PARTICIPATION OF SELECTED NGO’S IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION

IN MOGADISH U-SOMALIA

A Research Thesis Presented To the College

Of Higher Degrees and Research (CHDR)

Kampala International University

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for Award of Masters Degree in

Business Administration (NGO Management)

BY

RUMBIDZAI PAIRAMANZI

REG NO: MBA/43704/92/DF

N

OCTOBER, 2012

///~ ~/

~

DECLARATION A

This Research Thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in

any other university.

Signed ~ Date...~

Rumbidzai Pairamanzj

MBA/43704/92/DF

Institute Of CEODL

Kampala International University

Kampala

Uganda

DECLARATION B

This Research Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as the

University supervisor.

Sig~4~~

~

Dr. IbrahimYahya

Lecturer

Institute of CHDR

Kampala International University

DEDICATION

To my lovely children, Takura and Charmalne, God and life’s sweetest gifts; and tothe brave Women and ChIldren & Somalia who have been bearing the ugly blunt of

conflict day In day out for almost three decades. To those lndMduals and Institutionswho have tied to resolve conflict and bring peace to the capital of Somalia,

Mogadishu with little or no success, their efforts are appredated

V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Researcher would like to thank her family for their immeasurable support,

especially her son for assisting her throughout the period of this project. Heartfelt

gratitude goes to all the respondents who accepted to take part in this study by

answering questions, without them, this study could not have been.

This study could not have been a success without the great support and

guidance the researcher got from her supervisor, Dr Ibrahim Yahya. Your guidance,

patience and tolerance is highly appreciated. The Kampala International University

Library, the United Nations Office-Nairobi Library and the World Vision Resource

Centre for their invaluable chronicles of knowledge. Research assistant, Monica

Wanjiku, who assisted in data collection, entry and analysis, a big thank you.

The researcher acknowledges all her lecturers, administration and support staff at

Kampala International University. Their contribution is highly appreciated. The

immeasurable guidance and support from the Deputy Vice Chancellor at Kampala

International University, College of Higher Degrees and Research, Dr Novimbrieta

Sumil need not be emphasized. Sincere gratitude to the panelist, colleagues and

friends who work in Somalia, especially colleagues from the Somalia NGO

Consortium whose great knowledge and experience in Somalia the researcher drew

greatly from. The journey has not been easy and you were there throughout.

Last but not least Mr. David Ngamate of Pioneer International University, Nairobi

Kenya, whose technical skills and expertise were very useful. Profound gratitude

and earnest appreciation to you all.

May the good God bless you all richly and grant the desires of your hearts. Thank

you.

Rumbidzai Pairamanzi

ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled “Participation of Selected NGOs in Conflict Resolution inMogadishu, Somalia”. The study had seven objectives; determination of respondentsprofile; determination of level of NGO participation in conflict resolution; establishingcurrent extent of NGO participation in conflict resolution; extent determination ofchallenges faced by NGOs in resolving conflict; determination of opportunitiesavailable to NGOs in resolving conflict: determination of actions that could assistNGOs in resolving conflict; and examination of the significance mean betweenvariables and determine the significance relationship between NGO resources andservices and peace building. The study was descriptive and was correlated usingquantitative and qualitative methods to determine the correlation betweendependent and independent variables. The target population was NGO employeesworking in Mogadishu, Somalia. The respondents were selected purposively usingsimple random selection. The Sloven’s formula was used for computing the minimumsample size of 104 out of a target population of 140. Data was presented, analyzedand interpreted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Pearsoncorrelation analysis. The results indicated that NGO participation in conflict resolutionwas relative in the area of study. The study further revealed that NGOs are facedwith many challenges in pursuing peace building activities in Mogadishu. Theserange from insecurity which results to lack of access, logistics/infrastructure, mistrustand adequate resources and institutions needed to foster peace in Mogadishu. Forthe sustainability of peace in Somalia, NGOs have to built strategies to increase thecapacity of civil society organizations, including women’s groups, elders, youth andstudents. Findings further revealed that NGOs have some windows of opportunity tobuild peace if they collaborate with communities, and become more neutral andimpartial in discharging their duties of conflict resolution. More resources arerequired for advocacy and NGOs should employ more locals and stop beingprescriptive in their program designs. Results also revealed that there was asignificant relationship between NGO interventions and resources with conflictresolution. Researcher also deducted that if NGO5 should get more resources tochannel at grassroots, where the pain is strongest, they can do more sustainabledevelopment that will end up weakening community dividers and strengthening thecommunity connecters, conflict will be resolved and peace will prevail. Real successin conflict resolution means starting at the bottom, in the communities. NGOs willtherefore work with the communities in ensuring real work of reconciliation is done.The possible recommendation as a result of this research paper is to have moreresources channeled through non state actors such as NGOs, to do more peacebuilding work at grassroots in Mogadishu and reduce the presence of state actorssuch as AMISOM and others. Success means fighting fire with water, not with morefire.

VII

TABLE CONtENTS

DECLARATION A.~ II

DECLARATION B~ III

DEDICATION IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ~ V

ABSTRA~F VI

TABLE CONTENTS~ VII

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XI

CI1AP~~ER ONE~ 1

TIlE PROBLEM AND I1~S~ 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the problem~ 4

Purpose of the Study~ 5

Research Objectives~ 5

General Objective~ 5

Specific Objectives~

Research Questions~ 5

Scope 6

Geographical Scope~ 6

Content Scope 6

Theoretical Scope 6

Time Scope 7

Significance of the Study 7

Government of Somalia 7

NGOS and Donor Community 7

African Union 7

Operational Definition of Key Terms 8

VI

CIIAPrER flWO~ 9

REVIEW OF REI.ATED LIIERATUR.E~ 9

Concepts, Ideas and Opinions from Authors/ Experts in Conflict...........,,...,..g11e Role of Humanitarian Organizations and NGOs ....................,•••g,41n NGO Perspective••••..........,•• 14

Contlict Resolution NGOs~ 15Challenges lbr NGOS in Conflict Resolution ••............,.. •..•,••• .•.. 17Peace—Building •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••_••,•,,•,•••,•••••••,• 21Advantages of NGOs in Conflict Resolution ••••...............~•••• 24

rire United Nations and Peace

Theoretical Perspecth,e...........,...,...•• 27Related

CI’IAPTER THREE~ 31

R~ESEARCH METHODOLOGY ••••a•••e••••e••e•••eII••ee•.Ie•...I........~•.~•..••...,•. 31

Research Design~ 31Research

Sample

Sampihig Procedures...........,..........,......,.....~.....33

Research Instrurrienis •eee•s•Isee.......................... 33

Validity and Reliability of Data Collection Insfruments..............,.,,~

Data Gathering Procedures...............,,..,,....................35Data Analysis Techniques •••••••••••••••~••••• 35

Ett’dcal ConsIderations

Limitations of the study •••••••....•,,,,,•• 37

ClIAPTER FOUR~ 38

DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ...~.......................38

Data

CHAPrER FIVE ••I••e••ee•I••e•ee....••.I........._............_.,....._ 48

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA1IONS.............,......,....,.........__... 48

R.ecommenrdiations......... ••.....••••••••••••••••••••,••••••• 50

lx

Suggested Areas for Further Research~ 50

REFERENCES 51

APPENDICES 55

APPENDIX 1: TRANSMITTAL LETTER~ 55

APPENDIX 11: CLEARANCE FROM THE ETHICS COMMITTEE~ 56

APPENDIX 111: LETTER OF AUTHORITY~ 57

APPENDIX 1V: INFORMED CONSENT 58

APPENDIX V: INTRODUCTION LETTER 59

APENDIX Vi: FACE SHEET/PERSONAL INFORMATION 60

APPENDIX Vii: CURRICULUM VITAE~ 64

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Respondents of the Study 32

Table 2: Determination of Validity and Reliability of Instruments 34

Table 3: Demographic Profile of the Respondents 39

Table 4: NGO Participation in Conflict Resolution 40

Table 5: Services showing extent of NGO participation in conflict resolution 41

Table 6: Challenges faced by NGOs in resolving conflict 42

Table 7: Opportunities Available to NGOs in Resolving Conflict 44

Table 8: Actions that can assist NGOs bring peace 46

Table 9: Testing the effect of NGO interventions in Conflict Resolution in Mogadishu

using the Regression Analysis 47

xi

CHAPTER ONE

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Background of the Study

In the examination of the prevention, management, and resolution of violent

conflict, the role of international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

traditionally has received little more than a footnote. Analysis of the major powers,

regional organizations, and the United Nations dominated the discussion. In the last

decade, however, particularly since the end of the Cold War, non-governmental

organizations have become more prominent and more controversial, especially in the

complex humanitarian emergencies that arise from local conflict. They are more

important for two reasons: the number and importance of NGOs has multiplied

exponentially and the secondly spectrum of conflict, which is the focus of

international attention, has broadened.

At least three important changes have occurred in the profile of international non

governmental organizations, First, there has been a significant increase in the

numbers of international NGOs working in the south, at the same time as

governments in the north have privatized their assistance programs (Smith et al

1993). The major powers have increased their funding to NGOs even as they

reduced their spending on bilateral assistance programs. From 1980 to 1993, the

number of NGO5 in the north focused on development almost doubled. This growth

is a direct outcome of the restructuring of the state and welfare systems by northern

donors during the 1980s. In some countries, official development assistance has

effectively been privatized.

International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least

1839. It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGO5. International

NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women’s

suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference

(Gordenker 1996). The phrase “non-governmental organization” only came into

popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with

provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter meaning a

consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member

states, i he definition of “International NGO” (INGO) is first given in resolution 288

(X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950: it is defined as “any international organization

that is not founded by an international treaty”. The vital role of NGOs and other

“major groups” in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda

21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the

United Nations and non-governmental organizations,

Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries

as a result of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state. Further

globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and

was an important part of the Washington consensus.

Broadly defined, NGOs are private, voluntary, non-profit organizations whose

members combine their skills, means and energies in the service of shared ideals

and objectives. NGOs vary in scope, resource base and influence as well as in

functional and ideological orientation, They may be local, national or international,

and include service groups, prominent foundations and professional or other

membership organizations, NGOs are generally dependent on private resources, but

in several countries they receive government support as well. In some cases,

government funding may compromise an NGO~s functioning.

In 1968, the U.N. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) strengthened and

formalized its consultative relationship with NGOs, NGOs with ECOSOC consultative

status may participate as observers in sessions of the UN Council and of its

subsidiary bodies. They may also submit written or oral statements to the Council,

and present their views and positions at important intergovernmental fora,

Thousands of NGOs participated in the U~N. Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. Most U.N. agencies and

programs, including the U~N. ChildrenTs Fund (UNICEF), the U~N. Educational,

Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the U.N. High Commissioner for

Refugees (UNHCR), also have established mechanisms for NGO relations,

2

To build awareness and strengthen the Involvement of NGOs in the work of theUnited Nations, DPI convenes annual conferences for NGOs on major Issues facingthe international community. As regional conflicts pose one of the greatestchallenges today, the DPI/NGO conference held In September 1992 focused on thetheme, “Regional Conflicts: Threats to World Peace and Progress.” Aspects of thefollowing discussion draw on the recommendations and conduslons presented at thisImportant meeting.

Although religion often has been a divisive influence in human relations, religiousand spiritually oriented NGOs have been among the earliest and most prominentactors In conflict mediation and resolution. Religious beliefs, rooted In spiritualvalues, motivate these groups to undertake the difficult and often frustrating task ofmediation. The NGOs’ presence at the grassroots level in many countries also givesthem a relative advantage in mediating certain disputes, makIng It easier for partiesIn conflict to accept NGOs’ role and to make subsequent concessions with theirurging.

Since the Second World War, the American Friends Service Committee and theBritish Friends - best-known as the Quakers — have been actively Involved Inconflict mediation, and at times have seconded some of their professionalcondliators for assignments on behalf of the United Nations. Well-known for theirpacifism and practice of consensual decision making, the Quakers have developed asocially activist program based on their religious beliefs in peace, Justice andreconciliation. For many years, Quaker representatives and mediators havedemonstrated exceptional patience and perseverance in dealing with complexdisputes. Their ability to gain the trust of the disputant during conflicts in theMiddle East In 1955 and after the 1967 war, between the two Germanys from 1962to 1973, during the 1965 IndIa-Pakistan war, as well as the Nigeria-Biafra cMl war of1968 to 1969, attests to the Quakers’ skills and credibility. Quaker medIators credittheir diplomatic conferences, humanitarian work and other activities with helpingthem to earn the trust and goodwill of the disputants. The Quakers’ wide societalimpact is evident from the results of a survey conducted on an exploratory visit toNigeria, in which nearly half of those interviewed before the outhreak of the cMl warhad had previous exposure to Quaker activities.

