parts-of-speech english-german
DESCRIPTION
Parts-of-speech English-German. Nouns. nouns proper nounscommon nouns count noun mass nouns concreteabstractconcreteabstract Bill treecomment milk music. Nouns. (1)a.*the Peter b.der Peter. (2)a.*three Peters b.*drei Peters. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Parts-of-speechEnglish-German
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Nouns nouns
proper nouns common nouns
count noun mass nouns
concrete abstract concrete abstract
Bill tree comment milk music
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Nouns
(1) a. *the Peter
b. der Peter
(2) a. *three Peters
b. *drei Peters
(3) a. *Car is parked in front of the house.
b. *Auto parkt vor dem Haus.
(4) a. *A water is in the bottle.
b. *Ein Wasser ist in der Flasche.
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Number - English
(1) cat cats
(5) stimulus stimulicorpus corporaappendix appendicesanalysis analysesphenomenon phenomena
(2) ox oxen
(3) child children
(4) sheep sheep
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Number - German
(1) der Tiger die Tiger
(2) der Hund die Hunde
(3) der Mensch die Menschen
(4) das Kind die Kinder
(5) das Auto die Autos
(6) das Buch die Bücher
(7) die Stadt die Städte(8) die Mutter die Mütter
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Gender - nouns
(1) the boy
the girl
(2) he
she
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Gender - German
• Semantic features
• Morphological features
• Phonological features
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Gender - German
MASC -er Behälter-ler Wissenschaftler
FEM -ei Heuchelei-in Lehrerin-heit Krankheit-schaft Freundschaft-ung Befreiung
NEUT -lein Fräulein-nis Ergebnis-tum Beamtentum
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Gender - German
(1) Nominalized Infinitivesdas Wanderndas Singendas Nachdenkendas Erzählen
(2) Compoundsdas Elefantenbabydie Türkentaubeder Einigungsversuch
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Gender - German
FEM die Luftdie Kraftdie Sichtdie Fruchtdie Pacht
Exceptions der Knechtder Wicht
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Gender - German
Days of the week
Der MontagDer DienstagDer MittwochDer DonnerstagDer FreitagDer SamstagDer Sonntag
Alcoh. bev.
Der GinDer SchnapsDer WhiskeyDer WeinDer GrogDer SektDas Bier
Metals
Das SilberDas GoldDas BleiDas Eisen
Emotive nouns
Die LiebeDie AngstDie FurchtDie SehnsuchtDie FreudeDie SchandeDie Ehrfurcht
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Case - German
Category
NominativeAccusativeDativeGenitive
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Case - German
Category Suffix Examples
NominativeAccusativeDativeGenitive
der Mann, der Mensch
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Case - German
Category Suffix Examples
NominativeAccusativeDativeGenitive
-(en)der Mann, der Menschden Mann, den Menschen
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Case - German
Category Suffix Examples
NominativeAccusativeDativeGenitive
-(en)-(e), -en
der Mann, der Menschden Mann, den Menschendem Manne, dem Menschen
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Case - German
Category Suffix Examples
NominativeAccusativeDativeGenitive
-(en)-(e), -en-es, -en, -s
der Mann, der Menschden Mann, den Menschendem Manne, dem Menschendes Mannes, des Menschen, Peters
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Determiners
Definite article the der
Indefinite article a the
Possessive my mein
Demonstrative this that
WH determiner which welchen
NEG determiner no kein
Quantifier each jeder
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Definite article
MASC
NOMACCDATGEN
derdendemdes
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Definite article
MASC FEM
NOMACCDATGEN
derdendemdes
diediederder
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Definite article
MASC FEM NEUT
NOMACCDATGEN
derdendemdes
diediederder
dasdasdemdes
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Definite article
MASC FEM NEUT PL
NOMACCDATGEN
derdendemdes
diediederder
dasdasdemdes
diediedender
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Indefinite article
MASC FEM NEUT
NOMACCDATGEN
eineineneinemeines
eineeineeinereiner
eineineinemeines
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Indefinite article
MASC FEM NEUT PL
NOMACCDATGEN
eineineneinemeines
eineeineeinereiner
eineineinemeines
Peter hat ein Pferd. -> Peter hat Pferde.
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Nominative - accusative
• The distinction between nominative and accusative is unmarked (exception: MASC).
(1) Die Frau sieht die Polizistin.Die Polizistin sieht die Frau.
(2) Die Frau verhaftet die Polizistin.Die Polizistin verhaftet die Frau.
