parasites petals
TRANSCRIPT
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Microbiology/ParasitologyMicrobiology/Parasitology
Laboratory DemosLaboratory DemosPRACS REVIEW 2PRACS REVIEW 2
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Classmates,Classmates, These are the pictures from the past Parasitology lab These are the pictures from the past Parasitology labdemos we had. I compiled them for the class with thedemos we had. I compiled them for the class with the
help of some of our batch mates. Please do review more help of some of our batch mates. Please do review moreabout the parasites. This presentation contains mostly, if about the parasites. This presentation contains mostly, if not all, the necessary information about the parasites,not all, the necessary information about the parasites,but this does not supplant everything. Please do reviewbut this does not supplant everything. Please do review
also the techniques and methods in our Laboratoryalso the techniques and methods in our Laboratory
manual. Feel free to correct any errors. I hope this helps. manual. Feel free to correct any errors. I hope this helps.Good luck!Good luck!
Petal
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Lung FlukeLung FlukeParagonimus westermani Paragonimus westermani
Phylum: PlatyhelminthesPhylum: PlatyhelminthesClass: TrematodaClass: Trematoda
Family: TroglomatidaeFamily: Troglomatidae
Genus:Genus: ParagonimusParagonimus
Species:Species: westermani westermani
INFECTIVE STAGE = MetacercariaeINFECTIVE STAGE = Metacercariae
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = EggsDIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Eggs
FIRST IH = SnailsFIRST IH = SnailsSECOND IH = CrabsSECOND IH = Crabs
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Lung FlukeLung Fluke
P. westermani P. westermani Adult Adult
Medium Sized FlukeMedium Sized Fluke
Plump, ovoid, reddish brownPlump, ovoid, reddish brown
flukefluke
Dx features:Dx features:
Presence of scalePresence of scale--likelike
integumental spinesintegumental spines
Presence of ventral andPresence of ventral and
oral suckers located on theoral suckers located on the
anterior half of the flukeanterior half of the fluke
Presence of two lobatePresence of two lobate
testes situated side by sidetestes situated side by side
Centrally located lobateCentrally located lobate
ovary anterior to testesovary anterior to testes
Highly branched vitellariaHighly branched vitellaria
occupy the entire bodyoccupy the entire body
length laterallylength laterally
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Lung FlukeLung Fluke
P. westermani P. westermani ovaova
Medium UnembryonatedMedium Unembryonated
OperculatedOperculated
Features:Features:
Broad operculated anterior Broad operculated anterior
endend Thickened posterior endThickened posterior end
Expectorated in sputum or Expectorated in sputum or
can be detected in feces incan be detected in feces in
unembryonated/undevelopedunembryonated/undeveloped
stagestage
Thickened
posterior end
Undeveloped
miracidium
Operculated end
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MalariaMalariaPlasmodium sp.Plasmodium sp.
Phylum: ApicomplexaPhylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Coccidea (Sporozoa)Class: Coccidea (Sporozoa)
Order: HemosporidiaOrder: Hemosporidia
GenusGenus: Plasmodium: Plasmodium
SpeciesSpecies: falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae: falciparum, vivax, ovale, malariae
INFECTIVE STAGE = SporozoitesINFECTIVE STAGE = Sporozoites
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = GametocytesDIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Gametocytes
Biologic Vector = Anopheles MosquitoBiologic Vector = Anopheles Mosquito
Definitive Host = Anopheles MosquitoDefinitive Host = Anopheles Mosquito
Intermediate Host = HumansIntermediate Host = Humans
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Morphological Characteristics of Different Malarial Parasites andMorphological Characteristics of Different Malarial Parasites and
their Stagestheir Stages
Form:Form: P. falciparumP. falciparum P. vivax P. vivax P. malariaeP. malariae P. ovaleP. ovale
Infected RBC sizeInfected RBC size Not enlargedNot enlarged EnlargedEnlarged Not enlargedNot enlarged EnlargedEnlarged
ShapeShape Round but may beRound but may be
crenatedcrenated
RoundRound RoundRound Oval, fimbriatedOval, fimbriated
StipplingsStipplings Maurer¶s dotsMaurer¶s dots Shuffner¶s dotsShuffner¶s dots Ziemann¶s or Ziemann¶s or
James DotsJames Dots
Shuffner¶s DotsShuffner¶s Dots
Trophozoites (ringTrophozoites (ring
forms)forms)
Small delicateSmall delicate
rings; multiple w/rings; multiple w/
acole formsacole forms
Small, large rings,Small, large rings,
amoeboidamoeboid
Small, compactSmall, compact
rings, band formsrings, band forms
Small, compactSmall, compact
ringsrings
SchizontSchizont Rare, seen only inRare, seen only in
severe casessevere cases
Irregular contoursIrregular contours Compact, roundCompact, round CompactCompact
No. of MerozoitesNo. of Merozoites 1212--3232 1212--2424 66--12 forms regular 12 forms regular
rosette likerosette like
clustersclusters
44--12 forms12 forms
irregular rosetteirregular rosette--
like cluster like cluster
GametocyteGametocyte bananabanana-- or or
sausage shapedsausage shaped
RoundRound--largelarge Round, compactRound, compact Round, smallRound, small
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P. falciparumP. falciparum, early, early
trophozoite; ringtrophozoite; ring
forms; multipleforms; multiple
parasitismparasitism
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P. falciparumP. falciparum;;
trophozoite; thintrophozoite; thin
ring like structurering like structure
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P. falciparumP. falciparum..
