parking policy tdm workshop
TRANSCRIPT
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Parking PolicyFrom Despair and Conflict
towards Hope and Sustainability
BasedonthematerialbyProfPaulBarter
http://www.reinventingparking.org/
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INTERNATIONALPERSPECTIVE:KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMS
DOparkingpolicydifferently,THINKaboutparkingdifferently
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Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
WewilllookathowparkinggetsDONEdifferentlyindifferentplaces
Intheprocess,wewillseethatdoingparkingdifferentlyinvolvesTHINKINGdifferently
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IfparkingpolicyfromXXXXcouldbeparachutedintoParkburg,
whatwouldtheydo?
MainstreamUSA (suchasLA)
Europe(especiallynorthernandcentralEurope,suchasLondon,Berlin,AmsterdamorZurich)
Japan’slargecities
AndwhatwouldDonaldShoup(leadingreformerofUSparkingpolicy)advise?
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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Butfirst,aquestion
Someoftheresponsesfromtheseplaceswouldinvolveparkingpricerisesand/orconstrainingparkingsupply (atleastrelativetocurrentplansforgreatlyincreasedsupply)
SupposecarparkingpricesthroughoutParkburgweretorise,whatresponsesareavailabletocarusers?
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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Motoristoptionsifparkingpricesriseand/orparkingsupplyisconstrained
Optionswhilestilldrivingcar:Justpaying(nobehaviourchange)isanoption
Shiftparkinglocationslightlyandwalk
Reduceparkingduration
Car-pooling/sharingrides
Getdroppedoff (familyordriver)
Valetparking(oftenlinkedwithrestaurants)
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Optionsinvolvingmodeshift:Motorcycle
Auto-rickshawortaxi
Walking(verylikelyoption forshorttrips)
Bicycle orRickshaw
Publictransport
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Motoristoptionsifparkingpricesriseand/orparkingsupplyisconstrained
NOTICE:Manyoptionsbesidespublictransport!
MOSTparkingreformdoesNOTrequiregoodpublictransportasaprecondition
Themainexception:aggressiveuseofparkingsupplylimitsforTDM,whichisfeasibleonlyfortransit-richcentrallocations
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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WhatwouldmainstreamUSAdo?
PrettymuchwhatSAfricancitiesaretrying…
Parkingnorms(minimumparkingrequirements)rigidlyenforced
Reluctancetopriceortoraisepricesevenifparkingsaturated
Subsidizedpublicparkingbylocalgovernments(subsidymostlyvialandgranted)
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
The median USA parking requirements for restaurants. Source Seth Goodman
http://graphingparking.wordpress.com/
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WhatwouldmainstreamUSAdo?
The‘conventionalsuburban’approachtoparkingpolicy
People in suburban USA (or Australia), are shocked that some Westfield shopping centres have started to
charge for parking (although parking is still free for the first 3 hours)
This is where my elementary school once was
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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Whyrejectconventionalsuburbanapproach?
‘Fertilitydrugforcars’
Unjustsubsidiesandcross-subsidies
Auckland,New Zealand
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lockedintoautomobiledependence
Orpushedtowardsautomobiledependence
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Los Angeles, USA
Whyrejectconventionalsuburbanapproach?
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Whyrejectconventionalsuburbanapproach?
Hindersre-use,redevelopment,infillofolderareas
Harmshousingaffordability,especiallyforsmallunitsandsmallsites
Obstacletotransit-orienteddevelopment
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Near the center of Houston, USA (via Google Maps)
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMSPaul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Everysiteshouldhaveitsown
parking
Parkingfacilitiesservewhole
neighbourhoods
Parkingis“infrastructure”
1.conventionalsuburban
2.parkingmanagement
Parkingisa“real-estatebasedservice”
3.market-oriented
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Initially,sameassuburbanUSA…butinoldurbanfabric,thisworksbadlyThentrypublicparkingfacilitiestoget‘enough’supply…butthisforcedtomanageon-street
Thisleadtothe“parkingmanagement”MINDSETParkingisinfrastructure(likestreetsandbusstops)Mostlyplanneddistrictbydistrict,notsitebysite
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
WhatwouldEuropeans(andsomeUSAinnercitiestoo)do?
