Particulate Properties of the

Dead Sea Retrieved by the Physical Optics Method

By: Derrick Griffin

It is a well-known fact that the Dead Sea located in Jordan, Israel is one of the saltiest lakes in the world, whose salinity is approximately 30%. Such a huge salinity makes it almost biologically lifeless. However this lake contains large quantities of different minerals and some quantity of dissolved organic matter. Minerals of the Dead Sea are important for medicinal and cosmetics purposes. Unfortunately, the Dead Sea is slowly drying up and soon it will no longer be around in years to come. We can help preserve the Dead Sea and it’s important that we use its wealth more rationally to prevent or delay its death. Thus it is imperative that we find answers to the following questions: Which minerals are exactly dispersed within the water? What are the minerals concentration and their vertical and horizontal space distribution? We must find if this solution is unique and stable?

Abstract

Ocean Optics Team

2004 Optical Expedition Scientific Team

Absorption & Attenuation & Number of Wavelengths

Particulate Attenuation as cpart = apart + bpart.

Introduction

Which method did I use to conduct my research?

What are the benefits of using the Optical method?

Methods

Data Visualization

Data CollectionDepth

(m) ap(412) ap(440) bp(412) bp(440) cp(412) cp(440) bbp(660)

1.5 0.142 0.097 1.104 1.080 1.246 1.1771.076E-

02

1.5 0.137 0.094 1.109 1.084 1.246 1.1791.081E-

02

1.5 0.136 0.092 1.129 1.111 1.265 1.2031.081E-

02

1.5 0.143 0.099 1.142 1.118 1.285 1.2171.080E-

02

Dead Sea

Dead Sea

What problems are we trying to solve?

What are our parameters?

Statement Of The Problem

Depth_min (m) Depth_max (m) Depth_mean (m)1.5 10.000 5.810 20.000 15.020 30.000 25.030 40.000 35.040 50.000 45.050 100.000 75.0

100 150.000 125.0150 200.000 175.0200 250.000 225.0250 286.317 268.2

Setup Of The Problem

How did we solve our research problem?

Did we make any assumptions about our solution?

Solution Of The Problem

g m

0.741 3.736

0.761 3.755

0.687 3.679

0.628 3.616

0.512 3.488

0.486 3.459

0.391 3.344

0.417 3.376

0.496 3.471

0.498 3.472

Solution Of The Problem

€

m =g + 3 − 0.5exp(−6γ )

0.1 1 10 1001E-091E-081E-071E-061E-051E-041E-031E-021E-011E+001E+011E+02

(0.2, 10, 3)(0.2, 50, 3)(0.2, 10, 4)(0.2, 50, 4)(1, 10, 3)(1, 50, 3)(1, 10, 4)

D (mm)

f(D) (

mm

-1)

Solution Of The Problem

np(660)1.1041.1071.1161.1381.1351.1331.1301.1301.1321.132

€

npart =1 + Bpart0.5377+ 0.4867(μ −3)2

1.4676 + 2.2950(μ − 3)2 + 2.3113(μ − 3)4[ ]

kp(555) kp(555)1.313E-03 1.017E-031.253E-03 9.797E-041.809E-03 1.524E-032.485E-03 3.105E-039.727E-04 2.686E-037.273E-04 2.493E-035.712E-04 2.403E-035.311E-04 2.376E-037.166E-04 2.333E-036.960E-04 2.321E-03

Solution Of The Problem

€

ρ '(λ ) =4πD32nw(λ )kpart(λ )

λ

D32 D32

1.517 0.9531.426 0.9211.675 1.0072.063 1.1272.961 1.3663.236 1.4324.327 1.6703.986 1.5993.184 1.4193.224 1.429

Solution Of The Problem

€

D32 =D3 f (D )dD

D min

D max,

∫

D2 f (D )dDD min

D max,

∫ =

(μ − 3)(Dmax4−μ −Dmin

4−μ )(μ − 4)(Dmax

3−μ −Dmin3−μ )

ρ(0.555) ρ(0.555)2.466 1.5502.402 1.5523.035 1.8244.481 2.4476.256 2.8856.734 2.9798.792 3.3948.116 3.2566.611 2.9476.666 2.954

Solution Of The Problem

€

ρ(λ ) =2πD32nw(λ )(npart −1)

λ

Solution Of The Problem

CV(Qa) CV(Qa)4.773E-07 6.088E-074.467E-07 5.653E-073.577E-07 4.173E-072.997E-07 2.354E-077.058E-07 2.580E-079.146E-07 2.706E-071.296E-06 3.135E-071.322E-06 3.012E-078.610E-07 2.676E-078.836E-07 2.683E-07

€

Qa =1 +2exp(−ρ ')

