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PARTICIPANTS
- Angela ALBERICI, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, MILANO, Italy
- Antonio BARBIERI, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Setor Radioterapia, R. Botucatu 715, Vila Clementino, SAO PAULO, Brasil
- Luciano BENINI, Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Ospedale Civile, 35100 PADOVA, Italy
- Daniela BETTEGA, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 MILANO, Italy
*t - Claudio BIRATTARI, Istituto di Fisica "A. Pontremoli" Universita di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 MILANO, Italy
* - Johan J. BROERSE, REP-Institutes Organisation Health Research TNO, 151 Lange Kleiweg, RIJSWIJK (ZH), The Netherlands
- Gianfranco CALICCHIO, Istituto Tumori, Via M. Semmola 1, 80100 NAPOLI, Italy
- Ugo CERCHIARI, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 MILANO, Italy
* - George T. Y. CHEN, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bldg. 55/106, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA
- Leopoldo CONTE, Servizio Fisica Sanitaria Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Boni 57, 21100 VARESE, Italy
- Tiziana COSTI, Servizio Fisica Sanitaria Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42100 REGGIO EMILIA, Italy
* - Stanley B. CURTIS, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA
- Alberto DEL GUERRA, Universita di Pisa, Istituto di Fisica, Piazza Torricelli 2, 56100 PISA, Italy
637
638 PARTICIPANTS
* - John F. DICELLO, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory M.S. 844, P.o. Box 1663, LOS ALAMOS, New Mexico 87545, USA
* - Mme Andree DUTREIX, Institut Gustave Roussy, 16 Ave. Vaillant Coutourier, 94800 VILLEJUIF (Val de Marne), France
- Andreas FORMICONI, Via Pier La Torre 1, 50065 PONTASSIEVE (Firenze), Italy
- Rosina GALLINI, Ente Universitario Lombardia Orientale, Via Valsabbina 19, 25100 BRESCIA, Italy
- Diego GOMEZ VELA, Facultad de Medicina de Cadiz, Catedra de Terapeutica Fisica, CADIZ, Spain
- Sigmund GULDBAKKE, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-3300 BRAUNSCHWEIG, Germany
- S~ren HOLM, Physics Laboratory II, H. C. Oersted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 COPENHAGEN, Denmark
* - Borje LARSSON, University of Uppsala, Dept. of Physical Biology "Gustaf Werner Institut", Box 531, S-75121, UPPSALA, Sweden
- Heinrich LESIECKI, Physikalisch-Technische Bunesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, D-3300 BRAUNSCHWEIG, Germany
- Maria Concetta MACCARONE, Gruppo Fisica Applicata a Problemi Biornedici, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 PALERMO, Italy
- Alberto MACHI, Gruppo Fisica Applicata a Problemi Biomedici, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 PALERMO, Italy
- Francesco MALGIERA, Istituto Tumori, Via M. Semmola 1, 80100 NAPOLI, Italy
- Ehrenfried MORODER, Ospedale Regionale di Bolzano, Servizio di Fisica Sanitaria, Via Sernesi 1, 39100 BOLZANO, Italy
* - Herwig G. PARETZKE, GSF-Institut fur Strahlenschutz, D-8042 NEUHERBERG, Germany
- Guido PEDROLI, Servizio Fisica Sanitaria Ospedale di Circolo, Viale Borri 57, 21100 VARESE, Italy
PARTICIPANTS
** - Victor PEREZ-MENDEZ, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA
- Rita PETIT, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Faculte de Medicine, Avenue Hippocrate 54, 1200 BRUXELLES, Belgium
- Luigi RAFFAELE, Studio Tecnico di Radioprotezione, Via Battisti 75, MESSINA, Italy
639
***- Alessandro RINDI, INFN, LNF, C.P. 13, 00044 FRASCATI (Roma), Italy
* - Harald H. ROSSI, Columbia University Dept. of Radiology 630 West l68th Street, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10032, USA
- Leif SARHOLT-KRISTENSEN, University of Copenhagen H. C. Oersted Institute Physics Lab II, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2l00 COPENHAGEN, Denmark
- Baruch ROSNER, Physics Department Technion Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 HAIFA, Israel
* - Walter SCHIMMERLING, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bldg. 29, BERKELEY, CA 94720, USA
* - Giovanni SILINI, CNEN, Division of Radiation Protection CNS La Casaccia, C.P. 2400, 00100 ROMA, Italy
- Stig STEENSTRUP, University of Copenhagen, H. C. Oersted Institute Physics Lab. II, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2l00, COPENHAGEN, Denmark
- Luis Garcia TEJERA, Private Address, c/Zaragoza 9, CADIZ, Spain
** - Ralph H. THOMAS, University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Bldg. 50A, BERKELEY, CA. 94720, USA
- Guido TONELLI, Istituto di Fisica, Universita di Pisa, Piazza Torricelli 2, 56100 PISA, Italy
- Ilkka UOTILA, Institute of Radiation Protection, P.O. Box 268, 00101 HELSINKI 10, Finland
* Lecturer. ** Director of the Course.
