Part 1

3/15/2015

Period 4 comprises 10% of the AP exam.

Period 41800 - 1848

Administrations of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, JQ Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, Harrison

Industrial/Market Revolution

19th Century Reform Movements

PERIOD 4: 1800–1848

The new republic struggled to define and extend democratic ideals in the face of rapid economic, territorial, and demographic changes.

Key Concept 4.1:

The United States developed the world’s first modern mass democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its institutions to match them.

I. The nation’s transformation to a more participatory democracy was accompanied by continued debates over federal power,

• the relationship between the federal government and he states,

• the authority of different branches of the federal government,

• and the rights and responsibilities of individual citizens.

A. As various constituencies and interest groups coalesced and defined their agendas, various political parties, most significantly the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans in the 1790s and the Democrats and Whigs in the 1830s, were created or transformed to reflect and/or promote those agendas.

Example: Jefferson’s principles

Jefferson’s Administration

Jefferson’s beliefs:• Limited government• Democracy• Individual freedom• Separation of church and state• States’ rights• Widespread suffrage

*Jefferson thought that the common man, the farmer, was the backbone of the country. However, he did not trust these commoners to run the government.

Jefferson’s Administration

Goals:• Cut taxes• Reduce the military• Reduce government bureaucracy• Reduce the power of the Federalist

judges• Destroy the Bank of the USA

*Succeeded in everything but the bank, which expired in 1811

B. Supreme Court decisions sought to assert federal power over state laws and the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution.

Examples: Federal / State Authority?Alien & Sedition Acts Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions_____________________________________Branch of Government / Primacy of Judiciary?Midnight JudgesMarbury v. Madison

Midnight Judges

Jefferson mistrusted the judiciary due to their support of the Alien & Sedition Acts

Judiciary Act of 1789 organized the Supreme Court and created circuit and district courts

John Adams, during his ‘lame duck’ period, appointed 16 new federal judges

Jefferson refused to allow his Secretary of State (Madison) to deliver the commissions

Midnight Judges

William Marbury sued James Madison to demand that his commission was delivered

Chief Justice John Marshall, a federalist, determined that he could not force the executive branch to comply with the Judiciary Act of 1789 because that law was unconstitutional

Judicial Review

Established the precedent of Judicial Review

The Supreme Court could determine if federal or state laws were unconstitutional

Jefferson Administration

Jefferson continued to have conflict with the courts

He began a campaign to have Supreme Court justices impeached

He successfully had John Pickering removed but failed to remove Samuel Chase

He had Burr arrested for treason but he was found not guilty, further antagonizing Jefferson

Louisiana Purchase

Land Grant Act of 1800 made it easier to buy land in the west

Farmers used the Mississippi River to transport goods

French controlled New Orleans and charged huge fees for passage on the river

Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to buy New Orleans for $10 million

Louisiana Purchase

France and Napoleon controlled not only New Orleans, but the large area known as Louisiana • Not the current state of Louisiana

Napoleon offered to sell Louisiana to the USA for $15 million

Jefferson and Congress approved the deal, in spite of Jefferson’s strict constructionist view of the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase

Effects:• Added

800,000 square miles to the USA

• Doubled the land area of the USA

• Increased the national debt

Jefferson easily won a second term Aaron Burr decided not to run in

1804; he instead decided to run for governor of New York

Burr also joined the Federalist Party

Alexander Hamilton opposed his campaign in New York, as he had opposed his bid for president in 1800

Election of 1804

Hamilton / Burr Duel

Burr accused Hamilton of maligning him and challenged Hamilton to a duel

Hamilton accepted, although he opposed duels on principle

July 11, 1804 – Weehawken, New Jersey Hamilton intended to fire into the air Burr later claimed that he also tried to

miss but hit Hamilton in the chest in error

The Vice President of the USA shot and killed the former Secretary of the Treasury of the USA!

