pastoralism and animal health – challenges
TRANSCRIPT
Pastoralism and Animal Health – Challenges
“Workshop of the Pastoralists Knowledge Hub on building an enabling environment for the sustainable development of pastoralists in North Africa and the West Asia
Hammamet, 14 and 15 January 2016”
Dr Alessandro RipaniOIE Sub Regional Represenative for North Africa
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Rationale of pastoralism I
Two-thirds (2,500-3,400 Mha) of the agricultural land on planet Earth is grassland
Limited rainfall, high altitude or mountainous conditions.
High seasonal and inter-annual variation of pasture requires high flexibility and mobility
Various types of mobile livestock husbandry systems have developed that are well adapted to these systems
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A sheep herd in Kyrgyzstan
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Pastoral areas in the Sahel and in Central Asia
Rationale of pastoralism II
Not in competition with human nutrition because humans cannot digest cellulose
Land reserves sustain considerable human and animal populations which could not be sustained in any other way in such areas
Pastoralist communities are underserved by and under-represented in many governments
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Dromedary herd in North Mali
Kyrgyz sheep breeders
Rationale of pastoralism III Risk of delinquency or terrorism
when pastoralist livelihoods are compromised
Regularly hit by natural disasters such as drought, locust invasions or snow storm catastrophes (e.g., Zud in Mongolia)
Large areas currently inaccessible because of political unrest and violence
Threats from mining operations, conversion to cropping or land grabbing
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Kel Tamachek tent in North Mali
Kyrgyz yurt
Social-ecological framework for pastoralism
Semi-arid ecosystems
• lack of water• seasonality of rainfall• hot and cold areas /
highland-lowland contexts• livestock / wildlife interface
Natural resources
• highly limited agricultural production
• almost exclusive use by extensive pastoral livestock systems
• Horticulture, e.g. gum arabicum
• mining, oil6
Energy
• lack of forests• potential for renewable energy• animal source fuels
Geography
• long distances• lowland and highland contexts
Demography
• low population density• limited governance• conflicts (resources)• Access to education, health,
and Veterinary Services
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Yak and cattle in Terelj, Mongolia
A ger (traditional felt tent) in Mongolia
Pastoral livestock production
Highly intensive vs. extensive pastoral livestock production systems• extensive pastoralism is almost
the only way for sustainable use of semi-arid highland-lowland landscapes
Type of animals: drought-tolerant ruminants
Feed and water: seasonal availability of fodder necessitates a mobile lifestyle8
Preparing for transhumance in Chad
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Bactrian camels in the South Gobi,Mongolia
Threats to pastoralism Land grabbing
Fencing
Detrimental policies on • Land use• Sedentarization / mobility• Lack of social services (health,
education, environment, security)
Erosion / desertification
Lack of effective conservation / protection of genetic resources
Conflicts / civil unrest / terrorism
Food insecurity / natural disasters
Transboundary animal diseases10
Health service for Kel Tamachek in North Mali: nearest health centre is >60 km away
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Poor water quality in North Mali A starving sheep in North Mali, 2006
An austere Kel Tamachek household in North Mali
Water must be pulled up from 80 m deep wells in North Mali
Unique potentials of pastoralism
Ecological potentials:• Preservation of unique ecosystems• High rate of carbon sequestration• No competition with human nutrition as cellulose can only be
used by ruminants• Animal excreta-derived fuels/fertilizer• Human presence in remote territories
Economic potentials:• Biodiversity / conservation areas• Ecotourism• Increased offtake of animal protein, animal products
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Animal source fuel and food conservation
Collecting cattle dung for fuel in Kyrgyzstan Preserving milk with salt inNaryn oblast in Kyrgyzstan
Future of pastoralism I
Community engagement, pastoralist associations, self-help frameworks
Decentralized environmental management with active participation of pastoralist stakeholders in policy making
Maintain mobility in socially and ecologically acceptable forms
Promote Global partnerships – World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism (WISP)
Develop veterinary assistance with governments and private sector involvement
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Transdisciplinary participatory stakeholder processes
Engaging pastoral communities, local and central authorities and technical experts
Engaging with pastoral communities, authorities & scientists in N’Djaména, Chad
Future of pastoralism II
Pastoral areas are an indispensable part of future land use.
