parmentier - wind engineering for buildings engineering-cstc.pdf · 1954 cermak 1st abl wind-tunnel...
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Wind engineering for tomorrow buildings
BBRI
ir. Benoit PARMENTIERHead Division Structures
(www.bbri.be) www.project‐simba.eu
The Learning CurveThe Learning Curve
The wind loading chainThe wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) ComfortBeyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy productionBeyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
BBRI
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
Simulation & Bâtiments
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The Learning CurveThe Learning CurveThe Learning Curve
The wind loading chainThe wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) ComfortBeyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy productionBeyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
BBRI
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
BBRI
1964Wind tunnel tests of the WTC towers
Simulation & Bâtiments
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““WWWWind engineering is best defined as ind engineering is best defined as
the rational treatment of the rational treatment of interactionsinteractionsbetween between windwind in the atmospheric in the atmospheric boundary layer boundary layer and man and his and man and his
worksworks on the surface of Earth.on the surface of Earth.
”BBRI
-- Jack CermakJack Cermak, 1975, 1975”
Interactions : the issues
Structural Design
Comfort
E P d i
BBRI
Energy Production
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Year Researcher Event
1643 Torricelli Barometer
1687 Newton Movement laws,…
Towards contemporary Wind Engineering
…
1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse
1954 Cermak 1st ABL wind-tunnel
1954 Jensen Laws of scaling
1961 Davenport Statistical concepts related to the wind action
1963 1st International Conference on Wind action on buildings
1970 « Wind Engineering » terminology
1974 Eat n & Ma ne A le b r H e t d
BBRI
1974 Eaton & Mayne Aylesbury House study
1984 Holmes Wind tunnel pressure tubing response characteristics
1987 Mehta Texas Tech Exp. Building
1988 Robertson & Glass
Silsoe Structures Building
1992 Murakami 1st symposium on Computational Wind Engineering
(1999) (BBRI) (Windhouse Exp. Building)* (*) humbly
Burj Khalifa
A Belgian contractor was responsible for execution
[ proud mode ]
163 floors26000 glass panels
830m
[ p ou o e ]
BBRI
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Comfort @154th floor ?
Glass panels resistance against localized pressures ?
BBRI
Stability ?
The reference tool : the wind-tunnel
Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL)Scaled models (1:1 > 1:500)
Rotating tableInternal efforts measurements (balance,…)
Pressure coefficients
BBRI
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Pressures integration for horiz. displacement calculations
Location Elev. (m) Drift (cm)
Top Offices +570 125125
Top Residential +375 5454
BBRI
The Learning CurveThe Learning Curve
Th i d l di h iThe wind loading chainThe wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) ComfortBeyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy productionBeyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
The wind loading chain
BBRI
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Wind pressuresTurbulence effects
BBRI
The Wind Loading Chain
Alan G. Davenport
qqbb CCee CCssCCdd CCpp µµ
Reference Dynamic Pressure
Dynamic Effects Uncertainty
BBRI
Exposure Coefficient (roughness effects)
Pressure Coefficient
Simulation & Bâtiments
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We do not design for all situations
# Whirlwinds en Belgique
Whirlwinds are classified as accidental actions in Belgium
As high as 6000 Pa
2
4
6
8
10
12g q
BBRI
0
2
1982 2010
Waregem (2005)
Belgian meteorological dataSpatial distribution of the reference wind speed
2.5,0 bb vq 2..2
1 bb vq 2..
