part 1 handout - jane farrall consulting · ... , but this is not a short-term plan for me! ... –...
TRANSCRIPT
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Why we do what we do: Balanced Literacy for All Students
Jane Farrall
Thanks to
– Centre forLiteracyandDisability Studies, especiallyProfessor KarenEricksonhttp://www.med.unc.edu/ahs/clds
– Professor DavidKoppenhaverhttp://www.litdis.com/
Assumption of the Possibility of Universal Literacy = The Least Dangerous Assumption
“No student is too anything to be able to
read and write”
David Yoder, DJI-Ab leNet Li teracy Lectu re, ISAAC 2 0 0 0
Words from Erin Sheldon
– Let’s focusondoingthosethingsthatweknowwork!!Ratherthanasking if its possible,lets dowhattheresearch tells usweneed todotomake ithappen. Then wecan lookback onwhatwedidanddecideif itworked!
– The onlyway wewill knowif anyof ourchildrencanlearn toreadorwriteis togetthem theliteracy instructionandcreate theopportunitiesforthemtolearn.
– Isay thatwe are onthe50yearliteracy planwithMaggie. Iwill giveuponherdeveloping literacy in 50years, whenIf igureshe's atretirement age anddeserves abreak, butnotbefore.Iwillbehappilypleased if she isreader and writerbeforethen,butthisisnotashort-termplan forme!
– Facebook, 8thFebruary2014
“Reductionist Interventions”
– Katims(2000) reviewedliteracy instructioninspecial educationandidentif iedreductionistinterventionsas oneswhichare
– Sequencedandhierarchical– Employdrillandpracticetotrain– Focusonskillssuchas:
– Letter names andsounds ;
– Worddecoding;
– Sight words ;and
– Fillingout written forms .
– Reductionistinterventionsare approachesthatassume prerequisitesandthereforesetupbarriers toliteracy instruction
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Some Outcomes of Reductionist Approaches
– Christopher, ateenagerwithautism, canreadpassagesfluentlyataYear9level. Hedoesn’t understand thatwhathe readshasmeaning.
– Michael, ateenagerwithDownSyndrome,canonly readaloudwhen pointing towords.Hedoesn’t knowthatyoucanreadsilently.
– Chloe, ayoungwomanwithcerebralpalsy, cansigneveryletterofthealphabet butdoesn’t knowthat thesignsrelate totheprinted letters.
If we only teach parts of literacy, then
students will only learn parts.
A Balanced Diet
– EmergentReaders andWriters – Conventional ReadersandWriters
Literacy&
Language
Shared Read in g
“Writin gwith ”
Shared
Writin g
“Writin gb ymysel f”
In dependen t
Writin g“Writin g fo r”
Teacherwri tes fo rstuden ts
Sel f-Selected
Read in g
Workin gwith Letters and Sound s
Literacy&
Language
ReadingCom pr ehens ion( anchor , r ead,
apply)
Self - Select edReading
I ndependent
Wr it ing
Wor king wit hWor ds
Universal Design for Learning
Jane Farrall
What is Universal Design for Learning?
– UniversalDesign forLearning isascientifically validframework forguiding educationalpracticethat:
– Providesflexibilityinthewaysinformationispresented,inthewaysstudentsresponseordemonstrateknowledgeandskillsandthewaysinwhichstudentsareengaged;and
– Reducesbarriersininstruction,providesappropriateaccommodations,supports,challengesandmaintainshighachievementexpectationsforallstudents,includingstudentswithdisabilitiesandstudentswhoarelimitedEnglishproficient.
Highe r Educatio n Oppo rtunity Act, 2008 (US) http://als.csupro je cts.o rg /he o a
Why Universal Design for Learning?
– Studentscometo theclassroomwith avarietyofneeds,skills, talentsand interests
– The typicalcurriculum –which includes goals, instructionalmethods, classroommaterials andassessments – hasmanybarriers androadblocks.
– Studentsand teachersareexpectedtomakeallofthenecessaryadjustment.
– UDLplaces theburden toadapton thecurriculum itself.
Erickso n & Ko ppe nhave r (2013)
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Principles of UDL
– Providemultiple, flexiblemeansof:
– Representation
– Expression
– Engagement
www.cast.o rg
Why Universal Design for learning?
Recognition Networks
– Thewhatoflearning
– Identifyand interpret patternsofsound, light, taste, smelland touch
www.cast.o rg
Strategic Networks
– Thehowoflearning.