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Accusative - dative
• The distinction between accusative and dative is clearly marked.
(1) Peter fährt in die Stadt.Peter fährt in der Stadt.
(2) Peter gibt dem Mann den Ball.Peter gibt den Ball dem Mann.
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Genitive
• The genitive is always clearly marked.
(1) Der Sieg der Engländer war eine Überraschung.(2) Ich finde den Sieg der Engländer ungerecht.(3) Die Ursachen des Sieges der Engländer.
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Adjectives
(1) A blue ballDer blaue Ball.
(3) Das Haus ist groß.Die Häuser sind groß.
(2) The ball is blue.Der Ball ist blau.
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Weak adjective declension
MASC FEM NEUT PL
der gute Mannden guten Manndem guten Manndes guten Mannes
die gute Fraudie gute Frauder guten Frauder guten Frau
das blaue Hausdas blaue Hausdem blauen Hausdes blauen Hauses
die guten Leutedie guten Leuteden guten Leutender guten Leute
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Strong adjective declension
MASC FEM NEUT PL
guter Weinguten Weingutem Weinguten Weines
gute Milchgute Milchguter Milchguter Milch
gutes Obstgutes Obstgutem Obstguten Obstes
gute Äpfelgute Äpfelguten Äpfelguter Apfel
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Mixed adjective declension
MASC FEM NEUT PL
ein guter Manneinen guten Manneinem guten Manneines guten Mannes
eine gute Fraueine gute Fraueiner guten Fraueiner guten Frau
ein gutes Hausein gutes Hauseinem guten Hauseines guten Hauses
keine guten Leutekeine guten Leutekeine guten Leutekeiner guten Leute
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Comparative forms
Base Comparative Superlatives
happytallbeautifulgoodbad
happiertallermore beautifulbetterworse
happiesttallestmost beautifulbestworst
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Comparative forms
Base Comparative Superlatives
glücklichgroßschöngutschlecht
glücklichergrößerschönerbesserschlechter
am glücklichstenam größtenam schönstenam bestenam schlechtesten
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Pronoun
Personal I, you, he ich, du, er
Possessive mine meiner
Reflexive myself sich
Relative who der
Interrogative what was
Demonstrative this dieser
Indefinite somebody jemand
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Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO
1. Person
SG PL
Subject I we
Object me us
Genitive mine ours
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Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO
1. Person 2. Person
SG PL SG PL
Subject I we you you
Object me us you you
Genitive mine ours yours yours
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Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO
1. Person
SG PL
Nominative ich wir
Accusative mich uns
Dative mir uns
Genitive meiner unser
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Personal and possessive 1.+2. PRO
1. Person 2. Person
SG PL SG PL
Nominative ich wir du ihr
Accusative mich uns dich euch
Dative mir uns dir euch
Genitive meiner unser deiner euer
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Personal and possessive 3. PRO
MASC FEM NEUT PL
Subject he she it they
Object him her it them
Genitive his hers its theirs
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Personal and possessive 3. PRO
MASC FEM NEUT PL
Nominative er sie es sie
Accusative ihn sie es sie
Dative ihm ihr ihm ihnen
Genitive seiner ihrer seiner ihrer
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Reflexive pronouns
Singular Plural1st myself ourselves2nd yourself yourselves3rd Masc himself
themselvesFem herselfNeut itself
(1) Peter saw himself in the mirror.(2) Peter saw him in the mirror.
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Reflexive pronouns
(1) Ich sehe mich im Spiegel.(2) Du siehst dich im Spiegel.(3) Er sieht sich im Spiegel
Singular Plural1st (mich) (uns)2nd (dich) (euch)3rd Masc
sichFemNeut
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Reflexive pronouns
(1) He hurt himself.(2) He hurt him.
(3) He expects PeterOBJ to hurt himself.
(4) HeSUBJ said that Peter hurt him.
Minimal distance principle: Reflexives pronouns are coreferential with the closest antecedent.
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Demonstrative pronouns
Singular Plural
Proximal this these
Distal that those
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Demonstrative pronouns
MASC FEM NEUT PL
NOM dieser diese dieses diese
ACC diesen diese dieses diese
DAT diesem dieser diesem diesen
GEN dieses dieser dieses dieser
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Demonstrative Pronoun
(1) This is mine and that is yours.
(2) This one (here) and that one (over there).(3) *This one (over there) and that one here.
