particle detectors - berkeley lab physics division …...variety of particle detectors were...
TRANSCRIPT
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Particle Detectors An Introduction
Carl Haber Physics Division
LBNL
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fKBhvDjuy0
Subatomic
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Subatomic Physics • Below the level of the atom we encounter a
variety of high energy particle radiations. • Since the early 20th century we have tried to
understand these “rays” and used them to explore the structure of matter.
• “Particle Physics” is concerned with understanding matter and radiation at a fundamental level.
• Radiations is created naturally or in particle accelerators.
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How do we detect particles?
• We can detect particles because they directly, or indirectly, interact with atoms in matter through electromagnetic forces.
• Electromagnetic interactions can lead to atomic excitation, or ionization – electrons are ejected from atoms resulting in an electron-ion pair.
• We can detect these effects in a variety of ways.
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• When electromagnetic energy is transferred to atoms they may –Emit light –Create phase transitions in matter –Drift in an electric field
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Fluorescence
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Iconic Experiment #1
• 1909: under the direction of Ernest Rutherford, Geiger and Marsden perform an experiment on the scattering of radiation by a foil.
• 1911: Rutherford demonstrates that the radiation is scattered by small hard points within a much larger atom – discovers the atomic nucleus
• Scattered radiation is detected by fluorescence – localized flashes of light on a screen.
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The Cloud Chamber invented 1911 by C.T.R. Wilson
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Iconic Experiment #2
• 1928 Paul Dirac predicts a symmetry – all particles should have anti-particles with the opposite charge
• 1932: Carl Anderson observes positively charged “electrons” in a cloud chamber.
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Ionization and Drift
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High Energy Reactions
• Chemical reactions – # atoms in = # atoms out – Energy added to break
bonds, or released as heat or motion
• Relativity: Mass and energy can be interchanged
• At energies exceeding the equivalent “rest mass” of particles we observe this exchange
𝛾𝛾 → 𝑒𝑒− + 𝑒𝑒+
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Iconic Experiment #3
• 1992-95: using a precisely segmented array of ionization detectors, the top quark was observed at Fermilab.
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Developments • Over the course of the 20th century a large
variety of particle detectors were developed and put into use for research and for practical applications.
• Significant influence from the concurrent developments in electronics, materials, and computing.
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Nov 16, 2005 UC Davis Physics Carl Haber LBNL
17
770 microns15 microns
15 microns
n=1.59n=1.49
n=1.42
fiber
cladding
track
mirror
scintillating section clear section photon detector
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Time Projection Chamber
• 1970’s: Invented at LBNL by David Nygren • Full 3-dimension imaging of complex patterns
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Today’s Requirements
• Many important experiments today require detectors which can handle very high data rates, in order to search for rare phenomena. – Fast signals – Stable operation – Reliable – Precise – Able to withstand high radiation doses. – Compatible electronics for readout
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Silicon Detectors • Today’s requirements can often be met with a technology
based upon silicon. • Silicon can be made to function as an ionization detector. • Ionization drifts fast in silicon • Silicon is a solid – large signals • Silicon can be very radiation resistant • Using micro-fabrication methods, silicon can be precisely
subdivided into many detecting elements. • Micro-electronic circuits (“chips”) can be designed and
fabricated to process the signals from silicon detectors
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The Microstrip
Human hair
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Sensor
Readout ASIC
Hybrid Module Control Chip
Power Control Circuit
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Prototype multi-modular silicon strip stave for use at the High Luminosity LHC
Present generation ATLAS pixel module in use today at the LHC…Higgs discovery?
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June 10, 2011 Silicon Detectors TIPP 2011 Carl Haber LBNL 24
2 m.
CERN ATLAS tracker (4th generation, beam in 2008)
Top quark 1992-95
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What’s really involved? • Fundamental research on the properties of silicon and
its reaction to radiation. • Semiconductor materials engineering • Design of custom integrated circuits • Microelectronics packaging, interconnections, and
materials • Thermal engineering • Fast data acquisition and data processing • High performance materials for mechanical support • Precision optical metrology
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Engineered Silicon • Microscopic
understanding of radiation damage mechanisms, defects, and kinetics – Modeling – Measurements – Time and temperature
dependence • Engineer the silicon for
greater radiation resistance by adding impurities.
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Readout Electronics: IC’s
• Large channel count and complexity require custom readout chips (ASICs) • On-chip complexity increases with process evolution • Impact of powerful design and simulation tools • Mixed analog-digital signals on the same chip • Speed and noise performance have kept up with requirements but S/N often
remains an issue, particularly with longer strips and irradiation
complexity
Feature size FEI4 2011
FEI3 2003
7mm
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Interconnections
• Bond aluminum wires of diameter 0.001 inch (25 microns) • Used to interconnect silicon detectors and readout electronics • Another technique utilizes arrays of solder or indium bumps. • More suitable for 2 dimensional arrays of detector elements
Human hair
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Advanced Materials
• Processed carbons – Carbon-Carbon: CF reinforced C
by pyrolysis – Pyrolytic Graphite: TC>1000
• Graphite Foams: of varying density, conductivity – Pocofoam – Allcomp foam
• Boron Nitride: fillers – Varying particle size, shape
• Thermal adhesives: rigid, compliant, radiation hard
• Silicon Carbide: solid, foam, also an electrical material
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LBNL Composites Facility
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Metrology: Laser Displacement
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….Partial Conclusion
• Particle detectors rely on the simple processes of ionization or excitation.
• Through substantial interplay with modern technology they give us a powerful window on the subatomic world.
• Lot’s of clever ideas have contributed and are still needed….from you!