ParticiplesFirst, read

pages 184-186in your text

Nowlook at the chart

on page 185 as youread the following slides

Present active participles are based on the infinitive,the second principal part. Since infinitives differ

by conjugation, present active participles will, too.

First conj.-are

remove the “re”add “ns”

translate -_____ing”

thus “amare” to love= ama + “ns”

amans= loving

Second conj.Long -ere

remove the “re”add “ns”

translate -_____ing”

thus “habere”to have

habe + “ns”habens having

Third conj.-ere(if verb is third “io”, apply

4th conj. rules instead!!!)remove the “re”

add “ns” translate -_____ing”

thus “edere” to eat= ede + “ns”edens= eating

Fourth conj.-ire

remove the “ire”add “iens”

translate -_____ing”

thus “dormire” to sleep= dorm + “iens”

dormiens = sleeping

Third “io” verbs are treated likefourth conjugation!!

remove the “ere”add “iens”

translate -_____ing”thus

capio, capere to takeremove “ere”cap + “iens”

capiens= taking

Remember, these participles areADJECTIVES.

They can modify nouns.Therefore, we need to be able to change their forms

in terms of gender, case and number.

That is why the chart on page 185has a second form for each of

the present active participles. Note that this second formends in “ntis”. That is the genitive singular ending.

We use it as the base for any form other than the nominative singular.

For instance, if I wanted to say thatPublius has an eating problem:

“Publius” is my subject-no change needed.“Has” is my verb-habet (he has)

“Eating problem” is going to be my direct object.The word for “problem” is “aerumna, -ae f.”

As I make it my D.O., I change it to“aerumnam” accusative, fem, sing.

So, I now need to make“edens” agree with it. I use the present active part. chart

on page 325. I look under acc. fem. sing.“edens” has the genitive “edentis”.

I take off “is” and from the chart I add “em”.“edentem” is my final form.

Now, please note that there is nopresent PASSIVE participle listed in the chart on 185.

If you are using a deponent verb, it will look just like a regular verb of its conjugation. Look at the deponent chart at the top of

page 186.

Also, notice that regular verbs do not have perfect ACTIVEparticiples, but deponent verbs do.Again, look at the charts on pages

185 and 186.

Most verbs (regular verbs)have a perfect passive participle.

This is simply the fourth principal part of the verb andit translates “having been __________ed”

amatus-having been lovedvisus-having been seen

obstructus-having been blocked upetc.

Now, if you have a deponent verb,you use the third part minus the “sum”.

Notice that it looks like the fourth part of a regular verb.Since it needs to translate as active, leave out the “been”

and translate it “having _________ed”This is the only way to have a perfect active participle.

Example: conatus=having tried

If you need to change the formof a perfect participle, whether it is regular and passive or

deponent and active, you will do it in the same way.

Notice all the perfect participles end in “us” and the charts on 185 and 186 have “ -a, -um” after each “us” form.

This means that you treat it like any “us, -a, -um”adjective, just using the “magnus, -a, -um” chart

on page 324.

SoIf you wanted to say

“ I saw the arrested Publius.”, here is what you would do.

I saw the arrested Publius.

Vidi = I sawPublius is the direct object,so “Publium” is the form.

That would be acc. and masc. and sing.(having been) arrested= captus

I look at my chart on 324 and I see“um” so

“captum”

Vidi Publium captum.

Now, here is the new form:

the Future Active Participle

We make all of these the same way, whether the verb is regular or deponent

We take the perfect participle which youwill note always ends in “us”

We put “ur” right in front of the “us”.That gives us “urus” which can also be

“ura” and “urum” if we needfeminine or neuter

This translates as“about to _________”

or “going to ________”

The very word “future”is made from the future active participle of “sum” which is

“futurus” which means “going to be”so the “urus” should make you think of “futurus”

which means “future”!

Pretty handy dandy, huh?

Now, in English, we usually express this future ideawith a relative clause or some dependent clause,

but in Latin, we can very elegantly express a futureintention in just one word.

For example, let’s take the sentence

“I saw Publius who was about to jump”or

“I saw Publius just when he was going jump”

Okay, we already know that “vidi” = “I saw”and we know that “Publius” as a D.O.

will be “Publium” which is accusative and masculine and singular.

So now, let’s make our word for “going to jump”.Jump-salio, salire, salui, salitus

I take the fourth form, “salitus”-remember, this is usually called the

perfect passive participle-and I put “ur” in front of the “us”.

That gives me “saliturus”.Now, it ends with “us” and it can be

“urus” or “ura” or “urum”, so guess which chart I use?Page 324 ‘magnus, -a, um” , exactly!

You are so smart!

Now, once again, I see that the masc. acc. sing. is “um” , so my final form is “saliturum”

My sentence becomes“Vidi Publium saliturum.”

I have reduced the longer English versions to just

three Latin words without losing the meaning!

One more thing,look up the word “venio” in your Latin to English

Vocabulary in the back of your Ecce II book.

What is the fourth form?

What kind of form is this?

Notice that “venturus”looks like a future active participle

instead of a perfect passive one.And it is.

Think about it.Would it make sense to say

“having been ‘comed’”?Of course not!

For this reason, some non-deponent verbs won’t have a traditional fourth part.

Instead, they cut right to the future active participle.These verbs tend to be verbs that weren’t used passively,

or at least not by the Romans.

Now that you are ‘participial experts’,do the assignment on page 186, 45b.Please note that the book wants the

feminine singular form.For present active participles, that is still “ns”.

For perfects and futures, that would be “a”.

I’ll help you with the first one.

Amoprincipal parts are

amo amare amavi amatusIt is first conjugation-remember, that only matters

for present active participles.

I take the infinitive, mark off “re” and add “ns”.

Amans (loving)

perf pass = 4th principal part, which I’ll change from “us” to “a”

Amata (having been loved)

Now for the future active participle, I’ll add in “ur”

Amatura (going/about to love)NOTICE THAT I PROVIDED THE TRANSLATIONFOR EACH FORM JUST AS THE INSTRUCTION

REQUESTED!!!!!!!!!

I’ll do one of the deponents for you as well.“sequor”

principal parts aresequor, sequi, secutus sum (follow)

“sequi’ tells me that it is 3rd conjugation (“i” is thedeponent equivalent of “ere”-review is on page 99!)

so I do it like I did “edere” sequens (following)

I make a perfect ACTIVE participle for a deponent bytaking the THIRD form with out the “sum”

and I’ll change it to feminine-secuta(having followed)I didn’t use “been” -it’s a DEPONENT!!!!!

Now, for the future active, I add in the “ur”secutura (going/about to follow)

That’s it!!Now, you do 2-5 and 7-10.

You will have 3 Latin formsand 3 translations for each answer.That means 6 points for each of 8

items=48 points for this assignment.

Sounds like a lot, but you’re stillbetter off than miser Publius!!!

Valete!Magistra