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‘Parkingmanagement’
Manytools
Variousgoals
Managesconflict
Tools:pricing,restrictedeligibility,time-limits,design,sharing,publicparkingnotprivate,parkingtaxes,supplyadjustments
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
WhatwouldEuropeansdo?
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WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Step-by-stepintensificationofon-streetparkingmanagement
- Intensivekerbside management- Timelimitsoften- Pricing- Residents’permits/permitzones
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
This sign is from inner Sydney (inner city areas in US and Australia also deploy
intensive parking management)
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WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?GradualEnforcementEnhancement
-Vehicleownerresponsibility-Efficientvehicleregister-‘Administrative’or‘civil’offence-Localoroutsourcedwardensnotbypoliceifpossible-Increasingautomation
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Photo by Flickr user gregwake
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WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Activeprioritizingamongusergroups
Residents’priority
Shopping/visitorpriority
Primarilyinpublicparkingnot‘customer-only’privateparking
Commuterparkinglowerpriority-Notprimespaces(shiftlocationtoedgesofcommercialdistricts)
-Modechange
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Pricingasakeymanagementtool
Off-streetatmarketprices(increasinglyevenforgovernment-ownedparking)
Variouson-streetapproaches:
– ZoneslinkedwithTDMaims
– ‘abitmorethanthebusfare’
– Occupancytargets(quietly)
• UK,Hungary,Amsterdam
• Hencesmallpricezones
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Source: (Survey by GTZ, 2008, www.sutp.org)
Source: www.pecs.hu
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WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?Parkingnormsreform
Parkingminimumabolition(UK;Berlin)
Parkingmaximums(UK;Netherlandstransit-orientedlocations;Germancentralareas)
Parkingminimumslinkedwithtransit-accessibility(Zurich,Netherlands,Paris,manyothers)
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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WhatwouldNWEuropeansdo?CityCentreparkingsupplyrestriction
asTDMandforpublicrealmimprovements
Innercityresidents’priorityalsoservesTDMgoalsbylimitingcommuterparking(Germancities)
CBDsupplylimitsoftenpairedwithPark-and-rideontheoutskirts (forexample,fundedwithinnercityparkingfeesorfee-in-lieupayments)
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Image from comons.wikimedia.org
Nyhavn in Copenhagen – before and after 1980Source: Kristian Skovbakke Villadsen, May 2012
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WhatwouldJapaneseparkingpolicydo?Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Japan’sparking– inadvertentlymarket-oriented
Resultof3pragmaticpolicies
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Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
1.Verylimitedon-streetparking(withimprovedenforcementandcontrolsince2006)
andovernighton-streetparkingnotallowedsince1950s
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http://beta.adb.org/publications/parking-policy-asian-cities
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
2.Japanesecitieshaveparkingminimumsbut withverylowrates
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Floor area threshold below which there are no parking requirements
TokyoYes (1,500 m2 or 2,000 m2). Above the threshold, parking requirements phase in gradually according to a formula. At full force only from 6,000 m2 floor area.
Guangzhou Yes (500 m2)Taipei city Yes (300 m2 or 500 m2)
and theparkingnormsexemptsmallbuildings
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
3.Proof-of-parkingruleforresidentialparking(proveaccesstoanear-homeparkingplacebeforeregisteringanycar)
So local commercial parking emerged almost everywhere
Became unnecessary to update parking norms
Accidentally, they now had market-oriented parking systems!
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WhatwouldJapaneseparkingpolicydo?Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Somegovernmentsupplybuiltinthepastbutitisnowmarketpriced
Ubiquitouscommercialparking
Park-onceneighborhoodsarethenorm(parkingadistrictnotasite-by-sitething)
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THREEPARADIGMS:MARKETORIENTED
Parkingisareal-estatebasedservice(withmarketprices,likemeetingrooms)
Eachparkingsiteservesarea(withinwalkingdistance)
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Hong Kong
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DonaldShoup’smarket-orientedproposals
i. Priceon-streetparkingfor85%occupancy
ii. Userevenuetopleaselocalstakeholders
iii. Abolishminimumparkingrequirements
Inshort,governmentmustgettheon-streetparkingright
Thenmarketforcescanbeallowedtotakecareoftheoff-streetparking
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
WhatwouldProfDonaldShoup suggest?
