part 6: judaism slide 1 session 4: major developments...
TRANSCRIPT
Slide 1
World Religions
Part 6: Judaism
Session 4: Major Developments From 1700 until World War I
Dirk’s Contact Info
Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers
Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner
Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
Slide 2
This Session
1. Rise of Hasidism2. Rise of Haskalah3. Revised Forms of Judaism4. Zionism
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Slide 3
1. RISE OF HASIDISM
Part 6.4: Major Developments From 1700 until World War I
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Slide 4
Baal Shem Tov, Founder of the Hasidic Movement
Image Source: Eliyahu (Eli) - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7750487
Traditional Gravesite in Medzhybizh, Ukraine
c. 1698 – 1760“Baal Shem Tov”
(“Besht”) means “Master of the Good Name”
Born, Israel ben EliezerLeft no writings, his
words are preserved by others
Heavily influenced by Kabbala, Isaac Luria (the ARI)
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Slide 5
Geographical spread of Hasidic Courts in the 18th century
Image Source: http://ieg-ego.eu/en/mediainfo/centres-of-hasidism
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Slide 6
Misnagdim (“Opponents”)
Image Source: By Michał Elwiro Andriolli -http://www.pinakoteka.zascianek.pl/Andriolli/Index.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1482764
Older Synagogue in Jurbarkas. Lithuania, center of the Misnagdim
Based in LithuaniaVilna Gaon
excommunicates Hasidic Jews in 1772
Viewed as collaborators with
Lithuanian nobilityLater known as
“Litvaks”
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Slide 7
Hasidism Comes to America
Image Source: HaIvrim - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=44486560
Joel Teitelbaum(1887 – 1979)
Arrives in NYC, 1946
Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn(1880-1950)
Arrives in NYC, 1940
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35076654
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Slide 8
Major Concepts in HasidismCentrality of the “Tzadik”
or “Rebbe”Divine engagement in
every detail of lifeFervent Love for Hashem
(God); Love for Every Jewish Person
HappinessHistorical Opposition to
ZionismUse of Yiddish
Distinctive Dress and Appearance
Image Source: By Adam Jones - Flickr: Hasidic Family in Street - Borough Park -Hasidic District - Brooklyn - New York -USA, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32695041
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Slide 9
2. RISE OF HASKALAH
Part 6.4: Major Developments From 1700 until World War I
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Slide 10
What is the Haskalah?
A Jewish cultural movement, beginning in early 19th century Europe, which sought to embrace the new learning of the Enlightenment and new political opportunities in various areas.
Its followers were called “maskilim”.
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Slide 11
Naphtali Hirz Wessely
1725-1805 Hamburg, Germany "Words of Peace and Truth"
(Divre shalom ve-emet) 1782 Torah of God; Torah of Man:
Jews must study both Emphasis on Bible study
over Talmud study Emphasis on German and
Hebrew over Yiddish
Image Source: By User:Netan'el -JewishEncyclopedia, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=605650
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Slide 12
Moses Mendelson
1729-1786 Berlin, Germany “The Paths of Peace"
(Netivot ha-shalom) 1783 –Includes literal, German translation of the Torah
Truths of Judaism can be ascertained through reason
Image Source: After Anton Graff - Upload by James Steakley. Das Jahrhundert der Freundschaft. Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim und seine Zeitgenossen, ed. Ute Pott (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2004), p. 109., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2449732
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Slide 13
Joseph Perl
1773-1839 Galatia (Modern
Ukrainian/Polish borderland)
“Revealer of Secrets” (Megalleh Temirim) 1819
Harsh critique of Hasidic belief and practice
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1409873
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Slide 14
Isaac Baer Levinsohn
1788-1860 “Father of Russian Haskalah” “A Warning to Israel”
(Te‘udah be-Yisra’el), 1828 Defends the Haskalah,
arguing that it derives from a true understanding of Jewish tradition.