– Plan, executeandmonitor actionsandskills
www.cast.o rg
Affective Networks
– Thewhyof learning
– Evaluateandsetpriorities
www.cast.o rg
Differentiation
– Providestudents withdifferentavenues toacquireandexpresscontent.
– Allow themtoprocess, constructormakesenseof ideas.
– Differentiate through:
– Content
– Process
– Product
– Learningenvironment
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FromLearningForAll(2013),OntarioMinistryofEducation
Differentiation
– Need tomakesure thatwearen’tprovidingdifferentiationinways thatdon’t help.
Talking Texts
– Acommonexampleofdifferentiation is toprovide talkingversions oftexts so thatstudents whostruggle with literacycanunderstand them
– However, 48%ofstruggling 3rd– 9thgradestudents can’tunderstand gradelevel textevenwhenothers read it tothem.(Erickson&Koppenhaver, 2013)
– Written language format is somethingstudents need tolearn tounderstand. Itisdifferent fromspoken languagestructures.
Picture Supported Text
– Symbolsappear tomaketextmoreuniversally accessiblebutdo they?
Differentiation
– Making textuniversally accessible requires making itEASIER
– Determine the listening comprehension levelofthestudent for text
– Textmustbe targetedat thatlevel
– Forstudents with significant languagedelayor intellectualdisability, thatmeans textmustbeEASY!
Erickso n & Ko ppe nhave r (2013)
Dreamtime: How the Birds Got Their Colours
– Backin theDreamtime(Alcheringa) all thebird tribeswerethesamecolour, and thatwasblack.
– OnedaythePeacefulDovecaughthis footonasharpprongofwood onabrokenoff treebranch.TheDovecalledoutpiteously forhelp, andall theotherbird tribes heardhiscryandcametotheplacewhere theDovelay.TheDovewas ingreatpainandhis foothadswollen up.
http://www.okulture.com/Black%20Opal/index-19.html
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www.tarheelreader.orgHowtheBirdsgottheirColours
FromaDreamtimeStory
DLM on Tar Heel Reader
– Therearearangeoftextswhichhavebeenbrokendownandsimplified onTarHeelReader
– Seethis link fora listhttp://dlmpd.com/clds/instructional-resources/
Use illustrations to support meaning
– This is howyoungchildren learn to read
– Picturesupport (onepicture tosupport thecontentonapage)isverydifferenttoaddinga symbolontoeverywordwhichcandistract fromthetext
Multiple Means of Action and Expression
– PhysicalAction
– ExpressiveSkills andFluency
– ExecutiveFunction
Erickso n & Ko ppe nhave r (2013)
Technology Supporting Multiple and Flexible Means of Expression– WritingTools
– Making writingmoreaccessible– Talkingwordprocessors– Spellcheckers
– Wordprediction
– MultimediaandStorytellingTools– Providean alternative towrittenresponses
– Digitalstorytelling– Scrapbooksandf lipbooks– Videoproduction
Erickso n & Ko ppe nhave r (2013)
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Multiple and Flexible Means of Expression in Writing
– Writing withAlternative Pencils
– DevelopedbytheCentre forLiteracyandDisability Studieswww.med.unc.edu/ahs/clds
Multiple Means of Engagement
– Recruiting interest
– Sustaining Effort/Persistence
– Self-Regulation
Erickso n & Ko ppe nhave r (2013)
Technology Supporting Multiple and Flexible Means of Engagement– Collaboration Tools
– BlogsandWikis
– iPadsandapps
– Planning Tools
– GraphicOrganisers
– CorrectiveFeedbackandGuidance
– Onlinefeedbackregardingperformance
Erickso n & Ko ppe nhave r (2013)
Sometimes Engagement has
NOTHING to do with Technology
Augmentative & Alternative Communication
Literacy andLanguage
Communication
– Occursallday,everyday,ineveryaspectofour life
– Impactsgreatlyonourquality oflife
– Itis fundamental in literacydevelopmentand forparticipation ineducation;
– And, most importantly, it isahumanright (UnitedNationsUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights 1994)
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Success vs Abandonment of AAC
– Factorsimpacting long-termsuccess– PersonwhousesAACsystemexperiencessuccess91.76%
– Degreetowhichthesystemisvaluedbytheuserandpartnersasameansofcommunication90.58%
– Systemservesavarietyofcommunicativefunctions89.85%– Systemisusedforcommunication,notjustasatoyortherapytool(Realcommunication)87.20%
– Otherareas:– Appropriatedeviceselected
– Supportforsystem
Jo hnso n, e t al. (2006)
Success vs Abandonment of AAC
– Factorsleading toinappropriateabandonment:– CommunicationpartnersbelievetheycanunderstandmessagewithoutAAC
(notsolvinganything)- 77.75%– Insuff icientopportunities- 76.80%– Userprefersasimplermeansofcommunication(efforthigherthan
outcome)70.02%– Vocabularydoesnotmeetindividualizeddailylivingneeds67.70%– Otherareas
– Lackofsupport – training, time for programming, knowledgeableprofess ionals
– Time!!!!
