part 2: overview of trade in aquatic animal commodities 2 “whatever you do, do wisely, and think...
TRANSCRIPT
Training Course
Introduction to the Use of Risk Analysis in Aquaculture
Part 2: Overview of Trade in Aquatic
Animal Commodities
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“Whatever you do, do wisely, and think of the consequences.”
Gesta Romanorum (134h century)
Why is Trade in Aquatic Animal Commodities so “Risky”?
Movements of live aquatic animals and their products (“commodities”) have increased dramatically during the past 50 years.
This parallels the growth of aquaculture and its increasing contribution to world food supplies.
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Fastest food producing sector
Aquaculture Production
Source: Hall, S. Blue Frontiers (2011), WorldFish Centre
91 % production from Asia, 62 % from China; 10 % from the rest of the world
Growth in Fish Exports, 1976–2005
US$ billion
10
20
30
40
1976 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 2002 2004
year
US$
bill
ion
Developed countries or areas Developing countries or areas
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Combined total export value = USD 78 billion
Driving Forces behind Increased Trade in Aquatic Animal Commodities
This increased trade is due to:Trade liberalization/globalization
World Trade Organization (WTO) Regional Trade Organizations (APEC, NAFTA,
BIMP-EAGA, etc.)Growing global consumer demandConstantly changing consumer preferencesAquaculture sector growth & demands for new
species
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Why is Trade in Aquatic AnimalCommodities so “Risky”?
• Extremely high volume of trade• Poor knowledge base leads to high uncertainty. Lack
of: Information on basic biology, ecology, reproduction, etc. Rigorous studies on impacts of exotics & transfers Information on pathogens & their biology Completed risk analyses Quick & accurate diagnostics tests for many pathogensSpecialized expertise in all fields (including risk analysis)
• High frequency of new & emerging diseases• Insufficient government policy & planning
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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
Characterized by a diverse range of species traded: fishcrustaceans molluscs other invertebrates aquatic plants amphibiansaquatic reptiles, birds & mammals
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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
Diverse range of reasons:ornamental/aquarium tradeaquaculture development/maintenancefood (live trade for restaurants & products)angling/sports fisheries developmentcapture fisheries development/enhancementbiological controlresearchothers (animal feeds, medicines, health products,
etc.)10
International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
Diverse range of commodities tradedproducts in various forms:
fresh/frozen - whole dead, whole eviscerated, head on/head off, filets, steaks, roe
processed - cooked, dried, salted, smoked, pickled, canned, refined into meal & oil
genetic material - gametes, DNA others: vaccines, sera, scientific
specimens, souvenirs, etc.
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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals and their Products
Diverse range of life-cycle stages tradedlive aquatic animals
broodstockjuvenilesfrypostlarvae naupliifertilized eggs
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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals & their Products
Volumes traded can be extremely high. World-wide:Over 1 billion ornamental fishes traded each
year4000 freshwater and 1400 marine ornamental
species tradedOrnamentals originate from some 100
countries
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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals & their Products
FAO estimated that the 2001 wholesale value of the world ornamental trade was US$ 900 million, while the retail value was US$ 3 billion.
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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals & their Products
Examples:Malaysia alone produced some 338 million
freshwater ornamentals in 2001, including 293 million freshwater fish belonging to > 90 species.
Australia imports 8-10 million ornamental every year
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International Trade in Live Aquatic Animals & their Products
Trade in Live Aquatic Animals for “food production” aquaculture:Not well documented, but at
least 240 species of aquatic animals and plants are cultured globally.
Numbers can be quite high – for example, in 1995 some 50 million nauplii and postlarvae of giant tiger prawn were imported into Bangladesh, primarily from Thailand, India and Myanmar, to support the country’s developing shrimp culture industry.
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The Central Problem
All movements of live aquatic animals involve an element of pathogen, genetic and/or ecological risk
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Key PointsAquaculture continues to expand globally, while
world capture fisheries are stagnant or in decline.
Future growth in supplies of fish and shellfish for an expanding human population will have to be met by continued aquaculture growth.
Billions of aquatic animals are moved annually for a wide variety of reasons, the ornamental trade and aquaculture development being the two most important.
Almost all movements of aquatic animal commodities involve an element of ecological, pathogen or genetic risk.
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Key PointsThe nature of world trade in aquatic animals
is such that it is impossible for most countries to conduct detailed health inspections or quarantine all the animals being imported.
In view of the current world trade situation, a national policy of “zero risk” is not realistic.
Risk analysis can be used to aid decision making and examine ways to reduce risk.
It is often possible to reduce risk to an “acceptable” level.
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Clown fish – aquarium fish exporter in Manado, Indonesia