Image Source: Jacob Raisin — THE HASKALAH MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA by JACOB S. RAISIN, in Project Gutenberg [1], Public Domain https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4011639
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Slide 15
3. REVISED FORMS OF JUDAISM
Part 6.4: Major Developments From 1700 until World War I
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Slide 16
Revised Forms of Judaism
Reform Conservative Reconstructionist Orthodox
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Slide 17
American Jewish Population
http://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/
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Slide 18
Reform Judaism
Abraham Geiger (1810-1874)
Image Source: http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6560-geiger-abraham
Jewish tradition is evolving; able to change
In worship: sermon and (some) prayers in German; mixed gender seating, one-day observance of festivals, introduction of the organ, cantor and choir
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Slide 19
Reform Judaism
First Reformed Synagogue
Image Source: http://rjmag.org/PrintItem/index.cfm?id=280
2&type=Articles
Seesen, Germany, 1810 Founded by Israel Jacobson
Image Source: Daderot - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46720049
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Slide 20
Reform Judaism
Site of First Reformed Synagogue in America
Image Source: http://www.kkbe.org/
Charleston, SC, 1841
Site still an active as KahalKadosh Beth Elohim
Current KKBE synagogue as this location
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Slide 21
Reform Judaism
Isaac Meyer Wise (1819-1900)
Image Source: Library of Congress., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5875242
Organizes Reform Judaism in America
Arrived in Albany, NY in 1846 from Bohemia
family pews, mixed choir, confirmation rite, count women in forming minyan (quorum)
Minhag America, proposed prayer book for all Reform synagogues in the USA
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Slide 22
Reform Judaism
Regina Jonas (1902-1944)
Image Source: Manfred Brueckels - Own work (own picture), Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1475386
First recorded woman to be ordained as a Jewish rabbi, 1935
Ordained by Rabbi Max Dienemann, head of the Liberal Rabbis' Association, in Offenbach am Main, Germany
Executed at Auschwitz Records discovered by Katharina
von Kellenbach, 1991 in East Berlin
Memorial tablet, Berlin, Krausnickstr. No. 6. Detail
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Slide 23
Reform Judaism
Sally Priesand (b. 1946)
Image Source: http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/priesand-sally-jane
First recorded American woman to be ordained as a Jewish rabbi, 1972
Ordained by Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, in Cincinnati, OH
Served in temples in NYC and Tinton Falls, NJ
Retired in 2006
Memorial tablet, Berlin, Krausnickstr. No. 6. Detail
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Slide 24
Reform Judaism
Belief in God as defined in the Shema. Belief that the Torah was written by human hands, in the
language of its time, with divine inspiration. Belief in the rationality of humanity. Belief that the process of reinterpretation of the Torah to the
language of today is ongoing, and that every Jew has a stake and a role in that restatement and extension.
Belief in egalitarianism (equal treatment of the sexes) wherever possible.
Belief in the strong moral and social action commitment inherent in the Torah and embodied in the concept of TikkunOlam, rebuilding the world.
From the Virtual Jewish Library: The Tenets of Reform Judaism
Source: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/reform_practices.html
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Slide 25
Conservative Judaism
Solomon Schechter (1847-1915)
Image Source: By Israel Mandelkern (1861-1947) - [1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46815504
“Founder” of Conservative Judaism in America
Visited the Cairo Geniza in 1896, and organized large collection of its documents for Cambridge University
Arrived in NYC in 1902 to become President of Jewish Theological Seminary of America
Founded United Synagogue of America, 1913
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Slide 26
Conservative Judaism
Reaction to Reformed Judaism in America, while allowing some flexibility in interpreting and applying received Jewish traditions
Known internationally as Masorti Judaism
Middle ground between Reform and Orthodox Judaism
Mixed-gender Conservative service at the Western Wall in Jerusalem
Image Source: - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29016147
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Slide 27
Conservative Judaism
The Centrality of Modern Israel Hebrew: The Irreplaceable Language of Jewish
Expression Devotion to the Ideal of Klal Yisrael The Defining Role of Torah in the Reshaping of Judaism The Study of Torah The Governance of Jewish Life by Halakha Belief in God
Source: “The Sacred Cluster: The Core Values of Conservative Judaism,” is copyrighted by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America and reprinted with permission at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/conservative_values.html, accessed 4/18/2016
Core Values according to Ismar Schorsch, Former Chancellor of JTS
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Slide 28
Reconstructionist Judaism
Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983)
Image Source: By Menorah Journal 1915 -http://www.gutenberg.org, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17808709
Born in Lithuania, migrated to NYC in 1889
Ordained in 1908 (while on his honeymoon!)
1st public celebration of a bat mitzvah in the US, for his daughter Judith Kaplan, in 1922
Excommunicated by Union of Orthodox Rabbis in 1945
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Slide 29
Reconstructionist Judaism
Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983)
Image Source: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/413uxx7sluL.jpg
Published Judaism as a Civilization in 1934
Founded Society for the Advancement of Judaism in 1922
Revised Passover Haggada, 1941
Revised Sabbath Prayer Book, 1945
Reconstructionist Rabbinic College opens in Philadelphia, 1968
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Slide 30
Reconstructionist Judaism
Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983)
Image Source: http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/413uxx7sluL.jpg
Published Judaism as a Civilization in 1934
Founded Society for the Advancement of Judaism in 1922
Revised Passover Haggada, 1941
Revised Sabbath Prayer Book, 1945
Reconstructionist Rabbinic College opens in Philadelphia, 1968
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Slide 31
Orthodox Judaism
“Historically, there was no such thing as Orthodoxy; in fact, you find the particular term is used primarily in North America (elsewhere the
distinction is primarily between “more observant” and “less observant”). The specific term
“Orthodox Judaism” is of rather recent origin and is used more as a generic term to differentiate the
movements following traditional practices from the Liberal Jewish movements.”
Source: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Orthodox.html
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Slide 32
4. ZIONISM
Part 6.4: Major Developments From 1700 until World War I
Note: The general outline for this section of the presentation comes from Moshe Maor, “Israel Studies An Anthology: The History of Zionism” (May 2009), in http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/isdf/text/maor.html, accessed 4/15/2016
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Slide 33
Coining the Term
Nathan Birnbaum (1864-1937)
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php
?curid=4604575
Born, Studied in Vienna Coined the term “Zionism” in
1890; appearing in the Journal, Selbstemanzipation! during his student days
Later became a vocal opponent of political Zionism.