– Motivation
Jo hnso n, e t al. (2006)
It takes a community
– Theattitudes, beliefsandknowledge ofcommunicationpartnersarepivotal in thesuccess storyofAugmentativeandAlternative Communication (AAC).Thepeoplearoundeveryindividual withcomplexcommunicationneeds mustbelieve thateveryonehasa right tocommunicate.
AAC is for…
– Anyonewith ComplexCommunicationNeeds (CCN)
– That is,anyonewhohasdifficulties communicatingwithspeechalone.
– iepeoplewho arenon-verbal, peoplewhoonlyhavealimited numberofspokenwords orpeoplewhose speech isdifficult tounderstand.
AAC Myths and Legends
– IntroducingAAC will stopsomeone fromdeveloping speech
– LowtechbeforeHigh tech
– Hasalittle speechsodoesn’t needAAC
– Toocognitively impaired forAAC
– AAC will fixall communicationdifficulties
– Tooyoung forAAC
– Doesn’t needAAC as theycanexpressbasicneeds
– Symbolhierarchy
Symbols
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Symbols
– Thesymbolhierarchydoesn't apply (orevenreallyexist)!
– "Abstract andiconic symbols function thesameto theearlycommunicator"Romski andSevcik,2005
– Weneed touseanysymbol tohelp the individual learnwhat itmeans (PorterandBurkhart, 2010)
– There isnohierarchyofaided-visual symbols;experienceplaysasignificant role in learning aidedvisual symbols andgeneralising theiruseage
– (DaFonte,2008)There isnoneedto limit ourselves toanAAC systemwith objectsorphotographs
Amount of Vocabulary
Amount of Vocabulary
– “WEUSEDTOTHINK:Startwith justafew (4-6)picturesymbols andaddafewmoreatatime,as thestudent [withASD]shows thatheor shecancommunicateappropriatelywith themusually byrequesting
– Nowwe think:Really?Where is theresearch thatdefendsthispractice?
– This is certainlynothowotherkids learnnewwordsandacquire language.”
– Professor PatMirenda, 2014
Amount of Vocabulary
– Forindividuals tolearnlanguage,weneedtoprovidenot justafewpicturesymbols– butawide rangeofsymbolsthatrepresentarobustvocabularythatsupportsthemtolearnhowtoputwords together,supports themtocontributeineverysituationandsupports themtodevelopintoanautonomouscommunicator.
– Thisvocabularyneedstoconsistofarangeofpartsof speech– theyneedadjectives,verbs,adverbs,pronouns,prepositions, conjunctions, interjections,determinersandevensomenouns.TryusingawelldesignedcorevocabularysystemorPragmaticallyOrganisedDynamicDisplay(PODD)
Prerequisites??
– Moving onfromthecandidacy modelof the70sand80s....
– Romski& Sevcik (1988) "relationshipbetweencognitive,communicative and linguisticskills is notaspredictable as itmighthave been initially viewed";
– Kangas & Lloyd(1998) - summarisedresearchthatsigning may beeasier tolearnthanspeech; individualswith"severe mentalretardation"can learn tobeexpressive withsymbolsata relativelyearly age;
– Romski& Sevcik (2005) "someindividualswithsevere sensori-motordisabilities cannotdemonstratetheir cognitive abililties withoutameans bywhichtocommunicate sowecannotinsistonevidence of thoseabilities beforeprovidingAACservices and supports."
AAC Myths and Legends -Resources
– Romski, M.A.&Sevcik,R.A.(2005).Augmentativecommunicationandearlyintervention: Mythsand realities.Infants&YoungChildren, 18:3,174– 185.