ρ '+

2[exp(−ρ ') −1]ρ '( )2

€

Qc = 2 − 4 exp(−ρ tan ξ )cosξ sin(ρ − ξ )

ρ+

cosξρ

⎛ ⎝ ⎜

⎞ ⎠ ⎟2

cos(ρ − 2ξ ) ⎡

⎣ ⎢ ⎢

⎤

⎦ ⎥ ⎥+ 4

cosξρ

⎛ ⎝ ⎜

⎞ ⎠ ⎟2

cos2ξ

Npart (mL-3) Npart (mL-3)5.716E+06 4.452E+063.500E+06 2.788E+067.300E+06 4.947E+061.374E+07 5.623E+068.592E+07 1.338E+071.362E+08 1.629E+073.542E+08 2.897E+073.060E+08 2.483E+071.236E+08 1.569E+071.305E+08 1.605E+07

Solution Of The Problem

€

Npart =6π

Cv

(μ −4)(Dmax1−μ −Dmin

1−μ )(μ −1)(Dmax

4−μ −Dmin4−μ )

ρpart (kg/l) ρpart (kg/l)

2.25 2.252.28 2.282.33 2.332.49 2.492.46 2.462.45 2.452.43 2.432.43 2.432.45 2.452.44 2.44

Solution Of The Problem

€

ρpart =npart −0.7717

0.1475.

TSM (g/m^3) TSM (g/m^3) 1.074E+00 1.370E+001.017E+00 1.287E+008.339E-01 9.728E-017.452E-01 5.854E-011.737E+00 6.349E-012.239E+00 6.623E-013.144E+00 7.607E-013.210E+00 7.314E-012.106E+00 6.544E-012.158E+00 6.552E-01

Solution Of The Problem

€

TSM = ρ partCv

ap(412)

0.110

0.100

0.096

0.092

0.091

0.087

0.090

0.088

0.082

0.082

Displaying Absorption

cp(412)1.2801.2391.0790.8260.8700.8910.9530.9380.8850.885

Displaying Attenuation

bp(412)

1.171

1.140

0.982

0.734

0.780

0.804

0.862

0.850

0.803

0.803

Displaying Backscattering

Mathematical Solution

Not a unique solution

Where the parameters met?

Results

Create Code to compute all 1748 Values

Provide more accurate visual of data

Future Work

The Ocean Optics Team would like to give special thanks to Dr. Hayden, our mentors Dr. Sokoletsky, Je’aime Powell, Jeff Wood, and all faculty and staff who have helped me attain valuable resources that can be utilized in my future endeavours.

Acknowledgments

Boss, E., W. S. Pegau, W. D. Gardner, J. R. V. Zaneveld, A. H.Barnard, M. S. Twardowski, G. C. Chang, and T. D. Dickey. 2001. The spectral particulate attenuation and particle size distribution in the bottom boundary layer of a continental shelf, J. Geophys. Res. 106: 9509–9516.

Hulst van de, H. C. 1981. Light Scattering by Small Particles. Dover Publ. Inc., New York, 470 pp. Mitchell, D. L. 2002. Effective diameter in radiative transfer: General definition, applications, and limitations.

J. Atmospheric Sciences. 59: 2330-2346. Morel, A. and A. Bricaud. 1981. Theoretical results concerning light absorption in a discrete medium and

application to specific absorption of phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Res. 28: 1375-1393. Morel, A. and A. Bricaud. 1986. Inherent optical properties of algal cells including picoplankton: Theoretical

and experimental results, pp. 521-559. In: Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 214. Twardowski, M. S., E. Boss, J. B. Macdonald, W. S. Pegau, A. H. Barnard, and J. R. V. Zaneveld. 1999.

Retrieving particle composition from the backscattering ratio and spectral attenuation in marine waters. URL http://argon.oce.orst.edu/biooptics/ members/twardowski/bbn_txt.pdf.

Woźniak, B. and D. Stramski. 2004. Modeling the optical properties of mineral particles suspended in seawater and their influence on ocean reflectance and chlorophyll estimation from remote sensing algorithms. Applied Optics. 43: 3489-3503.

Garber, R. A. 1980. The Sedimentology of the Dead Sea. Ph.D. Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA, 169 pp

Gavrieli, I. 1997. Halite deposition in the Dead Sea: 1960-1993. pp. 161-170. In: Niemi, T., Ben- Avraham, Z., and Gat, J. R. (Eds.). The Dead Sea - The Lake and its Setting. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.

Gertman, I., and A. Hecht. 2002. The Dead Sea hydrography from 1992 to 2000. J. Mar. Syst. 35: 169-181. Sokoletsky L. Boss E. Gildor H. Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, The Weizmann

Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel. School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469

References

QUESTIONS?