gametocyte; bananagametocyte; banana
or sausage shapedor sausage shaped
structurestructure
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P. vivax P. vivax ,,
trophozoite;trophozoite;
amoeboid form;amoeboid form;
one chromatinone chromatin
dot; large infecteddot; large infectedRBCRBC
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P. vivax P. vivax ,,
trophozoite;trophozoite;
compact form;compact form;
enlarged RBC;enlarged RBC;
One chromatin dotOne chromatin dot
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P. vivax P. vivax , trophozoite, trophozoite
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P. vivax P. vivax , schizont;, schizont;
and merozoites;and merozoites;
chromatin dotschromatin dots
inside the largeinside the large
infected RBCinfected RBC
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P. vivax P. vivax , schizont;, schizont;
many chromatinmany chromatin
dotsdots
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P. malariaeP. malariae;;
trophozoite; bandtrophozoite; band
formform
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P. malariae.P. malariae.
schizontsschizonts; regular,; regular,
daisydaisy--likelike
arrangementarrangement
schizont
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P. malariaeP. malariae,,
gametocytesgametocytes
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P. ovaleP. ovale,,
gametocytegametocyte
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Blood HemoflagellatesBlood HemoflagellatesTrypanosoma sp.Trypanosoma sp.
Leshmania sp.Leshmania sp.
Phylum: SarcomastigophoraPhylum: Sarcomastigophora
Superclass: MastigophoraSuperclass: Mastigophora
Order: KinetoplastidaOrder: Kinetoplastida
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Comparison among the Flagellates:Comparison among the Flagellates: Trypanosoma sp.Trypanosoma sp.
Features:Features: T. brucei gambienseT. brucei gambiense T. brucei rhodesienseT. brucei rhodesiense T. cruziT. cruzi
Diseases:Diseases: Gambian Trypanosomiasis; Mild and WestGambian Trypanosomiasis; Mild and West African Sleeping Sickness African Sleeping Sickness
Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis;Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis;East African Sleeping SicknessEast African Sleeping Sickness
American Trypanosomiasis; American Trypanosomiasis;Chaga¶s DiseaseChaga¶s Disease
Diagnostic Stage:Diagnostic Stage: TrypomastigoteTrypomastigote TrypomastigoteTrypomastigote Amastigotes(heart,muscle,liver Amastigotes(heart,muscle,liver ,CNS); trypomastigotes,CNS); trypomastigotes--bloodblood
Infective Stage:Infective Stage: Metacyclic trypomastigotesMetacyclic trypomastigotes Metacyclic trypomastigoteMetacyclic trypomastigote Metacyclic trypomastigotesMetacyclic trypomastigotes
Vector:Vector: Riverine TseRiverine Tse--tse fly (tse fly (Glossina palpalisGlossina palpalis););
Exist as epimastigotesExist as epimastigotes
Woodland tseWoodland tse--tse fly (tse fly (GlossinaGlossina
morsitansmorsitans))-- as epimastigotesas epimastigotes
Reduviid bugsReduviid bugs--kissing bugkissing bug-- Assassin bug ( Assassin bug (Triatoma spTriatoma sp))
PathologyPathology--SymptomatologySymptomatology
11stst yr: Acute stage;yr: Acute stage;
22ndnd yr: Chronic Stage;yr: Chronic Stage;
ChancreChancre-- site of bitesite of bite
Winterbottom¶s signWinterbottom¶s sign-- enlarged superficialenlarged superficialpost. cervical lymph node;CSF Changespost. cervical lymph node;CSF ChangesTerminal Sleeping stageTerminal Sleeping stage deathdeath
Same with gambiense butSame with gambiense butMore rapid and fatal courseMore rapid and fatal courseoften terminates in 1 yr often terminates in 1 yr
Chronic lesion in CSF lessChronic lesion in CSF lessfrequentfrequent death intervenesdeath intervenesbefore cerebrospinal changesbefore cerebrospinal changesoccur occur
ChagomaChagoma-- local inflammatorylocal inflammatorychancrechancre
Acute form Acute form-- Romana¶s sign:Romana¶s sign:unilateral edema of the eyelidsunilateral edema of the eyelidsif bitten near eyeif bitten near eye
Chronic formChronic form-- Mega¶sMega¶ssyndrome: Megaesophagussyndrome: Megaesophagusand Megacolonand Megacolon
Diagnosis:Diagnosis: Clinical Hx;PE; Definitive lab Dx:Clinical Hx;PE; Definitive lab Dx:trypanosomes in blood, Lymph nodes, BMtrypanosomes in blood, Lymph nodes, BM
early, CSFearly, CSF late; serologic, animallate; serologic, animalinoculationinoculation
Same as gambienseSame as gambiense Tissue scrapingTissue scraping-- amastigotesamastigotes
Blood cultureBlood culture-- NovyNovy--MacNealMacNeal& Nicole (NNN)mediium;& Nicole (NNN)mediium;Xenodiagnosis; LD BodiesXenodiagnosis; LD Bodies
Treatment:Treatment: Pentamidine isethionate and suraminePentamidine isethionate and suramineearly; Melarsoprol and tryparsamideearly; