvoe-rogudntiry-npprivnd/3.


25/29


ONR =:

:.: Fapdoaoctntfic

:.:.> N skotjh il nc Nustrndfnc HFL

Wfth rognre ti tho oxfstfcg dftornturo ic Hiddfs nce Riggos HFL nce thorogudntiry dncesjnpo lir Nustrndfnc hondthjnro, nc iporntficnd cntficnd HFL fsdfkody ti mo n Loeornd miey neafcfstorfcg nddijntoe pumdfj luces. Hiddfs nceRiggo suggost thnt tho miey neafcfstorfcg tho HFL jicsfst il fceopoceoctmrncjhos ti0

n) eotorafco tho tojhcfjnd stncenres il aonsurfcg hondth fapnjts njrissvnrfius efsonsos;

m) jiceujt lirojnsts nce survoyfcg il hondth mocolfts il onjh rogfstoroetrontaoct ti eotorafco tho sfzo il tho rownre nvnfdnmdo; nce

j) nueft tho prijoss il eotorafcfcg tho rownres.>55

Mrinedy, ns n cntficnd Nustrndfnc jicjorc, tho HFL any mo neafcfstoroe my nLoeornd miey wfth nc nccund muegot tnskoe wfth efstrfmutfcg rownres. Icnppdfjntfic my n phnranjoutfjnd pntoct-hideor, tho miey wiude eotorafcowhothor ti rogfstor n trontaoct mnsoe ic stncenres il sfafdnrfty ti thotrontaocts ndroney ic tho rogfstor, nce wiude eotorafco tho rownre sfzos. Uieotorafco tho nccund rownres lir n pnrtfjudnr prieujt, phnranjoutfjnd

rosonrjh nce eovodipaoct jiapncfos any mo roqufroe ti sumaft hondthfapnjt entn ti tho neafcfstrntfvo miey ic nppdfjntfic lir rogfstrntfic, fc nsfafdnr vofc ti tho sumafssfics aneo ti tho Rhnranjoutfjnd MocolftsNevfsiry Jiaafttoo ic nppdfjntfic lir RMZ rogfstrntfic,>5?nce nt tho oce ilonjh yonr il rogfstrntfic lir jictfcuius ovnduntfic. Ns trncspnrocjy fs joctrndti sujh n systoa,>555 Nfenc Hiddfs nce Uhians Riggo, Uho Hondth Fapnjt Luce0 Ankfcg Cow AoefjfcosNjjossfmdo lir Ndd

(Fcjoctfvos lir Gdimnd Hondth, =228) :6.

>5? Ztophoc @ Eujkott, Erug Ridfjy Eiwc _ceor0 Nustrndfns Rhnranjoutfjnd MocolftsZjhoao (=225) =?(:) Hondth Jnro Lfcncjfcg ]ovfow ??, ?6.

>5?.


26/29


ONR =5

rogfstor>57 nce tho efsputos rognrefcg tho sfzos il tho rownres efstrfmutoe

roanfcs uckciwc.>58 Wof suggosts thnt tho HFL jiude mo fcftfnddyfapdoaoctoe ns n sjhoao dfaftoe ti pnrtfjudnr typos il trontaoct, sujh nsvnjjfcos, ir dfaftoe my spojflfj efsonsos.>56 Npnrt lria tho roeujoe dovod iljiapdoxfty ocjiuctoroe fc eojfsfic-ankfcg lir tho miey neafcfstorfcg thoHFL, euo ti tho sanddor cuamor il anrkots il trontaocts fcvidvoe, >?2Nmrnaiwfjz ndsi imsorvos thnt n HFL dfaftoe my trontaoct typo any nttrnjtsuppirt lria spojflfj fctorost griups rodntoe ti tho trontaoct typo, nddiwfcglir grontor pidftfjnd suppirt lir tho sjhoao.>?> Whfdo thoro any mo jicjorcsthnt tnrgotfcg spojflfj trontaoct typos fc tho fcftfnd stngo il tho HFL any ndsianko ft susjoptfmdo ti jicjoctrntoe fctorost griup dimmyfcg, >?= tho rodntfvosfapdfjfty il n dfaftoe sjhoao wiude mo cojossnry ti gnugo nce rospice tifapdoaoctntfic fssuos.

:.:.= Lucefcg tho HFL

Uho prfanry jicjorc rnfsoe my jrftfjs il fapdoaoctfcg n ludd-sjndo HFL fs tholucefcg il tho prfzos nwnreoe ti fceustry. Riggos irfgfcnd feon pripisoesooe lucefcg lir nc fctorcntficnd sjhoao il $< mfddfic por yonr, ti mojictrfmutoe my givorcaocts nriuce tho wirde nce fcftfnddy efvfeoe naicgnpprixfantody =2 rogfstoroe aoefjfcos.>?: Uho lucefcg wiude griw

fcjroaoctnddy ivor onjh yonr, ns airo hfgh fapnjt aoefjfcos nro rogfstoroe.>?5Lir nc Nustrndfnc HFL, lucefcg thnt jiude antjh tho sooe lucefcg il n dnrgor

fctorcntficnd rogfao any mo liuce my roefrojtfcg siao il tho jurroctlucefcg ti tho RMZ. Fc tho lfcncjfnd yonr ocefcg ic :2 @uco =2>=,npprixfantody $6.>6 mfddfic wns efrojtoe ti sumsfefsfcg prosjrfptficaoefjfcos uceor tho sjhoao.>?? Uho tip toc aist oxpocsfvo aoefjfcos

>57 ]njz, nmivo c 6>, ?>=.

>58 Wof, nmivo c 7=, ==.

>56 Fmfe =>.

>?2 Nmrnaiwfjz, nmivo c 77, 62.>?> Fmfe.

>?= Fmfe 86.

>?: Fcjoctfvos lir Gdimnd Hondth0 Uho Whftcoy nce Motty AnjAfddnc Joctor nt Vndo,Lfcncjfcg tho Hondth Fapnjt Luce (=2>:) Uho Hondth Fapnjt Luce4http0//hondthfapnjtluce.irg/lfcncjfcg-tho-hondth-fapnjt-luce/3.

>?5 Fmfe.

>?? Eopnrtaoct il Hondth (Jiaaicwondth), Zuaanry il RMZ Rrijossfcg yonr ocefcg :2@uco =2>=, RMZ Oxpocefturo nce Rrosjrfptfics0 Oxpocefturo nce Rrosjrfptficstwodvo aicths ti :2 @uco =2>=

4http0//www.pms.giv.nu/fcli/stntfstfjs/oxpocefturo-nce-prosjrfptfics-:2-2=#Zuaanry3.


27/29


ONR =?

sumsfefsoe my tho givorcaoct ndico jist tho sjhoao ivor $=.: mfddfic.>??7_ceorhfs jicjoptfic il n HFL, roaucorntfic fs eotorafcoe my n lfxoe aicotnrynaiuct por ^NDV.>?8 Hiwovor, Hummnre nce Divo hnvo jrftfjfsoe thfspripisnd, jdnfafcg thnt n strfjtdy pripirtficnd ^NDV-eopoceoct pnyaoctuceor tho luce wiude dnjk ldoxfmfdfty ti neeross efsonsos thnt nllojt lowor

pntfocts.>?6 Fc turc, n systoa mnsoe octfrody ic ^NDVs any uclnfrdy

>?2(n) Hfghost Givorcaoct Jist Erug(fcjd Ers Mng) my RMZ Ftoa, RMZ Oxpocefturo nce Rrosjrfptfics0 Oxpocefturo nceRrosjrfptfics twodvo aicths ti :2 @uco =2>=4http0//www.pms.giv.nu/stntfstfjs/=2>>-=2>=-lfdos/tnmdo->2n.pel3.

>?7 Wfddfna W Lfshor nce Undhn Zyoe, N prfzo systoa ns n pnrtfnd sidutfic ti thohondth jrfsfs fc tho eovodipfcg wirde fc Uhians Riggo, Antt ]faaor nce Kfa]umfcstofc (oes), Fcjoctfvos lir Gdimnd Hondth0 Rntoct Dnw nce Njjoss ti OssoctfndAoefjfcos(Jnamrfego _cfvorsfty Rross, =2>2) >8>, >68.

>?8 Fmfe >68.

>?6 Divo nce Hummnre, nmivo c 78, >?:7.


28/29


ONR =Whfdo thoso primdoas npponr ti mo ivordy jiapdox,thoso hnvo ti nc oxtoct mooc neerossoe fc tho oxfstfcg jist-ollojtfvocossnssossaoct systoa fc Nustrndfns RMZ,>:.

> Fmfe >=.

>?5>.

>7:.


29/29


prieujt rnthor thnc tho anrkotfcg piwor il lfras lir thofr prieujts. Whfdocuaorius efllfjudtfos fc fapdoaoctfcg n HFL oxfst, Nustrndfn fs ucfquodypdnjoe ti fapdoaoct n HFL. Nustrndfns oxfstfcg jist-ollojtfvocoss aojhncfsa

il tho RMZ any mo trncspdnctoe fcti n HFL hondth fapnjt nssossaoct rogfao.Uho fapdoaoctntfic il n viductnry HFL, ofthor lir gocornd nppdfjntfic ir wfthn dfaftoe sjipo tnrgotfcg spojflfj trontaocts, ndicgsfeo pntoct dnw rogudntficshiude thoroliro mo sorfiusdy jicsfeoroe.

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