*** Director of the School. t Unable to attend because of illness.
J. J. Broerse
G. T. Y. Chen
S. B. Curtis
J. F. DiCello
A. Dutreix
B. Larsson
H. G. Paretzke
V. Perez Mendez
H. H. Rossi
W. Schimmerling
G. Silini
R. H. Thomas
LECTURERS
Radiobiological Institute REP-Institutes Organisation Health Research TNO, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A.
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (Val de Marne), France.
University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
Gesellschaft Fur Strahlen-und Umweltforschung MER, Munchen, West Germany
University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
Columbia University, New York, New York, U.S.A.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
CNEN, Division of Radiation Protection CNS La Cassaccia, Roma, Italy
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
641
INDEX
Absorbed dose, see Dose, absorbed Accelerator, 269, 581
breeder concept, 230 electrostatic, 241 for radioisotope production,
269-288 linear, 230, 243, 371, 581 at Princeton, 480, 500-502
Activation detector, 192-207
measurement of high-LET radiation, 202-207
measurement of neutron spectrum, 194
in radiation surveys, 194 shielding studies, 194-202 threshold detectors in
neutron dosimetry, 192 dosimeter, 202, 204
Adenocarcinoma, mammary, 475 Air-water interface, 351 Algorithms in treatment-
planning, 539 Alpha-particle counting, 175 Aluminum target, 206-207 Animal, radiation of, see
Radiation of whole animal
Annealing procedure, 214 Antiproton, 229 Argon ion, 7, 150, 511, 517-524
beam, 512-514 Bragg curve, 514 depth versus carbon curves,
12 Atom bomb, 35, 134, 137-140,
see Hiroshima, Nagasaki
643
Atomic mass unit, energy per, 240
Autocontouring, 595 Avalanche gain detector, 155
B-scan, 322, 336, 338, 339 Batho Method, 356, 358, 359, 363 Beam
deflection, 293 flux, 148 fragmentation, 292, 507 and human skin response, 475 line configuration, 610 monitoring, 146, 154-155 properties, 534 scanner, rotating, 327 wobbler, 495-496 see individual elements used
in radiation Berkeley synchrocyclotron, 376 Beryllium, 434
target, 436 Beta-particle, 272 Betatron, 37 BEVALAC, a high-energy, heavy
ion facility at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 249, 480, 500
beams commonly used, list of, 489
components, disassembled, 500 double-wedge variable
absorber, 491 floor plan, 482 heavy-ion irradiation
schema, 488
644
BEVALAC (continued) ionization chamber, 502 minibeam, 506 photograph of, 505 schema of, 481 spiral ridge filter, 492 variable water absorbed, 490
Bevatron, 248 Biological
change, degree of, 83 efficiency, 382-384 end point, 86
loss of reproduction as, 88 Bladder lesion, treatment of,
590 Blood clot in brain, 301
flow measurements, listed, 280 Body space estimated by isotopes,
282 Bombardment, internal 276 Bone marrow, risk to, 126, 139 Bone structure, photograph of,
321 see Foot, human
Bonner detector, 162, 163 Booster synchrotron, 229 Boron, 237 Bragg curve
for argon ions, 514 spread, 492-493
with a ridge filter, 494 Bragg-Gray
prescript ion, 154 theory, 439
Bragg peak, 143, 367, 370, 372 for argon, 514 for carbon, 533 for organ beam, 484-485 for pion, 533 for proton, 533 radiosurgery, 376 transformation, 370
Brain tumor, 304 Breast cancer
calcification, photograph of, 321
detection, 306-307 Breast imaging with ionlzlng
radiations, 307
INDEX
Calcium fluoride dosimeter, 169 Cancer, 34, 99, 122, 140, 475
gamma-irradiated mice, 135 after fast neutron radiation,
423-427 mortality of irradiated mice,
135 radiation-induced, 34, 134 rate, 101, 103 therapy, 367-394
and ionizing radiation, 369 of thyroid, 36 see Carcinoma
Carbon ion, 11, 282, 434, 517-524
beam profile, 221, 489 depth versus carbon curves,
12 in mammography, 308 target, 433 track, 184
in water, 68 Carcinogenesis, see Cancer Carcinoma
of cervix, 585 oat cell -, 305
Cell autonomous, response of, 133 death as endpoint, 466 dissociation technique, 422 at risk, 108
CENDOS(co11ection and evaluation of neutron dosimetry data), 410
Central nervous tissue, effect of narrow beam on, 384
Cerebral infarction, human, 303 Cervix, carcinoma of, 585 Charged particle, 228
algorithms in treatmentplanning, 539-540
in breast cancer detection, 306
charged state, 231 collection time, 231 CT in planning, quantitative
use of, 534-539 in diagnosis, medical,
289-315
INDEX
Charged particle (continued) experimental methods, 292-300 helium, segmented, 294 human studies, 306-308 interaction with matter, 368 in medical diagnosis, 289-315 methods, experimental, for,
292-300 phantoms, studies with, 300-301 physical principles, 290-292 proton
coincidence, 294 radiography, 294 scanning, 294 scatter analyzer, 294 scatter interface, 294
radiography, techniques of, 294 radiotherapy, 579 techniques of radiography, 294 tomography, computerized,
308-311 track structure, 52-54, 58-71 transmission characteristics,
290 transport equation, 534-535 treatment-planning, 529-556
algorithms, 539-540 factors influencing plan
accuracy, 546-553 representative plans, 540-546
Chamber, see Ionization chamber Computation statistics, 271 Computer in radiation therapy,
592-600 graphics, 592-600 high-speed, 229 three-dimensional, 594
Conceiving a child, probability, 124
Confinement fusion, inertial, 243
Contour, 593 autocontouring, 595
Conversion electrons, see Electrons
Cosmic-ray neutron spectrum, 202 Coulomb scattering, 292 Counter, proportional, 155-161 Critical organ, concept of, 119 Critical tissue, concept of, 119
Crystals, 177 C.T.