– YAACKhttp://aac.unl.edu/yaack
– DynaVoxImplementationToolkit
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AAC should be:
– Used frequently, interactivelyandgeneratively toexpressawide rangeofcommunicative intents
– Occurringduringatleast 80%ofongoingclassroomprogramming (as speechormanual signuse is)
– Beingused tomediatecommunicationwithclassmates aswell aspersonnel (ie teachers, support officers, therapists)
– Bedesigned andimplemented inas timeandcosteffectiveamanneraspossible
Evidence Based Practice (EBP) and Decision Making
Decisionsabout
Treatments/Interventions
High qualityresearchevidence
Professionaljudgmentanddata-based
clinical decision-making
Values andpreferences of families and
otherstakeholders
Capacity of thedelivery systemtoimplement theinterventionwith
integrity
Sou rce: National Au tism Cen ter (h ttp ://www.nationalau tismcen ter.o rg) and National P ro fessional Developmen t Cen ter on Au tismSpectrum Diso rders
(h ttp ://au tismpdc.fp g.un c.edu /con ten t/evid en ce-b as ed -p ra ctic es)
AAC Evidence Base
– AmericanSpeech&HearingAssociationhttp://www.ncepmaps.org/index.php
– SpeechBitehttp://www.speechbite.com/
– EvidAAC http://www.evidaac.com/welcome.php
– Communication Mattershttp://www.aacknowledge.org.uk/
A good comprehensive AAC system
– Hasarangeof language
– Supports theuser todevelop linguistic competency
– Canbeused foraided languagestimulation through theday
– Canbeused tocommunicatethrough theday
– Canbeused forarangeofcommunicative functions
– Supports theuser todevelopcommunicationautonomy
Communicative Functions
System for todaySystem for tomorrow
– Participation Model (Beukelman&Mirenda, 2005)
– Initialassessment fortodaylooking atcurrentcommunicationneeds/abilities;
– Detailedassessment for tomorrow identifyingcommunicationsystems thatwill support theuser innewcommunicationenvironments into the future;
– Follow upassessment tomaintain acomprehensivesystemtomeetthechangingcapabilities and lifestyleof theindividual.
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AAC
– TwosetsofAAC-related decisions should bemadefromtheoutset: thoseaimedat“today”andthoseaimedat“tomorrow”.
– Beukelman&Mirenda, 2013
Communicative Competence
– Light(1989), Light&Mcnaughton (2014)
– LinguisticCompetence(masteryofthelinguisticcode)
– OperationalCompetence(accessmethods,on/off)
– SocialCompetence
– StrategicCompetence(makethemostofthevocabtheyhave)
– SeeKovach(2009) foranassessment basedon thisstructure
Linguistic Competence
– Does theuser knowhowtocombinewords toget theirmessageacross?
– Does theapphavevocabulary thatsupports languageinputand languagedevelopment?
Operational Competence
– Does theuser knowhowtoturn the iPadonandoff?
– Dotheyknowhowtochange thevolume?
– Dotheyknowhowtoopen their AACapp?
Social Competence
– Does theuser understandnot just when it isappropriate tocommunicatebutwhat it isappropriate tocommunicate?
– E.g.wordswedon’tuse inat school.
– E.g.small talk
Strategic Competence
– Istheuserable tomakethebestuseof thevocabularytheyhavein their system?
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Yes and No
Yes/No
– Notall yes/noquestions arecreatedequally:
– Doyouwantabiscuit?
– IsthecapitalcityofRussiaMoscow?
Ahern (2012)http://teachinglearnerswithmultipleneeds.blogspot.com
Getting Started
– Prioritise questions thatare:
– Natural
– Authentic
– Empowering
Doyouwantmetotake youtoyourclassroom?
Didyoulikethestory?Doyouthinkthey gotogether?
Doyouwanttogofirst?Doyouwantthe bluepaint?
YES
Isthisashoe?
Isthistheletter B?
Are youheretoday?NO
Other Hints
– Don’tassumethatyouknowwhat thechildwants.
– Don’tusewords tofill space.
– "Yesorno?
– Doyouwanttheball?
– Yesorno?
– Theball?
– Tellmeyesorno?"
Ahern (2012)http://teachinglearnerswithmultipleneeds.blogspot.com
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Yes/No
– Need towatch thenumberofyes/noquestions weaskAACusers
– BUT
– EveryAAC userneeds todevelopagood, clearYes/Noresponse
Good Practice Approaches to AAC
– PictureExchangeCommunicationSystem(PECS)
– Aided LanguageDisplays (ALDs)
– PODD
– CoreVocabulary
– (Plusa fewothers wewon’t gettodaye.g.manualsign,tactile symbols)
Picture Exchange Communication System
– BondyandFrost1994
– Strongevidencebase forusing this withsomechildren withASDasa firstAACapproach
– Teachesonecommunicativefunction inearly stages -requesting
– Verystructuredprogram
– Teaches joint attention (Yoder&Stone, 2006)
PECS
– Severalsystematicreviewsandmeta- analyseshaveexaminedPECSoutcomes
– Preston&Carter,2009
– Sulzer-Azaroff,Hoffmann,Horton,Bondy,&Frost,2009
– Flippin, Reszka,&Watson,2010– Hart&Banda,2010
– Tincani&Devis,2011
– Ganz,Davisetal. ,2012
– Eachhasprosandcons
From Mirenda (2014)
Improvement Rate Differences
– Calculated ImprovementRateDifference(IRD)scores fromstudydata
– The“differenceorchangeinpercentofhighscores frombaseline to intervention” (p.67)
– ≤.50=smallorquestionable effects
– .50and .70=moderateeffects
– ≥.70= largeorverylargeeffects
GANZ, EARLES-VOLLRATH, ET AL. (2012)
Ganz, Davis et al. (2012)
– 13studies, 32participants,ages3-17
– ImprovementRateDifferencescalculated,asinpreviouswork
– UniquelyexaminedthePECSPhaseattained
– § Phase1:1(IRD.45)– § Phase2:2(IRD.63)
– § Phase3:8(IRD.65)
– § Phase4:2(IRD.33)
– § Phase5:0
– § Phase6:2(IRD.84– significantlybetter)From Mirenda (2014)
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Ganz, Davis et al. (2012)
– Conclusions:
– “PECSappears tobeapromising augmentativesystemthat.. .hasmoderatelypositiveeffectson functionalcommunicationskills” suchasinitiating requests
– PECSeffectsontargetsother than functionalcommunicationare“modestoruncertain” (p.415)
– Socialskills
– Speechdevelopment
– Challengingbehaviour
(From Mirenda, 2014)
PECS
– Somestudies suggest isagoodshort term introduction –thenmoveontoamorecomprehensivesystem
– Oftenseeadecrease inchallengingbehaviour initially andthenmayseeanincreaseafterawhile asitdoesn’tpromote further languagedevelopment
– Somethingwecanimplementwith someofthestudentswithASDshort termtohelp themunderstand thepowerofcommunication
Aided Language Stimulation
– Prospectiveusers mustbeprovided with frequentexamplesofinteractive, generativeuse toacquireanysemblanceorproficiency.
– No-onewould dispute the factthatitwould beverydifficult tobecomea fluent speakerorFrench, if youinstructor seldomused Frenchinyourpresence.
– Likewise, it isdifficult foranonspeaker tobecomeaproficientAAC user ifotherpeoplenevermodel interactiveuseof their systemduring allaspectsoftheday.
Go o sse ns’ , Crain and Elde r (1988); Goo sse ns’ (2010) Po rte r (2004)
Input OutputSpokenlanguagedevelopment
SpokenLanguage SpokenLanguage
SpokenLanguage AidedLanguage
Childlearningaidedsymbols
Po rte r (2004)
Input Output
Childlearningaidedsymbols
AidedLanguageSpokenLanguage(Signlanguage)
AidedLanguage(SpokenLanguage)(Signlanguage)
Aided Language
– Itis critical foranindividual tonotonlyhavesymbols, butalso tohaveexperiencewith those symbols inasymbol richenvironment/print richenvironment.The typicallydeveloping childwill havebeenexposed tooral languageforapproximately4,380 wakinghoursbythe timehebegins speakingatabout18monthsofage.
Jane Ko rste n (2011) QIAT Listse rv 4th April
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Aided Language
– Ifsomeone isusing adifferent symbol setandonlyhasexposure to it two timesaweek, for20– 30minutes each,itwill takethealternate symboluser84years tohavethesameexperiencewith his symbols thatthe typicallydeveloping childhaswith thespokenword in18months!!!