3

Over the years, other NGOs have expanded their activities in conflict resolution and

put their knowledge, skills, reservoirs of goodwill and friendships with disputing

parties to constructive use. In many cases, they have proven to be valuable catalysts

in defusing dangerous situations. For example, in 1980 Moral Re-Armament (MRA)

helped prevent a coup by the Rhodesian army against the then-newly elected prime

minister of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, by arranging for direct talks between

Mugabe and former Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith. MRAt5 success stemmed

from its spiritual commitment to peacemaking, combined with its presence as an

external but knowledgeable actor. These enabling characteristics for mediation are

common to many NGOs, as will be discussed in the next section.

Statement of the proMem

The Somali Republic gained independence on 1 July 1960. Somalia was formed by

the union of British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland, while French Somaliland

became Djibouti. A socialist state was established following a coup led by Major

General Muhammad Siad Barre. Rebel forces ousted the Barre regime in 1991, but

turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy ensued. The Somali National Movement

(SNM) gained control of the north, while in the capital of Mogadishu and most of

southern Somalia, the United Somali Congress achieved control. Somalia had been

without a stable central government since dictator Mohamed Siad Barre fled the

country in 1991.

They need to engage directly in the process of peace building and conflict resolution.

Limited numbers of NGOs have the analytical skills and detailed local knowledge that

are needed to judge the impact of NGO activity on complex social, economic and

political processes that underpin violent conflict. Most NGOs are caught between the

scale of human suffering on the ground and the international community’s

unwillingness to tackle politics of humanitarian intervention.

New governments and governmental institutions should recognize NGOs as effective

and significant actors, and facilitate their input into systems of conflict prevention,

early warning, mediation and peace-building. The challenges and opportunities faced

4

by the international community today should ensure that the numbers and

significance of NGOs will continue to grow in the years ahead, which is not yet being

realized. This study, thus, endeavors to demonstrate the role of NGOs in Conflict

resolution and peace establishment and promotion among the various clans and

warring functions in Mogadishu Somalia.

Purpose of the Study

The study was done in order to examine the role of NGOs in conflict resolution and

peace building in Mogadishu by testing the hypothesis of the used theory, to bridge

identified gaps in literature and related studies, add new knowledge and validate the

used theory.

Research Objectives

General Objective

The main objective of this study was to analyze the extent of NGO participation in

peace building and conflict resolution in Mogadishu Somalia.

Specific Objectives

i. To determine the demographic profiles of the respondents according to age,

gender, marital status, education, occupation and experience

ii. To determine the level/extent of NGO participation in resolving the Somalia

Conflict in Mogadishu

iii. To determine areas of current NGO participation in Conflict Resolution in

Mogadishu

iv. To identify the challenges NGOs face as they sort to resolve conflicts

v. To examine the opportunities NGOs receive as they resolve conflict

vi. To determine actions NGOs need to focus on to transform structures that

sustain conflict into those that promote peace in Somalia?

vii. To establish the significance mean between variables

viii. To determine the significance relationship between NGOs and Conflict

Resolution

Research Questions

The study sough to answer the following questions;

5

I. What Is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of age, gender,marital status etc?

Ii. To what extent are NGOs Involved in resoMng conflIcts and promoting peacelii. What are some of the areas that NGOs are Involved in to Resolve Conflict?M What are the challenges faced by NGOs when resoMng conflict?v. What are some of the opportunities they receive/are available to them as they

resolve conflict?vi. What actions do NGOs need to focus on to transform structures that sustain

conflict into those that promote peace in Somalia?vii. What is the significance mean between variablesviii. What Is the significance between NGO participation and Conflict

Resolution/Peace BuildIng

ScopeGeographical ScopeThe study was carried out in the Somalia Capital of Mogadishu. The entirepopulation of selected ten (10) NGOS Involved In resolving the Somali conflict wasstudied through Random sampling. The respondents were the Program Officers,Monitoring and Evaluation officers and Program Managers In these organizations.This makes up a homogeneous population. Mogadishu has an area of approximately1,328,325 square meters and a popuiation of 3 million citizens (UNDP 2007).

Content ScopeThe study sort to establish the extent to which NGOs participate In resoMng conflictin Mogadishu, SomalIa

Theoretical ScopeThe research study was guided by the theory of Peace Building from Below Theoryof 2007 by Hiroshi ODA (Joumai of Graduate School Letters, Hokkaido University Vol2) which underscores the Importance of local peace building. This approach arguesfor long-term bottom—up peacemaking and aims to build dvii society’s capacity to

promote peace and change embedded cultures of violence. It alms to strengthencommunity capacities to resolve disputes peacefully; to develop trust safety and

6

social cohesion within and between communities; and to promote inter-ethnic and

inter-group dialogue.

Time Scope

The study was conducted from September 2011 to September 2012 in Mogadishu

Somalia.

Significance of the Study

Government of Somalia

The study will be significant to the Somali government in that it will enable the

government to understand the cause of war and subsequent conflict and helps it to

perceive what needs to be done in order to secure a peaceful Somalia. It also

endeavours to assist the government to obtain clues to developing a theoretical

framework for positive peace using non state actors like NGOs. By using NGOs, the

government will be able to focus on the peace-generating aspects of human life,

making the invisible peace become visible through theoretical and methodological

developments in socio-cultural anthropology.

NGOS and Donor Community

To the NGO world and Donor Community, this study will assist stake holders,

governments and the community to re-evaluate their stand towards NGOs and give

them ample support e~g. financial resources etc or the support needed in their

efforts to foster peace and restoration of Human Dignity. The study will also help the

NGOs to re-evaluate themselves on issues concerning conflict resolution.

African Union

To the neighboring countries in the East and Horn of Africa who border Somali and

the African Union. These countries need to plan for refugee influxes and other

related conflict spill-over like Banditry Al Shabaab, The study will provide a platform

for the government and stake holders to formulate new policies concerning NGOs

and conflict resolution. The study findings will be a resource for future scholarly

studies and a point of reference in the archives for other scholars,

This study also endeavors to shed light on the current status of Somalia; that it is

not a failed state and that given time, resources and all necessary support, NGOS

7

have been resoMng conflict and promoting peace and will continue to do so. This Isbetter than the Military interventions that have so often failed.

Operational Definition of Key TermsPartldpatlon.

Refers to the involvement or takIng part of NGOs In activities that are related orhave anything to do with conflict resolution.

Conflict Resolution.It is used to refer to the limitation, mitigation and containment of conflict, rather

than the durable elimination of the causes & conflIct.

ConflIct Settlement.This suggests agreement over the conflict issues, which Involves compromise orconcession from both sides. Neither side may be able to achieve all of their goals,but the initial disappointment may be offset by the mutuality of the compromise.Settlement is often the quickest solution to a difficult or violent situation; Itseffectiveness Is temporary because the undeilying relationships and structures thathave caused the conflict are not addressed. Thus, conflicts that have reachedsettlements are often reopened later.

Peace BuIldIng.Actions to Identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidifypeace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict”.. It Is part of the activIties primarilyconducted by the United Nations agencies and Non-Governmental Organization. Thekey elements of peace building are: demilitarization, control of small arms,Institutional reforms, Improved police and judIcial system, electoral reforms, social &economIc development.

Peace MakIng.A dIplomatic action to bring hostile parties to negotiate a settlement of their disputethrough such peaceful means as those foreseen under Chapter VI of the UnitedNations Charter. PeacemakIng Is central to all peace processes and in generalconducted by the diplomatic communlty~

8

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Concepts, Ideas and Opinions from Authors/ Experts in Conflict

Conflict is a state of opposition or hostilities; Fight or struggle; the clashing of

opposed principles; the opposition of incompatible wishes or needs; Distress

Contending; Contradicting. Conflict arises when two or more societal groups pursue

incompatible objectives. It is a dynamic process that leads to both positive and

negative changes. A conflict is predominantly violent when the use of violence

outweighs the use of political or other means. Violent conflicts differ in intensity and

scope and range from violence that affects small parts of the population to full war

(more than 1,000 combat deaths in a year). The manifestations of conflict vary

according to the means employed. The study of conflict and conflict resolution by

NGOS has generated a considerable body of literature across the academic

disciplines. The vast theoretical will form the basis of this study. Literature on conflict

resolution contains a plethora of theories about why conflict arises, how to manage

conflict, how to build peace, and almost any other conflict-related topic imaginable.

It is beyond the scope of this paper to review all this literature or even a sizeable

piece of it.

The Role of Humanitarian Organizations and NGOs

The international community’s capacity to prevent conflict is still quite limited. These

limitations stem from the “structural legacies of the Cold War restricting multilateral

actions, while the growing number of interventions is a reflection of the proliferation

of deadly internal conflicts”. The increased number of internal armed conflicts

reduces the role of States in conflict prevention; the traditional policy instruments of

States, such as coercive diplomacy and deterrence, have lost much of their utility for

that purpose. These are some of the reasons why non-governmental organizations

are assuming an increasingly important role in the field of conflict prevention. While

NGOs would be unable to perform the functions of the United Nations or sovereign

States, they can usefully complement them.

In 1994 the UN Secretary-General recognized three distinct contributions that non

State entities could make in the broad field of conflict management and peace

building: 1. preventive diplomacy, because NGOs are familiar with the situation on

9

the ground and are well placed to alert governments to nascent crises and emerging

conflicts; 2. peacemaking, where NGOs can give humanitarian and social aid under

perilous and difficult conditions; and 3. post-conflict peace-building, where NGOs can

help fragile governments and destitute populations to find the confidence and the

resources to make peace last (Albert 2001).

NGOs and other humanitarian organizations have the advantage of being in dispute-

prone areas for years before conflict or violence actually breaks out. Their

knowledge of local society and culture and the local reputation they have built up

cannot be acquired instantly by outside entities that choose to get involved in that

specific area once conflict has erupted. The essential role of NGOs in conflict

prevention was acknowledged by the Commission on Global Governance in its report

Our 67oba/ NeIg/7borhoods . The report conceptualized the practices and challenges

of global governance and promoted the recognition that “formal, intergovernmental

mechanisms could be only one piece of a larger, evolving, and more dynamic mosaic

(Assefa 1999).

A project initiated by the Catholic Relief Services and the Joan B. Kroc Institute for

International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame (USA) examined the role

of NGOs in conflict prevention. It identified the following areas where NGOs can

enhance the impact of government and international organizations on early warning

and prevention of internal conflict by: “1. increasing access to parties in conflict, and

flow of information about them; 2. improving the comprehensiveness of response; 3.

amplifying the impact of peace strategies through their own networking; and 4.

creating conditions for great power engagement in larger scale preventive and

rescue operations (Nwan kwo 1996)

The NGOS have played a crucial role in conflict prevention, For example, the NGOS

agreed during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis to appoint neutral inspectors to check

Soviet compliance with the commitment not to ship ballistic missiles to Cuba. This

go-between role helped to ease tensions at that critical moment of superpower

confrontation, even though the crisis was subsequently defused before the

deployment of the inspectors was required.

10

With regard to Internal armed conflicts, the NGOS can base their conflict preventionactMties on the mandate entrusted to them by global community. ft suggests thatthe NGOS can, in conjunction with the National Societies and governments of thecountries concerned, ‘examine what contribution the NGOS could make topreventing the outbreak of the conflict or achieving a cease-fire or cessation ofhostilities”.

The main dilemma for humanitarian organizations, in protracted internal conflictsis the need to preserve absolute impartiality towards the belligerents and nondiscrimination towards the victims. This Is why it may be risky for humanitarianagencies to get too doseiy associated with a peace process: if the process stalls,then they are implicated no/ens ic/ens. ft is a constant concern & humanitarianNGOs to be able to continue their work after international conflict prevention effortsfail, and especially then.

Also, there is always the danger that humanitarian support may do more to prolonghuman suffering, namely when humanitarian assistance is diverted to supportwarring parties. A study on conflict prevention has shown that ‘aid has been oftenco-opted by belligerent groups and thus encouraged conflict”. The same study alsoargues that certain development programs and financial assistance ‘have indirectiycontributed to the exacerbation of horizontal inequalities, and hence to theprobability of violence (Carroll 1992).

