parenting behaviors and substance use_4-29-14

The significance of parenting behaviors and substance use in adolescentsH E A 4 7 9

TA R A L E E B U R K E

K AT H R I N E R O D R I G U E Z

J A M ES G R I F F I N

D A N I E L L E B A N U E LOS

C A N D I C E H O B DY

Background

Substance use is very popular among 23.9 million Americans (9.2% of the populations adolescences between the ages 12 and older) making it an extensive problem (DrugFacts: Nationwide Trends, 2014).

Research conducted in 27 countries found that higher parental awareness and understanding led to lower levels of tobacco use(Poms, Flemings, Jacobsen 2012).

Found that a low level of parental monitoring leads to an increased use of substances among adolescents (Merril, 2010).

A study of 295 kindergarten and 1st grade students show that 21% of children reported having initiated substance abuse by age 12.

Parenting behaviors has been found to predict the psychosocial development, academic performance, behavior problems, social competence, and substance abuse in adolescents (Montgomery et al, 2008).

PRIMARY: Family Stress will be associated with tobacco use.

SECONDARY: The association between family stress and tobacco use differs by gender.

IV: Family Stress, DV: Tobacco use

PRIMARY: Parental support will be associated with tobacco use.

SECONDARY: The association between parental support and substance use will differ by country.

IV: parental support, DV: Tobacco use

Main Research Hypothesis:

There is an association between parental behaviors

and substance use in European adolescents.

IV: Parental Behaviors DV: Substance Use

Hypotheses cont.

PRIMARY: Strictness of family rules will be associated with alcohol use.

SECONDARY: The association between strictness of family rules and alcohol use will differ by country.

IV: Strictness of family rules, DV: Alcohol use

PRIMARY: Strictness of family rules will be associated with marijuana use.

SECONDARY: The association between strictness of family rules and marijuana use will differ by country.

IV: Strictness of family rules, DV: Marijuana use

PRIMARY: Family Stress will be associated with substance use.

SECONDARY: The association between family stress and substance use will differ by gender.

IV: Family Stress, DV: Substance use

Method and Sample

The sample consisted of 472 Italian and Dutch adolescents, living in

the northwest of Italy and the northeast of The Netherlands, and

was reasonably balanced for country (52% Italian, 48% Dutch),

gender (52% male, 48% female), age (mean age = 17.4 (S.D. = 1.4)).

Diverse types of secondary schools participated in the study high

educational tracks (25.3%) and schools that focused on technical

training (74.7%).

Measures

Measures used in this study were derived from the Italian version of the Health Behavior Questionnaire (Bonino, Cattelino and Ciairano, 2005).

The scales and composite measures of the questionnaire are all theoretically-derived from Jessor’s problem behavior theory (Jessor et al., 1991).

Validity of the scales has been established across multiple studies and multiple populations.

Histograms

Strictness of Family Rules

Parental Support

Family Stress

Results: Family Stress and Tobacco Use

Primary Hypothesis: A higher rate of family stress will be associated with higher rate of tobacco use.

Correlation test showed there is no significant correlation between family stress and tobacco use. r = .033, p>.05

Correlations

FamilyStress Tobacco

Spearman's rho

Family StressCorrelation Coefficient 1.000 .028

Sig. (2-tailed) . .876

N 471 33

TobaccoCorrelation Coefficient .028 1.000

Sig. (2-tailed) .876 .

N 33 33

Results: Family Stress and Tobacco Use

Secondary Hypothesis: The association between family stress and tobacco use differs by gender.

Independent Samples TestLevene's Test for

Equality of

Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Differenc

e

Std. Error

Differenc

e

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower Upper

Family Stress

Equal variances

assumed

11.698 .001 -4.581 469 .000 -.387 .084 -.552 -.221

Equal variances

not assumed

-4.579 451.60

5

.000 -.387 .084 -.552 -.221

Tobacco

Equal variances

assumed

.017 .896 1.572 31 .126 .889 .566 -.264 2.042

Equal variances

not assumed

1.560 7.342 .161 .889 .570 -.446 2.223

Group StatisticsGender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error

Mean

Family Stressmale 236 1.83 .823 .054

female 235 2.22 1.000 .065

Tobaccomale 6 3.00 1.265 .516

female 27 2.11 1.251 .241

Independent t tests show that there is a significant difference in the means for family stress in terms of gender however there is not a significant difference in the means of tobacco use in terms of gender.