Aided Language
– The typicallydeveloping childwill demonstrate languagecompetencyaround9– 12yearsofagehavingbeenimmersed inandpracticingoral language forapproximately36,500wakinghours.For9– 12years thatchildhasbeenusingand receivingcorrectivefeedbackwhile practicingwith thespokenword.
Aided Language
– At twiceaweek,20– 30minuteseachtime, itwill takethealternatesymboluser701years tohavethesameexperience.
Jane Ko rste n (2011) QIAT Listse rv 4th April
Aided Language Research
– Turn-taking(Beck etal., 2009)
– Receptive vocabulary (Dada &Alant, 2009;Drageret al., 2006;Harris& Reichle, 2004;Romski& Sevcik, 1996)
– 2+word/morphemecombinations(S-V,S-V-O,S-( is) -V- ing-O(Binger&Light, 2007;Bruno&Trembath,2006;Romski&Sevcik, 1996;Romskiet al., 2010)
– Grammatical morphemes ( - ing,- ’s,-ed,-s) (Bingeret al., 2011) – Pragmatics, increased communciationturns,semantics, receptive and
epxressive vocab increases, syntax(multisumbolturns)andmorphonologySennott,S.C.,Light, J.C.&McNaughton, D.(2016) AACModeling InterventionResearch Review, Research andPractice forPersonswithSevere Disabilities, 1 –15
Aided Language
– InevaluatinganyAAC system….
– Ifyou(asaperson proficient in language)cannotuseacommunicationsystemordisplay throughout aninteraction thenhowcanyouprovidedAided LanguageStimulation?
– Ifyoucannotuse it, is itdesigned well?
Pragmatically Organised Dynamic Displays (PODD)
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PODD
– PODDisawayoforganising wholewordandsymbolvocabularyinacommunicationbookorspeechgeneratingdevicetoprovide immersion andmodelling for learning
PODD
– TheaimofaPODDis toprovidevocabulary:
– Forcontinuouscommunicationallthetime
– Forarangeofmessages
– Acrossarangeoftopics
– Inmultipleenvironments
– Provides somepredictive language thathelps earlycommunicatorsbemoresuccessful
PODD
– PODDscanhavedifferent formats,depending on theindividual physical, sensory andcommunication needsofthepersonwhowill use it
Core Vocabulary
– Usingcommon (orcore)English words onanAAC display toenableauser toconstruct theirownsentences
– Approachused in lotsofhigh techsystemsbutnotusedasmuchin low techdue todifficultyofarrangingvocabularyforaccess
Core Vocabulary
– 75%-80%of thewords weusedailycomefromasetof350-400words: theseare theCORE
– “Whatareyoueating for lunch today?”
– “Iwantchickennuggets”
– (Textin red is corevocabulary,all in top200)
– InmanyAAC systems, theonlyavailablewords would bechickennuggetsand thesearenotcore!!
Core Vocabulary
– FRINGEVOCABULARY
– Lowfrequencywords
– Onlyuseful inoneor twosituations
– Often related toa specifictopic
– COREVOCAB
– High frequencywords
– Canbecombined togetyoumessageacross inlotsofdifferent situations
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Core and Fringe
– Overa2-yearperiod, 12youthwith moderate-severeID(somewithASD)wereprovided with35-44 lexigramsonanSGD,including 61% fringeand39%corevocabulary(e.g.,stop, help,more, good,wait, excuseme,I ’msorry)
– BOTHtypesofwordswere learned andused, inequalproportions (Adamsonetal. ,1992)
Core and Fringe
– Includingcoredoesn’t meanexcluding fringe!
– But -- consider aunitonplants. Inhis orher lifetime, howoftenwill astudentneed tosay
– stem,leaf,stamen,pistil,andflower
– Compared to
– not,grow,tall,pretty,green,andhealthy?
Proloquo2Go And remember
– Communication isALLday,EVERYday.
– Youneed to figureouthowAAC is goingtogoeverywherewith thestudents and/oryou
AAC
– Wemustprovideeveryindividual with complexcommunicationneedswith acommunicationsystemthatenables their right tocommunicate.
– Wemustbelieve in theirability touse languageandgivethemasystemthatenables themtodevelopanduselanguage.
AAC
– Ifwe“donothave theskills andcommitment requires toprovidesupport forAACsystemuse,abandonment ofthesystem is likely”.
– Beukelman&Mirenda, 2013