A lack of in-depth analysis of the sodo-poilticai situation and Inadequatecoordination among relIef agencies and other outside entities may enable warringfactions to play one off agaInst another. Thus, eariy warning and preventivemeasures make sense only if they are carried out In dose coordination with otheroutside entities. ft Is for this purpose that the Carnegie Commission recommendsannual coordination meetings among the NGOs: “The leadership of the major globalhumanitarian NGO5 should agree to meet regulariy — at a minimum on an annualbasis — to share information, reduce unnecessary redundancies, and promoteshared norms of engagement in crises. This collaboration should lead directly to thewider nongovernmental commitment to network with indigenous NGOs in regions ofpotential crisis, human rights groups, humanitarian organizations, development

11.

organizations, and those involved in track-two efforts to help prevent and resolve

conflict (Winter 1993).

The idea of world peace is, in itself, a relatively recent idea. Not so long ago, all over

the world, and in Europe in particular, every generation had had TTitsT’ war. Certain

fatalism towards war was rooted in our mentalities. War was almost considered as

inevitable and peace was only a vague utopian dream, The first 20th century peace

movements were born between the two wars, that is in the twenties and thirties,

and gave rise to the League of Nations. Subsequent fighting among rival faction

leaders resulted in the killing, dislocation, and starvation of thousands of Somalis

and led the United Nations to intervene militarily in 1992. In 1992, responding to the

political chaos and humanitarian disaster in Somalia, the United States and other

nations launched peacekeeping operations to create an environment in which

assistance could be delivered to the Somali people. By March 1993, the potential for

mass starvation in Somalia had been overcome, but the security situation remained

fragile. On 3 October 1993, US troops received significant causalities (19 dead over

80 others wounded) in a battle with Somali gunmen. When the United States and

the UN withdrew their forces from Somalia, in 1994 and 1995 respectively, after

suffering significant casualties, order still had not been restored.

Somalia’s history of conflict reveals an intriguing paradox namely; many of the

factors that drive armed conflict have also played a role in managing, ending, or

preventing war. For instance, clannism and clan cleavages are a source of conflict

used to divide Somalis, fuel endemic clashes over resources and power, used to

mobilize militia, and make broad-based reconciliation very difficult to achieve. Most

of Somalia’s armed clashes since 1991 have been fought in the name of clan, often

as a result of political leaders manipulating clannism for their own purposes. Yet

traditional clan elders are a primary source of conflict mediation, clan-based

customary law serves as the basis for negotiated settlements, and clan-based blood

payment groups serve as a deterrent to armed violence. Likewise, the central state

is conventionally viewed as a potential source of rule of law and peaceful allocation

of resources, but, at times in Somalia’s past, it was a source of violence and

predation. Economic interests, too, have had an ambiguous relationship with conflict

12

in Somalia. In some places, war economies have emerged that perpetuate violence

and lawlessness, while in other instances business interests have been a driving

force for peace, stability, and rule of law. Understanding under what circumstances

these and other variables serve as escalators or de-escalators of violence or both is

the subtle challenge conflict analysis faces in the Somali context. A brief review of

conflict trends in Somalia underscores the point.

There is no national government in Somalia. While parts of the north have been

relatively peaceful, including much of the self-declared “Republic of Somaliland,”

inter-clan and inter-factional fighting have flared up with little warning, and

kidnapping, murder and other threats to foreigners occur unpredictably in many

regions. Since 1991, an estimated 350,000 to 1,000,000 Somalis had died because

of the conflict.gy, biology, economics, mathematics, and law, Other sources include

the long history of domestic labor-management disputes and negotiation; the civil

rights movement; and other work on racial, community, and domestic ethnic conflict.

Conflict between rival warlords and their factions continued throughout the 1990s.

No stable government emerged to take control of the country. The UN assisted

Somalia somewhat with food aid, but did not send peacekeeping troops into the

country. In the late 1990s, relative calm began to emerge and economic

development accelerated somewhat. The country was by no means stable, but it

was improving. A transitional government emerged in 2000, but soon lost power.

Somaliland and Puntland, 2 regions in the north broke away from the country and

set up regional, semi-autonomous governments. They were not internationally

recognized.

Non-governmental organizations, academic institutions, parliamentarians, business

and professional communities, the media and the public at large must all be

involved. Unfortunately, the League failed in its quest because the member States

had not succeeded in endowing the League with the instruments needed to establish

peace, such as our modern-day peacekeepers. The rise in the nationalist movements

of the 19th and 20th centuries that provoked the two world wars played, according to

some, a major role in the idea of creating the conditions for world peace. World War

13

I took the lives of more than 9 million people, killing between 20% to 25% of the

male population of France and Germany. As for World War II, 55 million people died,

including 6 million Jews in the Nazi concentration camps.

Faced with the largest catastrophes in human history, men and women around the

planet began to dream of a better, peaceful world. Thus, shortly after World War II,

on October 24, 1945, 51 States ratified the United Nations Charter with the hope of

freeing our world from the possibility of war. The UN was thus created and equipped

with instruments that its predecessor lacked. The UN established several programs

intended to reduce, as much as possible, all the factors leading to outbreaks in

conflicts. These programs did not only focus on peace keepers, who intervene after

a conflict has erupted, but also on economic and social development, human rights,

and the struggle to end world poverty and hunger. Indeed, all of these United

Nations programs contribute directly or indirectly to the prevention of conflicts and

thus to peace on earth, It is certainly true that, in the last 50 years, not everyone in

the world has known peace, but it is gradually gaining ground. The dream of peace

in the world is becoming less and less utopian and more and more attainable.

The three preceding fact sheets presented the culture of peace in the context of our

daily lives; this one discusses peace at the international level. It describes the role of

United Nations agencies, programs and departments in the prevention and peaceful

resolution of international conflicts. In addition to these institutions, other

international organizations are contributing to peace on earth, such as non

governmental organizations (NGOs) and regional organizations.

An NGO Perspective

Most of the NGOS’ contributions to conflict prevention focus on containing the

harmful effects of armed conflicts by keeping them to a minimum. According to René

Kosirnik ,they conduct a “preventive humanitarian diplomacy”. This includes in-depth

analysis of the areas concerned, local networking, sensitizing of governments,

authorities and civil society to their responsibilities under international humanitarian

law, capacity-building of local partners and the organization of early warning

systems (Rieff 2002).

14

The NGOS has frequently been able to negotiate the establishment of humanitarian

safety zones, which were off limits to armed belligerents. Such zones have helped to

prevent the escalation of violence and even, in some cases, to resolve the conflict.

For example, the NGOS mediated a 24-hour truce during the revolution in the

Dominican Republic in 1965. This served as the basis for extending the cessation of

hostilities until it eventually became a permanent end to the conflict. (Walker

1994).More recently, the NGOS managed to create humanitarian buffer zones in

Mexico in 1994 between the Chiapas insurgents and the Mexican Federal Army.

Conflict Resolution NGOs

A significant number of NGOs focus their resources primarily on conflict resolution

and prevention. In an active conflict, such NGOs may be recruited to act as impartial

intermediaries, working with opposing parties, facilitating negotiations, and helping

to uphold accepted solutions. In some cases, they may actually initiate and catalyze

dialogue between parties; in others, they may simply monitor and expedite it. In

conflict prevention, NGOs try to avert conflict or crisis. Many organizations are

working in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and independent states of the former

Soviet Union to promote innovative solutions to ethnic conflict. In both mediation

and conflict prevention, the success of the project depends on the strict neutrality of

the NGO.

The field of conflict resolution has many sources, including the academic disciplines

of political science, international relations, psychology, sociology, anthropology,

biology, economics, mathematics, and law. Other sources include the long history of

domestic labor-management disputes and negotiation; the civil rights movement;

and other work on racial, community, and domestic ethnic conflict. The emergence

of social activism in the 1960s and 1970s, including the antiwar, feminist, and

environmental movements, has played a very important part. Another influence has

been the development of alternative dispute settlement mechanisms, such as

arbitration and mediation that take place outside the domestic court system. Also

influential has been the work of NGOs, including religion- based organizations

iedicated to nonviolence, such as the Quakers and the Mennonites and the

:ontribution of foreign policymakers and official practitioners whose practice of

15

negotiation, mediation, and conflict resolution on a national and multilateral basis

has long provided insights for the field.

Most NGOs in this field represent a specific approach to conflict management and

resolution, many of which involve developing programs that make the participants

aware of their own role in a conflict and give them tools for resolving or at least

ameliorating the situation. Beneath this broad canopy lie many different approaches

to conflict management and to the specific work each NGO performs, ranging from

programs to improve negotiation skills to strategies to identify and resolve the

underlying causes of conflict.

Some NGOs specialize in facilitating dialogue among parties to the conflict or among

influential community leaders. In addition, government officials have asked NGOs to

help improve conflict resolution skills, design dispute resolution systems, monitor

ethnic tensions, and design new legislation that can help resolve conflicts.

Collaboration is critical, and NGOs may work with local individuals, community

groups, university staff, clergy, and government agencies, as well as with other

international NGO5, to organize training sessions, workshops, and conferences.

Some of the large humanitarian NGO5 have added a conflict resolution component to

their work, recognizing that development itself can create new tensions. With their

long-term, community-level presence in strife-ridden areas, these NGOs are well

suited to engage in building civil society. For instance, after constructing a dam to

generate electricity and a stable supply of drinking water, an aid organization found

that the dominant ethnic group was preventing members of the other ethnicities

from using it. Negotiation and conciliation were needed to ensure that all parties had

access to the new resource. Subsequently, this NGO has incorporated conflict

resolution components into its relief work.

16

Challenges ftr NGOS In Conflict ResolutionThe absence of governmental identity and support has disadvantages for NGOs

seeking to mediate conflicts. First of all, NGOs lack the influence to exact a firmcommitment from one side In exchange for a concession from the opposing party.They are unable to use the threat of economic, military or political sanctions toensure that a commitment Is honored. Second, non-governmental medIators mayalso lack the diplomatic experience and skill possessed by their official counterparts.Many NGOs find their mediating efforts further undermined by inadequate physicalresources, induding the necessary adminisk0uye infrastructure, at their disposal,rarely a concern to governments or intergovernmental bodies. Third, nongovernmentai actors subject themselves to personal risk and aggravation as theyincrease their mediation roles, for they usually lack the diplomatic immunity andprMieges granted to the representatIves of government or intergovernmentalinstitutions. In addition to these and a host of other complIcating factors, NGOIntermedIarIes may face pressure and resistance from their home governments totheir involvement in the mediation process. As discussed, however, the very none

governmental nature of NGOs provides them with critical strengths that outweighthe attendant disadvantages, and, in many cases, enables NGOs to prove moreeffective than their official counterparts In bringing an end to regional and domesticdisputes.

A unique case study of the challenges and opportunities that NGOs face In conflictresolution is the mediation work undertaken by the International NegotiationNetwork (INN), an NGO established by the Carter Center of Emory University. TheCarter Center established the INN in 1987 as “a flexible, informal network of worldleaders, international organizations, universities, foundations, experts, professionalsand others.” Uke many other NGO5, the INN seeks to reduce armed conflicts withoutthe use of military force, and attempts to prevent escalation of smaller-scaleconflicts. It does this by coordinating third-party assistance, expert analysis andadvice, media attention and other appropriate means. Unlike many other NGOs, theINN generally operates in the open, and conflicting parties who seek Its assistanceoften prefer this publidzed, transparent process.

17

The conflict between the Government of the People’s Democratic Republic of

Ethiopia (PDRE) and the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) offers an excellent

example of the threefold INN approach. First, the INN emphasizes the use of

eminent persons as conveners. These individuals bring not only extensive contacts

and experience to the negotiating table, but also credibility and access to key actors

and resources. The use of eminent persons can also enhance public attention to and

media coverage of a dispute. In September 1990, representatives from both factions

met at the Carter Center offices under the auspices of the INN, in a meeting

convened by former President Jimmy Carter. Negotiations began with agreement on

three principles: the peace process should be conducted by a neutral third party; no

preconditions were to be set by either side; and the talks were to be made public, in

preparation for a peaceful settlement.

The second characteristic of the INN process, immediate access to leaders and to

data, facilitated greater understanding of the historical aspects of the 30-year

conflict in Ethiopia. This knowledge assisted the INN team in understanding how

negotiation might succeed, and ultimately led to a temporary cease-fire that was

accepted by both parties.

