passive building design

7/30/2019 passive building design

1/21

Passive Building Design

Elias KINAB

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2011


2/21

Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Outline

Introduction Definition of Passive Building Sustainable Building Building thermal

Passive Building Strategies Passive Solar Heating Passive Cooling Energy Storage and Restitution Day lighting

Environmental impact of building materials Life cycle costing

Assessment of Building Energy Performance Energy Efficiency Standards for Building Design

2


3/21


Outline

Passive Building Strategies Passive Solar Heating

Solar Energy

Solar Design

Solar Strategies Landscape

Active Solar Technologies

3


4/21


Solar Water Heating

For space heating and domestic hot water

3 types of collectors: Unglazed, Glazed and Evacuated Tubes

Solar Active Technologies

4

Passive Heating

Storage

Pump

Collector

Heat Exchanger

PrimaryLoop


5/21


Solar Water Heating

Unglazed collector


5

Passive Heating


6/21


Solar Water Heating

Glazed flat-plate collector


6

Passive Heating


7/21Passive Building Design E. Kinab 2011

Solar Water Heating

Evacuated tubes


7

Passive Heating

Glazing

Evacuated tube

Inlet

Outlet

Cross section of evacuated tubeOuter Glass TubeInner Glass TubeFluid TubeCopper SheetEvacuated Space



Cost and benefits of solar collectors


8

Passive Heating

Temperature C

Efficiency%

Evacuated tube

Glazed

Unglazed



Domestic Hot Water

Simple system

Thermosyphon bloc


9

Passive Heating

Inlet cold water

3 ways valve

Pump



Space Heating

Floor heating

Combined solar system (Space heating + DHW)


10

Passive Heating

FloorHeating



Solar Water Heating Sizing


11

Passive Heating

DHW collector productivityZone A (ex. : Germany) : 300 400 kWh/mZone B (ex. : France) : 400 500 kWh/mZone C (ex. : Greece) : 500 600 kWh/m

Solar system efficiency depends on ambient temperature and sky conditionsDHW ConsumptionHeating+DHW consumptionSolar EnergySolar Energy Used(Economised)




Solar Fraction (f)= the amount of energy provided bythe solar technology divided by the total energyrequired

Annual domestic hot water needs

The consumption depends on

the number of occupants

their behavior (shower, bath)

the equipment efficiency (dish washer, washing machine)

the hot water temperature (45-50 C)

The consumption does not vary much with the season

generally 40 l/occupant/day (standard for a dwelling)


12

Passive Heating




Instant heating

Energy annually dedicated to water heating

T cold = 4 C to 20 C (depend on location and season) Thot= 45 C to 60 C Twater return (closed loop) = 25 C to 45 C

Storage tank volume 50-100 litres / m collector

Collector surface Space / Economic aspect / Sun (solar fraction)

Software SOLO, TRANSOL (TRNSYS)


13

Passive Heating

( ) ( ). .( )p hot cold

Q t m t c T T losses

8760

0

( ). .( ( ))

h

DHW p hot cold

h

E m t c T T h losses



Sizing Examples (France)

Solar DHW Needs: 40-50 liters of hot water /person/day( 50 C)

For 4 personnes : 3 to 5 m collector surface and a storage tankvolume of 200 to 300 litres

Solar Fraction: de 50 80 % (depends on climatic zone)

Collector: orientation south-west to south-east with inclinaison of30 to 60

Investment : for 4 to 6 m2 collector 3 700 to 5 400 TTC (solartank only) +600 for tank dual energy

Floor Heating Needs: depend on building performance from 10 to > 200

kWh/m/year

1 m for 7 to 10 m heated floor area => 10 to 20 m for individualresidence

Investment: for a house of 100 m , 15 m collector, withintegrated backup heating system 16000 to 18 000 HT


14

Passive Heating



Heat recovery

from any hot process (e.g. power generation, boiler) Condenser in a boiler

Exhaust gas heat exchanger (cogeneration)

Efficiency can be > 100%

from grey water Drain Water Heat Recovery

from the shower, etc.


15

Passive Heating

i i



Photovoltaic (PV) systems


16

Passive Heating

PV as window shadingelements (overhangs) atQueens University, KingstoSource Kawneer

PV integrated in curtainwall elements at the MatarLibrar y, Matar, Catalonia, Spain.

(The facade is also used for freshair pre-heating)

P i H i



Photovoltaic (PV) systems Semiconductor material that converts solar energy directly into

electricity

Autonomous PV systems with Battery storage

Hybrid PV systems have at least one additional electricity source,

such as a fuel-fired generator or a wind turbine. Grid-connected PV systems cancel out the need for onsite

generators and batteries and eliminate the problem ofintermittent solar energy


17

Passive Heating

inverterBattery

P i H i



Photovoltaic (PV) systems Photovoltaic hybrid heating system (PV-thermal system)

Generate HEAT + ELECTRICITY

A typical crystalline silicon PV panel has an efficiency of 1015 %

PV solar panels produce more than four times as much heat as

electricity. Drawing outside air in across the back of panels pre-heats the HVAC

supply air and also increases the PV efficiency by keeping them cooler

The cooler the PV cells, the higher the efficiency.


18

Passive Heating

P i H ti



Photovoltaic (PV) systems: New Technology


19

Passive Heating

P i H ti


20/21


Photovoltaic (PV) systems

Description of PV collector types


20

Passive Heating

Passi e Heating


21/21

P i B ildi D i E Ki b 2011

Solar Positioning Consideration

21

Passive Heating

passive building design

Documents