Parts of Speech

Review

Noun: names a person, place, thing, or idea

Proper- names specific people, places, or things (first letter is always capitalized)

Common- names general groups, places, people, or things

Concrete- names things experienced through the senses

Abstract- names things not knowable through the senses

Collective- names groups

Nouns: examplesCommon Nouns Proper Nouns

woman Mary, Queen Isabella, Princess Kate

nation United States, Italy, Switzerland

event French Revolution, Boston Tea Party

language English, Spanish, French

holiday Fourth of July, Christmas, Easter

Concrete Nouns water, gum, towel, shoe, Melissa, The Spanish Steps

Abstract Nouns peace, honor, rebellion, dedication, determination, Manifest Destiny

Collective Nouns jury, band, family, class, team

Pronoun: takes the place of a noun

Personal- refers to people or thingsRelative- introduces certain noun clauses

and adjective clauses Interrogative- introduces a questionDemonstrative- points out the antecedentReflexive or Intensive- reflects back to the

antecedent; intensifies the antecedentIndefinite- refers to nonspecific persons or

things

Pronouns: Examples

(Personal Pronouns) Singular Plural

First Person I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours

Second Person you, your, yours you, your yours

Third Person he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its

they, them, their, theirs

I told her that I would see him this afternoon.

(Reflexive/Intensive Pronouns)

Singular Plural

First Person myself ourselves

Second Person yourself yourselves

Third Person himself, herself, itself themselves

Mary excused herself from the table. (reflexive)William Shakespeare himself wrote the script. (intensive)

Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those

These are the cupcakes I brought for Susan’s birthday.Is this the book I need for class?

Interrogative Pronouns who whom which what whoseWhat is the next step in getting my driver’s license?Whose turn is it?

Relative Pronouns that which who whom whoseThe college that I went to is in college.The girl who looks like my sister is my best friend.

Indefinite Pronouns

all another any anybody anyone anything both each either everybody everyone everything few many more most much neither nobody none no one nothing one other several some somebody someone something such

All of the vegetables were washed. (antecedent = vegetables)Did everyone decide to go to the movie? (no antecedent)

Verb: expresses action, occurrence, or state of being

(Hint: If you’re unsure if a word in a sentence is a verb, try replacing it for a different tense of the word. If the sentence still makes sense, the word is a verb.)

Adjective: modifies a noun or pronoun; includes articles a, an, and the

Determiners- called limiting adjectives, tell whether a noun is a general or specific noun; Answers the questions: which one, how many, whose, etc.The, a, an, those, that, this, these, any, few,

each, other, some, what, which, whose, one, first, two, second, my, your, their…

What Kind? red buttons, fragrant perfume, delicious meal, elegant gown

Which One? this class, those papers, last chance, next step

How Many? two cupcakes, several days, both parents, many voters

How Much? some sugar, more money, enough effort, less butter

Adverb: modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverbDescriptive adverbs- show levels of intensity,

usually by adding more (or less) and most (or least)

Relative adverbs- words such as where, why, and when. Used to introduce adjective clauses

Conjunctive adverbs- describe or limit by creating logical connections to give words meaning.Also, furthermore, moreover, besides, however, still,

nevertheless, conversely, nonetheless, instead, otherwise, similarly, likewise, therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, then, next, meanwhile, finally, indeed, certainly

Preposition: shows relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentenceAbout, according to, after, along, among,

above, across, against, along with, apart from, around, as, by, by means of, behind, below, beneath, beside, except, in addition to….

A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the words it modifies.

Conjunction: connects words, phrases, or clauses

Coordinating conjunction- connects two or more grammatically equal words, phrases, or clauses

Subordinating conjunction- two conjunctions that work as a pairBoth and…not only, but also…

Interjection: a word or expression that conveys surprise or a strong emotion

Hooray!

The Sentence

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

A sentence must have two parts: the subject and the predicate.The subject tells whom or what the sentence is

about.The predicate tells something about the subject.

Examples:Jenny laughed.Rain pelted the players.

Simple Subject

The simple subject is the main word or group of words that tells whom or what the sentence is about.The view from the observatory on the top floor

of the building is extraordinary.Lasting for eight days, Hanukkah celebrates

the rededication of the temple in Jerusalem in 165 B.C.

Simple Predicate

The simple predicate is a verb or verb phrase that tells something about the subject.The freshmen won Spirit Week.The victorious freshmen were completely

surrounded by admirers. [The complete predicate is were completely surrounded by admirers.]

Compound Subject & Compound VerbA compound subject consists of two or

more subjects that are joined by a conjunction and have the same verb.East Germany and West Germany have been

reunited.

A compound verb consists of two or more verbs that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject.I read the book but missed the movie.

Linking Verbs

A linking verb is a verb that connects the subject with a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that describes or identifies the subject.

Common Linking Verbs am, is, are, was, were, being, be, can be, may be,

might be, must be, shall be, will be, could be, should be, would be, has been, have been, had been, shall have been, will have been, could have been, should have been, would have been

appear, become, feel grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

Compliments

A compliment is a word or word group that completes the meaning of a predicate.

Some sentences are complete with only a subject and a verb: (Example: She won.)

Other sentences require one or more compliments to complete their meaning.They mailedThey mailed me the information.

Predicate nominative

A predicate nominative is a noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb and refers to the same person or thing as the subject of a verb.William Shakespeare is my favorite writer.

[Writer refers to the subject, William Shakespeare.]

Predicate Adjective

A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the verb.Your ‘Merica Monday ensemble is festive. [The

adjective festive modifies the subject ensemble.]

Direct Object: a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action.A direct object tells whom or what after an

action verb.Examples:

Sister Anne Catherine uses the Gospel to lead us in morning prayer.

I miss you.

Indirect Object: a noun or a pronoun that comes between an action verb and a direct object. Indirect objects tell to whom or to what the

action of the verb is done.Examples:

The Swedish Academy awarded Octavio Paz the 1990 Nobel Prize in literature. [Awarded the prize to whom?]

Julie’s part-time work experience landed her a full-time position. [Landed the position for whom?]