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Page 1: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part VI

Page 2: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants.

Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social organization of deviants that relationships among deviants take many forms varying in: (1) numbers of members(2) task specialization (3) stratification within group(4) type of authority structure

Part 6

Page 3: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Such deviants are most solitary interacting with others but keeping their deviant attitudes, behaviors or conditions secret

This category includes sexual asphyxiates, self-injurers, anorectics, bulimics, computers hackers, and pedophiles

Websites now permit many such “loners” to connect online with others like themselves thereby presenting potential surrogate forms of “community”

Part 6

Page 4: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Such websites provide several latent functions for participants, they: Transmit technical and ideological know-

how enabling deviants to more effectively engage in and legitimate their deviance

Bring together persons into common discourse regardless of age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, or SES

Are global spanning several continentsSuch deviant cyber-communities provide a

“space” for deviance to grow

Part 6

Page 5: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Such deviants have face-to-face relationships with others like themselves but don’t need their cooperation to perform their deviance

This category includes the homeless, recreational drug users & con artists

Big advantage over loners is that mutual association brings possibility of membership in a deviant subculture or counterculture

The individual gains social support from colleagues

Part 6

Page 6: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Such deviants engage in deviance with others like themselves but have only minimal division of labor

This category includes neighborhood gangs who congregate with their friends but have little division of labor except possibly a leaders

Part 6

Page 7: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

A deviant group of 3-12 persons who band together to engage in more sophisticated deviant acts with larger monetary payoffs such as theft, smuggling, hustling at gambling

Especially fascinating to media and the public, crew deviance involves a complex division of labor involving specialized training and socialization

Part 6

Page 8: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Larger than crews and extending over time and space, this category includes Cosa Nostra Mafia “families” and the Columbian drug cartels

Such organizations may involve transnational links to other similar groups

They are much larger than crews & may have 100 or more members

They are ethnically homogenous, employ violence & are vertically & horizontally stratified, and have been known to infiltrate and corrupt law enforcement

Part 6

Page 9: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Legitimate persons and organizations may engage in deviant acts although these may be an occasional or “side” activity to their main activity

This is crime that is directly related to those privileged persons and groups in a position to abuse financial, organizational or political power

Such deviance may be financial but may also extend to bodily injury and death

White collar crime can be divided into two main subsections: occupational and organizational crime

Part 6

Page 10: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Pursued by persons acting on their own behalf

This includes employees at all levels of organizations who may steal from their companies, including embezzlement & computer crimes

Corporate executives at firms such as Enron, Tyco, and WorldCom looted their companies, shareholders & employee retirement plans through fraudulent accounting, offshore & dummy corporations to live in high style

Part 6

Page 11: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Persons in charge of purchasing for their firms are in a position to accept bribes to give business to its vendors

In government sector persons evade taxes through offshore companies and false tax shelters often sold to them by accounting and brokerage firms who charge millions for their services

Politicians may sell political power such as awarding of military contracts

Part 6

Page 12: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Professionals may collect money for their individual benefit such as doctors who accept gifts from drug companies to steer patients toward the use of their drugs

This includes a stockbroker who may engage in insider trading (e.g., Martha Stewart case)

Physicians who overcharge and/or over-service patients with Medicare/Medicaid fraud

Part 6

Page 13: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Crime committed with support of a legitimate formal organization & designed to advance goals of the firm or agency

Examples: false advertising, fraud, Antitrust violations, corruption pertaining to government contracts

Unsafe products represent another area: drugs, auto and tire industry, medical products

Part 6

Page 14: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Worker safety violations & unsafe working conditions result in hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries annually including but not limited to coal mining, oil

and chemical industries, nuclear power plants, pesticide manufacturers

Government activity such as illegal domestic or international police or military operationsSecret FBI files, Iran-Contra scandal, secret

CIA prisons, etc

Part 6

Page 15: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part VIChapter 32

Page 16: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Most research focuses on either eating disorders or drug use.

This study reports original research on college women who used licit pharmaceutical drugs or illicit street drugs in an ongoing effort to manage their body weight.

Evidence of eating disorders since ancient times, but before the late 1960s, virtually unknown to the general public.

Diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa & other eating related medical syndromes skyrocketed during the 1970s

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 17: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 18: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

In-depth life-history interviews conducted with 57 college-age women at large, public university (N=57)Freshman to seniors, living on & off

campusAges 18-25 yearsFrom middle to upper-middle SES groups

Convenience sampling given difficulty of finding participantsSemi-structured interviews

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 19: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 20: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Licit: pharmaceutical, generally prescribed

Illicit: “street” drugs

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 21: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Instrumental: motivation to use predicated on substances’ specific effects

Instrumental drug-using women varied according to temporal nature:Some reported disordered eating before

onset of drug useOthers reported development of non-

normative weight managing behaviors after a period of drug use

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 22: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 23: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Reported history (foundation) of disordered eating prior to instrumental prescription drug use for weight loss

Conventional in that they used more socially acceptable Rx drugs instead of street drugs

Overall motivation – achieving cultural ideal of thinness, thus the goal was to conformConforming became over-conforming

Most presented as thin, but not too thinLargest category in typology (n = 24)

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 24: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Reported foundation of disordered eating after turning to street drugs for weight control

Drugs used were described as “dirty,” “unacceptable” & “inappropriate”Access to drugs not as reliable or

consistent, thus they scrounged to find them

Second largest category of instrumental users (n = 13)

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 25: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Those whose drug use pattern “journeyed” or “evolved”

Used Rx drugs recreationally or medicinally prior to their instrumental use for weight control

Journeyers comprised smaller typology (n = 11)

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 26: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Engaged in substance use before they turned into instrumental drug users