Providing infrastructure and technical support is a third aspect of INN efforts. In

Atlanta, the INN provided facsimile and telex machines, copiers and clerical support

to both parties. The PDRE also had its own satellite dish, to facilitate direct radio

communications with Addis Ababa. Such arrangements, while mundane, can

nevertheless be crucial factors in establishing a setting conducive to meaningful and

peaceful dialogue. The INN was able to secure support for a second round of talks

between the PDRE and the EPLF in Nairobi in November 1989 with the aid of the

Kenyan government and the local U.S. Embassy, which provided negotiating parties

with the facilities to send and receive secure cable communications.

Another important component of the INN’s efforts was its recognition and inclusion

of socio-cultural differences in the negotiations. The INN also sought to link political

progress with economic aid by seeking a major development package from the

World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, to be introduced when a peaceful

settlement was attained. While the INN’s efforts did not resolve the PDRE-EPLF

18

conflict, it resulted in a 10-month de facto cease-fire between the disputants, during

which time several breakthroughs were made in famine relief and human rights

protection. The INN also succeeded in attracting world attention to the region,

creating an expectation of success and drawing other countries into more active

roles in the peace-making process.

Various INN consultations have developed plans of action, outlining concrete steps

that could be taken by the INN and other NGOS to help resolve conflicts in

Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Cyprus, the Korean peninsula, Liberia, Burma and

the Sudan. Recommended actions have included such activities as establishing

telecommunications links between the two Korean states, or developing cooperative

environmental projects between the Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities. An INN

consultation in February 1993 will help identify ways that intergovernmental

organizations and NGOs can coordinate efforts to resolve intra-state conflicts,

A number of other NGOS are currently involved in confidential, delicate mediation

and so-called good offices missions in several countries. Some of these efforts run

parallel with official mediation and negotiations by the United Nations and other

intergovernmental organizations. However, these NGOs feel their credibility and

effectiveness would suffer if their involvement in ongoing mediation were revealed.

Internal state conflicts are often characterized by a high number of civilian casualties

and the destruction of civilian infrastructure and the national economy. In the

process, the local population’s traditional coping and survival mechanisms may be

decimated as well. What develops is a spiraling relationship between insecurity,

environmental degradation, killing and continuous or “institutionalized conflict and

emergency situations,” As now seen in Somalia and the former Yugoslavia, the

immediate challenge posed by the brutal conditions of intrastate conflicts is gaining

access to the afflicted groups, It is then necessary to design strategies that will

mitigate the future effects of the conflict on the population,

Recognizing how the provision of food and medicihe can change the political

landscape, warring parties often make it difficult for NGOs to operate relief

programs. At times, warring factions do not seem concerned about the extent of

19

suffering caused by their conflict: They may be willing to allow relief, but only if each

party receives what it deems to be its adequate share. Negotiations to arrange for

the actual delivery of humanitarian assistance can be difficult, and agreements are

frequently violated. In such a situation, although they prefer to work on all sides of a

conflict and remain impartial, NGOs are often forced to choose one side, “where they

are confronted by ~onlyT a single set of political pressures.” This action leads the

opposing side to obstruct delivery of humanitarian aid. In northern Iraq, for

example, delivery of relief supplies to the Kurdish population has been hampered by

sabotage. In November and December 1992, 14 U.N. relief trucks were blown up,

and unexploded time bombs were discovered on another 10 trucks. In addition, a

CARE-Australia staff member involved in the delivery of relief supplies was

ambushed by unknown gunmen. As a result, armed U.N. guards now must escort

these convoys.

Another challenge is the heterogeneity of NGOs, with their different approaches to

matters of sovereignty, politics and morality. These varied orientations can often

hinder coordination of efforts among NGOs, as well as relations between NGOs and

intergovernmental organizations.

A third challenge is the limitation of international law. The scope of international

humanitarian law has expanded steadily since the Geneva Conventions of 1949, and

now includes legal protection to victims of conflicts taking place within national

boundaries. The International Committee of the Red Cross (NGOS) provides

humanitarian assistance to these victims; however, current international law -- in

particular, the universal principle of sovereignty and non-interference in a state’s

internal affairs-does not compel a government to accept the intervention of the

NGOS or any other foreign body. Although international law recognizes the neutrality

of humanitarian assistance, many NGOs feel an expansion of the law is needed to

include the right of interference --making it possible for them to go wherever aid is

needed, no matter what the conflict situation.

As for NGOs’ strengths, their structures, commitments, experiences and relatively

small sizes permit them to act quickly, resourcefully and creatively in providing direct

20

humanitarian assistance. Governments and intergovernmental organizations often

have to wait for legislative authority and are constrained by sovereignty

considerations. As its name suggests, Medecins sans Frontiers is one NGO that

sometimes intervenes in countries without the consent of their governments.

Despite political and security obstacles and problems of coordination, NGOs are

enormously successful at providing humanitarian assistance in two ways: direct

delivery of relief aid, and mobilization and advocacy. The United Nations estimates

that as of October 1991, the financial resources of the six largest NGOs involved in

direct emergency assistance and development amounted to $1.2 billion. More than

30 NGOs today have projects in every region of Somalia. These activities range from

food distribution, immunization and health care to installing water pumps,

distributing seeds and farming tools, and repairing vital installations. In the former

Yugoslavia, Medecins sans Frontieres, Medecins du Monde (Doctors of the World)

and the local Red Cross assist refugees, displaced and other affected persons. They

provide technical assistance to national institutions as well as psychological and

psychiatric care. The Croatian Red Cross, the German Red Cross, Lutheran World

Federation and Caritas distribute food provided by UNHCR, while the International

Rescue Committee assists UNHCR in the repair and renovation of existing facilities

for displaced persons and refugees. It also distributes prefabricated winter-proof

building material and sanitation supplies.

Peace-BuNding

Building a real and lasting peace is no less a challenge than resolving conflicts.

Boutros-Ghali has identified several tasks that are important components of a

comprehensive peace process after a settlement has been reached. These include:

the implementation of information programs to advise people of the opportunities

provided by the settlement; repatriation and resettlement of refugees; the conduct,

observation and verification of elections; monitoring of local police; monitoring of

human rights; and civil administration.

To ensure that a long-standing peace is achieved, NGOs seek to address the root

causes of conflict and to strengthen institutions that promote stability and harmony.

They design strategies to promote economic and social development, which can

21

ease the poverty and deprivation that often cause strife. By creating economic

opportunities, NGOs contribute to a successful demobilization of former combatants,

facilitating their integration into civilian life. This process may include retraining

elements to become part of a police force, to ensure public safety and promote the

rule of law. For example, Veterans for Peace has helped build medical clinics in

Vietnam, staffed and funded a project in Nicaragua to identify and correct

contaminated drinking water, and trained local residents to work at an aluminum

tool-casting plant that it built in Guatemala. An NGOTs status as a neutral,

independent third-party strengthens its ability to promote peace-building activities.

Together with the media, NGOs also address the psychological dimension of conflict,

by helping to correct the distortions of wartime propaganda and to reshape popular

perceptions of former enemies. The extensive in~ormational and educational

activities of NGOS also enable them to publicize and prevent human rights abuses,

defend minorities, build confidence in the electoral process and educate about

democracy. Information and technical assistance are thus important resources of

NGOs and valuable tools in the process of building the peace.

One NGO active in these areas is the Albert Schweitzer Institute for the Humanities,

which is operating several programs in the former Yugoslavia in cooperation with the

University of Zagreb. Their activities include providing public education on ethnic

cooperation and conflict resolution, and distributing clothing, medicines and toys.

University professionals are training schoolteachers and parents to identify signs of

war trauma, and, at the request of Croatian Television, the Institute is also

developing a cartoon series to teach non-violent conflict resolution.

Electoral verification and monitoring, a key component of peace-building, has

become an important task for both the United Nations and NGOs. Agreements to

resolve intrastate conflicts in recent years include processes of democratization,

based on free and fair elections. In addition to providing logistical and other forms of

electoral assistance to inexperienced governments, the United Nations, regional

organizations and NGOs play the role of collective guarantors of the electoral

process. The Nicaraguan elections of February 1990 introduced an unprecedented

role for international actors in the internal affairs of a sovereign state. Numerous

NGOs, along with Central American governments, the United Nations, the

22

Organization of American States and the Council of Freely Elected Heads of

Government, which is a distinguished group of current and former leaders chaired by

former President Jimmy Carter, sent observers and monitors to witness and certify

the fairness of the election. The outcome was the world’s first peaceful transfer of

power from a revolutionary government to its opposition. (Marshall, D. R. 2000)

Although many such efforts are organized by the United Nations, the vast human

and material resources required indicates that support from NGOs, both indigenous

and international, will be crucial to the success of these democratic processes,

Moreover, as direct negotiations with an adversary often present many difficulties,

members of the Carter Center’s INN have suggested that internationally supervised

elections may serve as an alternative to direct talks or direct mediation, and thus

may be an important instrument for resolution of future conflicts. As in October 1991

in Zambia, conflicting parties who are unwilling to negotiate nevertheless may be

willing to have an international body enter the country to supervise the electoral

process. This is an important way in which NGOs can contribute to peace-build-and

building -- helping nations “lay their foundations in ethics on it the structures of

law,” This role becomes increasingly important as more governments recognize the

importance of free and fair elections in achieving a stable peace. (Nicolaidis, K.

1996).

The success of an NGO in helping to realize an enduring peace will also depend upon

better understanding by the international community of the causes of conflict in the

world today. Yet, the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations do

not have the resources to conduct the necessary research and analysis. NGOs,

universities and institutes, however, continue to conduct such research and initiate

projects to develop tools and frameworks for resolving conflicts. (Riehl, V. (2001)

One of the innovative projects that promises to be of great value to negotiators is

the Project on modeling for Negotiation Management at the Massachusetts Institute

of Technology. By utilizing computerized databases, the project offers negotiators

generic modeling tools for simulation, optimization, precedent-based reasoning and

decision analysis. In 1991, the Peace Studies Unit of the U.N. Department of Political

and Security Council Affairs promoted the exchange of information on peace issues

23

among over 600 NGOs, academic institutions and cities around the world.

Recognizing the valuable contributions that these non-governmental entities make to

the promotion of peace, the Secretary-General has designated over 400 of these

organizations and cities as “Peace Messengers,” (Gary,I 1996).

Advantages of NGOs in Conflict Resolution

Conflict resolution NGO5 tend to be less constrained than Inter-Governmental

Organizations (IGOs) in being able to relate freely to the non-governmental parties

involved in a dispute (although governments sometimes discourage such dialogue).

They sometimes, however, also operate at the official level as third party

intermediaries, as Saint’ Egidio did in Mozambique, and as the FAFO Institute for

Applied Social Science did with the Oslo Peace Process, Other NGO5 work at the

level of Track Two Diplomacy, bringing together, in an unofficial capacity, influential

members of the policy-making community or those who have other forms of access

to decision-makers for ‘problem-solving workshops’. A limited number of NGOs, such

as The Carter Center and its International Negotiation Network, are also working in

the realm of ‘Track One and a Half’, finding a path between official and unofficial

approaches,

With their work in the field, many NGOs (including churches and women’s groups)

have the ability to bring about conflict resolution and reconciliation at the community

level, as various organizations are currently attempting to do in South Africa. NGOs

and scholarly institutions within civil society have also been actively studying and

disseminating knowledge about conflict prevention and resolution, helping IGO5

develop their capacity and even evaluating IGO action and proposing reform.

Another advantage of NGO5 is that they can take many forms and play many roles,

Their multidimensional character and flexibility allow them to highlight specific

problems and work on issues in ways that IGOs usually cannot. Local NGOs and

those that work extensively in the field are often more aware than IGOs of the root

causes of problems. In some cases, however, they do not have the same face

validity with governments as IGO5 and the lack of accreditation for NGOs and the

possibility of their acting inappropriately remain as problems, Finally, NGOs are often

even more resource-poor than the UN or regional organizations and are usually

24

dependent entirely on voluntary contributions, making their staying power more

tenuous. (Quirk, P 2000).

The United Nations and Peace Keeping

The UN Security Council is the main organization of the United Nations dedicated to

the resolution of conflicts and peacekeeping. It is composed of fifteen members, five

of whom are permanent, namely China, France, the Russian Federation, the United

Kingdom and the United States, and ten of which are elected by the General

Assembly every two years.

When the Security Council is confronted with a problem that can represent a threat

for international peace and safety, it must first try to resolve the problem peacefully.