data in diagnosis, 592 data in therapy, 592 head, image of, 563 heavy-ion device, 311 image of a head, 563
645
image reconstruction, theory of, 561
interval, 535 number, 535-536, 565-567, 574 number calibration versus
electron density, 561 number drift as a function
of time, 538 quantitative use in planning,
534-539 scan, 535-536, 558, 568
Cyclotron, 234, 270, 276 279, 285, 408, 529
Damage, stochastic, 125 Decay of iodine, 63 Deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA Depth
curve versus dose curve, 7-12 dose distribution, 530
Detector avalanche gain, 155 Bonner, 162, 163 fission neutron, 161 gas-filled, 144-175 passive, 181-226 plastic, 311 radiophotoluminescent, 166-175 semiconductor, 165 thermoluminescent, see
Thermoluminescent detector
see individual detectors Deuteron, 246
energy and neutron yield, 248 Diagnosis, medical
art of, 317 instrumentation for, 317-343
computerized tomography, 319-326
emission tomography, 326-336 high-resolution radiology,
319
646
Diagnosis, medical instrumentation for (continued)
radioisotope imaging, 326-336 ultrasound imaging, 336-339
Dilution technique, serial, 422 Distance model, 79-80 DNA-protien complex as target
molecule, 88 Donner camera, 334 Dose
absorbed, 77, 211 concept, 479, 614 depth in phantom, 405-406 depth in water, 353-354 distribution along the
couch, 614 entrance in tissue, 211 glass-water interface, 356 water-glass interface, 356
calculation in nonhomogenous bodies, 356-364
clinical dosimetry for bone, 363-364 lung, 354, 359-363 organ, 359 tissue, 359
delivery accuracy, 557
at deepest part of tumor, 573
errors in, 574-575 technique, 580
distribution, 568, 591 carbon, 531 helium, 531 neon, 531
-effect curve, 104-105, 117-118 at low doses, 133 for radiation carcinogenesis,
136, 137 exposure limits, 125-129 fractionation into small
doses, 6 and depth, 6-12
-inactivation curve, 88-89 intercomparisons among European
institutes, 409 integral equivalent spectrum,
201, 202
Dose (continued) limitation, system of,
115-130 low-, 97-113
def ined, 100
INDEX
risk assessment, 105 problems encountered in,
98-99 risk factors, 104-108
measurement, concept of, 111-112
method, cummulative mean, 110 planning for radiation, 371 spectrum, integral, equivalent,
201, 202 summa t ion, 117
Dosimetry accuracy of absolute, 504 calculation, 456 film-, 349 heavy-ion, 479-516 intercomparisons among
European institutes, 409
main peak, 215 measurement, 456 radiophotoluminescent glass
for, 171 record, personal, 29 solid-state system for, 165 see Microdosimetry, Dose
clinical Dual radiation action, theory
of, 80-82 Dynamic
range shifter, 529-532 therapy, 583-584
wedge-shaped distributions, 583-584
Effective threshold concept, 37 Electrical
characteristics of a chamber, 145
field in cylindrical configuration, equation for, 155
Electron, 435 accelerator, 229
linear, 150
INDEX
Electron (continued) beam monitor, 149 beam scanner, 327 conversion -, 272 density, 565-566
and C.T. numbers, 566-567 errors, 573
emission, 57,346 equilibrium, 345-348 fluence in air, 352 free laser, 265 gun, 229 linear accelerator, 150 numbers, 564, 567 slow, 58 transport code, 60 treatment-planning by comput-
erized tomography, 557-577
correction coefficient, 572 correction factor versus
depth, 572 C.T. data used in, 568-575 density data, 571-575 errors in
patient data, 559-567 target volume, 559-563 tissue density, 564-567
localization data, 568-571 use of C.T. data in, 568-575
Embryo, 132 Energy
absorption at cell level, 75 deposition pattern, 54, 56,
58, 71 deposition theory, 51-73 doubler, 230 specific, variation in, 76-77
Entrance of absorbed dose in tissue, 211
Environmental monitoring, 605, 606, 613-621
data function of, 613 interpretation, 606
objectives of a program, 615-621
Equilibrium, transient, 347
64.7
Error in lung width of the Alderson
body phantom, 561 organ thickness, 573 target volume due to
image control settings, 559 patient's breathing, 562 patient's motion, 562 scanner couch, 559
positioning body on, 559 size of organ, 559
tissue density, 564 Esophagus
carcinoma of, 546 neon treatment plan, 546-547
Estimation of body space by isotopes, listed, 282
European Neutron Dosimetry Intercomparison Project, 406
