USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE

1.GENERAL PASSIVE VOICE: structure1.GENERAL PASSIVE VOICE: structure

Active sentence: THE POLICE CAUGHT THE THIEVES

THE POLICESUBJECT

CAUGHTACTIVE VERB

THE THIEVESDIRECT COMPLEMENT

PASSIVE VERB: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

THE THIEVESNEW SUBJECT

WERE CAUGHTPASSIVE VERB

(BE in the same tense as the active form)

BY THE POLICEAGENT

1. USE: the PASSIVE is used when the speaker wants to attatch more importance to the OBJECT than to the SUBJECT.

2. VERBS with two objects: read these sentences

A friend lent me this book / a friend lent a book to meMe is the INDIRECT OBJECTA BOOK is the DIRECT OBJECT

In the PASSIVE, the DIRECT OBJECT or the INDIRECT OBJECT can be used as the subject of the sentence.

1. I was lent a book by a friend2. A book was lent to me by a friend.

PASSIVE VOICE: DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

When talking about information that has been received, but we don’t know who provided the information or the person who provided is not important, we often use the following verbs:

SAID, REPORTED, BELIEVED, THOUGHT, KNOWN, UNDERSTOOD

Using the following patterns:

SENTENCE:

Some people say that this is a dangerous area.

PASSIVE:

It is said that this is a dangerous area.

1.IT + IS/WAS/HAS BEEN+ SAID //THAT CLAUSE + subject + active verb

2. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE : RECEIVED INFORMATION

Passive sentence Subordinate sentence

II. SENTENCE: The police know (that) the man is using a false

namePASSIVE: The man is known to be using a false name

PASSIVE: steps:1. Find the subject of the SUBORDINATE SENTENCEThe man 2. Transform the MAIN VERB into PASSIVEIs know3. Write in INFINITIVE WITH TO the verb of the SUBORDINATE

SENTENCE:To be using

PASSIVE VOICE: RECEIVED INFORMATION (IMPERSONAL PASSIVE 2)

III. SENTENCE: She was tired that her brother annoyed her. PASSIVE: She was tired TO BE ANNOYED by her brother.

PASSIVE: In this case, when expressing feelings, we transform into

passive the THAT CLAUSE using the INFINITIVE WITH to (PRESENT OR PAST INFINITIVE)

Practice:The players were that their rivals won the match playing

unfairly.TOThe players were sad ……………………………………

PASSIVE VOICE: RECEIVED INFORMATION (IMPERSONAL PASSIVE 2)

SUPPOSITIONSSUPPOSITIONSWe use the pattern:

1. SUBJECT of the SUBORDINATE CLAUSE+2. be supposed in the same tense as the SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (see

correspondence below) +3. TO+INFINITIVE In this same tense.

To talk about what people say or you have heard about sth.

E.g. :I’ve heard that they are moving house soon.

MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

PASSIVE: They are supposed TO BE MOVING house soon

TENSES CORRESPONDENCE :

PRESENT-/FUTURE-----------------------PRESENT INFINITIVE (TO MOVE)PRESENT CONTINUOUS--------------------INFINITIVE CONTINUOUS (TO BE MOVING)PAST(SIMPLE OR PERFECT)-------------------PERFECT INFINITIVE (TO HAVE

MOVED)

I’ve heard that SHE GOT DIVORCED last year. She was supossed to HAVE DIVORCED last year.

PRACTICE:

1. I’ve heard that James is an expert on this subject. (present)James is supposed TO BE an expert on this subject.

2. I’ve been told that Alice is leaving the country next week (present continuous)

Alice is supposed TO BE LEAVING the country next week.

3. I’ve heard that Tom will be the next principal of the school. (future)Tom is supposed TO BE the next principal of the school.

4. People have told me that it was a fantastic party (past)It was supposed to HAVE BEEN a fantastic party.

SUPPOSITIONSSUPPOSITIONS

3. THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE3. THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE

Read these exampleThe hairdresser cuts my hair every month.

Who’s the subject?The hairdresserWho does the action?The hairdresser.

