parts of speech combined

7/29/2019 Parts of Speech Combined

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PARTSOFSPEECHverbs

nouns

pronouns

prepositions

adjectivesadverbs

conjunctions

interjections

and functions list

-Mr.Daley


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VERBSA word that shows action

Every Verb has three parts

1st Principal Part = Present EXAMPLE -Sleep / Brea

2nd Principal Part = Past EXAMPLE -Slept / Brok

3rd Principal Part = Past Principal EXAMPLE -Slept / Broke

Auxiliary Verbs = Forms of the verb "be"

EXAMPLES - Can, Do, May, Must, Ought, Shall, Will, Has,

Have, Had

Regular Verbs - Verbs you add an -ed or -d to make them

past tense

EXAMPLE - Walk = Walked / Launch = Launched

Irregular Verbs - Verbs you do not add -ed or -d to make

them past tense

EXAMPLE - Teach = Taught / Run = Ran / Strike = Struck

Linking Verbs - Connect the Subject to the Subject

Complement. List below.

There are also 12 Verb Tenses

6 Basic Tenses

6 Progressive Tenses

Total = 12 Tense

Changing the tense of a verb is called CONJUGATION


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Conjugating VerbsPresent Tense - 1st principal Part

EXAMPLE - Write

Past Tense - 2nd Principal PartEXAMPLE - Wrote

Future Tense - Will + 1st Principal Part

EXAMPLE - Will write

Present Perfect - Has or Have + 3rd Principal Part

EXAMPLE - Has written / Have written

Past Perfect - Had + 2nd Principal PartEXAMPLE - Had written

Future Perfect - Will have + 3rd Principal Part

EXAMPLE - Will have written

Progressive Tenses - Show ongoing or continuing action

Add -ing to 1st Principal Part

Present Progressive - Am / Is / Are + 1st Principal Part + ing

EXAMPLE - Am writing / Is writing / Are writing

Past progressive - Was / Were + 1st Principal Part + ing

EXAMPLE - Was writing / Were writing

Future Progressive -Will be + 1st Principal Part +ing

EXAMPLE - Will be writing

Present Perfect Progressive - Have been / Has Been + 1st Principal Part + in

EXAMPLE - Have been writing / Has been writing

Past Perfect Progressive - Had been + 1st Principal Part + ing

EXAMPLE - Had been writing

Future Perfect Progressive - Will have been + 1st Principal Part + ing

EXAMPLE - Will have been writing


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Linking VerbsVerbs that connect the the subject to the subject complement.

Does not express an action.

List of Linking Verbs

Am EXAMPLE - I am happy.

Are EXAMPLE - They are happy.

Is EXAMPLE - She is happy.

Were EXAMPLE - They were happy.

Has been EXAMPLE - She has been happy.Have been EXAMPLE - They have been happy.

Are being EXAMPLE - They are being quiet.

Might have been EXAMPLE - They might have been guilty.

Became EXAMPLE - She became an astronaut.

Appear EXAMPLE - They appear awake.

Feel EXAMPLE - Its feels smooth.

Look EXAMPLE - She looks tired.Grow EXAMPLE - He grew tired.

Remain EXAMPLE - They remained asleep.

Seem EXAMPLE - It seems impossible.

Smell EXAMPLE - They smell horrible.

Sound EXAMPLE - The music sounds amazing.

Taste EXAMPLE - The food tasted wonderful.


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NounsNouns are people, places, things, and ideas

Noun types = Common, Proper, Concrete, Abstract, Count, Non-Count, Collective

Every noun is either COMMON or PROPER

Common = a non-specific person, place, or thing

EXAMPLE - president, building, game

Proper = a specific person, place, or thing

EXAMPLE - George Washington, Eiffel Tower, Sony Playstation

Every noun is either CONCRETE or ABSTRACT

Concrete = Nouns you can Touch, Smell, See, Hear, or Feel

EXAMPLE = Cotton, Gas, Clouds, Insect, Air

Abstract = an idea, feel, or attribute

Nouns you cannot Touch, Smell, See, Hear, or Feel

EXAMPLE = Love, Hate, Peace, Honesty, Beauty, Dream, Education, Friendship

Every noun is either COUNT or NON-COUNT

Count = Nouns that have a plural formEXAMPLE = Cats, Geese, Helicopters, Bureaus

Non-Count = Nouns that have NO plural form

EXAMPLE = Weather, Furniture, Happiness, Education, Homework,

Lightning, Popcorn, Cotton, Rice, Corn, Intelligence, Knowledge, Oxygen, Bloo

Some nouns are also COLLECTIVE

Collective = Nouns that represent groups of people, things, places, ideas

EXAMPLES = Flock, Audience, Army, Team, Gaggle

So, check this out! Every noun is either 3 or 4 types at once.