Results: Parental Support and Tobacco Use

Primary Hypothesis: A higher rate of parental support will be associated with a lower rate of tobacco use.

Correlation test revealed that there is no significant correlation between parental support and tobacco use r= -2.66, p>.05

Tobacco Parental Support

TobaccoPearson Correlation 1 -.266

Sig. (2-tailed) .134

N 33 33

Parental SupportPearson Correlation -.266 1


N 33 466

Results: Parental Support and Tobacco Use

Secondary Hypothesis: The association between high rates of parental support and low rates of tobacco use will differ by country.

Results had an almost significant finding between country of origin and Italian adolescents. (r=-.511, p>.090)

There is no significant correlation between country of origin and Dutch adolescents (r=-.152, p>.509)




N 12 12

Parental Support

Pearson Correlation -.511 1


N 12 296

Italy




N 21 21

Parental Support

Pearson Correlation -.152 1


N 21 170

Holland

Results: Strictness of Family Rules and Alcohol Use

Primary Hypothesis: A higher rate of strictness of family rules will be associated with lower rate of alcohol use among European adolescents.

A correlation test revealed that the strictness of family rules is significantly, negatively correlated with alcohol use, r= -.307, p<.05.

As strictness of family rules increased, alcohol consumption decreased.

Correlations

Alcohol useStrictness

Family Rules

Spearman's rho

Alcohol useCorrelation Coefficient 1.000 -.307**

Sig. (2-tailed) . .000N 399 371

Strictness Family Rules

Correlation Coefficient -.307** 1.000Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .N 371 439

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Results: Strictness of Family Rules and Alcohol Use

Two Independent t-tests: Revealed a significant mean difference among Italy and Holland in regards to the level of strictness in their homesand a significant mean difference among Italy and Holland in regards to the level of alcohol use.

Secondary Hypothesis: The association between high rates of strictness of family rules and low rates of alcohol use will differ by country.

Group Statisticscountry N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

Alcohol useItaly 272 2.90 1.343 .081

Holland 127 3.53 1.463 .130


Italy 281 19.47 4.147 .247

Holland 158 16.41 3.591 .286

Independent Samples TestLevene's

Test for

Equality of

Variances


F Sig. t df Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mean

Difference

Std. Error

Difference

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower Upper

Alcohol use

Equal variances

assumed

1.14

5

.285 -4.244 397 .000 -.631 .149 -.923 -.338

Equal variances

not assumed

-4.114 228.30

8

.000 -.631 .153 -.932 -.329


Equal variances

assumed

6.14

4

.014 7.765 437 .000 3.055 .393 2.282 3.828

Equal variances

not assumed

8.083 365.54

0

.000 3.055 .378 2.312 3.798

Results: Strictness of Family Rules and Marijuana Use

Correlations

Marijuana Strictness Family Rules

Spearman's rhoMarijuana

Correlation Coefficient 1.000 -.123*

Sig. (2-tailed) . .010N 467 437


Correlation Coefficient -.123* 1.000Sig. (2-tailed) .010 .N 437 439

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Primary Hypothesis: Higher rate of strictness of family rules will be associated with lower rateof marijuana use

There is a statistically (p<0.5) significant negative correlation between strictness of family rules and marijuana use (r = -.123).

Other studies have shown adolescents who come from high control families used drugssignificantly less than those from low control families (Montgomery et al., 2008).

Results: Strictness of Family Rules and Marijuana Use

Secondary Hypothesis: The association between high rates of strictness of family rules and low rates of marijuana use will differ by country.

Group Statisticscountry N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

MarijuanaItaly 298 1.79 1.151 .067

Holland 169 1.39 .817 .063


Italy 281 19.47 4.147 .247

Holland 158 16.41 3.591 .286

Independent Samples TestLevene's Test

for Equality of

Variances


F Sig. t df Sig.

(2-

taile

d)

Mean

Differe

nce

Std.