English differentiates when the action is done by oneself and when is done by another person:

Observe;1. My mum cuts her hair every month.2. The hairdresser cuts my mum’s hair every month3. My mum has her hair cut every month by the hair dresser

When the actor is another person, Englsih uses the two last structures, being 3 the CAUSATIVE: TO HAVE STH DONE

CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONECAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE

Read these examples: 1. I’M GOING TO HAVE/ GET MY HAIR CUT TOMORROWWho’s the subject?IWho does the action?The hairdresser. 2. SHE HAD HER BAG STOLEN LAST WEEK3. HE HAD HIS LEG BROKEN IN THE ACCIDENTWho’s the subject?SheWho does the action?The thievesWhat kind of action happened, pleasant or

unpleasant?Something unpleasant4. I MUST GET THIS JOB DONE TODAYIt is important to finish the action or I can leave it until later?It is important to finish the action without delay.

CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONEDONE

When we want to stress that - someone does an action for us, - something unpleasant has happened or - we have to finish something,

we use the causative HAVE/GET sth DONE.PRACTICE: use the verbs at the end of the sentence to form the CAUSATIVE

1. Workers collect rubish once a week. COLLECT

We…………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. An engineer repaired my computer yesterday. REPAIR

I…………………………………………………………………………3. My new passport will expire soon. RENEW

I……………………………………………………………………………..

HAVE OUR RUBISH COLLECTED ONCE A WEEK

HAD/GOT MY COMPUTER REPAIRED YESTERDAY BY AN ENGINEER

WILL HAVE TO GET IT RENEWED

USE OF ENGLISH, PART USE OF ENGLISH, PART 44

PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE

practice

1. Our dog loves it whrn you take him for a walk.TAKEN

Our dog ………………………….…………………………………………….for a walk

2. I was thrilled that they chose me to play the part.

TO

I was thilled …………………………………………………………………play the part

3. People knew she was an expert.

KNOWN

She………………………………………………………………………an expert.

LOVES TO BE TAKEN

USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4.PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE

TO HAVE BEEN CHOSEN

WAS KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN

3. People say that the castle is over eight hundred years old.

SAID

The castle….………………………….…………….over eight hundred years old.

4. My friend gets a manicurist to paint her nails for her.

HAS

My friend………………………………………………………………………by a manicurist.

5. Our house needed painting urgently last year.

MUST

We…………………………………………………………………………painted last year.

IS SAID TO BE

USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4.PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE

HAS HER NAILS PAINTED

MUST HAVE HAD/GOT OUR HOUSE

1. They will finish the new block of flats next year.

FINISHED

 The new block of flats………………………………………………..,..…next year.

 

2. Thieves broke into the Smith’s house while they were sleeping.

BROKEN

The Smith’s house……………………………………………………..while they were sleeping.

 

3. The garage is repairing their car at the moment.

REPAIRED

Their car ……………………………………………………….at the moment.

 

PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVEPASSIVE AND CAUSATIVEWRITING PART 4-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONWRITING PART 4-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

HANDOUT, EX. HANDOUT, EX. 11

WILL BE FINISHED

WAS BROKEN INTO

IS BEING REPAIRED

PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVEPASSIVE AND CAUSATIVEWRITING PART 5-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONWRITING PART 5-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

4. A group of students started a campaign for cleaner air. STARTEDA new campaign for cleaner air……………………………………………….

5. Someone has taken the keys from the table. BEENThe keys ………………………………………………………..from the table.  6. My mother broke my glasses while she was cleaning the house. BROKENMy glasses ………………………………………………………my mother while

she was cleaning

7. The police have caught the robbers of the shop. BEEN

The robbers…………………………………………………..the police

WAS STARTED

HAVE BEEN TAKEN

WERE BROKEN BY

HAVE BEEN CAUGHT BY

THE CAUSATIVETHE CAUSATIVEmore practicemore practice

Rewrite the sentences using the causative form.

Subject+ HAVE+ object+ Past Participle

1. They clean my restaurant everyday.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

 

2. My father has just repaired his car.

 

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Tom is mending his shoes tomorrow

 

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 

I HAVE/GET MY RESTAURANT CLEANED everyday

MY FATHER HAS JUST HAD HIS CAR REPAIRED

TOM IS HAVING/GETTING HIS SHOES MENDED tomorrow

 

4. My neighbour is going to paint the fence of his house green

 

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. I made a cake for my brother’s birthday.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..…

 

6. My father never checks his eyesight.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

MY NEIGHBOUR IS GOING TO HAVE THE FENCE PAINTED…..

I HAD A CAKE MADE for my brother’s birthday

MY FATHER NEVER HAS HIS EYESIGHT CHECKED

THE CAUSATIVETHE CAUSATIVEmore practicemore practice