It will be necessary to rethink local governance and social services, including animal and human health, education, transport, environmental management and security.
Improved social services like human and animal health services, locally adapted governance, and integrated adaptive management will pave the way for the sustainable use of pastoral areas, including, possibly, moderate intensification and larger export markets.
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Dairy camels waiting to be milked on the outskirts of Gode, South Ethiopia
Improving animal health
Better understanding of pastoralist management practices and movements to better deliver appropriate services
Development and application of appropriate technologies – e.g., cold chain, heat stable vaccines, field diagnostic kits
Training and use of veterinary para-professionals within pastoral communities with links to government and/or private veterinarians
Provide preventive, therapeutic and nutritional interventions
Foster supporting policies, laws and regulations to facilitate use of veterinary para-professionals and a high quality input supply chain, including vaccination campaign and disease eradication programmes
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A One Health approach
Health services are often lacking for pastoralists as well as their animals
A one health approach to service delivery has merit
Offers greater efficiencies in service delivery – e.g., cold chain, staffing, transport
Can better address important zoonotic threats, e.g., brucellosis
Promotes greater participation in vaccination campaigns by pastoralists and their animals
Southern Sudan, 1990s. UNICEF Operation Lifeline Sudan Rinderpest vaccination in cattle; Polio vaccination in children.
Chad 2000s, Anthrax, pasteurellosis, blackleg and CBPP in cattle; Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus in children (Schelling et al., EID, 13(3):373-379, 2007)
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OIE efforts in support of pastoralism – Current I Sensitisation of high level decision-makers on the
importance of pastoralism
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OIE efforts in support of pastoralism – Current II Establishment of an “Alliance of Countries with
Pastoralism Activities by Nomadic Populations”
• First meeting during the 2013 OIE General Session
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OIE efforts in support of pastoralism – Current III Nouakchott Declaration on pastoralism (October 2013)
Regional Sahel Pastoralism Support Project (PRAPS)
• 6 countries involved
• OIE contributes to Component 1 – Animal Health
o Support to countries through the OIE PVS Pathway
o Regional coordination through Regional Animal Health Centre (RAHC)
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Overview
Regional Project funded by the World Bank + national counterparts and beneficiary contributions;
Six countries: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad;;
+ a regional institution: The Standing Committee Interstate fighting against drought in the Sahel;
Direct consequence of the statements and commitments made by the countries of the Sahel, regional organizations (ECOWAS, UEMOA, CILSS) and donors during the Nouakchott Forum in N'Djamena in 2013 to secure pastoralism and assosiated way of life (nomadism and transhumance) in the interest of people and Sahelian economies;
Peculiarity:
- Coordination of activities at the regional level by CILSS but implementation at national level.
Project Development Objective
Improve access to essential productive assets, services and markets for pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in selected trans-border areas and transhumance axes across six Sahel countries, and strengthen country capacity to respond promptly and effectively to pastoral crises or emergencies
Améliorer l’accès à des moyens et services de production essentiels et aux marchés, pour les pasteurs et agropasteurs, dans des zones transfrontalières sélectionnées et le long des axes de transhumance dans les six pays Sahéliens, et améliorer la capacité de ces pays à répondre à temps et de façon efficace en cas de crises pastorales ou d’urgences
Beneficiaries of the Project
Final beneficiaries: Breeders nomadic and transhumant agro-pastoralists;
Central and decentralized national services in charge of livestock (including veterinary)
Private service providers (including veterinarians)
Regional Institutions (CILSS, CRSA);
Structure of the project
COMPONENTS
1. improve animal health
2. improve the management of natural resources
3. facilitate access to markets
4. improve the management of pastoral crises
5. project management and institutional support
Thank you for your attention !
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