Foreign Affairs

Barbary Pirates

Barbary Pirates - Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli (currently Tunisia and Libya)

Attacked ships in the Mediterranean unless their country paid tribute to the leaders

Between 1785 and 1801 the USA paid about $1,000,000 in tribute and ransom

In 1801 Jefferson authorized war with them and they were defeated

Foreign Affairs

France and Great Britain resumed war with each other

Both sides, but particularly the British, were again seizing cargo and impressing sailors

Repeated demands to honor our neutrality were ignored

In 1807, the British Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake,

causing 21 casualties

This occurred in Chesapeake Bay, near Cape Henry, VA

(Key Concept 4.1, I)

C. With the acceleration of a national and international market economy,

Americans debated the scope of government’s role in the economy,

while diverging economic systems meant that regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns

*Sectionalism continued, the south wanted lower taxes and less government, north wanted protectionism and west wanted internal improvements

Required Terms:Debates over

Tariffs

Internal Improvements

Embargo Act

Embargo Act of 1807

Prevented American ships from leaving port

Resulted in huge trade losses for Americans, particularly in the North

* A compromise bill, the Non-Intercourse Act was passed at the end of Jefferson’s term

Non-Intercourse Act1809

Allowed to resume trade with any country except England & France

Little good for NE merchants – majority of trade was with those countries and it wouldn’t stop impressment and/or confiscation

*Madison replaced this with Macon’s Bill # 2 in 1810

Jefferson Administration

Jefferson left office exceedingly unpopular with the American people

However, they still elected his Secretary of State, James Madison, as the next president

Jefferson would live until July 4, 1826 Until his death, he had many

accomplishments in architecture, horticulture and astronomy. He also expressed his opinion on slavery and other issues

Jefferson & Adams adversaries in politics but personal friends

Both dies July 4, 1826 within hours of each other!

Period 4

Madison / Monroe

Native Americans in the Old Northwest

Native American Resistance

After the American Revolution, British troops remained in the Old Northwest

They continued to aid the Native Americans in fighting the Americans

British and Native Americans won some major battles but did not have a major impact on American settlement

Native American Resistance

In 1794, Mad Anthony Wayne led the Americans in defeating the Miami, Delaware, Shawnee and others at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

Treaty of Greenville (1795) gave Americans full control to the Mississippi River

By 1800, most Native Americans on the East Coast and Old Northwest were defeated or weakening

Native Americans had 4 options:

1. Accept white culture – Little Turtle in Indiana and the Cherokee in the Southeast

2. Blend Indian and white cultures – Handsome Lake and other Seneca Indians lived in New York on reservations but maintained many traditional ways

Native American Responses

3. Keep Indian Traditions – Tenskwatawa “The Prophet” lived on the Wabash River in Indiana. He and his followers rejected all White culture and were determined to defend their Indian heritage

4. Take military action – led by Tecumseh and later joined by his brother, The prophet.

Native American Responses

a. Refused to agree to the Treaty of Fort Wayne, which gave away most of Southern Indiana (1809)

b. Governor William Henry Harrison led troops to attack the resistance (1811)

c. Battle of Tippecanoe was the result. Two hour battle with no real winner. However, Tecumseh lost the confidence of his people and Harrison would later become president

Resistance:Tecumseh & The Prophet

Native American unrest was a major cause of the War of 1812

Tecumseh continued to resist and aided the British in the war

He was killed in October, 1813 in the Battle of the Thames, in Ontario Canada

Native American Resistance

Macon’s Bills

# 1 – restored trade with British & French #2 – stipulated that if either side respected

our neutrality, we would stop trade with the other

Napoleon agreed to uphold our neutrality; we stopped trading with the British

France then resumed confiscating our ships

War of 1812

Causes of the War of 1812:• Impressment• Trade • Indian trouble• Land (Canada & Florida)• Pride

War of 1812

Resistance to the War:• Economics• Reform in Great Britain

• Impressment outlawed by Parliament before USA declared war but they did not get word of it until after

• Napoleon • Realism!

War of 1812

War:• 1812-1814 stalemate• Americans attempted an invasion of

Canada but failed• British and Indians lost many key

battles, including the Battle of the Thames in Ontario

• Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Indians and gained their territory by treaty – Alabama & Georgia

War of 1812

1814:Great Britain ended war with France and concentrated on the Americans.