Error

Differe

nce

95% Confidence

Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Marijuana

Equal variances

assumed

67.576 .000 3.963 465 .000 .398 .100 .201 .595

Equal variances

not assumed

4.343 442.141 .000 .398 .092 .218 .578


Equal variances

assumed

6.144 .014 7.765 437 .000 3.055 .393 2.282 3.828

Equal variances

not assumed

8.083 365.540 .000 3.055 .378 2.312 3.798

Significant mean difference between country of origin and marijuana use.

Significant mean difference between country of origin and strictness of family rules.

Results: Family Stress and Substance Use

Primary Hypothesis: Is there an association between family stress and all substance use.

My correlation test revealed that family stress is significant and significant with substance use r=.139, p< .05

As all drug use increases so does family stress.

Correlations

Family Stress Substance Use

Spearman's rho

Family StressCorrelation Coefficient 1.000 .139**

Sig. (2-tailed) . .002

N 471 470

Substance useCorrelation Coefficient .139** 1.000

Sig. (2-tailed) .002 .

N 470 471

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Results: Family Stress and Substance Use

Secondary Hypothesis: Is there a significance in the means of high substance use and family stress among genders.

The t test shows that there is a significance difference in the means of family stress among males and females. This test also, shows the significant difference of substance use among males and females.

Group Statistics

Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

All_Drug_use male 236 5.7415 3.90484 .25418

female 235 5.1021 4.40937 .28764

Family_Stress male 236 1.83 .823 .054

female 235 2.22 1.000 .065

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error

Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

All_Drug_use Equal variances assumed .762 .383 1.666 469 .096 .63940 .38375 -.11469 1.39349

Equal variances not assumed 1.666 461.768 .096 .63940 .38385 -.11492 1.39371

Family_Stress Equal variances assumed 11.698 .001 -4.581 469 .000 -.387 .084 -.552 -.221

Equal variances not assumed -4.579 451.605 .000 -.387 .084 -.552 -.221

Strengths & LimitationsSTRENGTHS:Increased the knowledge of why adolescents start to use illicit substances.

Demonstrates to parents their ability to positively influence their children's behavior.

LIMITATIONS:Conducted a secondary research design.

Does not take into account the cultural beliefs each country has toward the substances surveyed. Does each culture view the substances as harmful as the US do?

References1. DrugFacts. (2014). Nationwide Trends. Retrieved from National Institute on Drug Abuse.

2. Montgomery, C., & Fisk, J. E., & Craig, L. (2008). The effects of perceived parenting style on the propensity for illicit drug use: the importance of parental warmth and control. Drug & Alcohol Review, 27(6), 640-649.

3. Bares, C. B., & Delva, J., & Grogan-Kaylor, A., & Andrade, F. (2011). Family and parenting characteristics associated with marijuana use by Chilean adolescents. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 2:1-11.

4. MacCoun, R., & Reuter, P. (2001). Evaluating alternative cannabis regimes.

5. Merrill Palmer Q (Wayne State Univ Press). 2010 October; 56(4): 529–556.

6. Laghi, F., Baiocco, R., Lonigro, A., Capacchione, G., & Baumgartner, E. (2012). Family functioning and binge drinking among italian adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 17(8), 1132-1141. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105311430005

References7. Jacobsen, K. H., Poms, L. W., & Fleming, L. C. (). Parenting Practices and Tobacco Use in Middle School

Students in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Journal of School Health, 83, 353-363.

8. Kaplow, J., Curran, P., Dodge, K., & Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. (0005, November 21). Abstract. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved May 1, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2758661/

9. Twomey, J., LaGasse, L., Derauf, C., Newman, E., Shah, R., Smith, L., Arria, A., Huestis, M., DellaGrotta, S., Roberts, M., Dansereau, L., Neal, C., & Lester., B. Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure, Home Environment, and Primary Caregiver Risk Factors Predict Child Behavioral Problems at 5 Years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 83, 64-72.

10. Putnick, D., Bornstein, M., Hendricks, C., Painter, K., Suwalsky, J., & Collins, W. Stability, Continuity, and Similarity of Parenting Stress in European American Mothers and Fathers Across Their Child's Transition to Adolescence. Taylor & Francis, 10, 60-77.

Thank you!

parenting behaviors and substance use_4-29-14

Health & Medicine