(4) Der hier und der da(5) Celui-ci et celui-là
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Indefinite pronouns
Universal PronounPositive everyone/
everythingall
Negative no one/nothingnone
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Indefinite pronouns
Universal Pronoun DeterminerPositive everyone/
everythingevery/each
all allNegative no one/nothing no
none
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Indefinite pronouns
Universal Pronoun DeterminerPositive everyone/
everythingevery/each
all allNegative no one/nothing no
nonePartitive PronounAssertive someone/something
someNonassertive anyone/anything
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Indefinite pronouns
Universal Pronoun DeterminerPositive everyone/
everythingevery/each
all allNegative no one/nothing no
nonePartitive Pronoun DeterminerAssertive someone/something some
someNonassertive anyone/anything any/either
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Indefinite pronouns
(1) I see something.(2) I don’t see anything.(3) Do you see anything?(4) If any/something happens, ….
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Indefinite pronouns
Universal Pronoun DeterminerPositive jeder/jedes jeder
alle alleNegative niemand/nichts kein
keiner
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Indefinite pronouns
Universal Pronoun DeterminerPositive jeder/jedes jeder
alle alleNegative niemand/nichts kein
keiner
Partitive Pronoun Determinerin all contexts jemand irgendein
etwas etwas
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Prepositions
Simple prepositions
in, at, of, to, by, over, since, after, until, before, under, into, through, despite
Complex prepositions
because of, in front of, by mean of, on behalf of, due to, for the sake of, next to, on account of, except for, in spite of
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Prepositions
Space in, on, at, above, under, throughTime in, on, at, since, during, from … toCause because of, on account ofInstrument by, withAccomplishment with, withoutConcession despite, in spite ofException except for, apart fromAddition in addition, as well asRelation as for, concerning, as regards
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Prepositions
Simple prepositions
in, an, auf, unter, zu, bei, von, seit, ohne, um, gegen, bis, durch, aus, mit, nach, statt
Complex prepositions
anhand, infolge, diesseits, zugunsten, aufgrund, abseits, entsprechend, vorbehaltlich, anlässlich
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Prepositions
Space in, an, auf, unter, hinter, überTime seit, nach, vor, bisCause wegenInstrument durch, mitAccomplishment mit, ohneConcession trotzException außerAddition zuzüglichRelation hinsichtlich
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Case of German prepositions
DAT
ausbeizuseitlautmitnach
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Case of German prepositions
DAT ACC
ausbeizuseitlautmitnach
fürdurchbisohneumgegen
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Case of German prepositions
DAT ACC DAT/ACC
ausbeizuseitlautmitnach
fürdurchbisohneumgegen
innebenhintervorüberunteranaufzwischen
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Accusative - Dative
(1) Ich sitze auf der Mauer.Ich klettere auf die Mauer.
(2) Ich stehe vor dem Baum.Ich setze mich vor den Baum.
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Case of German prepositions
DAT ACC DAT/ACC GEN/DAT
ausbeizuseitlautmitnach
fürdurchbisohneumgegen
innebenhintervorüberunteranaufzwischen
trotzwegenstattwährendmittelsdank
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Genitive - Dative
(1) Trotz des Wetters / trotz dem Wetter(2) Wegen des Wetters / wegen des Wetters(3) Während des Essens / während dem Esssen
Der Dati ist dem Genitiv sein Tot.
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Case of German prepositions
DAT ACC DAT/ACC GEN/DAT GEN
ausbeizuseitlautmitnach
fürdurchbisohneumgegen
innebenhintervorüberunteranaufzwischen
trotzwegenstattwährendmittelsdank
kraftanhandinfolgezugunstenanlässlichungeachtetaufgrund
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Genitive
(1) Kraft seiner Autorität(2) Anhand des Beispiels(3) Infolges des Angriffs auf den Irak(4) Anlässlich seines Geburtstags
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Grammaticalization
(1) An der Hand dieser Beispiele > anhand
(2) In der Folge dieses Ereignisses > infolge
(3) Aus Anlass dieses Ereignisses > anlässlich
(4) Ohne Achtung des Risikos > ungeachtet
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Prepositions: Fusional forms
(1) im, am, vom, beim, zum, zur(2) ans, ins, hinterm, unterm, hinters
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Pronominal adverbs
German Englishhiermit herebydamit therebyhiervor thereofdavon thereofdazudarunter
(1) Peter träumt von einer langen Reise. Davon will Susi nichts wissen.
(2) Peter hat ein Auto. Das Dach davon ist jedoch kaput.
