Part 3—Regional Sustainable Development and Integrated Analysis of Part 3—Regional Sustainable Development and Integrated Analysis of ChinaChina （（ applicationapplication ））

Region Division of China GeographyRegion Division of China Geography

RegionalPRED

RegionalPRED

Environmental Protection in Resource Development

Environmental Protection in Resource Development Resource Development

in Environmental Protection

Resource Development in Environmental Protection

RegionalGeography Characters

RegionalGeography Characters

Contrast of Geography Regions

Contrast of Geography Regions

Promote the Beneficial and Abolish the Harmful

Promote the Beneficial and Abolish the Harmful Land Consolidation

and Regional Development

Land Consolidation and Regional Development

Typ

ical Region

sT

ypical R

egions

Chapter 7 Regional Integrated Analysis

Section two: Synthetical analysis of province region—a case study of Inner Mongolian Municipality

Section one: Synthetical analysis of regional geography—a case study of the Bohai Rim

Section one: Synthetically analysis of regional geography—a case study of the Bohai rim

I. The Bohai Rim and the Capital Circle I. The Bohai Rim and the Capital Circle

II. Population, Economy and Resources II. Population, Economy and Resources

IV. The Development of Bo Hai Sea Ice IV. The Development of Bo Hai Sea Ice

III. The Limit of Regional Sustainable Development—Water III. The Limit of Regional Sustainable Development—Water

V. The Conception of Water Development—Enclose Sea to Lake V. The Conception of Water Development—Enclose Sea to Lake

1. The location and area of the Bohai Rim

•The door of northern sea •The front of northeast Asian economic circle•The jumping-off point of Eurasia Bridge •The joint of 3 large regions including backland, north China and the northeast of China •Location of the capital•Core economic zone of North China and Northeast located

I. The Bohai Rim and the Capital CircleI. The Bohai Rim and the Capital Circle

Beijing

Include: three provinces and two cities, coastline as long as 5,800 km, total area takes 5.4% of China, population takes 16.7% and GDP takes 24.4%

2. The core economy regionThe industry production value

of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region takes 52%

in North China

The industry production value of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region

takes 52% in North China Beijing-TianjinBeijing-Tianjin

Beijing

Baoding

AnguoDingzhou

BazhouGao Beidian

Langfangzhuozhou

Fangshan

Men Tougou

Changping Shunyi

TongzhouSanhe

Tianjin

Dagang

Zunhua

TangshanFengnan

Hangu

Tanggu

HEBEI

LIAONING

Qin Huangdao

Bohai Sea

Provincial Boundary

City Boundary

Metropolis

Capital

km

Developed adjacent area

Other city

The industry production value of Shan dong peninsula

takes 51% in Shandong Province

The industry production value of Shan dong peninsula

takes 51% in Shandong Province

The central and southern Liaoning Province

The central and southern Liaoning ProvinceThe industry production

value of the central and southern Liaoning Province

takes 38% in Northeast China

The industry production value of the central and southern

Liaoning Province takes 38% in Northeast China

Shandong PeninsulaShandong Peninsula

Fushun

BenxiJinzhou Panshan

Shenyang

Liaoyang

AnshanYingkou

Dalian

Dandong

JinanZibo

Weifang

(according to Yao Shimou)

Jiaozhou

Qingdao

Laixi

Laizhou Yantai WeihaiShandong Peninsula

Industrial Base

3. The capital circle

Beijing City

Ancient BeijingAncient Beijing

Beijing—Old Beijing city Beijing—Old Beijing city

1153 year

1267 year

1644 year

V Outskirts of a city zone

II The city zoneII The city zone

III Planed city zoneIII Planed city zone

IV Outskirts zoneIV Outskirts zone

VI Far outskirts zoneBeijing City Location Variance Map

Middle Capital city of Jin DynastyPeking city in Ming and Qing DynastyCapital city of Yuan Dynasty

Yanqing

Miyun

Pinggu

Beijing

LiuligouDaxing

Changping

Tongxian

Shunyi

Huaitou

Mentougou

Fangshan

Capital Site of Yan dynasty(Shang and Zhou periods)

Tang Dynasty(Youzhou)

Beijing City of Ming,Qing and Republic of China

Capital city of Jin Dynasty

Capital Economic Circle

Capital Economic Circle

Jing-Jin-Tang

Jing-Jin-Ji

The Bohai Rim

Outer Circle of the Bohai Rim

II. Population, Economy and Resources II. Population, Economy and Resources

1.The proportion of population, economy and resource of the Bohai Rim in average level