In the past, the Security Council has acted as mediator or, in cases of armed

conflict, proposed a cease-fire. The Council can also reinforce its decisions by

enacting sanctions. According to the report ‘We the Peoples11, sanctions are a way

for the Council to apply its decisions, constituting a step between a simple

condemnation and armed intervention. Sanctions can include an arms embargo,

trade and finance restrictions, the ceasing of air and sea contact, or diplomatic

isolation. Furthermore, the council can also opt for measures that call for more

people and material. Peacekeeping missions allow the Security Council to watch over

the cease-fire and participate in the creation of conditions for peace. On a few rare

occasions, the Security Council has authorized member States to use all the

necessary means to keep the peace, including collective military action.

General Indar Jit Rktye, the former president of the International Peace Academy

who has participated in several peacekeeping missions, defines peace keeping as

being TTthe prevention, limitation, moderation and cessation of hostilities between or

within States due to the intervention of a third party, which is organized and

directed at the international level and which calls upon military, police and civilian

personnel to restore peace (Riehl, V. 2001).

Up until the end of the Cold War, the UN only intervened in the majority of cases if

the conflict involved two or more States. This is known as the principle of non

interference. The principle of State sovereignty was “officially” adhered to more than

it is today. The first UN mission began in 1948 in Palestine and is still in place. It was

25

baptised UNTSO, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine.The missions have changed considerably since then. Indeed, UNTSO was only madeup & observers mandated to observe whether the truce was obeyed. However, withthe insistence of Lester B. Pearson, UNEF I, the fist United Nations EmergencyForce, was set up during the Suez Canal crisis In 1956. It was the start of veritablepeacekeeping missions supported by mIiltary~ police and cMlian contingents.(Sydney 1992)

Since the end of the Cold War, peacekeeping has undergone a new change. Theoperations now occur more and more often within one country. There are severalreasons behind this. First of all, due to a greater access to information, internationalpublic opinion and governments are more aware of what Is happening in a countrythan in the past. Now when images of extraordinary violence reach us, we no iongeraccept that such barbarous conflicts take place, be they religious or ethnic in originand whether or not they occur within a single country. This was the case forRwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, East Timor and, more recently, Sierra Leone. Not so longago, we would not even have been aware of conflicts such as these, which occurwithin a single country.

The other reason comes from the establishment by former coioniai powers of Statemodels In countries that had no tradition of this kind. Totaity arbitrary borders werelaid down, bringing together different ethnic groups, some of which were abie toimpose their will on others due to their number and education. We can no longerallow the powers that be of a State to dictate to other minorities. We must establishor impose peace so as to stop belligerents from committing greater massacres.However, this demands a stronger, more interventionist approach in defiance ofState sovereignty and the principle of non-interference. To accomplish this,peacekeeping missions must have greater capabilities. They must be able to rebuild,disarm, supervise elections and ensure that human rights are respected. Interveningis no longer enough. After such missions, democratic institutions that have neveredsted or that were destroyed must be rebuilt and be capable of ensuring equairights for all citizens. This Is the type of mission that took place in Kosovo and EastTimor. Still It may be very difficult to establish a durable peace if justice has notbeen obtained first. There is often no judicial apparatus left in a country coming out

26

of conflict. The UN is therefore working to equip itself with the effective institutions

needed to fill the institutional void in countries that are rebuilding after a conflict.

Theoretka~ Perspective

Peace building from below theory on conflict resolution

Peace-building signifies the creation of a socio-political structure which is able to

prevent outbreak or resolve conflict to perpetuate peace (Shinda 2002). This

definition is based on a positive view of peace and is already popular in the field of

peace practice and study.

Peace-building from below can broadly be defined as practice by non-state actors

utilizing various resources, to create amicable relationships with national, ethnic,

racial, religious or political actors to build a social structure which is able to promote

sustainable peace. The phrase ‘non-state actors’ means in this context, neither

transnational corporations nor big international conglomerates, but local, grassroots

members of the affected society or civil society actors.

Originally, Johan Galtung (1976) coined this concept to terms such as

“peacekeeping” and “peacemaking”. Galtung defined it with relation to ‘structure of

peace’. He limited his scope to inter-state relationships. The former UN Secretary

General Boutros —Ghali then popularised it through ‘An Agenda for Peace’ (1992)

with the aim of making clear the function of UN organisations for conflict resolution

in the post cold war era. In contrast to peacekeeping and peacemaking, which are

based on negative definitions, peace-building refers to a positive and practice —

oriented view of peace. What is still lacking is an examination of the actors in peace-

building.

Peace-building is not only by state authorities and UN organizations which are

located outside of the society in question, but also by actual members of the

affected society. Peace-building is therefore regarded as a practice that non-state

civil society actors conduct utilizing relevant resources. Because of the state and UN

—centred perspectives on conventional peace studies, the substantial role of civil

society actors, especially local residents and private citizens has been long neglected

and they have been viewed as mere recipients of external aid.

27

Within the ideology of the modern state, only government has sovereignty over war

and peacemaking. Conventional peace studies and practices have tended to

uncritically adhere to the state-centred ideology, Ordinary people are excluded and

disqualified from peace- related responsibilities. However, from a constructionist

perspective, the state is a secondary constructed institution and an appendage to

the primary world of people.

“Second track Diplomacy”(or track two or citizens’ diplomacy ) is relevant to the

concept of peace building from below. It is defined by Davis and Kaufman (2002:2)

as “the bringing together of professionals, opinion leaders or other currently or

potentially influential individuals from communities in conflict, without official

representative status, to work together to understand better the dynamics

underlying the conflict and how its transformation from violence (or potential

violence) to a collaborative process of peace building and sustainable development

might be promoted.”Dan Bar-On who has been involved in the peace building in the

middle East Formulated the relationship between two approaches of peace: “One

can look at Bottom —up peace building process of resolving ethnic conflicts as

sufficient process that compliment necessary , top down processes”(Bar-On

2002:110)

Peace building by the middle —range and grassroots members of affected society is

what is referred to as “peace building from below. Peace building from below may

be broadly defined as practice by non-state actors utilizing various resources , to

create amicable relationships with national, ethnic, racial, religious or political others

and to build a social structure which is able to promote a sustainable peace. The

word “Non-state actors” means in this context neither transnational corporations nor

big international NGOs, but local, grassroots members of the affected society or civil

society actors.

This type of peace building is invisible, The parallel between health and peace have

also drawn comment: Levin and Idler termed health care practice in the Folk and

popular sectors a “hidden health care system (Levin and Idler 1981)”.Nevertheless,

little attention has been paid to such “hidden” peace practice at the non

governmental level. As Sponsel notes “nonviolent and peaceful societies appear to

28

be rare, not because they are, in fact rare but because nonviolence and peace are so

rarely considered in research, the media and other arenas.”(Sponsel 1994), How can

we therefore make this invisible peace building visible?

Related Studies

Conflict only arises in situation where people are interdependent —if each group is

independent; there is no possibility of conflict and by implication therefore

presupposes some form of interdependence (Deutsch 2006).According to Mayer in

2000, conflict also involves an emotional reaction to a situation or interaction that

signals a disagreement of some kind. The emotions might be fear sadness,

bitterness, anger or hopelessness or some combination.

Lederach believes that there are three levels of actors in the peace-building process,

and each level of actors engages in different peace-building tasks. Lederach argues

that the most effective peace-building is the kind that stresses reconciliation

between parties in conflict and eventually transformation of their attitudes and

institutions. He argues that true peace-building is the social, economic, socio

psychological and spiritual changes in lives of the people involved.

Lederach’s model is very helpful in distinguishing which activities need to take place

at the different levels of action. However, he doesn’t thoroughly discuss which types

of organizations and leaders are better suited to activities within each of the levels.

Another drawback with Lederach’s model is that it applies specifically to period of

intensive conflict and the post-conflict stages, but preventative conflict measures are

not discussed. In light of these drawbacks, we turn to the Nicolaldis’ strategic. The

second is Kalypso Nicolaldis’ strategic framework of international preventative action

in situations of conflict (Nicolaidis 1996).

Various international Humanitarian bodies have carried out intensive literary studies

in Mogadishu. NGO5 constitute an essential part of civil society (Albert 2005) and

they have the potential to play key roles in resolving conflicts and restoring civil

society. NGOs involvement in conflict resolution introduces a citizen element into it.

NGOs can support to form well knit local infrastructures or peace constituencies

comprising of people from different sectors of civil society whose aim is to attain

sustainable peace and whose activities are based on long term commitment. NGOs

29

should invest more resources for capacity building activities at different levels. It

involves the training of own staff, identifying indigenous partners, local leaders and

so on. NGOs can act as mediators to bring consensus among different conflicting

groups with the help of local peace constituencies.

Pamela Aall suggests a number of roles that NGOs can play in the peace making

process. NGOs should pursue their traditional relief and rehabilitation activities with

a long-term perspective. “The initial emergency relief response should be linked to a

set of activities that leads to the transformation of those conflicts in a way that

promotes sustained and comprehensive reconciliation among the warring parties”

Aall cautions us against the dangers of using external resources in relief and

rehabilitation activities. Excessive use of external resources can foster dependence

and passivity. It can also become a new object of contention, inadvertently fueling

the conflict. NGOs should mobilize local resources which empower the people and

enroll new participants into their activities, especially women who have often been

kept passive in the peace process. NGOs should continue to monitor human rights

abuses. They should undertake new task of providing early warning of potentially

violent conflicts and should pursue conflict resolution activities. Aall warns that these

roles must be kept separate both for the safety of NGO workers, and in order to be

effective.

Research Missing Gap

A critical analysis of both the Empirical and Theoretical Literature infer a complex

and difficult situation in Mogadishu. However, it’s evident that NGOS play a crucial

role in Peace Building and conflict resolution. Predominantly, clannism, poverty and

denial of basic human rights and dignity are the root causes of conflict as deduced

from these two fields of Literature Review. NGOs have been working in Mogadishu

for decades but there participation and extent of contribution (as non-state actors)

to the chronic conflict has never been looked at. No research has been carried out

in Mogadishu on this issue and hence need for this study previous.

30

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGy

Research Design

The research study employed the descriptive survey design , specifically the

descriptive comparative and descriptive correlation strategies. Descriptive studies are

non-experimental researchers that describe the characteristic of a individual or

group. The study was correlation in that it was interested in establishing the

relationship between variables, testing of hypothesis and development of

generalizations. Descriptive studies are not only restricted to fact findings but may

often result in the formulation of knowledge and solutions to problems (Kerlinger

1969). Furthermore, descriptive surveys are used to discover causal relationships

(descriptive correlation), differences (descriptive comparative), to provide precise

quantitative description and to observe behavior.

Research Popu~ation

The target population of this study included a total of 140 employees of the selected

NGOs working in Mogadishu, Somalia. The Target Population for this was selected

from Program and Operation staff of 10 NGOs in Mogadishu Somalia (see appendix

B), as per the UNDP statistics,

Sampile Size

In view of the nature of the target population where the number of the of the NGOs

employees are many, the sample was drawn from the Program and Operations staff

from each NGO. The minimum sample size was computed using the Sloven’s

formula, A sample of 104 NGO employees was taken from all employees.

Table 1 below shows the details of the respondents of the study

31

TaNe 1: Respondents of the Study

Name of the Organization

CUK - Save the Children UK

NORLD Vision

TOTAL

Source: Researcher’s formullation

12

For the purpose of this study, N=104 and assuming 95% level of confidence e=0.05;

Therefore:

n N/i + N (e)2

Where:

n the required sampling size

N = the known total population

e level of confidence at 0.05%

n = 140

1+140(0,05)2

1. ~ Adventist Relief Development Age 172. :ARE -Cooperative Assistance for Relief 21

Everywhere3. NRC? Norwegian Refugee Council 16

4. PD -Centre for Peace and Democracy 6

~5. DRC - Danish Refugee Council 10

6. :MC - International Medical Corps 12

~7. :RC - International Rescue Committee 16

8. SAFERWORLD 8~

140 104

32

140

1+140(0.0025)

140 = 1.35

1+0.35

140

1.35

n = 103.70 =104

Sampling ProceduresPurposive Sampling technique was used to select the respondents. From the chosenlist/sampling frame, the actual respondents were chosen, based on the Inclusion,employing a systematic random sampling technique to select samples of 104employees. Purposive sampling was also used because the research neededrespondents with adequate knowledge and experience In the Mogadlshu conflict.

Research InstrumentsThe researcher employed self administered questionnaires with open and dosedquestions because the population and respondents were elites. This was droppedand picked later. Observation method and focus group discussions were also used asalternative instruments. This tool was chosen because It was the most appropriatefor the study. The researcher also used prImary sources i.e. PEACE AGREEMENTSand employed secondary collection of data.