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Conjunctions
Coordinateand, but, so, forboth…both, either… or, neither … nor
Subordinate
if, when, since, until, before, after, although, as, because,
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Conjunctions
Coordinateund, aber, dennweder … noch, entweder … oder
Subordinate
wenn, weil, nachdem, bevor, seit, obwohl, da, falls, somit
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Conjuncts / Conjunctive adverbs
German
deswegendeshalbdemgegenüberdementsprechenddemzufolgedemnach
English
thereforehoweverthoughaccordinglyneverthelessyet
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Verbs verbs
main verbs auxiliaries
(real) auxiliaries modal verbs
play be / have can / must
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Verbal categories
1. person2. tense3. aspect4. mood
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Strong / weak verbs
Englishwalk walked walkeddrink drank drunk
Germanbauen baute gebauttrinken trank getrunken
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Auxiliaries
Englishbe, have, will, do
Germansein, haben, werden
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Auxiliaries / modals in English
Questions(1) Is Peter coming?(2) Could you see him?
Negation(1) I won’t come.(2) This cannot be right.
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English modals
Primary modals
can, may, shall, will, must, could, might, shoud, would
Secondary modals
used to, dare to, need to, have to, be able to, be supposed to, had better
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German modals
Primary modals
dürfen, können, mögen, müssen, sollen, wollen, möchten
Secondary modals
brauchen (zu)
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German modals
(1) Sie mag Himbeereis.(2) Er möchte ein Eis.(3) Er will den ersten Preis.(4) Er will, dass du bleibst.
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Grammatical features of modals
Bare infinitives(1) She can come.(2) Sie kann gehen.
Past tense forms do not (always) express past tense(1) Could you pass me the salt.(2) Könntest du mir das Salz reichen.
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Preterite Present Forms
Present Pastlauf-en liefläuf-st lief-(e)stlauf-e lieflauf-en lief-enlauf-t lief-tlauf-en lief-en
Modal
kannkann-stkannkönn-enkönn-tkönn-en
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Preterite Present Forms
Present Pastlauf-en liefläuf-st lief-(e)stläuf-e lieflauf-en lief-enlauf-t lief-tlauf-en lief-en
Modal
kannkann-stkannkönn-enkönn-tkönn-en
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Deontic / epistemic
(1) She must do that.He can do that.
(2) That must be right.This can only be a mistake.
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Person inflection
I walk walk-edYou walk walk-edHe walk-s walk-edWe walk walk-edYou walk walk-edThey walk walk-ed
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Person inflection
ich bau-(e) baut-eDu bau-st baut-estEr bau-t baut-eWir bau-en baut-enIhr bau-t baut-etSie bau-en baut-en
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Tense / aspect
Present tense: walk bauePast tense: walked bautePresent perfect: has walked hat gebautPast perfect: had walked hatte gebautFuture will walk wird bauenFuture perfect will have walked wird gebaut haben
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Progressive tense
Present tense: am walkingPast tense: was walkingPresent perfect: have been walkingPast perfect: had been walkingFuture: will be walkingFuture perfect: will have been walking
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Present tense
(1) a. Peter thinks that she will be there.b. Peter goes to London (every year).
(2) a. Peter plays the piano.b. Peter is playing the piano.
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Present tense
(1) a. I enclose a form of application.b. I apologize for my behavior.
(2) a. Jack tells me that the position is still available.b. I hear that you need an assistant.
(3) a. The plane leaves for Berlin at 8 o’clock tonight.
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Future tense
(1) She will be there.I shall be there.
(2) Martha is going to lend us her camera.
(3) I am leaving in a minute.
(4) The guest will be drunk before they leave.
(5) The train is about to leave.
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Future tense
(1) Peter spielt gerade Klavier.
(2) Peter geht morgen nicht zur Arbeit.Peter wird morgen nicht zur Arbeit gehen.
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Past and Perfect
(1) The Normans invaded England in 1066.
(2) We have lived in Amsterdam for five years.
(3) Chomsky has shown that grammar has a mental dimension.
(4) a. He broke his arm.b. He has broken his arm.
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Past and Perfect
(1) Bismark gewann die Schlacht.(2) Bismark hat die Schlacht gewonnen.
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Past perfect and future perfect
(1) They had moved into the new house before the baby was born.
origoPast 1 Past 2
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Past perfect and future perfect
(2) By next week, they will have completed their contracts.
