The Past Perfectand The past Perfect Progressive

Past PerfectUse the past perfect when one action in the past happened before another action in the past. Put the earlier action in the past perfect and the later action in the simple past.

Past Perfecthad + ed It is used to talk about actions that were

completed at an unspecified time before another past action ( at different times). I had already done my homework when my mother arrived.

With before, by the time, until and when the verb is in the simple past.

With after the verb is the past perfect

Past PerfectIt is used only when a clear relationship exists with an event in simple past time. It indicates that an action was completed before another one in the past.

When I arrived at the party, everyone had left

Because the past perfect means “before”, it must relate a past event to another past event or time.

Steve had just dropped a bag of groceries when Marie came into the kitchen.

He had not finished when we arrived.

EVER, NEVER (experiences before a specific past time)YET, STILL, ALREADY (completed before a specific past time)JUST (happened a short time before a specific past time)

Was born gave 1st got 1st got 1st hosted talk was in her 1st got own built her starred in film speech radio job TV job show major movie show own studio Beloved

---/-----------------/-------------/------------/----------------/---------------/------------/------------/-----------/-------1954 1957 1971 1973 1983 1985 1986 1988 1998

1. By 1958 Oprah ____________________ her first speech.2. By 1971 she _____________________ her first TV job3. By 1972 she _____________________ her first radio job.4. By 1972 she _____________________ in a major movie.5. By 1985 she _____________________ her own TV show.6. By 1986 she _____________________ in a major movie7. BY 1987 she _____________________ her own studio.8. By 2000 she _____________________ in the film Beloved

1.

Use because to connect sentences.

1. His car broke down. He took the bus.

________________________________________2. Charlotte was depressed. She failed her English exam.________________________________________3. We didn’t eat all day. We were really hungry.________________________________________4. We studied hard for three weeks. We thought the test was easy.__________________________________________5. Neville couldn’t sleep. He drank several cups of very strong coffee.

1. He took the bus because his car had broken down.2. Charlotte was depressed because she had failed her English exam.3. We were really hungry because we hadn’t eaten all day.4. We thought the test was easy because we had studied hard for three weeks5. Neville couldn’t sleep because he had drunk several cups of strong coffee.

Past perfect progressivehad + been + ing It is used to talk about actions that were in

progress up to another past action or time. I had been doing my homework when she arrived.

It expresses a sense that the action was ongoing and is often used with for, since, all day, all night

Past Perfect Progressive It tells us about the length of the action and the specific point when it ended. It occurs with since or for to specify the duration of the action.I had been playing for two hours when I fell and twisted my ankle.

When the race started, it was raining and the streets were wet.(It was still raining during the race)

When the race started, it had been raining and the streets were wet.(It wasn’t raining during the race. It had already stopped)

Explain the difference in meaning

A. When the phone rang, I was eating.B. When the phone rang, I ate.C. When the phone rang, I had eaten.D. When the phone rang, I was going to eat. E. When the phone rang, I had been eating.

Your work

Page 182 – 188 Exercise 77 and 78. (Now) Punctuation Practice, Question 1 – 10

only. (Homework)

Exercise 77 page 1831. Remembered; had not

turned; left

2. Had…set; heard; had failed; collapsed

3. Knew; had…shrunk

4. Were; had committed; tried; drew

5. Remembered; had closed; got; woke; found

Exercise 77 page 1836. Had wanted; was closed;

had; arrived

7. Was; fell; was taken

8. Had subsided; had been evacuated; returned

9. Were told; had increased

10. Took; had placed

11. Looked; had seen; was; was

12. Had listened; told

13. Had quarrelled; had not spoken

14. Was; was forbidden; had fixed; had

15. Had sounded; had…heard; had pondered; thought; might

16. Had interrogated; appeared; had managed; was; was accused

Exercise 77 page 18317. Died; had complained;

had cared; bothered

18. Had gathered; arrived; had occurred; caused

19. Had bought; had taken; loved; regretted

20. Searched; had stolen; had hidden; had not told; was arrested

Exercise 78 page 1861. Had not been paying

2. Had,,,been telling

3. Had been knocking

4. Had been walking

5. Had ben working

Exercise 78 page 1866. Had…been playing

7. Had been standing

8. Had not been reading; had been sleeping

9. Had not been talking

10. Had not been taking

11. Had…been playing

12. Had not been thinking

13. Had been pestering

13. Had been spreading

14. Had been working

15. Had been working; had not been sleeping

16. Had been waiting

17. Had been eating

18. Had been studying

19. Had…been supporting

20. Had been living; had not been planning

Punctuation Practice

1. Alice helped her mother to re-cover the cushions in preparation for Christmas.

2. Daniel received a long-distance call last night; it was from his pen-pal in New Zealand.

3. “If all of you co-operate, I think that we can get this done by four-thirty,’ said Lawrence.

4. The traveller demanded first-class accomodation for the trip.

5. The old man had such a tear-provoking story totell that at the end of it, all of us were upset.

Punctuation Practice

6. When Billy was ill, he had to take a spoonful of foul-tasting medicine each day.

7. Edward’s brother, Richard, is twenty-four years old and 1.8 metres tall.

8. Jill, who is long legged and slim, wants to be a model when she leaves school.

9. Fifty people were invited to the beach party, but only thirty-six turned up.

10. Mr. Cooper and his son-in-law enjoy each other’s company; they often attend football matches together.

THE END!