ExternalComponentsFall2017

6.111

Wherewewere…wherewe’regoing• Everyoneknowsandlovestomisquote

Moore’sLaw

• ComputationalPowerhasindeedgrown

exponentiallyinthelasthalf-century

• Alongwiththat,lurkinginthedepths,hasalsobeenaremarkabledevelopmentof

fully-integratedsystemsthatwe’vereally

onlystartedtoseebreakoutinthelast

~15years.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law

Whatwasthecomplexityofasinglepartthatyoucouldbuy?

SingleActive,PassiveComponent

ceaselessprogressionoftime

LSIàMSIàLSIàVLSIàVLSII

MultipleActiveComponentsMicrocontrollers

ComputationalDomainSensingDomain

SingleSensors SingleSensors SingleSensors MEMSforsale

Hybrid

FullSOCs

IntegrationProvidesRobustness• Muchof20

th

centuryfocused

onintegrationatthe

electrical/computationallevel

• Lastfewdecadessawfurtherintegrationinwithsensors,

actuators,communication

modules,etc…

• EmergenceofrealSOCs

GermanVCL11,1938:twotubesinonetube!

1950sOpAmpfromGeorgePhilbrick Assoc (Boston)

7400SSIIntegratedCircuit

8080MCU

iPhone4(gyro)

http://eecatalog.com/sensors/2012/05/24/mems-trends-smaller-cheaper-everywhere/

ESP32SOCFunctionalityBlocks

CaseStudy(MEMSSOC):Accelerometers:

• FirstMEMSaccelerometer:late 70s

• ADXL50:(AnalogDevices1991)(singleaxisin25mm2

)

• ADXL335:AnalogOutAccelerometer (1998)

• Voltages forthree axes ofacceleration• MMA8452Q:DigitalAccelerometer(mid2000’s)

• MPU925Xseries(orLSM9DS1)series(lastfewyears):

• 9DOF(Accel,gyro,compass)

• Onboardsensor-fusion,orientationintegration,DSPengine• In-builtpedometry,cyclemotiondetection,etc…

ADXL335MMA8452Q

MPU9250

1950sSovietAccelerometer

CaseStudy(Analog):High-voltageAmplification

• APEXPA3440High-voltageOperationalAmplifier:

• 340VDCsupplylimit

• 120mAoutputcurrent

• Wherebeforeyouneededtodesignanentire

circuitandworryaboutcapacitiveloading,death,

younowcanbuythisfor$11.00anddriveaPiezo

prettyeasily

PartsofInterest

SmallDisplays:• TFTsThin-FilmTransistors:

• color• OLEDs(OrganicLight-EmittingDiodes):

• Faster• Betterviewingangle,colors,efficiency

• Ifyouwanttoanimateanything,ifpossiblegetanSPI

interface:

• i2Cistooslowtogivesufficientlyhighspeed

• Don’tforgetcomputermonitor(isasmalldisplaycore

toyourproject?)

RandomTFToffofAmazon

CheapMonochromeOLEDusingSPI

ColorOLEDfromAdafruit

TouchScreens

• Resistive:• Accessedusinganalogmeasurements

(sometimesdigitalreadout)

• Usuallyonlyonepointofcontactallowed• Generallysuck..those earlyandroidtabletswiththemwereborderlineunusable

• Capacitive:• Accessedviai2c,SPIregisters• Moreadvancedchipsetshavein-builtgesture

detection(swipes,etc..)inadditiontotouch-

points

• Actuallywork

FT6X06-familybasedtouchscreen

Random-resistive

TouchscreenfromAmazon

EnvironmentalSensors

https://www.tindie.com/products/onehorse/air-quality-sensors/

CCS811GassensorBME280pressure/temp/humidity

GUVA-S12SDUVSensor• Lotsofsingle-chipenvironmentalsensors

available:

• UV• Temp/Pressure/Humidty

• Smoke

• Gasses• ParticulateMatter

• Single-chipspectrometers…probablyoverkillforus

(doRGBextractionfromcamerapixels),butwant

toshowitsinceitiscool

• HamamatsuC12880MA

• ($400,butwecandream)

C12880MA

MiCS-6814 (allinonedevice!):

Accelerometers/IMUs

• Bothdigitalandanalogmodels

available.Reallycheap

• Orientation(usinggravityandcompass)Determination

• RelativeMotionDetermination

ADXL335

MPU9250

Time-of-FlightSensors• Cheap,shorter-rangeLiDAR(couplemetersmax)

• VL53L0XbySTMicro

• SThasthebigpatentsinthisfield• Usedcurrentlyinproximitydetectiononphones,

etc…

• ~$10.00• ~1cmresolution(10picoseconddifferenceinlight

return)

BreakoutfromPololu

VL53L0X

• FunctionGeneratorsonachip• AD9850 DDS:DirectDigitalSynthesis:• Cancreatesinewaves,squarewavesfrom

0to40MHzviadigitalcontrolveryquickly

• Phase-shiftcontrolaswell!• AD9833:SlightlydifferentversionofAD9850,SPIcontrolled,capableof0.004

Hzresolutionfrom0to500kHzwithright

settings/0.1Hzresolutionupto40MHz

AD9850DevBoard

AD9833DevBoard

DDSModules

Cameras

• OV7670ish Series:• Thereshouldbesomebasicmodulesthatalreadywork

withthis

• OthervariantsexistOV2640,*should*beabletogofaster…lookingatcommunicationwithitnow.