Exposure -dose relation, 153
near boiling water reactor, 622
of population at large, 128-129
of workers, 128 External bombardment on beam
pipes, 276-277
Fallout deposition pattern, analysis of, 619
Faraday cup, 378 Fast neutron, see Neutron Fetus, 132
human, radiation of, 36 Film dosimetry, 349 Fission chamber, 159 Fission neutron detector, 161 Fluorescence decay, 231 Foot, human
isodensity contour map, 299 x-ray, 298
Fourier space representation, 328 transform, 326
Fragment, identification of, 509
648
Free electron laser, see Electron
Fredholm equat ion, 197 integral, 196
Functional, a term for "immediate effects, 116
Fundamental, term defined, 27 Fusion
confinement, inertial, 243 reactor, 244
Galactic protons, see Proton Gallium, 232 Gamma-rays, 78, 137
emission, 322 exposure of houses in Livermore
Valley, 629 and quadratic relations, 141 risk from, 141 spectrometer, 625 spectrum, 284
Gas-filled detector, 144-175 Geiger counter, 155-160, 175 General Electric scanner, 325 Genesis, book of
light, 227 Genetic effects of radiation,
117, 121, 124 Germanate scintillation crystal,
324 Gesellschaft fuer Schwerionen
forschung, Darmstadt, West Germany, 251
synchrotron SIS-I00, schema, 253
Glow curve, 214 Graphics, three-dimensional, 594 Gustav Werner Institute, 368
synchrocyclotron, 368
H- - beams, 234 Hammersmith Hospital, London
cyclotron, 285 Hamster, Chinese
cell survival and dose, 520, 524
Hanford Atomic Power Plant workers
effects on healthy, 109-111
INDEX
Hanford Atomic Power plant workers (continued)
mortality ratio, 110 Harderian tumor, 135 Harkness Park Nuclear Power
Station measurements made near, 620
Harvard University cyclotron, 529
HASL field spectrometer systems, listed, 629
Head scanner, versions of early, 323 fourth generation, 323 third generation, 323
Heart, human proton radiograph of, 304, 306
Heavy-ion, 5, 210, 237 accelerator, 239 beam, 5, 10, 150
delivery and spatial distribution, 489-497
quality and nuclear interaction, 507-514
characteristics, listed, 483-489
dosimetry, 479-516 driver characteristics, 244 energies of therapeutic
interest, 483, 484 facilities, listed, 260 fluence, 503 fusion, 243 high-energy beam, 204 nuclear interactions
and beam quality, 507-514 mean free path, 483-484
properties, 486 radiography, 20, 21, 237, 239 scan device for, 311
Helium ion, 5, 7, 22, 294, 309, 607
beam, 489 depth versus dose curve, 12 track in water, 67
High-energy heavy-ion facilities, listed, 260
High-flux reactor, 230 High-speed computer, 229 Hiroshima, 134, 137, 139, 140
INDEX
Hit concept, 85, 87 Ho1ified Heavy-Ion Reasearch
Facility, Oak Ridge, 242 Hydrocarbon - moderated
detec tor, 162 gas-filled ionization chamber,
161 Hypoxic cell fraction in human
tumor, 14
ICRP, see International Commission on Radiological Protection
Image of body site by autocontouring, 595-596
Inactivation Kinetics, 87 Induction accelerating cavity,
245 InerU.a1 confinement fusion, 243 Inorganic crystal, 177 Institute Laue-Langevin,
Grenoble, France, 230 Integral dose-equivalent
spectrum, 201-202 Internal bombardment with
cyclotron, 276 International Commission on
Radiological Protection (ICRP), 31
exposure limits set by, 125-129
system of dose limitation, ll5-l30
International Neutron Dosimetry Intercomparison(1978), 406
Intestinal crypt cell, survival of, 524
in argon ions, 525 in carbon ions, 525 in neon ions, 525
Iodine, radioactive, 63, 64, 232, 275
decay of, 64 Ionic crystal, electronic bond
diagram of, 168 Ionization
chamber, 150-154, 207-212, 372, 399, 498, 500, 617-622
air equivalence, 151
Ionization (continued) chamber (continued)
annular, 209
649
beam flux measurement in, 145
beam monitor for fast neutrons, 154-155 for gamma-rays, 150-154 for x-rays, 150-154
calibration, 148-150 dose measured by, 506 effective volume, 439 free-air, 151 gas-filled, 144-148, 150-154 nitrogen-filled, 209, 379 at Princeton, 502 proportional, 156 thimble, 152
cross-section for fast ions, 65
particle track, 84 Ionizing radiation
adverse effect, 32-36 biological effect, 41 dose effect, 37-41 effect on
bone marrow, 418 intestinal mucosa, 418
health hazard of small doses, 97
radiation protection assumptions, 42-44
risk to human population, 131 measuring, 28-29