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Slide 34
Political Zionism
Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
Image Source: Carl Pietzner -http://i.imgur.com/k15w7zK.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?cu
rid=50529
Born in Pest, Hungary; Studied in Vienna
Followed the Dreyfus Affair while working for a Paris newspaper
Publishes Der Judenstaat (The State of the Jews), in 1896
Organized First Zionist Congress in Basel,1897, which established the World Zionist Organization (WZO)
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Slide 35
Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State
“Everything tends, in fact, to one and the same conclusion, which is clearly enunciated in that classic Berlin phrase: ‘Juden Raus!’ (Out with the Jews!)
I shall now put the Question in the briefest possible form: Are we to ‘get out’ now and where to? Or, may we yet remain? And, how long?”
Theodor Herzl. The Jewish State (Dover Edition, 1988), Kindle Locations 1045-1048
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Slide 36
Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State“Therefore I believe that a wondrous generation of Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabeans will rise again.
Let me repeat once more my opening words: The Jews who wish for a State will have it.
We shall live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully in our own homes.
The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our wealth, magnified by our greatness.
And whatever we attempt there to accomplish for our own welfare, will react powerfully and beneficially for the good of humanity.”
Theodor Herzl. The Jewish State (Dover Edition, 1988), Kindle Locations 2048-2053
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Slide 37
Practical Zionism
Leon Pinsker (1821-1891)
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?cu
rid=4754145
Born in Poland, Studied in Odessa, Russia (now Ukraine)
Odessa pogrom of 1871 and subsequent hostilities challenged his assimilationist ideals
Organized 1st meeting of the Lovers of Zion (Hovevei Zion) in 1881, in Prussia
Auto-Emancipation, 1882
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Slide 38
Leon Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation
“We must prove that the misfortunes of the Jews are due, above all, to their lack of desire for national independence; and that this desire must be awakened and maintained in time if they do not wish to be subjected forever to disgraceful existence -- in a word, we must prove that they must become a nation.”
Leon Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation, in http://www.mideastweb.org/autoemancipation.htm, accessed 4/20/2016 , emphasis is the authors.
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Slide 39
Leon Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation
“Judeophobia is a psychic aberration. As a psychic aberration it is hereditary, and as a disease transmitted for two thousand years it is incurable.”
“To sum up then, to the living the Jew is a corpse, to the native a foreigner, to the homesteader a vagrant, to the proprietary a beggar, to the poor an exploiter and a millionaire, to the patriot a man without a country, for all a hated rival.”
Leon Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation, in http://www.mideastweb.org/autoemancipation.htm, accessed 4/20/2016 , emphasis is the authors.
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Slide 40
Leon Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation
“The proper, the only solution, is in the creation of a Jewish nationality, of a people living upon its own soil, the auto- emancipation of the Jews; their return to the ranks of the nations by the acquisition of a Jewish homeland.”
“The international Jewish question must have a national solution. Of course, our national regeneration can only proceed slowly. We must take the first step. Our descendants must follow us at a measured and not over-precipitant speed.”
Leon Pinsker, Auto-Emancipation, in http://www.mideastweb.org/autoemancipation.htm, accessed 4/20/2016 , emphasis is the authors.
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Slide 41
Spiritual & Cultural Zionism
Ahad Ha'am (Asher Ginsberg)(1856-1927)
Image Source: National Library of Israel, Schwadron Collection, Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4850710
Born in Skvyra, Russia (now, Ukraine), Studied in Odessa
Participated in the both the Lovers of Zion and the First Zionist Congress
Eventually rejected to political agendas in these movements
Warns Zionists to consider the Arab opposition they would face
Argued for a gradual transformation with spiritual/cultural Jewish centers in the Land of Israel
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Slide 42
Religious Zionism
Isaac Jacob Reines (1839-1915)
Image Source: Uploaded by User: to Hebrew Wikipedia on November 27, 2013, Public Domain,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?curid=47200771
Born in Karolin (now a part of Pinsk, Belarus)
Founded the Mizrahi (abbreviation referring to a spiritual center) organization from 1902 – 1905
Argues that religious Judaism must remain at the core of the Zionist Movement.
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Slide 43
Labor Zionism
Nahman Sirkin (1867-1924)
Image Source: By Unknown - National Library of Israel, Schwadron collection, CC BY 3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19042075
Born in Mogilev, Russian (now Belarus)
Founded the Poalei Zion (Workers of Zion) organization in 1906
Argued that any new Jewish State would only be successful if economic equality is maintained among the people.
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Slide 44
Revisionist Zionism
Zeev Jabotinsky (1880-1940)
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid
=535645,
Born in Odessa (now in Ukraine) Founded the Jewish Self Defense
Corp in Odessa in 1903 Later cofounded the Jewish Legion
of the British army which fought in WWI
Advocated for the use of force to establish and maintain the boundaries of a new Jewish State
Later established several militant organizations in Palestine
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