• Tonsofothers

OV7670

OV2640(wSPIinterface)

RawOV2640(shouldbeabletoget60fpsoutofthiswithsubsampling)

MT9M001Infrared Camera

SpecialtyImagers• LineScanDevices:• 128x1pixelarray

• Motion/ThermalDetectionDevices

https://www.tindie.com/products/AP_tech/tsl1401cl-linescan-camera-/

LineScanCamera

https://www.tindie.com/products/onehorse/calipile-tpis1s1385-presence-and-motion-detector/

TPiS 1S1385/5029

AMG8833ThermalImager• 8x8thermalsensorarray

• EffectivelyaLow-rescamerathatworksoffof

thermalintensity

• $40currently AMG8833(fromtindie)

OpticalFlowSensors• Basicallylikelong-rangeopticalmice

• (manyfeetwithalens)

• PWM3901isagoodone,usesSPI

communicationandcanmake/give

measurementsat~100Hz

• Greatbecausetheyprovideanconvenientmeansofdeadreckoningwithsub-inch

resolutionwhichcannotbefixedusingIMU

mathorcurrentGPS

https://www.tindie.com/products/onehorse/pmw3901-optical-flow-sensor/

BoardwithcombinedPMW3901andVL53L0X

(opticalflowanddistance)

WirelessCommunication

• Bluetooth:HC05modulesaredesignedto

takein/putoutUART(seriallikefromLab02B)

andchipsethandlesconversions(goodupto

~50ft ormorewithLOS)

• Infraredisreliableovershortdistances…(needLOS)

• NordicSemiconductorsmakessomedevices

thathavefloodedthemarketwiththeirown

brandof2.4GHzbrandcommunication

(popularfromArduinocommunity)

HC-04/5/6Bluetoothseries

InfraredTX/RXpairs(fromLab5)

NRF24L01

Microphones

• ElectretandMEMScapacitive

microphonesarestandardnow

• EitheruseanalogoutORmodelsthat

digitizeon-chip(usuallyconvertintoI2S

whichisastandardaudio-information

digitalcommunicationprotocol…we’ll

discussnextTuesday)

Electretwithselectablegain(Adafruit)

https://www.tindie.com/products/onehorse/ics43434-i2s-digital-microphone/

ICS43434DigitalOutputMicrophone(Invensense),usesi2sprotocol

AudioOut

• Analogori2samplifiers,DACs,etc… are

available.

• MostDACshavei2sinputs,andmanymodern

electronicdevicesconvertaudioinformation

immediatelyto/fromi2s

• Ifyou’reconsideringanaudioprojectmight

beaneatprotocoltolookinto(althoughthe

AC97-setupontheolderlabkits workswell

too)(Vivado hasani2score)

MAX98357A-basedboard from Adafruit:3WClassDaudio amp i2sinput

ComputerInterfacing• We’vealreadyexploredthisinLab2BwithUSB-to-

RS232interfacing

• Nexys4supportsUSBslavemode(haven’ttested

driversyet)

• AlsohaveacollectionofFTDIconverters(convertUSBto/fromUART(serial-readable)

• Usetoolslikethesetohelpputtestcases,exampledata,recordoutputs,etc…

FTDIconverter(BrokenoutUSBtoUART)

ThingstoConsider• LevelShifting?:• Nexys4DDRrunsat3.3V• Somesensorsrunat5V

• Othersrunat2.7V• Check!Mayneedtouselevelshiftersandtheseaddtheirowndelay/skewtosignalsso

beawarewithhigh-speeddatatransfers

• Whenbuying,checkthedatasheets.Foreverywell-documentedversionof

somethingthereare“clones”/variants/obscurechipsetsthatarealsosoldand

areoftencheaper.

• Yourprojectshouldbecomplexbutdoyouwanttofocusonthecomplexity

ofasensororaprotocolorahigherlevel?

• FPGAsareneat*todevelopwithbecausethere’sgenerallynotado_everything() likeyou’llseewhenworkinginregularArduino-family

devices.Makelemonsintolemonades…moreopportunitytoreaddata

sheets,

*alsofrustrating

RandomProjectIdeas(WhatI’ddoifIwereyoung)

• RebuildApolloGuidanceComputer(AGC):

• Sourcecodehere:https://qz.com/726338/the-code-that-took-america-to-the-moon-was-just-

published-to-github-and-its-like-a-1960s-time-capsule/

• Schematicshere:http://klabs.org/history/ech/agc_schematics

• Realonewasimplementedusingnothingbut3-inputNORGates!

• ImplementaNeural-Net/SomekindofAssisted/Unassistedlearning:

• FPGAshavebenefitofparallelizability

• Somedecentreposouttheretogetstarted/serveasinspiration

• ClassifysomethingswithoutthecrutchofTensorFlow,numpy,etc…

• Noise-CancellationusingDSP:• Don’tneedtorelyonfeedbackonlyoftoget6dBofsuppression

• FFTsandcutoutthenoise

MargaretHamilton,DirectorofSoftwareEngineering

ApolloProgram,1967