Irradiation, see Radiation Isabelle Colliding Beam
Facility, 230 Isodose, 375
distribution, 455, 579 profile, 444
Isotope, 273, 276 decay, 20 half-life, 280 localization studies, listed,
281 medical purposes, 281 and organ function, 281 short-lived, 271
650
Japan, see Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Numatron
Joint Center for Radiation Therapy, Boston, 581
the therapy machine, 582
Kidney cell, human radiation with argon, 487
with carbon, 487 with neon, 487
survival of T-1 cells, 518-519 Kinetics of inactivation, 87
LAMPF, 458 Landau tail, 510 Larynx, cancer of, 569 LASI, see Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory Laue-Langevin Institute,
Grenoble, France, 230 Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at
Berkeley, 529 Lawrence built the first
cyclotron, 269 Lead radioisotope, 274 Lesion yield, 79 ' LET, see Linear energy transfer Leukemia, 22, 38-40, 99 123
137, 139 and bone marrow, 139 death due to, 38-40 incidence, 29, 35 induced by fission neutrons,
603 in Nagasaki, 38-40 radiogenic, 140 risk from high-dose rates, 41
Linear accelerators in the U.S.A., 243, 371, 581
Linear energy transfer(LET), 11, 13, 52, 64, 81, 85, 373, 382, 433, 485, 486
concept, 396 high, 202-207, 374, 415
very high overkill effect, 518 saturation effect, 518
low, 374 measuring, 202-207 Q relationships, listed, 43
INDEX
Linear energy transfer(LET) (continued)
radiation effect, 44, 89 survival of cultured cells,
416-417 Linear proportionality function,
119 Linearity, non-threshold
and stochastic damage, 117, 119
Lithium fluoride, 213, 216, 219 Liver with oat cell carcinoma,
302, 305 Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory,
438, 453, 455, 521 beam area, 234, 236
Lucite, 381 Luminescence, 52 Luminosity, 232 Lung adenoma, 135 Lung cancer and smoking, 33
Malignancy, see Cancer Mammography, risk of, 423 Man-years equation, 34
and epidemiological study of radiation-induced cancer, 34
Medical imaging, developments in, 318
emission tomography, 318 fine-focus x-ray tube, 318 tomography, computerized, 318 ultrasound imaging, 318
MEDUSA, 496-498 Melanoma, ocular
radiation of, 598 treatment-planning with three
dimensional graphics, 599
Merit ratio, 272 Meson factories, 232-236
listed, 235 Mesothelioma of the pleura
dynamic therapy for, 587-589 Metastatic tumor in the brain,
3-4 Microcolony assay of intestinal
crypt cells, 420
INDEX
Microdosimetry in biology, 54, 75-82
Microtron, 371 shuttle, 229 variable energy racetrack, 229
Minicyclotron, 286-287 Misonidazole, 476 Molybdenum, radioactive, 283 Monkey and tumor incidence
after bone marrow transplantation, 426
after radiation, 426 Monte Carlo
calculation, 447 code, 453 track structure code, 60
Muon, 435 Multiple-plate ionization fission
chamber, 159 Multiwire proportional chamber,
156-158 camera, 333
Myocardium image by tomography, 329
Nagasaki, 137-140 leukemia in, 38-40 malignant neoplasms in, 140
Necrosis of normal tissue, 568 Neon ion, 517-524, 546-547
beam,S, 7,22,489 depth versus dose curve, 12 track in water, 69
Neoplasm, malignant, see Cancer Neurosurgery with protons,
367-394 Neutral beam system, 231, 244,
246-248 Neutral "star," ident if ied, 184 Neutron, 56, 143, 246, 447
absorbed dose, 396, 399 animal mortality studies, 419 beam
and dose in mortality studies, 419
biological effect, 415-429 at cell level, 416-418 at tissue level, 418-421 at tumor level, 421-423
carbon target for, 433
651
Neutron (continued) carcinogenesis, after
radiation with fast, 423-427
cell survival curve after radiation, 401
cosmic ray spectrum of, 202 counter, 158, 165 cyclotron-produced, 408 detector, 162, 608 differential energy, 199-200 dose, 448
mortality studies, 419 dosimeter, 162-163 dosimetry, 395-413
data, collection and evaluation(CENDOS), 410
ionization chamber for, 397, 399
intercomparisons, 406-411 interface, 400-402 principles of, 396-400 in radiotherapy, 402-406 results of, 406-411 survival curve of cultured
cells, 401 effect, 447 energy of, 189, 395, 447 fast, 5, 154, 161-162, 202,
405, 415, 423, 424 carcinogenesis after
radiation with, 423-427 in radiotherapy, 416
fluence profile, 609-613 flux
density, 195-196 spectrum, 203