3-prong attack plan. • 1st force followed Borgoyne’s route into New

York, where they were defeated. • 2nd force struck Washington DC successfully

but couldn’t overcome Baltimore. They retreated to the sea.

• 3rd force gathered in the West Indies and struck New Orleans in 1815.

War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent was signed Dec. 24, 1814

News did not reach America until after the Battle of New Orleans and the Hartford Convention

Key Concept 4.3, II

B. Federal government attempts to assert authority over the states brought resistance from state governments in the North and the South at different times

Required term: Hartford Convention

War of 1812Hartford Convention

Delegates from NE States met to discuss ways of ending the war and/or changing the US Constitution.

It was perceived as a movement to secede and they were accused of treason.

The point was moot anyway because word soon reached them that the treaty had been signed three weeks earlier.

It effectively ended all support for the Federalist Party.

Battle of New OrleansJan. 8, 1815

Between Dec. 13th and Jan. 8th - series of skirmishes between British & Americans

Andrew Jackson led army of Tennessee Militia, African Americans, Creoles, and Pirates!

Jean Lafitte – pirate and sharpshooter that knew the swamp well

British attacked with overwhelming forces but lacked artillery

British casualties totaled over 2000 – Americans had 13 dead and 58 wounded

War of 1812

Results:• British soldiers left the Ohio Valley• Trade resumed between the 2

countries• NE had built up their own industry

during the time they couldn’t trade, making them more independent

Note: Changes in England put an end to impressment anyway

War of 1812

Results:• Destroyed the Federalist party because

of the Hartford Convention• Weakened Indian resistance on

‘frontier’• Made Andrew Jackson and William H.

Harrison war heroes• Restored Pride• Star Spangled Banner• Uncle Sam• Old Ironsides

Era of Good Feeling

To date, only time USA had a 1 party system

Democratic-Republican (Split into 2 parties in 1824) Nation was developing a

composite culture, while maintaining sectional differences

Post-War

Created the 2nd Bank of the USA in 1816• First Bank of the USA dissolved in 1811; realized

during the war that a national bank would have been useful

Monroe easily won the election in 1816 Period of rapid growth after the war turned to

a severe recession in 1819 Banks called in loans overseas and in USA. People extended too far on credit went

bankrupt

Key Concepts 4.1 (I)

B. Supreme Court decisions sought to assert federal power over state laws and the primacy of the judiciary in determining the meaning of the Constitution.

Required term: McCulloch v. Maryland

McCulloch v. Maryland

In 1818 Maryland imposed a tax on all non-state chartered banks

Blatantly aimed at the national chartered bank

McCulloch refused to pay the tax 1819 ruling –

• States cannot tax a federal agency• Legal challenge to legitimacy of the bank

lost – necessary & proper clause prevailed

Key Concepts 4.1, I

C. With the acceleration of a national and international market economy, Americans debated the scope of government’s role in the economy, while diverging economic systems meant that regional political and economic loyalties often continued to overshadow national concerns

Examples

Embargo Act, N-I Act, Macon’s Bills hurt north more – caused resentments in New England

Tariff laws hurt south more 2nd Bank of the USA favored

merchants (north) West favored internal

improvements

Key Concept 4.1, I

D. Many white Americans in the South asserted their regional identity through pride in the institution of slavery, insisting that the federal government should defend that institution.

Key Concept 4.3

III. The American acquisition of lands in the West gave rise to a contest over the extension of slavery into the western territories as well as a series of attempts at national compromise

A. The 1820 Missouri Compromise created a truce over the issue of slavery that gradually broke down as confrontations over slavery became increasingly bitter.

B. As over-cultivation depleted arable land in the Southeast, slaveholders relocated their agricultural enterprises to the new Southwest, increasing sectional tensions over the institution of slavery and sparking a broad-scale debate about how to set national goals, priorities, and strategies

Missouri Compromise1820

Missouri requested admission to the Union This would have changed the Senate to a

majority for slave states Compromise:

• Missouri admitted as slave state• Maine admitted as free state• All states above 36’30 would remain free

**Temporarily averted the Civil War