Noun Type

Computer Common, Concrete, Count

Barrack Obama Proper, Concrete, Non-Count

Committee Common, Concrete, Count, Collective

Kindness Common, Abstract, Non-Count

Mercy Common, Abstract, Non-Count

Colony Common, Concrete, Count, Collective


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Every Noun has a job (case) within the sentence.

It is either NOMINATIVE, OBJECTIVE, or POSSESSIVE

Nominative Functions- Subject of the sentence, Appositive, Subject Complement

EXAMPLE

Subject - The car, a new Ford Focus, rolled into Peter's driveway.

Appositive - The car, a new Ford Focus, rolled into Peter's driveway.

Subject Complement - Peter is an astronaut.(noun following a linking ver

Objective Functions- Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object of the Preposition

EXAMPLE

Direct Object - He gave Jane the flowers before breakfast.

Indirect Object - He gave Jane the flowers before breakfast.

Object of the Preposition - He gave Jane the flowers before breakfast.

Possessive Functions- Nouns that shows ownership

Possessive - The boy's ladder was left in the girl's yard.

How to write possessives

's = one owner

EXAMPLE = boy's, girl's, Jake's, bird's, monkey's

s' = multiple owners

EXAMPLE = boys', girls' birds', monkeys'

When two or more people share ownership - last name is given possessive form

EXAMPLE = Maria, John, and Debbie's house (They all share one house)

When two or more people have separate ownership - all names are given

possessive form.

EXAMPLE = Mike's, Jerry's, and Frank's homes (They all own separate homes)


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Pluralizing NounsRegular Nouns = add -s

EXAMPLE - Bell = Bells / Taco = Tacos / Teacher = Teachers

Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh = add -esEXAMPLE - Church = Churches / Fox = Foxes / Glass = Glasses

Nouns ending in y with a consonant before it -change y to i +add-e

EXAMPLE - Lady = Ladies / Baby = Babies / Army = Armies

Nouns ending in y with a vowel before it = add -s

EXAMPLE - Key = Keys / Monkey = Monkeys / Alley = Alleys

Nouns that end in o with a consonant before it = add -es

EXAMPLE - Hero = Heroes / Tomato = Tomatoes

Nouns that end in o with a vowel before it = add -s

EXAMPLE - Radio = Radios / Stereo = Stereos

Some nouns that end in f = add -s

EXAMPLE - Chief = Chiefs / Belief = Beliefs

Some noun that end in f or fe = change f to v + add -es

EXAMPLE - Knife = Knives / Thief = Thieves / Half = Halves

Nouns that end in is = change is to es

EXAMPLE - Basis = Bases / Parenthesis = Parentheses

Nouns that end in um = change um to a

EXAMPLE = Datum = Data / Memorandum = Memoranda

Nouns that end in us = change us to i

EXAMPLE = Radius = Radii / Focus = Foci / Alumnus = Alumni

Nouns that end in on = change on to aEXAMPLE = Criterion = Criteria / Phenomenon = Phenomena

Irregular Nouns - Plural forms need to be memorized - no rulesEXAMPLE - Foot = Feet / Ox = Oxen / Mouse = Mice / Woman = Women


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PronounsA word used to replace a noun

6 Types of Pronouns

- Personal, Personal-Compound, Possessive,

Demonstrative, Indefinite, Interrogative

Personal - Refers to a specific person, thing, or idea

- I, We, You, He, She, It, They

EXAMPLE - I am arriving early.

Personal-Compound - Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself,

Themselves, Ourselves

EXAMPLE - We will do it ourselves.

Possessive - My, Mine, Your, Yours, Our, Ours, His, Her, Hers, Its

Theirs, Their

EXAMPLE - Those gloves are mine.

Demonstrative - This, That, Those, These

EXAMPLE - This belongs to me.

Indefinite - Anyone, Someone, Something, Anybody, Nobody, Anything

EXAMPLE - There was someone in the dark room.

Interrogative - Which, What, Whose, Who, Whom

EXAMPLE - Who took my notebook?


