Parts of Speech

Chapter 2

Pronoun Quiz

• Know the chart on p. 37!• Be able to identify the pronoun types of bolded

pronouns in sentences.• Be able to list at least 4 of the following pronouns:

– Always singular indefinite pronouns– Always plural indefinite pronouns– Either singular or plural indefinite pronouns– Demonstrative pronouns– Relative pronouns– Indefinite relative pronouns– Interrogative pronouns

Pronoun Quiz

• Know that relative pronouns introduce dependent clauses.

• Know that interrogative pronouns ask questions.• Know that reflexive and intensive pronouns end in

–self or –selves.• Know that reflexive pronouns act as objects.• Know that intensive pronouns act as appositives.• Be able to list the two reciprocal pronouns.

Preposition Quiz

• List 50 prepositions.

Nouns

• Person, place, thing, or idea– Pastor Mark– Michigan– Sign– Peace

• Often preceded by the words a, an, the, this, that, these, those

Nouns

• Common- general nouns, school• Proper- specific nouns, capitalized, Calvary

Baptist Academy• Count- can be made plural, can be counted,

books• Noncount- always singular, cannot be counted,

cannot be preceded by an article, soup

Compound Nouns

• Combination of two or more words– 1 word: bookcase, backpack– 2 words: class work, yard sale– 1 hyphenated word: great-grandfather– A baby sits in a highchair.– My cousin is a redhead.– The judge sat on a high chair.– The bird with a red head sang outside my window.

Collective Nouns

• Groups or units• Team, family, company, government• Is the group acting as a singular unit?– The class planned its project.

• Are the group members acting individually?– The class reviewed their individual jobs.

Concrete vs. Abstract

• Concrete- can be perceived by the senses– Chair

• Abstract- cannot be perceived by the senses– Joy

Pronouns

• Takes the place of a noun• Replaces a noun, its antecedent

Personal Pronouns

• Chart on p. 37- Please know for quiz.• Person- 1st (refers to the speaker or writer),

2nd (refers to the person spoken to), 3rd (another person or thing)

• Number- singular or plural• Gender- masculine, feminine, neuter• Case- subjective, objective, possessive

Indefinite Pronouns

• Refer to nonspecific nouns, no antecedents• Be able to list at least 4 from each group on

quiz.• Always singular- one, body, thing, each, little,

less, much• Always plural- both, few, fewer, many, several• Either singular or plural depending on context-

all, any, more, most, none, some

Demonstrative Pronouns

• Point out specific nouns• This, that, these, those• Be able to list on quiz!

Relative Pronouns

• Introduce dependent clauses• Who, whom, whose, which, that• Be able to list on quiz.

• Indefinite relative pronouns- no antecedents• Who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever,

whomever, whosoever, whichever, whatever• Be able to list at least four on quiz.

Interrogative Pronouns

• Ask questions• Who, whom, whose, which, that• Be able to list quiz.

Relative or Interrogative?

• Whoever wants to run in the race needs to register.

• The course that will be run today is three miles long.

• Whose running shoes are over there?• Each runner may choose to wear whichever

number he wants.• Jasmine asked who the main judge for the race

was.

Reflexive or Intensive

• End in –self or –selves (know for quiz)• Reflexive- act as objects, refer back to the

subject– Peter hurled himself out of the boat.

• Intensive- intensive a noun, act as appositives, can be taken out of the sentence– Peter himself walked on water.– Peter walked on water.

Reciprocal Pronouns

• Each other• One another• Please know for quiz.

Verbs

Intransitive verb- InVTransitive verb- TrV- needs an objectLinking Verb- LV- links the subject and the rest of

the sentence, can be replaced with an = sign or a form of the word be

Auxilliaries- helping verbs- box on p. 43

Verbs• The girl set out on a walk with her dog.• The girl pushed her dog across the narrow

bridge.• The girl was annoyed with the sight of her wet

dog.• The girl has learned that her dog is not

particularly afraid of water—at least when squirrels are involved.

Adjectives

• Describe nouns or pronouns• Answer the questions – which one? – what kind? – how many? – how much? – whose?

• The pretty flower is very pretty.• The ____________ thing (or person) is very

________________.

Determiners

• Type of adjective that signals a noun is coming• Do not fit in the adjective test frame• Articles- a (before a consonant sound), an

(before a vowel sound), the• Possessives- show ownership• Demonstratives- this, that, these, those

Determiners

• Interrogatives- which, what, whose– Pronoun- What is wrong?– Determiner- What type of problem is it?

• Indefinites

Types of Adjectives

• Modifying nouns- nouns that function as adjectives– Winter wonderland

• Proper adjectives- formed from proper nouns– American

Adverbs

• Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs• Answer the questions – Where? – When? – Why?– How?– To what extent?

• Many end in -ly

Adverbs

• Common adverbs– Also– Therefore– However– Very– Not, n’t– Often– Here– There

• Usually right before or after the adjective or adverb they modify

• Anywhere in a sentence if they modify the verb

Kinds of Adverbs

• Qualifiers- modify adj. and adv., strengthen or weaken the word it modifies (very, even)

• Conjunctive adverbs- link independent clauses– Box on p. 49– Followed by a comma– First word of sentence or preceded by a ;

• Relative adverbs- when, where, why– Intro. adj. clauses

• Indefinite relative adverbs- when, where, why, how– Intro. noun clauses

• Interrogative adverbs- when, where, why, how– Ask questions

Adverbs vs. Prepositions

• Prepositions have prepositional phrases with objects.

• Adverbs- not phrase• VAC- verb-adverb combination– Look up– Look over– John took on the job of washing the house

windows even though he already had to wash the car.

Prepositions

• Relates an object to another word– For God’s glory

• Object of the preposition (OP)- noun or pronoun at the end of a prepositional phrase– For God’s glory

• Because- subordinating conjunction• Because of- preposition

Prepositions vs. Infinitives

• Prepositions- must have an object– I am going to church tonight.

• Infinitive- to + a verb– I need to do my homework.

Conjunctions• Connect words or groups of words• Coordinating conjunctions- must follow a comma if joining to

sent.– For– And– Nor– But– Or– Yet

• Correlative conjunctions- come in pairs– Either-or– Neither-nor– Both-and– Not only-but also

Subordinating Conjunctions

• Begin dependent clauses• Boxes on p. 54

Interjections

• Extra to the sentence• Followed by a comma, period, or exclamation point

– Sure– Well– Awesome– Uh– Ah– Thank you– Please– Good– Etc.