Average w

ater usage

GD

P water usage

per ten thousand yuan

Water usage per acre

Output of industrial w

ater usage

per ten thousand yuan

Water usage foradded value of industry

per ten thousand yuan Population density

Average G

DP

Average grain output

Average farm

aland area

Annual precipation

Ground w

ater resouce per capital

Underround w

ater resouce per capital

Total w

ater resource per capital

2.The proportion of population, economy and resource of Jing-Jin region in average level

%

Beijing

Tianjin

Average w

ater usage

GD

P water usage

per ten thousand yuan

Water usage per acre

Output of industrial w

ater usage

per ten thousand yuan

Water usage foradded value of industry

per ten thousand yuan Population density

Average G

DP

Average grain output

Average farm

aland area

Annual precipation

Ground w

ater resouce per capital

Underround w

ater resouce per capital

Total w

ater resource per capital

3.The proportion of population, economy and resource of Hebei-Liaoning-Shandong region in average level

Hebei Liaoning Shandong

Average w

ater usage

GD

P water usage

per ten thousand yuan

Water usage per acre

Output of industrial w

ater usage

per ten thousand yuan

Water usage foradded value of industry

per ten thousand yuan Population density

Average G

DP

Average grain output

Average farm

aland area

Annual precipation

Ground w

ater resouce per capital

Underround w

ater resouce per capital

Total w

ater resource per capital

4.The regional difference of population and economy in the Bohai Rim

Population density

Person/sq.km.

The Bohai Sea rim-county-total population density

GDP per capita

yuan/person

The Bohai Sea rim-county-per capital GDP

GDP per land

yuan/sq.km

The Bohai Sea rim-county-per unit GDP

Crop production per capita

kg/person

The Bohai Sea rim-county-per capital grain output

Urban GDP

Urban GDP(ten thousand yuan)

III. The limit of regional sustainable development—water III. The limit of regional sustainable development—water

Lack of

water

Water quantity Water

quantity

Water quality Water quality

Regional precipitation relatively less, seasonal distribution unevenly Regional precipitation relatively less, seasonal distribution unevenly

Tendency of North DesertificationTendency of North Desertification

Global warming Global warming

Regional surface runoff relatively less, river breaks off Regional surface runoff relatively less, river breaks off

Excess groundwater exploitation, filler appears Excess groundwater exploitation, filler appears

Sea water conversely pours into the coastal region Sea water conversely pours into the coastal region

Water pollution Water pollution

··· ··· ······ ··· ···

Demand Much population, dense city,

prosperous economy

Water

diversion

Sea water

desalination

Water interception

Water conservation

··· ···

1. Systems Analysis

2. Analysis of carrying capacity of population and economy based on water resource in the Bohai Rim

National %

Agricultural P

opu

lation

Total p

opu

lation (year-end

)

Nu

mb

er of metropolis

Nu

mb

er of big cities

Nu

mb

er of medium

cities

Nu

mb

er of small cities

Total n

umb

er of cities

Nu

mb

er of coun

ties

Lan

d area

Area of B

uilt-up

regions

Non

-Agricu

ltural Pop

ulation

Nu

mb

er of large animals

Nu

mb

er of anim

als

Gross D

omestic O

utp

ut

Prim

ary Indu

stry Ou

tput

Second

ary Indu

strial Outpu

t

Tertiary In

dustrial O

utpu

t

Indu

stry Ou

tput

Agriculture O

utpu

t

Cu

ltivated Lan

d

Sow

n Area of G

rain C

rops

Effective Irrigated A

reas

Yield

of Crops

Cap

acity of Reservoirs

Nu

mb

er of Reservoirs

Slu

ice amou

nt of reservoirs

Grou

nd w

ater flow

Un

dergroun

d water flow

Gross w

ater flow

Precip

itation

3. Analysis of water environment in the Bohai Rim

saltwater intrusion

Land Subsidence

Tangshan

Tianjin

Binzhou Dongying

Weifang

Qin Huangdao

Qingdao

Cangzhou

Panjin

Yantai Weihai

Yingkou

Dalian

Legend

Jinzhou

Ground ascending speed of the Bohai Rim (mm/year)

Tianjin

Beijing

Chengde

Tangshan

Qin Huangdao

Dalian

Jinzhou

Dongying

Panjin

Jinan

Cangzhou

Binzhou

Weifang

YantaiWeihai

Qingdao

Yingkou

4. The dominating transferring water project inthe Bohai Rim

South-to-North Water

Transfer Project South-to-North Water

Transfer Project North-to-South Water

Transfer Project

North-to-South Water

Transfer Project East-to-West Water

Transfer Project

East-to-West Water

Transfer Project

West-to-East Water Transfer Project

West-to-East Water Transfer Project

Transfer Project Name

Yinluan Project

Water Diversion from Yellow river

to Qingdao

Water Diversion

from Qinglong river

to Qinhuangdao

Water Diversion from Biliu river

to Dalian

Channel lengthTransferring

model

self-flowing

extraction

self-flowing

extraction

Annual transferring water amount

(100 million cu.m)