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PrepositionsA word that shows the relationship between two noun

List of Common Prepositions

About , below, excepting, off, toward, above, beneath, for, o

under, across, beside(s), from, onto, underneath, after,

between, in, out, until, against, beyond, in front of, outside

up, along, but, inside, over, upon, among, by, in spite of,

past, to, around, concerning, instead of, regarding, with, at

despite, into, since, within, down, like, through, without,before, during, near, throughout, with regard to, behind,

except, with respect toPrepositional Phrase

Consists of a Preposition.

Modifiers, and a Noun or Pronoun

EXAMPLE - Across the sea Off his guard

Towards the east In front of the store

Onto the table Among the soldiers

Throughout history During supperBesides them Along the border

Up the river After him

Inside the tunnel On it

Without her By his house

Notice how they all begin with a preposition

and end with a noun or pronoun.


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ADJECTIVESModifies a Noun

Six different types of Adjectives

Types = Descriptive, Limiting, Pronominal, Possessive,

Proper, Predicate

Descriptive = Describes a noun or pronoun

EXAMPLE = Yellow flowers, Spacious garden, Heavy weights

Limiting = Articles and Numerals

Articles = A, An, The

Numerals = One, Third, Seventh, etc.

Pronominal = Pronouns that modify a noun

- Which, What, Whatever, Whatsoever, Whichever, Thi

EXAMPLE - This reason, Which book, Whatever reason

Possessive = Pronouns that show ownership

- My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their

EXAMPLE - Her bracelet, Their team, His hat

Proper = Derived from Proper Nouns

EXAMPLE - American history, French class, Mexican food

Predicate = A Subject Complement (after a linking verb)

EXAMPLE - Tom was successful.

He is tired.

They were happy.

Notice how all the types of Adjectives come directly befo

the noun except for Predicate Adjectives.


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ADVERBSModify Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs.

Adverbs tell HOW? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? HOW MUCH?

TO WHAT EXTENT?

Most end in -ly, but not all

They Modify verbs

How? Worked quietly

Where? They marched forward.

When? She visits often.

They modify adjectives

To what extent? The light was very bright.

The barrel was almost full.

They modify other adverbs

To what extent? He walked very slowly.

The movie finished too abruptly.

Affirmation Adverbs - Yes, No

EXAMPLE - No, I do not have your car keys.

Yes, I have the answer.

Negation Adverbs - Nowhere, Scarcely, Not, Never

EXAMPLE - I never thought of that.

Interrogative Adverbs-Where, When, Why, How (ask questions

EXAMPLE - Where did you put my book?

How did you work that problem?


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ConjunctionsA word that connects parts of a sentence together

3 Different Kinds of Conjunctions

Coordinating - Connects Independent Clauses, items in a seriesor phrases

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (Acronym = FANBOYS)

EXAMPLE - He bought apples and orangesShe brought the apples, and he brought the oranges.

He tried to swim, but could not.

Subordinating - Comes at the beginning of a Dependent Clause

After, Although, As, As if, As long as, As though, Because, Befor

Even if, Even though, If, If only, In order that,

Now that, Once, Rather than, Since, SO that, Than, That, Though,

Till, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Where, Whereas, Wherever,

While

EXAMPLE - Whenever she visits, she eats all the potato chips.

As long as he is here, the house will be a mess.

Correlative - To offer complementary statements. Always in pair

But...and, Not only...but also, Not...but, Either...or,

Neither...nor, Whether...or, As...as

EXAMPLE - She is neither a criminal nor a crook.

Whether we lose or not, it will still be fun.


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InterjectionsWords used to exclaim, protest, or command.

List of common interjections

Ah!, Alas!, Dear!, Eh?, Hello?, Hey!, Hi!, Ouch!,

Umm, Well, Eeek!, Haha!, Shhhhh, Bravo!, Dang!,

Duh!, Hurray!, Thanks!, Yikes!, Whoa!, Wow!

EXAMPLES

Hello, is anyone there?

Ouch! That really hurt!

Wow! That is an awesome car!

Alas! The island is in sight!


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PARTS OF SPEECH

Functions

Verbs - Action wordLinking word

Noun - Nominative - Subject

Nominative - Appositive

Nominative - Subject Complement

Objective - Direct Object

Objective - Indirect Object

Objective - Object of the Preposition

Possessive- Show ownership

Pronoun - Replace a noun

Adjective - Modify the noun (list noun)

Adverb - Modify the verb (list verb)

Modify the adjective (list adjective)

Modify the adverb (list adverb)

Conjunction- Coordinating - Connect Independent ClausesCoordinating - Connect Items in a series

Coordinating - Connect phrases

Subordinating - Begin a Dependent ClauseCorrelative - Offer a complimentary statement

Interjection-To exclaim

To command

To protest

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