Fut 1origo Fut 2
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Aktionsarten
verbs
[-dynamic] [+dynamic]
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Aktionsarten
verbs
[-dynamic] [+dynamic]
[-telic] [+telic]
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Aktionsarten
verbs
[-dynamic] [+dynamic]
[-telic] [+telic]
[-durative] [+durative] [-durative] [+durative]
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Aktionsarten
verbs
[-dynamic] [+dynamic]
[-telic] [+telic]
[-durative] [+durative] [-durative] [+durative]
states semelf. activities achieve. accompl.
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Aktionsarten
(1) She hates ice cream. State(2) The gate banged. Semelfactive(3) She watched TV. Activity(4) She opened the window. Achievement(5) She learned French. Accomplishment
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Aspect
(1) She has walked the whole way. Perfect(2) She is walking. Progressive(3) She is about to leave. Inceptive
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ING
(1) She is talking to him. (2) This is very interesting.(3) A barking dog is a nuisance.(4) Reading poetry is fun.(5) Walking along the river, I noticed Jack.(6) The guy talking to George is my boss.(7) Peter saw me smoking cigarettes.(8) California is a real melting pot.(9) Concerning your recent proposal, I think ….
ProgressivePredicative ADJAttributive ADJGerundADV-clauseREL-clauseCOMP-clauseCompoundPreposition
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Mood
(1) I insist the we reconsider our decision.(2) I demand that he resign.(3) I suggest that the paper be rejected.
Verbs:insist, demand, suggest, propose, recommend, is necessary
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Mood
(1) If she had to come, she would come with him.(2) I she were you, she would do it.(3) I wish I were you.
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Mood
WEAK Present subjunctive
IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie
glaubeglaubestglaubeglaubenglaubetglauben
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Mood
WEAK Present subjunctive Past subjunctive
IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie
glaubeglaubestglaubeglaubenglaubetglauben
glaubteglaubtestglaubteglaubtenglaubtetglaubten
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Mood
STRONG Present subjunctive
IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie
reibereibestreibereibenreibetreiben
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Mood
STRONG Present subjunctive Past subjunctive
IchDuEr/sie/esWirIhrSie
reibereibestreibereibenreibetreiben
rieberiebestrieberiebtriebetriebt
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Present subjunctive
(1) Karl behauptet, dass Egon bleiben will/wolle.(2) Karl versteht, dass Egon bleiben will/*wolle.
(1) Karl tut so, als ob er die Antwort wisse.(2) Man nehme eine Bratpfanne und schlage ein Ei hinein.(3) Lang lebe die Republik.
Indirect speech?
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Past subjunctive
(1) Wenn du kommst, fahren wir.(2) Wenn du kämest, führen wir.(3) Wenn du gekommen wärest, wären wir gefahren.
(1) Susi behauptet, dass Peter kommen würde.(2) Wenn du kommen würdest, würden wir uns freuen.
(1) Peter sagte, er käme zur Party.(2) Susi behauptet, sie ginge dort hin.
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English German
Inflected
Uninflected
NounMain verbsAuxiliaries(Modal verbs)DemonstrativesInterrogativesRelative pronouns
AdverbsConjunctionsConjunctsPrepositionsPrepositional adverbsParticlesArticlesAdjectives
NounsMain verbsAuxiliariesModal verbsDemonstrativesInterrogativesRelative pronounsArticlesAdjectives
AdverbsConjunctionsConjunctsPrepositionsPrepositional adverbsParticles
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Adverbs
Simple adverbsWell, back, down, near, out, very
Compound adverbsSomehow, somewhere, yesterday, afterwards
Derivative adverbsADV-ly
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Adverbs
(1) Fortunately, we didn’t miss the train.
(2) Peter walked slowly back to the car.
(3) That was extremely useful.
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Adverbs
Base Comparative Superlatives
sooncomfortablywell
soonermore comfortablybetter
soonestmost comfortablybest
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Adverbs
Simple adverbsEben, gerade, jetzt, sofort,
Compound adverbsUnterhalb, vielleicht, hoffentlich, leider
Derivative adverbsADV-weise
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Focus paricles
English: only, also, already, too, about, everGerman: allein, auch, bereits, eben, erst, etwa
(1) a. Even Peter is able to do that.b. Sogar Peter kann das schaffen.
(2) a. I am only happy when the sun shines.b. Ich bin nur glücklich, wenn die Sonne
scheint.
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Modal paricles
English: just, jetGerman: aber, auch, bloß, denn, doch, eigentlich,
ja, mal, wohl, ahlt, schon, ruhig
(1) a. Er hat das ja so gewollt.b. *Hast du das ja so gewollt.
(2) a. *Peter hat das denn nicht gewusst.b. Hat das Peter denn nicht gewusst?