gamma discrimination, 159 installations listed, 424 measurement, 194, 222 medical applications, 424 mortality studies, 419 in pion field, 446-448 proton recoil spectrum
measurement, 187 radiation, 423-427
field of, 395-396 risk, 137 sensitivity to, 398-399 spectrometry, 187-191, 193
652
Neutron (continued) spectrum, 396, 447 star prong-counting, 187 survival curve after, 402, 423 therapy with, 398
machine for, 22, 404 thermal, 160-161 and tumor, 421-423 yield as function of deuteron
energy, 248 Nitrogen ion, 13, 282
fragments, 508 Noble gases, 158, 610
see individual gases Nuclear
beam intensity measurement, 183-185
dosimetry, personal, 185-187 emulsion, 182-191 energy industry, 28 medicine, 270, 317, 326 neutron spectrometry, 187-191 reactor in, 1942, 269 shielding experiment, 182-183 transformation, 269 weapon, 35
and fall-out, 35, see Atomic bomb, Hiroshima, Nagasaki
Numatron in Japan, 258
Observation, time of, 106 Organ
dependence of quality factor, 108
size determination, 560 Oscillating sector scanner, 340 Ovarian tumor, 135 Oxygen, 15, 282
enhanced ratio(OER), 16,417, 433, 465, 474, 521
and pion, 475 and survival of T-1 kidney
cells, 518 and tumor response, 474
gain factors, listed, 16-17, 522-523
and survival of R-1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells, 521
The Oxygen Survey, 33, 35
INDEX
Pancreas, tumor of radiation with carbon beam,
540-541 treatment-planning with
photons, 9 Para-aortic nodes, dynamic
therapy of, 587 Parallel-plate ionization
chamber, 146-147 Particle, heavy, charged
applications in medicine, 5-25
diagnostic radiology, 16-20 nuclear medicine, 20-22 therapeutic advantage, 18 tumor radiotherapy, 6-16
beam, charged, 6-11, 229 and dose distribution, 6-11
cell survival, 517-523 damage die to, 523-526 dose distribution and damage,
6-11 properties, 517-528 response of organized tissue,
523 Pelletron electrostatic
accelerator, 241 Pelvis, tumor of
radiation, 374, 547-548 Personal dosimetry record, 29 Person-years at risk(PYR), 102 Phantom
latex balloon as, 301 proton C.T. image of, 313 x-ray scan of, 313
Phosphate glass, 166 Photon, 55, 291, 445
abdomen irradiated with, 545 absorption in water, 62 beam, 345-365 air~edium interface,
350-353 dosimetry, 345-348 electric equilibrium and
transition stages, 345...;356
interface, 353-356 lateral, 348-350
dose calculation, 356-364 dosimetry, 345-348
INDEX
Photon (continued) energy, 169
low -, 272 luminescence, 52 number fluence, 153 therapy machine, 580 treatment-planning, 540-546,
557-577 Pion, 5, 433-434, 466, 529
applicator, 437 beam, 148, 300, 434-438, 442,
476 combined, 476 flat, 450 negative, 10-12 skin response to, 475 stopping distribution, 449
calculations and theory, 453-458
cell and, 440-441 survival, 467-471, 474-476
charge, 440-441 clinical trial, 458-459 condensation, 239 contamination, 435 data, first experimental, 450 decay, 432, 442-443 dose, 466-471
and cell survival, 467-471, 474-476
-depth curve, 441-443, 466, 471
profile, 446 dosimetry, 431-464 effect, late, 475 interactions, 476 mass, 432 mean life, 432 microdosimetry, 450-453 neutron in pion field, 446-448 plateau, 466 program, 22 properties, listed, 432 radiobiological effects of,
465-478 cell-cycle sensitivity,
467-468 RBE, 472-475 repair of sublethal damage,
467
653
Pion radiobiological effects of,
(continued) response, acute, 475 survival as a function of
the dose, 466-467 star formation, 432, 443, 444,
476 stopping, 433, 448-450 theory and calculations,
453-458 therapeutic advantage of,
434 treatment-planning for
abdominal lesions, 542, 544
Pituitary tumor, 135 Plastic detector, 311 P-M tube, 174 Point source strengths, listed,
611 Polyethylene-moderated neutron
counter, 167 Population dose equivalent, 616 Positron
camera, 333, 337 crystal, 334 decay, 20 emitter, 333 imaging, 332
Pre-natal effects, 132 Princeton Particle Accelerator
(1971), 480, 500-502 Projection theorem, 326 Proportional counter, 158, 160 Protein-DNA complex, as target
molecule, 88 Proton, 5
beam, 22, 297, 368, 373 and chromosome aberration,
383 flux, 150 imag ing wit h, 17 neurosurgery with, 384-387 in radiology, 377-381 in therapy, 375, 388
cancer therapy, 367-394 dosimetry, 367-394 energy, 194
654
