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RADIOBIOLOGY AND RADIATION PROTECTION (RT 106)

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  • RADIOBIOLOGYANDRADIATION PROTECTION(RT 106)

  • COURSE OUTLINE:

    Review of Basic Radiation Concepts

    Radiation Biology

    lll. Radiation Protection

  • SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION

    Many types of radiation are harmless, but IONIZING RADIATION can INJURE HUMANS. We are exposed to many types of IONIZING RADIATION in our daily lives from multiple sources.

  • These sources can be divided into two (2) main categories: NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION (something over which we have no control) and MAN-MADE RADIATION (from MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC and THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES and RADIATION APPLICATIONS associated with INDUSTRY, RESEARCH and CONSUMER PRODUCTS).

  • 1.)NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION

    Human being have inhabited EARTH and have evolved in the presence of a CONSTANT RADIATION EXPOSURE called NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION.

  • NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION results in ANNUAL DOSE of approximately 3 millisieverts (mSv). MAN-MADE RADIATION results in 3.2 millisieverts (mSv) annually. A mSv is the unit of EFFECTIVE DOSE. It is used to express radiation exposure of populations and radiation risk in those populations.

  • FOUR (4) COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION

    1.) COSMIC RAYS/RADIATION

    The COSMIC RAYS are particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the SUN and STARS. On EARTH, the intensity of cosmic radiation increases with altitude and latitude.

  • Radioactive Element

    COSMIC RAYS NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION SUN STARS

    TERRESTRIAL RADIATION

  • 2.) TERRESTRIAL RADIATION

    Results from deposits of URANIUM, THORIUM and other radionuclides in the EARTH. The intensity is highly dependent on the geology of the local area.

  • 3.) INTERNALLY DEPOSITED RADIONUCLIDES

    From RADIONUCLIDES naturally deposited in the HUMAN BODY, mainly POTASSIUM-40 ( K) are natural metabolites. 4040

  • They have always been with us and contribute an equal dose to each of us. The air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat are all contains small quantities of naturally occurring radionuclides.

  • 4.) RADON GasThe colorless, odorless, naturally occurring radioactive gas ( Ra) that decays via alpha emission and has a half-life of 3.8 days.

    222

  • The largest source of Natural Environmental Radiation is RADON. Radon is a RADIOACTIVE GAS that is produced by the natural radioactive decay of URANIUM, whichis present in trace quantities in the earth.

  • All earth-based materials, such as concrete, bricks and gypsum wall board, contain radon. Radon emits alpha particles, which are not penetrating and therefore contributes a radiation dose only to the lung.

  • 2.) MAN-MADE RADIATION

    From RADIOLOGIC MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING PROCEDURES and RADIOLOGIC THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES.

    Radiography Radiotherapy

  • Patients received radiation exposure from RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION, FLUOROSCOPIC EXAMINATION, DENTAL DIAGNOSIS, and RADIATION THERAPY.

    Radiography Fluoroscopy Radiotherapy

  • By far, most man-made/artificial radiation exposure is received from MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES.

    Radiography Fluoroscopy CT Scanning

  • DIAGNOSTIC X-RAYS constitute the LARGEST MAN-MADE SOURCE of IONIZING RADIATION (3.2 mSv/year). This estimate was made in 2006 by the NATIONAL COUNCIL ON RADIATION PROTECTION and MEASUREMENTS (NCRP).Radiography

  • The benefits derived from the application of X-RAYS in MEDICINE are indisputable; however such applications must be made with PRUDENCE and with CARE taken to reduce UNNECESSARY EXPOSURE of PATIENTS and PERSONNEL.

    Radiography CT Scanning

  • This responsibility falls primarily on the RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST because the TECHNOLOGIST usually controls the OPERATION of the X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEM during a RADIOLOGIC EXAMINATION.

    RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST

  • Other sources of Man-made Radiation include NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION, RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, INDUSTRIAL SOURCES, and CONSUMER ITEMS. Nuclear Power Generation

  • Nuclear Power Stations and other Industrial applications contribute very little to our radiation dose. Consumer products such as watch dials, exit signs, smoke detectors, camping lantern mantles, and airport surveillance systems contribute a few millirem to our annual radiation dose.