Initially used street drugs recreationally & later instrumental patterns for weight control purposes

Smallest category (n = 9)

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 27: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 28: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 29: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Individuals engaged in deviance alone as “loners” (Best & Luckenbill, 1980)Examples: sexual asphyxiates, self-

injurers, substance abusing pharmacists, embezzlers, anorectics & bulimics

Solitary operators act alone & don’t associate with deviant others, while subcultural participants acted alone but their behaviors heavily influenced by group memberships (Prus & Grills, 2003)

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 30: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Lies & secrecy employed by participants in this research

They kept their deviant behaviors hiddenMany feared if others found out about

their instrumental drug use, they would be forced to stop

Chose loner lifestyle to avert potential negative consequences

Online communities (“pro-anorexia” & “pro-bulimia”) provide community of support that encourages their deviance

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 31: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Often embarrassed about methods of weight control

Other methods employed by participants to control weight:Severe caloric restrictionEpisodes of bingeing & purgingLaxative abuseCigarette smokingDishonesty in the course of medical careObsessive thoughts about weight & body

management

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 32: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

In general, research participants were high achievers or perfectionists, included:Honor studentsCollege athletesSocial leaders Award winnersFuture professionals

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 33: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Participants worried that instrumental drug use would be associated with disordered eating, which was generally negatively stigmatized

Obtaining their medications entailed lies & secrecy:Visiting campus clinic during the weekCreated alibis for such visits

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 34: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Different kind of secrecy employed in that street drug illegal & frowned upon socially

Had to access those who valued and used psychoactive substances

Secrecy about their drug use dropped when around others who engaged

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 35: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 36: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

This was voluntary during episodes of drug use

Fear of others finding out would result in benefits of weight control diminishing

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 37: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 38: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Participants not truthful with medical personnel thus they were forced to rely on self-created systems of interpreting signs & signals regarding changes in their bodies

Rx users too felt the need to withhold negative information from their doctors

Most Rx users went to psychiatrists, thus no physical exams conducted to make sure they were “fit” enough to take medication

All users reported effects on their moods & energy levels

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 39: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Costs varied depending on dosages of drug use & specific substances

On average, cocaine users spent more for their supply ($50-$100 per gram)

Rx users costs’ varied (estimated $40-$200/mo)

Some given generous allowances, others worked None engaged in selling to support drug use Some played “middleman” role hooking sellers

with users without benefits for themselves But more time they spent with dealers & drug

subculture, less their drugs costsPart 6: Ch. 32

Page 40: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Rx drug users filled prescriptions & the cost varied depending on whether they had health insurance

Patterns of use depended on supply – the more available the more they did, however, money was not a significant concern for participants

Overall, financing drug use didn’t force illicit drug users out of their deviant careers

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 41: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

How does this form of deviance differ from other forms in the context of its stigmatizing effects?

What were some of the major differences among illicit & licit drug users?

Part 6: Ch. 32

Page 42: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part VI Chapter 33

Page 43: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 44: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Those who cut, burn, brand, pick at, or otherwise injure themselves in a deliberate but non-suicidal attempt to achieve relief by harming themselves

They grew from relatively small & unknown population into a burgeoning but largely secretive group in the late 1990s

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 45: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

The early 2000s saw rise of online communities of self-injurersfirst just as places where individuals could

find each other and gain non-judgmental acceptance

later as support groups composed of like-minded others.

Self-injurers thus represent a hybrid associational form, behaving as loners in the solid world and colleagues in the cyber world.

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 46: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 47: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

In-depth interviews with 25 self-injurers conducted between 2001 to 2004 (N = 25)

Ages 16-35 years with most given up behavior

Self-injury for most occurred in middle & high school, with just a few continuing past that age

Three-quarters women, all whiteConvenience sampling usedFocus on loner self-injurers – 80% of total

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 48: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Characteristics of loners outlinedDescribes ways self-injurers are similar &

differ from Best & Luckenbill’s (1982) ideal typical model: where some deviants organize & commit their acts as loners, without the support of fellow deviants

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 49: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 50: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Depression, alienation, rebellion, malaiseA form of comfort during stressful

periods

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 51: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

As loners, on their own in constructing meaning & set of rationalizations to legitimize their deviance

Similar to rationalizations of convicted rapists where rapists denied violent nature of act & suggested that victims precipitated or wanted it

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 52: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Nonetheless, self-injurers had a much more difficult time giving social meanings & legitimacy to acts

Some focused on neatness – ability to do it without making a mess

For others, control was the issue – they could control where to hurt themselves & when

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 53: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Behavior viewed as private, not to be shared

A need for focus & concentration of being alone while injuring themselves

Given opportunity to interact or meet other self-injurers, many withdrew from or avoided interactions

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 54: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Without a subculture, self-injurers found themselves on their own in coping with practical problems presented by their devianceUnable to anticipate peoples’ reactionsPrior to 1996, scars could be explained

away, but no nowLed to cutting in places that weren’t as

visible such as the stomach, thighs, etc.

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 55: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Self-injurers socialized by society, not by fellow deviants, to choose devianceThus they choose it because they face

situations where respectable courses of action not attractive or satisfactory

Resulted in condemnation of their behavior & feelings of shame

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 56: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Self-injurers lack of support made deviance unstable, with difficulty sustaining their deviance over long periods of time

Structural strain between normative expectations & deviant behavior

Lack of support also made it difficult to reaffirm meaning of their deviance

Ceasing of their deviance left strong feelings of absence

Part 6: Ch. 33

Page 57: Part VI. This section looks more closely at the lives and activities of deviants. Best and Luckenbill (1980) have noted in their analysis of the social

Why do self-injurers have difficulty sustaining their deviance over an extended period of time?

Part 6: Ch. 33