A standardized instrument on NGO partldpation was used to determine the level ofNGO participation, community satisfaction and opportunities avaIlable to these NGOsin resoMng conflIct. The scoring system of this Instrument Is as follows:

Strongly agree (40; agree (3); disagree (2); and strongly dIsagree (1)

33

Validity and Reliability of Data CoNection Instruments

The validity of the instruments was determined using the content validity index by

two experts in the field of study. However, Cronbach Alpha was used to determine

the reliability of the two instruments. The estimation of validity was above 0.75,

showing that the result is reliable and valid to conduct any statistical analysis and

can be used to generalize the result of the research. The table below shows the

experts summary

Table 2: Determination of Validity and Reliability of Instruments

riabile Number of Items Number of Total

declared valid invalid items

3pondent Profiles 8 2 10

0 Participation 9 1 10

~llenges Faced by NGO5 6 4 10

ortunities available to NGOs 9 10

ions needed to promote peace 7 3 10

39 11 50 —

CVI= 39/50 = 0.78

The instruments were pretested in the pilot study to check their viability and were

devised by the researcher. The pilot study was carried out independently and data

was collected and analyzed. Instruments, having been tested, were adjusted and

proven for reliability and accuracy. In the pilot study, respondents were not included

in the actual study and questionnaires were administered twice to the same

subjects.

34

Data Gathering Procedures

The following data collection procedures were employed:

Before the data administration of the questionnaire:

The researcher obtained an introduction letter from the College of Higher Degrees

and Research which was addressed to the authorities for permission to conduct the

study

During the administration of the questionnaire

The researcher and assistants were sincere and strict particularly in requesting thefollowing from the respondents:

1. To sign the informed consent form

2. To answer all questions without leaving any item unanswered

3. To avoid bias and to be as objective as possible in answering the questions.

Researcher and assistant also requested the respondents to retrieve thequestionnaire after five days from the day of distribution.

All questionnaires received were checked for completeness

After the administration of the questionnaire

The researcher and assistant cleaned the gathered data after it was received: editing

to identify errors, omissions and ambiguities in responses. The cleaned data was

encoded into the computer and statistically treated using the frequencies and

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

Data Analysis Techniques

Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data collected, as the study was

exploratory. Gupta (2000) used similar techniques in his analysis of the Role of

NCOS in SOUTH SUDAN Data was received and thoroughly checked and edited for

validity. The data was analyzed using quantitative methods. Data has been

presented and analyzed using simple statistical techniques like frequency tables, pie

charts and graphs. Mean scores were used in data analysis with the mean score

ranging on a 4 point Likert scale on a weighing scale of 4 scores for “a” i.e. “a” for

strongly agree or 4 to “d” strongly disagree. Tabulations have been done using E

35

Views data software. Non-quantitative data were analyzed qualitatively. These

techniques have been used for reliability and relevance of the entire study. The

mean and standard deviations were employed for NGO participation and community

support. An item analysis illustrated the strengths and weaknesses based on the

indicators in terms of mean and rank. From these strengths and weaknesses,

recommendations were derived. To interpret the obtained data, the following

numerical values and descriptions were used

Mean Range Description Interpretation

3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree Very High

2.51-3.25 Agree High

1.76-2.50 Disagree Moderate

1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree Low

The analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized to test the difference between means

for hypothesis on (H # 1) at a 0.05 level of significance.

A multiple correlation coefficient to test the hypothesis on correlation (Ho#2) at a

0.05 level of significance using a t-test was employed. The regression analysis R2

(coefficient of determination) was computed to determine the influence of the

independent variable on the dependent variable.

Ethkall Considerat~ons

1. Permission was obtained to adopt the standardized questionnaire on all

confidentiality as far as information is concerned was assured.

2. Letters of approval from the university and World Vision were used in the

field.

3. Respondents and organizations were coded; no names were reflected on the

questionnaire.

36

4. Respondents were requested to sign the Informed consent form

5. All referenced work/citations from authors were adequately adcnowledged.

6. FindIngs were presented in a generalized manner.

Umilatlons of the studyThe researcher anticipates various handicaps in the course. However these aresurmountable. They Indude:

1. Time The most significant constraint to the study was time. The short timeschedule could not allow a comprehensive study from the entire population asdesired. Neither could it allow for the follow up & the defaulting 14respondents who never responded to the Research Questionnaire as was thedesire & the researcher

2. Exbaneous vaflables whIch was beyond the researcher’s control such asrespondents’ honesty, personal biases and uncontrolled settIng of the study

3. AttrItIon some of the questionnaires were not retrieved due to respondents’refusal/withdrawal to participate, sIckness or travel. From the sampledpopulation of 104, only 86% or 90 NGO employees responded, with 14questionnaires not retrieved at all.

37

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Data AnaAys~s

This chapter presents the empirical results of the data collected analysis based on

the Analytical Likert scale discussed in Chapter three of this research project. Of the

104 respondents sampled for the purpose of this Research project, 90 of them

responded to the Questionnaire while 14 respondents were not cooperative and

never responded in the Data collection time frame. This represented an 86%

response or l4% non-compliance. The data used covered the period between 2010

and 2012.

The demographic characteristics of the respondents were precipitated as below.

38

Table 3: Demographic Profile of the Respondents

n = 90/104

Category Frequency Percentag~GenderMale 64 71Female 26 29

Total 90 100

Age group20-25 Yrs26-29 Yrs 0 030-35Yrs 10 1140+ 25 28

55 61Total 90 100

Marital StatusMarried 56 62Single 12 13Divorced 6 7Widowed 9 10Other 8 8Total 90 100

Education Level

Diploma 48 53Degree 24 27Masters 14 16PHD 4 4Total 90 100

Type of employment 17Senior management 15 42Middle management 38 18Head of Unit 16 13Supervisor 12 10Other 9 100Total 90

Years of Experience0-5 Yrs 15 166-10 Yrs 25 2810+ Yrs 50 56Total 90 100

Source: Primary Data 2012

39

The above analysis shows that 64 or 71% Of the respondents were male, with

female respondents being 26 or representing 29% of the respondents. This sample

was well versed in the Somali affairs being mature in age with 55 or 61% of the

respondents having attained the age of over 35 years. The respondents commanded

a respectable level of education having attained a Diploma level with l7% being

senior managers thus well versed to understand the questionnaire, articulate all

issues in it and provide a holistic and objective view of their experience in Somalia.

Further of the sample size 50 or 56% of the respondents have more 5 years of work

service in Somali and with the Somali people thus giving them in intricate

relationship, and in-depth knowledge of the aspirations and tribulations of the same.

TaMe 4: NGO Partidpat~on ~n ConfHct Resoftit~on,

Indkators of NGO Part~dpation ~nConfllct Resollut~on in M~gadishu Mean ~ RankNGOs are participating in managing~ç~ic~tp~y ~_~1L ~_ ~~L_The number of NGOs in this area is

~oreso~e conflict 2.82 High 23

Your NGO is involved in Conflict Resolutkrn — 2.80NGOs are meeting their goals and targets 4in conflict~ 2.58 HighNGOs involved in conflict Resolution have 5policies 2.51 HighNGOs are doing a good job as far asconflict resolution is concerned 2.12 Moderate 6

Average Mean Index 2J5 HighSource: Primary data 2012

Descriptition of the Level of NGO Participation in Conflict Resolution

The above analysis indicates that respondents strongly agreed that NGO5 in Somali

are indeed participating in conflict resolution and are needed to mange conflict today

in Mogadishu. This is based on the nature of services that the individual NGO

provides and in modelling peace building in their efforts to improve livelihood.

Conflict is the dependent variable of this sudy and most respondents indicated that

NGOs have policies in place (2.51) that help them meet their goals and targets in

resolving conflict in Mogadishu as indicated by a mean of 2,58. However NGOs were

40

rated low in doing a good job in resolving conflict in Mogadishu, Respondents also

felt that the number of NGOs working in peace building in Mogadishu is enough to

bring meaningful conflict resolution efforts in Mogadishu, with a mean rating of

2.82. To get a summary analysis portraying the picture of NGO participation in

conflict resolution in Mogadishu, an average index was computed for all the six

questions and the average mean index was 2.75, confirming that indeed NGOs are

doing some work to build peace in Somalia. On the issue of NGOs meeting their

goals in the areas in which they do operate, the question elicited mix responses from

the sample. The general feeling being split between the two opinions, with a mean

average of 2.58, this is an average sitting on the fence. This explains the expulsion

of some NGOs from Somali by the rebels and other warlords. Also the cases of

rampant insecurity and violent attack on the operations of the NGOs give credibility

to the above responses.

Table 5: Services showing extent of NGO participation in conflict

resolution

~ Interpretation Rank

Provision of basic services 3.68 Very High

Livelihoods activities 2.30 High 2

Advocacy 1.88 Moderate 3

Long term Development 1.45 Low 4 —

Average mean index Z32 High

Source: data 2012

Description of current activities showing extent of NGO Participation

In determining the extent of current NGO participation in Conflict Resolution, the

researcher looked at current activities that NGOs are doing in Mogadishu that can

assist in resolving conflict, The analysis above shows that in the absence of a:unctional government in Mogadishu, NGOs have taken over the provision of basic

3ervices function, with a mean of 3.68. The respondents asserted that this brings

41

about peace in that NGOs provide basic services such as food, water, shelter, health

and nutrition, among others. Conflict is a result of socio-economic disparities in the

society and by providing basic services in the community; it brings about equality

and helps to connect them. The same can be said about livelihoods activities, 2.30

mean, that assists communities earn a living after all industries and any form of

livelihoods provision has been destroyed by the war. The analyzed data shows,

however, that NGOs are not performing well in areas of advocacy and long term

development projects, with mean of i.88 and 1.45 respectively.

Tabile 6: Challenges faced by NGOs ~n resoMng confflct.

, RankChallenge Inthcator Mean Interpretation

~uri/Acces~~ 3J7 12

M~trust from other stakeho~iers 3~68 Very High3

~s~1cs/infrastructure 2.98 H~ji4

4i~_~________,_ 2.61 High4

Coordina~on between NGOs 2.35 High5

Duplication of Activities 1.88 Moderate

Average Mean Index 3q45 Very H~ghSource: Primary data 2012

Descr~pt~on of the Challenges that are faced by NGOs ~n resollv~ng Confllct

In an attempt to find the reasons behind the low response not in agreement that

NGOs are doing a good job (mean index of 2.12) in as far as conflict resolution is

concerned the above analysis endeavors to explain this response. Objective number

three of this study tries to examine some of the challenges NGOs face in resolving

conflict in Mogadishu. The highest number of respondents cited insecurity, mean of

3.77 as the most significant challenge. NGOs sit on the fence in achieving their goals

and targets in peace building mainly because they do not have adequate access to

42

the affected populations due to continued insecurity. The continued conflict has also

resulted in communities and other stakeholders, (including the warring factions) not

to trust NGOs because they feel trusting them means trusting foreign elements. A

mean of 2.61 cited funding as another challenge. This means that there is not

enough funding that is being channeled to conflict resolution in Mogadishu.

However, this mean shows that the funding issue is not as bad as security, meaning

that NGOs are raising close to adequate funds for conflict resolution efforts. NGOs

have to contend with dwindling donor funding and fatigue in their endeavor to offer

services to the myriad of problems of the Somalia people, and in projects that are

geared towards poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement. Lack of access, due

to insecurity results in lack of operating space. NGOs, some having been sacked

from Mogadishu by the rebels, are not able to reach the needy and most affected

members of the society where the need is high. Poor road and communication

infrastructure poses great logistical challenges for NGOs in Mogadishu. These also

pose big challenges that face NGOs in their daily routines, of the respondents believe

that the existing infrastructure in Mogadishu is not adequate for NGOs to do their

work. This inference shows that NGOs are impeded in their conflict resolution work

by infrastructure such as communication, road networks among others

The security situation in Somalia is in the public domain and the NGOs have to

undergo numerous security challenges on the part of their staff members, facilities

and even communities they serve that have to be on the run thus citing

inconsistencies in service delivery. This can be supported by the activities of

agencies like the IGAAD, European Union, African Union, the UNISOM, etc that are

at the forefront of providing security and other logistical support to NGOs operating

in Somalia. However, some believed that NGOs are left alone to carry out their

activities with no known government support as the government is none existent.

Overall mean average on the challenges faced by NGOs is very high at 3.45. This

means that the efforts of NGOs in resolving conflict are mainly hampered by life

threatening challenges.

43

Table 7: Opportunities Available to NGOs in Resolving Conflict.