Proton (continued) first international seminar,
388 galactic, 203 linear accelerator for, 230 neurosurgery with, 367-394 radiobiology, 367-394 radiograph of
brain tumor, 302 first one, 292 heart, human, 306 test obj ect, 295
recoil spectrum measurement, 187
track, 65, 66, 70, 382 PYR, see Person-years at risk
Quark matter, 239
Radar ranging, 336 Radiation
action, dual, theory of, 131-141
component, linear, 133 quardra tic, 133
model for, 84 advances, 27-49 animal, whole
exposure conditions, 29-32 non-stochastic effects,
92-93 stochastic effects, 93-94
background variations, natural, 621
biological effects, 83-95 listed, 53
brightness, 232 carcinogenesis, 133-136 of cells, 87-90
second-order kinetics, 78 within tumors, unresponsive,
13 of cell populations and
tissues, 90-91 of deep-lying tissue, 369-376 detector~, listed, 144 detriments of, 112 dosimetry, detectors for,
143-180 dual action theory, 43
Radiation (continued) effects
controversial, 37 somat ic, 132
of embryo, 132
INDEX
emission pattern by electrons, 261
emittance, 232 energy, deposited, 84, 231 exposure of humans, 30, 32 external by deep therapy, 372 of fetus, 132 field, 219-220, 479 gas-filled detectors, 144-175 genetic effects due to, 117,
121, 124, 132 internal, 119 ionizing, 75, see Ions LET-RBS relationship, review
of, 85-94 of lymph node, retroperitoneal,
585 of melanoma, ocular, 598 monitoring, 603-636
of area, 605-613 environmental, 613-632 types of, 604-632
mortality, frequency of, 111 due to somatic late effects,
111 protection
formula, 118 risk factors, 35 standards, 32
quality, 450 retrospective view of
biological effects of, 83-85
risks in humans, 115-130 analYSiS, quantitative, 104 cancer, 132 dose-equivalents, 127 effects, 116-117 estimates of, 120-125 exposure limits, 125-129 of low doses, 109 overestimating, 118 problems
first order, 98 further order, 98 second order, 98
INDEX
Radiation (continued) safety standards, external,
34, 38 scintillation detectors,
175-179 secondary, 230 sensitivity, 108, 109
of a population, 108 sources, 227-267
applications, 232-265 characteristics, 228-232 examples, 232-265 life and death, 232-265 universe, history and
origin, 232-265 war and peace, 232-265
surveys, 194, 607 survival curves for, 81 temporal variations, natural
background in New Jersey, 618 New York, 618
therapy, 143 tissues, 90-91 working population exposed to,
125 Radiobiology, 75
cellular, 78 diagonstic, 16-20 studies with ion beams, 368 high-energy ions, 368
Radiogenic tumor, see Tumor Radiography
charged particle, 290 heavy-ion, 295-300 imaging with high-energy
pion beam, 300 nuclear scattering, 297 tissue specimen for, 301-306 variation in, 291 x-ray, 289
Radioisotope, 269-288 accelerators for producing,
269-288 cyclotrons for producing,
270, 278-280, 284-286 emission topography, 329 generators for producing,
283-284
Radioisotope (continued) medical use of, 270-273,
655
278-280, 284-286 physiological, 280-282 production studies, 273-276 targets for, 276-278 tomograph and, 282-283 see individual radioactive
elements Radiology
cellular, 33 diagnostic, 30-31 major advances in, 317
Radionuclide, 205, 279, 371 target activation reactions
for producing, listed, 205
Radiophotoluminescent detector, 166-175
dosimetry reader, 172 glass, 172, 173
Radiotherapy, clinical with proton beam, 387
Radium-dial painters, 37-38 Radon
atmospheric concentration, 619
daughter washout peaks, 620-621
Range shifter, 532 Rat
mammary cancer, 134 rhabdomyosarcoma, 14 x-ray radiation of, 425
RBE, see Relative biological effectiveness
Recoil proton spectrum, 187, 188 track, 185
Recycling of "waste" radiation, 230
Relative biological effectiveness(RBE), 11, 78-81, 420, 421, 433, 465, 472-475, 485, 518, 521
data, 421 defined, 89 dependence on LET, 13 equation, 12
656
Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) (continued)
of gamma-rays, 78 of neutrons, 78
Relative fluence contribution, 611 risk hypothesis, 102
Repair mechanism, 91 Reticulum sarcoma, 135 Rhabdomyosarcoma in rat, 14
cell line, 521 survival, 15
curve, 422 Ridge filter, 519, 521, 529, 530
spiral with occluding ring, 495
spreads peak region, 6, 8 Ring cyclotron, 234 Risk
evaluation, 120 factors, 102 hypothesis, 102 models, 102
Roentgen defined, 144 see X-rays
Rotating electron beam scanner, diagram, 327
Rubidium, radioactive, 283
San Francisco Bay area radioactivity level, 626-627
Santa Cruz Mountains radioactivity in weeds from
a ditch, 626 Saturation concept, 80 Saturne II accelerator, Saclay,
France, 258-259 Scanner, 323
couch of, 559 G.E., 325 oscillating sector -, 340 rotating for electron beam, 327
Scanning method, three-dimensional, schema of, 497
Scintillation counter, 622, 625 crystal, 324 detector, 175-179
portable for radiation survey, 623-624
Scintillator crystalline, 176 edge, 174 inorganic, 176
listed, 179 liquid, 175 organic, 177
listed, 178 plastic, 175 saturation, 511
output, 511
INDEX
Semiconductor detector, 165 Serial dilution technique, 422 Siemens Mevatron-12 linear
accelerator, 581 Signal-to-noise ratio, 231, 232 Silver, 166 SIN, 458 Skin nodules, metastatic, 475 Smoking and lung cancer, 33 Sodium iodide
camera, 333 crystal, 174 scintillation counter, 324
Solar cell, 237 Somatic effect, 116 SPEAR, storage ring at Stanford,
California, 260, 262, 264
Spectrum, natural, of radio-activity
listed, 626 northeastern U.S.A., 631 near power plant, 632
Spine, human, 312 Spleen colony technique, 420 Star formation, see Pion Stochastic effect, 92
late, 121 Stopping distribution of charged
particles classical methods for, 448,
450, 453 Storage ring, 229 Stork population density
correlated with birth rate, 33
Strokes(cerebral vascular lesions), 301
Superconductivity, 230 and magnet, 258
INDEX
Survey of radiation, 194, 607, 608
Survival curves for cells when anoxic, 418 well-oxygenated, 418
Swiss Institute of Nuclear Research, 234, 237
Synchrocyclotron, 368, 376, 607-609
Synchrotron radiation, 258, 262 faciltities, 196, 229, 253,
264 listed, 263
in magnetic fields, 259
Takamak Fusion Test Reactor, Princeton, New Jersey, 246
Target activation reaction, useful,
205 concept, 85-87 irregular and treatment, 373
Techneticum, 232 Theory of dual radiation action,
457 Therapy
chemotherapy, 6 convergent beam - 372 deep, 372 multipart, 6 pendulum beam -, 372 radiotherapy, 6 rotational beam, 6, 372 vector representation, 19
Thermal neutron, see Neutron, thermal
Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics, 212 detector, 162-166, 191-193 dosimeter, 213-221, 629-632 phosphors, 170, 213 chema, 168
Thoron atmospheric concentration, 619
Threshold dose, 116 Thorax, radiation of, 545 Thymic lymphoma, 135 Thyroid gland, 126
Tissue-air ratio method, 356-358
maximum ratio(TMR), 359 phantom materials, 537
Tomography, 308
657
axial for sitting patient, 557
computerized, 308-311, 318, 319, 324, 557-577, see Electron
emission, 318, 330, 331 ,I limited angle, 328, 330
helium ion, 309 image of,
modalities, 322 phantom, 310 thorax, 558 tumor in head, 337
medical, listed, 324 positron annihilation, 329 single photon, 329 Toshiba, 557
Track structure, 52-54, 58-71 patterns in cells produced by
gamma radiation, 76 neutrons, 76
Transient equilibrium, 347 Transition curves of x-rays,
349 Treatment-planning, 529-556,
see Charged particle Treatment schema for a typical
patient, 459 TRIUMF facility, 238, 458 Tumor
complication rate, 581 control, 581 dose distribution, 107, 568,
581 induction, 93
.by gamma-rays, 135 localization, 568 and neutrons, 421-423 number of, 101 radiation, 374, 547-548 radiogenic, 39 radiotherapy, 6-16 response, 475 solid, 122, 123
658
Ultrasonography, 318 UNlLAC experimental beam area,
diagram, 252 Uranium acceleration, 250 U.S.S.R. u-400 cyclotron,
Dubna, 258 Uterine tumor, 135
Van de Graaff accelerator, 269 VENUS, variable energy nuclear
synchrotron, Berkeley, California, 253-256
Water -air interface, 351 Fano plots, 59 dose distribution in, 381 electron
impact, 59 tracks in, 61
ionization in, 55 stopping power, 57
Weapons Neutron Research Area, 234
X-rays, 5, 15, 616 beam, high-energy, 345
isodose curve, 350
INDEX
tissue equivalent polystyrene phantom, 353
cell survival after radiation, 423, 469
C.T., principle of, 319 dosimetry, 166 fine-focus, 318 imaging, diagnostic advances
in, 317 machine, 150 mortality of mice after
radiation, 419 pictures, 318
of human foot, 298 transition curve, 349 transmission -, 322
Xenon gas ionization chamber, 324