    Watch Dials CLM ASS

  • Sources of Human Ionizing Radiation Exposure

  • COURSE OUTLINE:

    Review of Basic Radiation Concepts

    Radiation Biology

    lll. Radiation Protection

  • RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CUSTOMARY UNIT OF UNITS (SI) Quantity Name Symbol Name Symbol

    ExposureroentgenRCoulomb/kilogramair kermaC/kg

    Gy aAbsorbed DoseradradgrayGy tEffective DoseremremsievertSvRadioactivitycurieCibecquerelBq

  • NON-INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (CUSTOMARY UNIT)

    FOUR (4) UNITS ARE USED TO MEASURE RADIATION

    1.) ROENTGEN (R) is the unit of radiation EXPOSURE. Roentgen Exposure

  • Radiation Exposure is the amount of ionization in air produced by X-ray or Gamma Ray during radiologic procedures. X-rays Gamma rays

  • RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CUSTOMARY UNIT OF UNITS (SI) Quantity Name Symbol Name Symbol

    ExposureroentgenRCoulomb/kilogramair kermaC/kg

    Gy aAbsorbed DoseradradgrayGy tEffective DoseremremsievertSvRadioactivitycurieCibecquerelBq

  • The SI unit for EXPOSUREis Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg) or (air kerma (Gy a).

    Charles-Augustin de Coulombwas aFrench Physicist. He was best known for developingCoulomb's law, the definition of theelectrostatic forceof attraction and repulsion, but also did important work onfriction. TheSI UNIT of RADIATION EXPOSURE, was named after him.

  • RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CUSTOMARY UNIT OF UNITS (SI) Quantity Name Symbol Name Symbol

    ExposureroentgenRCoulomb/kilogramair kermaC/kg

    Gy aAbsorbed DoseradradgrayGy tEffective DoseremremsievertSvRadioactivitycurieCibecquerelBq

  • 2.) RAD (rad) is the unit of RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE. Biologic effects usually are related to the radiation absorbed dose. RAD is the unit used when describing the radiation quantity received by a patient (PATIENT DOSE).

  • The SI unit for RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE is Gray (Gy t). LOUIS HAROLD GRAY is a British Physicist and Radiologist as well as founder of the RADIOBIOLOGY. His work was concerned with the effect of radiation and radioactivity on biological systems. TheSI UNIT of RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE Dose, was named after him.

  • RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CUSTOMARY UNIT OF UNITS (SI) Quantity Name Symbol Name Symbol

    ExposureroentgenRCoulomb/kilogramair kermaC/kg

    Gy aAbsorbed DoseradradgrayGy tEffective DoseremremsievertSvRadioactivitycurieCibecquerelBq

  • 3.) REM (rem) - stands for Radiation Equivalent in Man

    It is the unit of EFFECTIVE DOSE or OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE . It is used to express the quantity of radiation received by RADIATION WORKERS.

  • REMPersonnel monitoring devices such as film badges, TLD, and OSLare analysed in terms of REMS.

  • The SI unit for EFFECTIVEDOSE is Sievert (Sv). ProfessorRolf Maximilian Sievertwas a Swedish MedicalPhysicist whose major contribution was in the study of the biological effects ofradiation.

  • RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CUSTOMARY UNIT OF UNITS (SI) Quantity Name Symbol Name Symbol

    ExposureroentgenRCoulomb/kilogramair kermaC/kg

    Gy aAbsorbed DoseradradgrayGy tEffective DoseremremsievertSvRadioactivitycurieCibecquerelBq

  • 4.) CURIE (Ci) is the unit used to measure the quantity of radio- active atom (radioactivity) and not the radiation emitted by that material.

  • Antoine Henri Becquerel was a FrenchPhysicist,Nobel Laureate, and the discoverer ofradioactivityalong with Marie Sklodowska Curie andPierre Curie,for which all three won the 1903 Nobel prize in Physics.

  • The SI unit for RADIOACTIVITY is Becquerel (Bq). Antoine Henri Becquerel was aFrenchPhysicist,Nobel Laureate,and the discoverer ofradioactivity.

  • RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM CUSTOMARY UNIT OF UNITS (SI) Quantity Name Symbol Name Symbol

    ExposureroentgenRCoulomb/kilogramair kermaC/kg

    Gy aAbsorbed DoseradradgrayGy tEffective DoseremremsievertSvRadioactivitycurieCibecquerelBq

  • **760 mm Hg at 22oC*760 mm Hg at 22oC**760 mm Hg at 22oC*760 mm Hg at 22oC*


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