~cPPjcf~s Mean Interpretation RankNGOs have received communitysu~pport as they~~o resolve conflict 3.53 ~i~ 1

NGOs are welcomed by the community 3.28Other stakeholders are involved in NGOconflict Resolution Activities

____ ________ _____ 2.81NGOs can do more if they work withcommunities t~q~e~pçaçe —~ L2J8

Community welcome NGOs activities 1.98 Moderate

Description of the Opportunities that are available to NGOs in Resolving

Conflicts

VeryHigh 2.

High ‘3

~L_~~_ 14__;

NGOs have adequate resources needed~ 11~eCommunity guarantees NGO security inthis areaAverage Mean Index

15

6

Source: Primary data 2012

:1.68 Low 17

Objective number four of the study tries to measure opportunities that are available

to NGOs as they endeavor to resolve conflict in Mogadishu. Communities support the

work of NGOs as they try to resolve conflict, 3.S3mean, which is a very high

acceptance and protection level. Their activities however received a moderate rating

of 1.98 mean index mainly because some communities perceive NGOs as part of the

conflict, They really do not understand them and most of their projects are

prescriptive in nature. Being civilians who are unarmed, communities NGOs feel they

their safety can not be guaranteed by the communities who in most cases are armed

themselves. This represents the small margin of areas where some NGOs have met

with hostility and lack of understanding by the host, propaganda and hostility

against the NGOs mother country or fundamentalist of some sect. The NGOs also

feel they do not have adequate resources needed for peace building efforts in

Mogadishu because the institutions needed to bring full peace do not exist in

Mogadishu. Clannism, poverty, lack of adequate infrastructure and government, all

these do not provide a conducive environment for peace building. NGOs are very

44

welcome In their areas of Jurisdiction, with an Index & 3,28 as they provide basicservices that Improve livelihood and prolong life. These range from provisIon ofwater and sanitation, health care and medication for contagious diseases, basiceducation etc. This Is In place of a government that is not In existence. As a resultNGOs are ever finding new areas that need their attention In pursuit of povertyallevIation, livelihood Improvement that will In turn soften hostilities thatcommunities feel against each other. It Is evident from the analysIs that there Isopportunity for the NGOs to engage In conflIct resolution efforts In Mogadlshu with amean Index of 2.54. This however, can be Improved If the conflict situationprevailIng In Mogadlshu improves. It Is Imperative to note that the respondents havereceived Invaluable experience In the course of their duty In Somalia. A mean of 2.78felt that NGOs can do more If they work with communIties and other stakeholders tofoster peace. In Mogadlshu A further analysis learnt that community can offerenough protection and Information on causes of conflIct and how to reosive themsince they are the ones affected most by the conflict This sample also was of theopInIon that NGOs are seen to be neutral and can be trusted. A moderate rating of1.76 of the respondents disagreed that NGOs have adequate resources needed forthem to bring peace to this area. This means that NGOs are suppose to do more Inraising enough resources needed to bring peace to. Mogadlshu. This Inferencesuggests that NGOs need more fundIng In order to provide the required services thatare the genesIs of conflIct and strife. These Indude provision of water and sanitation,education, good animal husbandry and agriculture Improvement and that basicallyImproves on the lIvelIhoods and as they provide basic services that Improvelivelihood and prolong life. These range from provision of water and sanitation,health care and medication for contagious diseases, basic education etc. This Is Inplace of a government that Is none existent.

45

Table 8: Actions that can assist NGOs bring peace

Action Indicator MeanNGOs are neutral and Impartial inresoMng conflict in this area ~2 .85NGOs do learn from their past

Lexper!ences in resolving~ ____________ _____

NGOs do raise adequate funds forp~cçbuild~ig_ 2.00

I NGOs employ enough local staff to~

L~r~mea~Jnd~xSource: Primary data 2012

Description of the Actions that can assist NGOs in bringing peace toMogadishu

The last objective of the study was to look at at some of the actions that will assist

NGOs in bringing peace to Mogadishu. And whereas the communities appreciated

the work by the NGOs, a men of 2.85 of the respondents strongly agreed NGOs

were neutral and impartial in the execution of their duties. This is despite the fact

that the NGO employees that were interviewed felt that the commuties do not trust

their activities. The respondents moderately felt that NGOs do learn from their past

experiences, with a mena of 2.50. Reason given by the respondents being that most

NGO5 would still want to go back and do peace building work in Mogadishu despte

having been expelled from the area before by militants. As a result of this, these

employees feel that their employers put their lives at risk by sending them back to

Mogadishu where they feel the communities welcome them and the warring factions

target them. They also felt that fund raising efforts have been soiled by the

continued conflict and donor fatigue. The respondents felt that NGOs were poor at

employing local staff mainly due to the fact that their peojects are prescriptive in

nature. Overall / the mean rating on actions that could assist NGO5 is moderate at

2.26. This means that NGO5 have more work in this variable if they are to achieve

their efforts in resolving conflict in Mogadishu.

i~~_:

.—.~

Moderate ~. 2

Moderate j 3

1.70 Low

2.26

46

Table 9: Testing the effect of NGO interventions in Conflict Resolution inMogadishu using the Regression Analysis

~riable Adjusted F~Value Sign, Interpretation Decision on~ Correlated r2 HO

Level of 0.137 13.096 0.000 Significant effect RejectedConflict

Coefficients Beta t~value Sign. Interpretation Decision on

HO

(constant) 6.607 0.000 Significant effect Rejected

NGO resources 0.193 2.376 0.019 Significant effect Rejectedand services

NGO 0.413 5.093 0.000 Significant effect RejectedChallenges

Source: Primary Data 2012

Description of the significance relationship between variables

The regression analysis results in table 8 above shows that the variables included in

the study account for l3.7% variations in the dependent variable, indicated by the

low adjusted r2 of 0.137. The analysed results indicated that the independent

variables indcluded in the study significantly affect the dependent variable

(conflict/peace) (F =13.096, sign = 0.000) . These results lead to the conclusion that

NGO5 resources and services interventions coupled with prevalence of security have

significance effects on conflict resolution and peace building in Mogadishu Somalia.

The coefficients tables indicate that all independent variables of conflict resolution

contribute to peace building at B1 = 0.193, sign = 0.019), and 62 = 0.413, sign

=0.000. Therefore the null hyphothesis was rejected because the data provided

enough evidence to show that there is a significant correlation between the

dependent and independent variables.

47

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study set out to investigate and analyse the participation of selected NGOs in

Conflict resolution in Somalia. The study analysed data collected from 90

respondents out of a sample size of 104 that was arrived at. This represented an

86% response that is reliable and relevant to draw an inference or research fidings.

The empirical findings of this research indicate an importance of non-state actors

and in this case the NGOs working with the grass-rootcommunities in modelling

peace. There activities of providing basic services to the comunities that are the root

cause of inter-clan conflict go a long way in fostering peace and in conflict

resolution. The root cause of conflict being in the scamble of scarce resources like

water, pasture for livestock, healthcare and education. However, the through the

intervention of the NGOs, livelihoods have been improved, and communities work

closely with the NGO5 to achieve long lasting peace.

Though the respondents vouch for a myriad of challenges met by NGOs in their

routine work it is imperative to note that the communities are responsive and do

appreciate the NGOs efforts providing security to a majority of them whilst

entrusting them on thier lives.

On the basis of the above empirical evidence, the study concludes that strong NGO

participation in somalia through enhancement of connectors in communities and

weakening of dividers will go a long way in peace building and conflict resolution.

Development projects in the areas of water and sanitation, health and economic

empowerment of the marginalised-women, children and some clans-will be the

elements for conflict resolution. State actors are not trusted by the communities to

provide the same as seen from above analysis. The work of the NGOs with the

communities and from the grassroots level and their involvement is better than the

state actors, and that the opportunities available to them through community

goodwill can foster and cultivate lasting solutions in Somalia.

48

The respondents mentioned that although NGOs do not have adequate funding to

do their work in peace building, they are more confident and happy NGO efforts to

date. Through the work NGOs are doing in Mogadishu, and by working with clan and

religious elders, they trying to redress some of the regional wrong doings by trying

to win back rebels from the bush back into the society. Through some of their

advocacy work that they are doing, they sought for forgiveness for the perpetrators

of crimes who had themselves suffered terribly. Everyone, including the rebels, are

tired of the close to three decade old war. Some boys and girls who have been child

soldiers all their lives only see a safety net and a window of opportunity through the

work NGOs are doing to reintergrate them back into the society. They see their only

opportunity to get an education and good health being through the work that NGOs

are doing.

Like the reseacher mentioned earlier, success means starting at the bottom, in the

communities. It is vital to have opinion leaders, religious leaders and clan leaders

model restraint and humility, but the real work of reconciliation takes place where

the pain is strongest. Lessons on this can be drawn from the Catholic Bishop of Gulu

in Uganda who founded the Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative in Northern

Uganda. Grassroots work to promote peace is arduous and rarely as telegraphic as

talks among political leaders, but without the former, the latter gain no traction, Real

success requires a long term process and can be subject to setbacks. Its no good

bringing leaders together for the sake of it- addressing the root cause is essential

and that requires patience.

Success does not men fighting fire with more fire, but with water. So long as the

world continues to intervene in conflicts with huge military budgets and tiny

investments in diplomacy and peace building, the world will be doomed to repeat the

same cycles of failure. The selected NGOs in Somalia, are supporting the

intergovernmental “New Deal for Engagement/n Fragile Contexts” for this very

reason. Reason being that they want to see greater investment in the things they

know will work, rather than things which make the most dramatic sound bites on TV

new,

49

Recommendations

From this research study, the researcher has come up with the following possible

solutions:

1. NGOS need to raise more funding to invest in peace building. This funding

can be invested in strengthening the work they are already doing in trying to

bring peace to Mogadishu. These funds will be used in strengthening

community connectors and weaken community dividers through advocating

for peace and expanding those activities that bring different communities

together to forge togetherness.

2. Community leaders, including opinion, clan and religious leaders must be

involved when NGOs are designing their projects. These leaders know their

people’s needs more than anyone hence NGOs can do well through

collaborating and partnering with CBOs if they want to achieve more in

bringing peace at grassroots. They must stop being prescriptive: NGOs must

adopt a bottom up approach so that communities so that those affected will

help them have a clear voice and direction in resolving conflicts.

3. NGOs need to adopt a more aggressive approach in having their voices heard

in High Delegation Forums such as the UN Assembly and force governments

and multilateral donors reduce funding in warfare and channel it towards

grassroots peace building.

Suggested Areas for Further Research

The key aspect of this study is the response of the host community and their

perception of the NGOs. In order to carry out a comprehensive survey of the same,

the researcher recommends a further study with the research population being the

Affected Community.

50

REFERENCES

Albert, I. 0., (2001), Building Peace, Advancing Democracy: Experience with Third-

Party Interventions h7 Niqeri~’ ~ Confilcts~, Ibada n: John Archers

(Publishers) Limited.

Anderson, M. B., (1999). Do No Harm: HowAid Can Support Peace--Cr War,

Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner Publishers Inc.

Assefa, H., (1999). The Meaning of Reconciliation, People Building Peace:

Inspiring Stories from Around the Work4 Utrecht, The Netherlands:

European Centre for Conflict Prevention.

Carroll, T. F., (1992). Intermediary NGCs: The Supporting Link in Grassroots

Developmen4 West Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press.

Crow, M. E., & Nwankwo, C., (1996). Before “Things FailApart”in Nigeria: The Role

of Non-Governmental Human Riqhts Crgani~ations in Conflict

Prevention, in Rotberg,

RI, (Ed,), Vi~gilance and Vengeance: NGQs Preventing Ethnic Conflict in Divided

5odeties~, Cambridge: The World Peace Foundation.

Gary, I. (1996). Confrontation, Co-operation or Co-optation: NGOs and the Ghanaian

state during structure adjustment, Review ofAfrican Political Economy,

Ibid (1994). The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector: A Global ‘Associational Revolution’,

Foreign Affairg.

Ibid (1997). Building Peace: Sustainable Reconcillation in Divided Societies,

Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.

Ibid (1999). Just peace--The Challenge of the 21st Century, People Building Peace:

51

35 Inspiring Stories from Around the Wor/c4 Utrecht, The Netherlands:

European Centre for Conflict Prevention.

Knox, C., & Quirk, P. (2000). Peace Building in Northern Irelana~’, Israe4 and South

Africa: Transition, Transformat/on, and Reconci/h~tion, New York: St.

Martin’s Press LLC.