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Beston-streetpricesettingprinciple:OCCUPANCY
Occupancysurveysormonitoring
If>>85%fullTHENincreasepriceIf<<85%fullTHENlowerpriceIfoccupancyin“sweetspot”THENnochange
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
D. Shoup, The High Cost of Free Parking
Reduces traffic by reducing cruising not reducing trips
Complements other reforms
WhatwouldProfDonaldShoup suggest?
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WhatwouldProfDonaldShoup suggest?
Figure via Michael Replogle, ITDP
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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KEYCHOICESANDTHREEPARADIGMSPaul Barter, Reinventing Parking
Everysiteshouldhaveitsown
parking
Parkingfacilitiesservewhole
neighbourhoods
Parkingis“infrastructure”
1.conventionalsuburban
2.parkingmanagement
Parkingisa“real-estatebasedservice”
3.market-oriented
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FINALDISCUSSION:LET’SAPPLYEACHOFTHETWOALTERNATIVEAPPROACHESTOPARKBURG
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ThinkingDifferentlyandDoingThingsDifferently
inSAfrica’scities
A. Supposeyouadopta“parkingmanagement”mind-settoTHINKaboutparkingand,hence,looktoEuropeespeciallyforideasonDOINGparkingpolicy.WhatkeyparkingpoliciesyouwouldfavournowforParkburg?
B. Supposeyouadopta“market-oriented”mind-settoTHINKaboutparkingand,hence,looktoJapanandtoDonaldShoupforideasonDOINGparkingpolicy.WhatkeyparkingpoliciesyouwouldfavournowforParkburg?
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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1.Whoshouldbearprimaryresponsibilityforsupplyingparkingfacilities?
(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)
A. LocalGovernment
B. Buildingdevelopersandowners
C. Businessessupplyingparkingonacommercialbasis
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
YourAttitudestoParking:Let’sDebrief
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2.Whichofthefollowingshouldbetheprimarycriterionforsettingparkingcharges?
(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)
A. Costofprovidingtheparking
B. Socialandpoliticalacceptability
C. Consistencywiththegovernments’transportandurbanpolicygoals
D. Marketforcesofsupplyanddemand
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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3.Whereshouldamotoristheadingtoamid-sizedmallinamixed-usedistrictparkhis/hercar?
(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)
A. Inthemall’sownparkingfacility
B. Anylegalparkingspaceintheareathatisconvenient(whilepayingtheappropriateparkingcharge)
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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4.Supposethemotoristinthepreviousquestionparkedinthemallparkinglot.Shefinisheshershoppingandgoesforamealinarestaurantdownthestreet.Sheshould:
(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)
A. Leavethecarinthemallparkingandwalktotherestaurant
B. Movethecartotherestaurant’sparkinglot
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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5.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTimportantwayinwhichparkingcausescongestion?
(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)
A. Simplybybeingatthekerb,parkinghinderstrafficflow(whichistheprimarypurposeoftheroadway)
B. Ahighnumberofparkingspacesinbusyareasencouragesmoremotoriststodrivethantheroadscanhandle
C. Poorlymanagedon-streetparkingresultsinfullon-streetparkingwhichencouragesmotoriststocircleinsearchofparkingandtowaitintrafficlanesordoublepark
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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6.WhatisyourreactiontotheideaofaspecialRs20parkingsurchargeformotoristsarrivingatpeakinginAMpeakhourandleavinginPMpeak?
(chooseONEoptionbelowthatbestmatchesyourview)
A. Greatidea!
B. Thisisjustanothertaxgrabindisguise!
C. Notbadbutifparkingistohaveapeaksurchargeitshouldreflecttimesofpeakparking demandnotpeaktrafficdemand
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking
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Parknagar’s besthopeisimprovedon-streetparkingmanagement?
ImprovingthisinSAfricawon’tbeeasy
Didtoday’ssessionhelpyouseehowcentralandimportanton-streetmanagementis?
Paul Barter, Reinventing Parking