Regions

provinceWater source

regionFolding region

Northern China

Shandong

Hebei

Liaoning

Luanhe River

Downstream of Yellow River

Qinglong river

Biliu river

Transfer target

Jing-jin-tang

Qingdao

Qin Huangdao City

Daliancity

city demand

city demand

city demand

city demand

South-to-North Water Transfer Project

Plan to transfer water 30 billion cubic meters, to irrigate 60 million mu, and support urban industry for 6.6 billion cubic meters

Plan to transfer water 30 billion cubic meters, to irrigate 60 million mu, and support urban industry for 6.6 billion cubic meters

Plan to transfer water 14.5 billion cubic meters, to irrigate 75 million mu, and support urban industry for 6.4 billion cubic meters

Plan to transfer water 14.5 billion cubic meters, to irrigate 75 million mu, and support urban industry for 6.4 billion cubic meters

The east

The central

2nd transferring water line1st transferring water line

Beijing

Tianjin

Zhengzhou

LiaochengJinan

NanjingHefei

Baoding

Cangzhou

Shijiazhuang

San Menxia

Wuhan

Dezhou

Linqing

Wushan

Xinxiang

Xuzhou

Fangcheng

Jining

Nanyang

Yichang

JiujiangShashi

Xiangfan

San Douping

The ecologicenvironmental

Problems in“South-to-North Water Transfer

Project ”

Input area

Output area

Input outside water

Increase water amount

Salinization of irrigated land

Tran

sferring O

verpass A

rea

Transfer

Seep

Block

Sluice

Transferring of chemistry elements

Transferring of infectious disease

Population transferring

Mineralization decrease

Change of Water network

Underground water Subsidy

Salinization

Water amount decreases

Intersect of east and west rivers

Underground water dam-marsh

New aquatic ecosystem

Time:dry seasons in dry years

Environmental problems

Sedimentation of sand

Serious population

sea-water backward pouring

1.From refrigerator experiment to project practice

IV. The development of Bo Hai Sea Ice IV. The development of Bo Hai Sea Ice

2. From ice disaster to ice resource

Sea

ice

disaster

supervision

Sea

ice

resource

measurement

•Ice over in Winter in tiptoplatitudinal sea area of China•Salinity abundantly separates out during icing process •Bohai Sea belongs to the region that water depth is relatively short and salinity is lower

•Ice over in Winter in tiptoplatitudinal sea area of China•Salinity abundantly separates out during icing process •Bohai Sea belongs to the region that water depth is relatively short and salinity is lower

Naturally icing Naturally icing

Jan.15 in 2001

3.Ice measuring and experiment analysis

During the sea ice freezing process, the total salinity decreases from 1.4% to 4.0% as one sixth of that in the bottom.

During the sea ice freezing process, the total salinity decreases from 1.4% to 4.0% as one sixth of that in the bottom.

Salinity

Ice block

thick

ness (cm

)

Figure. Sea ice salinity profile

Near coast 50mNear coast 100mNear coast 500m

The freezing rate is positively correlated to the freezing time.

The freezing rate is positively correlated to the freezing time.

The freezing rate is negatively correlated to the temperature.

The freezing rate is negatively correlated to the temperature.

The larger the sea water capability is, the less salinity is. (Pay attention to the scales of sea and container) The larger the sea water capability is, the less salinity is. (Pay attention to the scales of sea and container)

Freezing rate

Time Temperature

Figure. Relationship between sea ice freezing rate and time(a) and temperature(b)

•The sea melt-water coming into the ice again will make the salinity decrease to 0.5‰-2.0 ‰. The extent is as high as 40% to 70%, while the sea water is close to the fresh water.After breaking up and centrifugation, the salinity fall again, intent is about 30% to 50%.

•The sea melt-water coming into the ice again will make the salinity decrease to 0.5‰-2.0 ‰. The extent is as high as 40% to 70%, while the sea water is close to the fresh water.After breaking up and centrifugation, the salinity fall again, intent is about 30% to 50%.

