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Part 1Skype ID

GvanknoweSkype Download

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http://forecastcentral.com/full-table-of-forecasts-for-one-day?siteID=32&ts=1322598400&divisionID=all&sort=divisions

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The Atmosphere• Apologia: Modules 3, 4, 7 and 8 • A Beka: Chapters 2 and 3 • The study of the Air and the Atmosphere and how we measure

them• Movement of the Atmosphere - Air Masses, Winds and Storms• Weather Prediction

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• U of IL - Wx Course

• Lyndon State Course

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Prep Questions• Week 16

– (1) What role does the sun play in causing seasons and the weather?

– (2) What is the composition of the air?– (3) What is the role of each component?

• Week 17– (1) What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere?– (2) What is temperature?– (3) What is Ozone hole?

• Week 18 – (1) What factors influence the weather?– (2) What are the weather elements?

• Week 19– (1) What are the factors that cause precipitation?– (2) What are the differences and common characteristics

of a thunderstorm, tornado, hurricane and a nor'easter low pressure system?

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• 1. Name for weather league• Login into forecast central

– reprosser76 Password • Forecast Central Case studies

• Bring up http://hss-1.us/phys-sci/Weather-Information.htm

• Lapse rate problems• Reading• Env Sci - cycles

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Current Weather ReviewCurrent Weather Review  

 http://hss-1.us/phys-sci/Weather-Information.htmRadar/Sat US Radar US Radar NWS

Goes Sat Page US Sat IRNRL Sat

US Sat VisNY VIS

Sfc Analysis NWSSurface Plots

Surface 12 Hour Fcst Surface 24 Hour Fcst Surface 36 Hour Fcst Surface 48 Hr Fcsts

Emergency CURRENT SVR Wx RADAR

National Weather Situation Page http://

www.VueTOO.com

Severe Weather Alert Link 

Your Local Forecast  

Local Fcsts Rome NY   43.23°N 75.46°W  Rome Griffiss Airfield

Lat: 43.23   Lon: -75.41   Elev: 504 ft Lat/Lon: 43.23°N 75.46°W   Elevation:482  

BGM Discussion 

Wx Maps NAM GFS 1. GFSx -Upper 2.GFSx-MRF- Precip

Long Range NWS Model

ECMWF CPC Datastreme

Climo SYR CLIMO CLIMO STAT CNY ALB CLIMO  

Other NASA Solar Science Solar-Sun Spot-Space-Wx

Sun & Moon Rise & Set Tables Moon Phases

Your Sky Start ChartsTides Maine NOAA Space Wx Forecast Central

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Module 2Composition of the Atmosphere

A look from space - protection from high energy particles

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Overview of Major Points • Basic Terms

– Meteorology: Scientific study of the atmosphere and weather– Weather: The day to day state of the atmosphere. We can “see” the

weather by looking out side.– Climate:- The long term averages of weather. Can’t really “see” the

climate. Difference from weather is the TIME period.

• Four Components (Spheres) of the Earth-Atmos. System– Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere– They all INTERACT to make weather and climate

• Water Vapor MOST important component of the atmosphere influencing the weather and climate.

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Relative thickness of the Relative thickness of the Earth and AtmosphereEarth and Atmosphere

• If a globe has circumference of 36 inches: • C=PI x Diameter

D = 36 in./3.14 = 11.46 in• Relative thickness of the atmosphere

• 30km/6400km : ?in/11.46• 0.00469 = ?in/11.46 in• ?in = .00469 x 11.46 in = 0.0537 in

• So the relative thickness of the atmosphere is ONLY 0.06 inchesONLY 0.06 inches for a globe with a diameter of about 12 inches12 inches

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N2 78.1 %

O2 - 20.9 %

Ar - 0.9 %

~0.01% CO2 ~0.04%Note: H2O - Variable 0 - 4 %

Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere

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N2 78.1 %

O2 - 20.9 %

Ar - 0.9 %

~0.01% CO2 ~0.04%Note: H2O - Variable 0 - 4 %

Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere

“Constant” gases.Nitrogen (N2) - 78.1 %Oxygen (O2) - 20.9 %Argon (Ar) - .9 %Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ~0.04% -Important GH GasOther - ~.01% ex. Ozone (O3)

Stratospheric O3 Protects Us from UV Light

Water Vapor (H20 gas) Principle variable gas – most import gas that influences the weather 0 – 4.0 %Most important greenhouse gas

Note: “Vapor” means it as gas that changes state at normal earth temperature range.

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Difference Between Inhaled and Exhaled Air

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Concept of Concentration• There are many way to express a concentration. The following is a list of the

most common.• Parts per 100, Parts per 1000, Parts per Million, Parts per Billion• Mixing ratio: mass : mass (ex. gm per kg)• Density: mass/volume (g/m3)• Percent (relative concentration)• Example of the importance of concentration: What if O2were more concentrated:

– Few more percent more fires – high O2 (over 60%) actually dangerous to breath.• Fire: Fuel + O2 = CO2 + water (burning or combustion) - oxidation • Exothermic reaction• CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O • 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + heat

– Few less percent we could not breath effectively• Nitrogen (N2) is very important to dilute the concentration of oxygen.

– It tends to be non-reactive as a gas has about the same mass as O2 so it is the perfect gas to keep the concentration of oxygen just right.

– Many of the trace gases would be toxic or dangerous at higher concentrations. – For example CO2 and Argon are strong greenhouse gases which at small

concentration are essential to maintaining comfortable temperatures on earth, but even relatively small increases in concentrations of these gases would case significant warming of the earth.

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Concentration problems and examples

• How many parts of Nitrogen gas are there for every 100 parts of air, 1000 part of air?– Answer N2 is 78.1 % = 78.1 parts per 100 = 78/100 or 780 per 1000 780/1000

• How many part of Oxygen are there for every 100 parts of air, 1000 part of air? What if we doubled the concentration of O2, how would things burn? – Answer: 20.9/100 209/1000 - Burn faster

• How many part of argon are there for every 100 parts of air, 1000 part of air?– Answer: Argon = 93/100, 9.3/1000

• The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is currently about 392 ppm (parts per million) 392/1,000,000. How many PPH,PPT, PPTT– CO2 = .0392/100, .392/1000, (3.92/10,000)

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12. Convert 1% into ppm.

Remember, we know the relationship between percent and ppm, so we can convert using the factor-label method.A concentration of 1% is the same as 10,000 ppm.

13. The concentration of nitrogen oxides in the air today is about 0.018 ppm. What is that in percent?

Remember, we know the relationship between ppm and percent. We can therefore just use the factor-label method to figure out the answer.A concentration of 0.018 ppm is equal to 0.0000018 %.

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Air PollutionAir Pollution• What is air pollution and what are some of the most significant air pollutants? What is the difference

between toxic and non toxic air pollution?

• Air pollution is occurs when the air contains gases or small particle in harmful amounts. Toxic means poisonous. Not all air pollution is toxic (poisonous). Some substance such as CO2 are not toxic but are still considered air pollutants because it can have harmful effects. It should be noted that not all scientist agree with calling CO2 a pollutant.

• The main types of pollutants are:

• Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dioxide – emitted from burning of coal and oil. .

• Scrubbers can remove form smoke stacks– Natural source is volcanoes

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide – Emitted from high temperature combustion. – Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. – Automobiles, planes main source of NOXs.

• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), – - From hydrocarbon fuel (gasoline) vapors and solvents (paint thinner).

• Ground Level Ozone: (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs

• Carbon monoxide – colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. – It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. – Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.

• Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion and respiration.

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use.

• Airborne Lead – negative effect brain development.

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14. What pollutant concentration was decreased by the mandate ( law requiring) of catalytic converters?

Catalytic converters reduced the concentration of carbon monoxide.

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Heat source for atmosphere & Earth

2. Volcanoes, heat from the earth, radioactivity frictional forces, How do we know this is small: day - night Δ T

1. The Sun is by far the primary

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The Greenhouse

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• 11. Has the average temperature of the earth increased significantly in the past 80 years?

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• No. The average temperature of the earth has remained rather steady since 1925. See Figure 2.6.

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Global Warming?

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Homosphere

Heterosphere

Thermal Layers

Thermosphere - Warm layer: 50 – 100 km

Warms with heightHeat Source O2 Reactions (dissociation) with UV Light

Mesosphere – Cold Layer: 30 – 50 km

Cools with heightHeat Source – Top of Stratosphere

Stratosphere–Passenger Jet Flight Level : 10 – 30 km

Warms with heightHeat Source O3 layer Reactions with UV Light

Troposphere – “weather layer”: Surface to 10 km

Cools with heightHeat source – ground or ocean surface

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Important Thermal Structure Terms• Lapse Rate

– The lapse rate is the rate of change of temperature with height

– A positive lapse rate cools with height– A negative lapse rate warms with height

• Inversion– If the temperature increases with height (a negative lapse

rate) it is called an inversion– That means it it is “inverted” from the normal situation in the

troposphere of cooling warming with height

• Pauses – The term pause is give to the top of any given layer. So a

pause is the transition level from one layer of the atmosphere to another.

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Ozone Layer

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Ozone Layer

Why is it important to have ozone in earth’s air? Ozone blocks the ultraviolet light from the sun. Without it, life could not exist on the planet.

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Ozone Layer

For good health, should we increase or decrease the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air?

Ground-level ozone concentrations should be decreased. Remember, ozone is a poison. We do not want to breathe it. We want it all up in the ozone layer.