Lederach, 1 P~, (1996), Remember and Change. Paper presented at the Peace and

conciliation Conference, Enniskillen.

Marshall, D. R~, (2000). Women in War and Peace: Grassroots Peace-building,

Washington, D,C.: United States Institute of Peace.

Men kha us, K., (2000). Traditional Confilct Management in Contemporary Somaila,

Nicola idis, K., (1996). International Preventive Action: Developing a Strategic

Framework, in Rotberg, R. I., V~gilance and Vengeance Cambridge,

Massachusetts: The World Peace Foundation.

Ostrom, E., Gardner, R., & Walker, J., (1994). Rules, Games, and Common-Pool

Resources, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Puplampu, K. K. P., & Tettey, W. 3., (2000). State-NGO Relations in an Era of

Globalisation: The Implications for Agricultural Development in Africa,

Review ofAfr/can Political Economy

Rieff, D, (2002). A Bed for the Nigh4 New York: Simon & Schuster.

Rieh I, V, (2001), Who is’ Ruilng in South Sudan? The Role ofNG’Os in Rebuilding

Sociopoiltical Order. Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.

Salamon, L. M., (1987). Partners in Public Service: The Scope and Theory of

52

Governmental-Nonprofit Relations, in Powell, W. W., (Ed.), The

Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, New Haven: Yale

University Press.

Stewart, 5, (1997). Happy ever after in the marketplace: Non-governmental

organizations and uncivil society. Review of African Political

Economy

Tandon, Y., (1996). Reclaiming AfricaTs Agenda: Good Governance and the Role of

the NGOs in the African Context, Australian Journal of International

Affairs~.

Terry, F, (2002). Condemned to Repeat: The Paradox ofHumanitarian Action1 (Vol.

I), Thaca: Cornell University Press.

UN Secretary-General’s address at the 47th Annual Conference of NGOs, 1994.

Widner, J., (2001). Courts and Democracy in Post-conflict Transitions: A Social

United Nations Protection Force, UN Department of Public Information,

September 1996, see Rwanda Report. The Economist, 25 June 1998.

On 28 March 1997, the Security Council authorized the deployment of

an Italian-led multinational military and humanitarian mission in

Albania.

Luck, E. C., (April 2000) “Blue ribbon power: Independent commissions and UN

reform”, International Studies Perspectives, Vol. 1.

Kosirnik, René, Some questions and answers regarding the NGOS and preventive

actions, Round Table on Preventive Action, Copenhagen, NGOS,

Geneva.

Carter Center of Emory University, Resolving Intra-National Conflicts: A

53

Strengthened Role for Non-Governmental Actors, Conference Report

Series, 3, no. 2 (Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center of Emory University,

1992).

Interview with Dr. John Woodall, Director, Global Order Division, Albert Schweitzer

Institute for the Humanities, New York, 6 November 1992.

Jennifer McCoy, Larry Garber and Robert Pastor, 11Pollwatching and Peacemaking,11

Journal of Democracy, 2, no. 4 (Fall 1991).

Fred Charles Ikle, How Nations Negotiate (New York: Harper & Row, 1964; Millwood,

NY: Kraus reprint, 1985)

Plenary address of Shridath Ramphal, “Globalism and Meaningful Peace: A New

World Order Rooted in International Community,TT Consultation of the

INN (Atlanta, GA: 14 January 1992).

United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-Sixth Session,

Supplement A/46/549 (New York: United Nations, 1991)

54

APPEN DICES

APPENDIX 1

TRANSMITTAL LETTER

Lj ~R ~0 DCL. ~

— C ~72 C2~.D~

L’d~t EOfD C.. L~/K~U.~C.Ug

OFFICE OF THE FEIsD OF DEPARTME~TECcir4ICSANDMANAGEMENT SCIENCES

COLLEGE OF HIGHER DEGREES AND RESEARCH (CHDR)

~

RE: REQUEST OF RUM BIDZAI RAIRAMANZI ~RA/437O4/92/ OFTO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN YOUR ORGARIZATION

The above mentioned is a bonaflde student of Kampala sternational Universtypursuing Master in Business Administration (NGO Management).

She is currently conducting research entitled “Partic~~atiOn of SelectedNGO~s in Conflict Resolution in Mogadishu1 SornailsA.

Your organization has been identified as a valuable source of informationpertaining to her research project. The purpose of this Rtter is to request you toavail her with pertinent information she may need.

Any information shared with her from your organi:atisr semi be treated wit[~utmost confidentiality’,

Any assistance rendered to her will he highly appreciated.

~ ~our~ Lruy

Mr. Malinga .RamadhanHead of DcpartrnehtrEconomms ard Manage”~ot Sc~rc~s, (C~-DR1

NO3ED~Y_~~R_ --

Dr ~~fr&Sol T GaitoDnnc pa~-CHDR

Dsplorina The iieights~

55

APPENDIX 11

CLEARANCE FROM THE ETHICS COMMITTEE

Candidate’s Data

Name: Rumbidzai Pairamanzi

Reg: MBA/43704/92/DF

Course: Master of Business Administration (NGO Option)

Title of Study: Participation of selected NGOs in Conflict Resolution in MogadishuSomalia

Ethical Review Checklist

• Physical Safety of human subject

Psychological safety

• Emotional safety

• Privacy

• Written request for author of standardized instrument

Coding of questionnaire

• Citations/Authors recognized in reference

Results of ethical review

Approved

• Conditional (to provide ethical committee with corrections)

• Disapproved/Resubmit proposal to Ethics Committee

Name and Signature

Chairperson

Members_________

56

06 August 2012

APPENDIX 111

LETTER OF AUTHORITY

TO ~dior U M~’ CC ~EkN

PC: PESFARCH 2 pPROVAL~ RUMBIDZ~M PALF~ MT ‘Z~

The subject matter mentioned above refers.

RumbidZai Pairamanzi is our staff currently studying for an MBA degree (NGO O~tion).We kindly request that you allow her to carry out a research project on“P~RTLCWAT1ON OF PCI POThO POOP IN CONFLICT RESOLIiTLO.~ IN MO~AhISH1

SOM PLIA”,

This authority notwithstandiflg~ discretion must be exercised in the use of companyinformation including operational plans and company strategies together with policydocuments.

The Research Project should also not disrupt normal working hours and the flow ofwork in the Company.

/

James Wanene /4’People and Culture- Training and Development OfAceT :: 4

Faithfully Yours

For: World Vision Somalia

57

APPENDIX IVINFORMED CONSENT

I am gMng my consent to be part & the research that will focus on “Partidpation ofNGOs in Peace and Conflict Resolution Mogadishu-Somalla”

I shall be assured of prIvacy and confIdentIalIty and I will be given the optIon torefuse partldpatlon or wfthdrawal my partldpatlon at any time.

I have been informed that the research Is volurflry and that the results that will be

given to me WI requested fort

Name’Date’

Sign:

58

APPENDIX VINTRODUCtION Lti itR

RUMBIDZAI PAJRAMANZIP.O.BOX 56527NAIROBI-KENYACELLPHONE: +254 728 027 532

Dear Sir/Madam,

Greetlngsl

I am a Masters & Business AdmlnistraUon (NGO Option) student at KampalaInternational University. I am writing a paper “Participation & Selected NGOs InConflict Resolution In Mogadishu-Somalla”. I humbly request your assistance bybeing part of this study. Kindly provide the most appropriate Information as indIcatedIn the questIonnaIres and If possIble please do not leave any Item unanswered. Anydata from you shall be for academic purposes only and will be kept with utmostconfidentiality.

I would, In a big way, be grateful to you If you would fill out the questionnaires oneweek after you receive them. Thank you for your co-operatIon.

Yours FaIthfully~

Rumbldzal Palramanzl

Student

59

APEN DIX Vi

FACE SHEET/PERSONAL INFORMATION

Code No.___________ Date Received by Respondent _______________________

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS

GENDER (pilease Tick appropriate):

Male

Female

How old are you?

20-25

26-29

30-35

36-39

40 and above

What is your marital status?

Married

Single

LEVEL OF EDUCATION

Diploma

Degree

Masters

PhD

Others

60

TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT

Senior Management

Middle management

Head of unit

Supervisor

Others

YEARS OF SERVICE IN MOGADISHU

1-2

3-4

5-6

more than 6

SECTION B~ QUESTIONNAIRE TO DETERMINE THE EXTEND OF NGOPARTICIPATION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION

(Please tick where appropriate):

SA-Strongly Agree, A- Agree, D-Disagree, SD-Strongly Disagree

Score Response Mode Description Legend

4 Strongly Agree You agree with no doubt at all SA

3. Agree You agree with some doubt A

2. Disagree You disagree with some doubt

1. Strongly Disagree You disagree with no doubt at all SD

1 NGOS are involved in managing conflicts in this area?

2 The number of NGOs in this area is enough to resolve conflict?

3 Your NGO involved in conflict resolution in this area?

4 The NGO5 are meeting their goals and targets in conflict resolution?

5 NGOs involved in conflict resolution have policies of operation in this

area

61

6 The NGO5 are doing a good job as far as conflict resolution is

concerned?

SECTION C: QUESTIONNAIRE TO DETERMINE EXTENT OF CURRENT NGO

PARTICIPATION IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION

7 NGO5 are participating in provision of basic needs

8 NGO5 are participating in provision of livelihoods activities?

9 NGQs are participating in advocacy (including gender) activities?

10 NGO5 are participating in long term development activities?

SECTION D~ QUESTIONNAIRE TO DETERMINE THE CHALLENGES FACED BYNGOS IN TRYING TO RESOLVE CONFLICT

11 NGOs face funding challenges as they resolve conflicts in this area?

12 NGOs face challenges of mistrust from other stakeholders in this area

13 NGOs face logistics/infrastructure challenges in this area?

14 NGOS face insecurity/access challenges in this area?

15 NGOs face challenges of operating space as they try to resolve conflict?

16 NGOs face duplication of duties/activities in this area of conflict resolution.

SECTION E. QUESTIONNAIRE TO DETERMINE OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLETO NGOS IN RESOLVING CONFLICT

17 The security of the NGOs is guaranteed

18 There is enough opportunity for the NGOs to resolve conflict in this area?

19 NGOs have received community support as they resolve conflict in this area?

20 NGO5 have adequate resources needed for them to bring peace to this area

21 NGO5 can do more if the collaborate with communities in peace building?

62

SECTION F: QUESTIONNAIRE TO DETERMINE THE ATTITUDES AND

PERCEPTIONS THAT CAN ASSIST NGOS BRING ABOUT PEACE

22 NGOs in this area apply the principles of Neutrality and Impartiality?

23 NGOs do learn from their experiences in resolving conflict

24 NGO5 do raise adequate funding for peace building

25 NGOs employ enough local staff in their programs

63

APPENDIX Vii

CURRICULUM VITAE

NAME RUMBIDZAI PAIRAMANZI

AGE 43 YEARS

SEX FEMALE

MARITAL STATUS MARRIED

NATIONALITY ZIMBABWEAN

LANGUAGE (S) SPOKEN ENGLISH, ARABIC, SWAHILI, NYANJA, SHONA, NDEBELE

EDUCATION BACKGROUND: UNIVERSITY EDIJC,4770N

MBA-NGO KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

IDHA FORDHAM UNIVERSITY

BSC HPA UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

SECONDARYLEVEL:

ADVANCED LEVEL ST FRANCIS OF ASSISI HIGH SCHOOL

ORDINARY LEVEL SADZA SECONDARY SCHOOL

PRIMARY EDUCATION MAKOSA SCHOOL

OTHER TRAINING:

IPDET CARLETON UNIVERSITY

M & E KWAZULU NATAL UNIVERSITY

PROGRAM MANAGEMENT WORLD VISION

SRMT WORLD VISION

SSAFE UNDSS

64

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

GFTAM M & E COORDINATOR WORLD VISION INT. SOMALIA PROGRAM

COMMODiTY SPECIALIST WORLD VISION INT. SUDAN PROGRAM

PROGRAM MANAGER SAVE THE CHILDREN (UK)

CUSTOMS OFFICER MINISTRY OF FINANCE; ZIMBABWE

TEACHER MINISTRY OF EDUCATION; ZIMBABWE

REFEREES:

DR VIANNEY RUSAGARA GFTAM DIRECTOR

WORLD VISION INT SOMALIA PROGRAM

Email: vianney rusagara~wvi.org

Phone: +254 732393242

MRS ANGELA RUGARA DEPUTY COUNTRY DIRECTOR

SAVE THE CHILDREN (UK)

Phone: +263775393576

7 ~ j:

•1:1