Modeling Salinity Change after Sea Ice Separation

Sample number Original salinity Salinity after separation Desalination rate

4.Sea ice environment analysis

•The freezing point of fresh water is 0℃•The freezing point of sea water is lower than 0℃ The standard freezing point of sea water is -1.8℃

•The freezing point of fresh water is 0℃•The freezing point of sea water is lower than 0℃ The standard freezing point of sea water is -1.8℃

minus accumulated temperature index•The beginning and final time of average temperature -4 is℃ close to the icing time and melting time.

minus accumulated temperature index•The beginning and final time of average temperature -4 is℃ close to the icing time and melting time.

high

Tianjin

Jinzhou

Weifang

Figure. Average accumulated temperature distribution of 30 years in northern Bohai and Huanghai Sea ≤-4°C

Qin Huangdao

Dalian

Panshan

Yingkou

GaixianYouyanXiongyue

Hu LudaoXingcheng

Suizhong

DonggangBaodi Tangshan

Cheng Shantou

Hangu

Tanggu

Qingxian

Huanghua

Huimin

ZhanhuaChang Shandao

Longkou

LaizhouXixia

Fuxian

Pikou

Changhai

Pingdu

Tanggou

Luanxian

Zhuanghe

Minus accumulated temperature index -100 generally ℃coincides with outer margin of floating ice.

Minus accumulated temperature index -100 generally ℃coincides with outer margin of floating ice.

Fixed ice boundary

Floating ice boundary

Figure. Perennial ice conditions distribution map of northern Bohai and Huanghai Sea

Tanggu

Bohai Sea Bay Bohai Sea

Qin Huangdao

Laizhou Bay

LongkouYantai

Jinzhou

Dalian

Yingkou

Dandong

Yellow Hai

Liaodong Bay

Legend

5. Development and application of sea ice

•Liaodong Bay is the optimal exploitation base for sea ice. The severe low temperature recurrence period is 6 years.•The assurance ratio of relatively low temperature year is 80%. The flat ice depth is 10-20 cm.

•Liaodong Bay is the optimal exploitation base for sea ice. The severe low temperature recurrence period is 6 years.•The assurance ratio of relatively low temperature year is 80%. The flat ice depth is 10-20 cm.

•The location of industrial transferring sea ice into freshwater should be set in north of Tanggu of Bohai Bay.•The location of industrial transferring sea ice into freshwater should be set in north of Tanggu of Bohai Bay.

•As a kind of fresh water, sea ice could be used to irrigate the coastal farm or industrial refrigeration. •Relief the contradiction of fresh water short and increase the storage ability of fresh water.•Reduce the dependence for South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

•As a kind of fresh water, sea ice could be used to irrigate the coastal farm or industrial refrigeration. •Relief the contradiction of fresh water short and increase the storage ability of fresh water.•Reduce the dependence for South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

1. Huanghe River delta & Huanghe River changing its course

•Huanghe River delta :

•The acreage: 250,000 square kilometers

•Since 1855, the marginal region of Huanghe River has changed the course for 11 times and established the delta with the Ninghai as acme.

•Huanghe River delta :

•The acreage: 250,000 square kilometers

•Since 1855, the marginal region of Huanghe River has changed the course for 11 times and established the delta with the Ninghai as acme.

•In Huanghe bayou, 23.6 square kilometer roads are built every year•The coastline is 11.8 km long and extends 0.18km every year. •In Huanghe bayou, 23.6 square kilometer roads are built every year•The coastline is 11.8 km long and extends 0.18km every year.

V. The conception of water development —enclose sea to lake V. The conception of water development —enclose sea to lake

Ninghai

2.Huanghe River Delta & enclose Laizhou Bay

1999 year

98.8.25 TM remote sensing image (RGB432)

3. The Conception of Enclosing Bohai Sea

Manually lead the abundant of the mud and sand subside, so than Bohai gulf could be enclosed to a lake.

Manually lead the abundant of the mud and sand subside, so than Bohai gulf could be enclosed to a lake.

Bohai Sea

Shandong Peninsula

Hu

angh

ai

Liaodong Peninsula

Yellow River Estuary

South of Bohai Sea

Miaod

ao island

s

The three hypothesis of Loess Plateau The three hypothesis of Loess Plateau

Scene 1

Scene 2

Scene 3

Ecologic management——flowing fresh waterEcologic management——flowing fresh water

Soil and water erosion increases ——flowing muddy waterSoil and water erosion increases ——flowing muddy water

Downstream

and

Bayou

?

Imagine

Soil and water flow cutting ——flow cutting appear

Soil and water flow cutting ——flow cutting appear

Sand(desertification)Loess(soil erosion)Yellow River Diversion Irrigation Area(salinization)

Salinized land