2
1 bb vq
BBRI
10m height Roughness cat. II
Simulation & Bâtiments
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0
Belgian meteorological dataElevation & roughness effects
I
II
BBRIqb. Ce
III
IV
The pressure coefficient CpThe Grail Quest…
2..21 vPPC refp
BBRI
Simulation & Bâtiments
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The pressure coefficient CpThe Grail Quest…
BBRI
The pressure coefficient CpSimple solutions for simple buildings…
BBRI
WInt© http://www.bbri.be/antenne_norm/eurocodes TNO Cp‐generator
Simulation & Bâtiments
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SlenderLighterComplexMulti-functional(Outsized)
BBRI
Research toolsToolboxes
VKI©
BBRI
Full-scale Wind-tunnel Numerical simulation
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Toolbox 1 – Full-scale measurementsProblem identified for semi-permeable envelopes
The Eurocode 1 assumes less difference
BBRI
From large scale structures to low-rise buildings…Toolbox 2 – Wind-tunnel
Greisch© Greisch©
BBRIVKI©
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Wind vortexes observed on roof…Toolbox 2a – Wind-tunnel
BBRI
+ Rain/Snow…Toolbox 2b – 1:1 Wind tunnel
BBRI
CSTB, Nantes ©
Simulation & Bâtiments
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The Learning CurveThe Learning Curve
The wind loading chainThe wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) ComfortBeyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy productionBeyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
Beyond structural design : A) Comfort
BBRI
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
is based on the external pressures knowledgeComfort : the ventilation strategy
BBRI
Simulation & Bâtiments
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IAQ & Summer comfort simulationsThe ventilation strategy
integrate a sum of uncertainties (local wind, local pressure coefficients, models)
BBRI
N. Heijmans & P. Wouters (2002)
Uncertainties from reference wind to local windVentilation
Altitude [m]Altitude [m]
????
BBRI
qqpp [Pa][Pa]
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Discomfort simulations…Ventilation strategy
DH25 is the number of hourly mean temperature above 25°C weighted by the temperature difference (T‐25)
178178
138138
198198
173173
DHDH2525
BBRI
N. Heijmans & P. Wouters (2002) – The PROBE buildingSimulations with CAPSOL©
WINDWIND
CPeCPe
The Learning CurveThe Learning Curve
The wind loading chainThe wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) ComfortBeyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy productionBeyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
Beyond structural design : A) Energy production
BBRI
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
Simulation & Bâtiments
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Innovations needed to improve efficiencyEnergy production – Urban wind turbines
Design the building to be a
BBRI
“Particles accelerator” ?
Energy production – Urban wind turbines
•Architectural integration ?•Stability ‐ Vibrations•Production efficiency ?•Noise ?
BBRI
Les compagnons d’Eole©
Simulation & Bâtiments
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In some cases, the wind action is underestimated
65
Energy production – Photovoltaic panels
Collapses known in Belgium from 01/2012
65
BBRI
The Learning CurveThe Learning Curve
The wind loading chainThe wind loading chain
Beyond structural design : A) ComfortBeyond structural design : A) Comfort
Beyond structural design : B) Energy productionBeyond structural design : B) Energy production
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
BBRI
Into the 21th centuryInto the 21th centuryInto the 21th century
Simulation & Bâtiments
25-05-2012
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Tomorrow tools to determine pressure coefficients on complex building shapes
CFD tools
Verrière Fondation Louis Vuitton (jardin d’acclimation Paris)
BBRI
j
Frank Gehry©
They need (more) validationCFD tools
• Validation Full(Model)‐scale‐CFD
The future for Wind Engineering is also :
• Special shape generic approach• Automatic calculation of roughness
BBRIKöse et al (2011)
(GIS approach)• More Monitoring after construction (pressures)
Simulation & Bâtiments
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A (french) discussion forum
http://aiv.asso.fr/
BBRI
[Credits]#1 VKI
#10 www.skyscraper.com
#16 RMI http://www.meteo.be
#19‐20 Arthur Hugues22 & h // i l /3 b#22 Herzog & DeMeuron ‐ http://tinyurl.com/3ww4cbw
Ghery & Milunic
Unfcccecosingapore ‐ http://tinyurl.com/3maywn3
Contemporist.com ‐ http://tinyurl.com/6beqdt
Ney & Partners – Knokke footbridge#25 Greisch
#29 www.aucoeurdumonde.ca
#30‐32 Heijmans N. & Wouters P., ”Impact of the uncertainties on wind pressures on the prediction of thermal comfort performances” Technical report for IEA
BBRI
the prediction of thermal comfort performances , Technical report for IEA, Annex 35 Hybvent, BBRI, 2002
#35 www.compagnons‐eole.be#36 www.lejdd.fr
#39 Kose D.A., Fauconnier D. & Dick E. « ILES of flow over low‐rise buildings:Influence of inflow conditions on the quality of the mean pressure distribution prediction », J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. Vol 99 (2011) doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2011.07.008
Simulation & Bâtiments
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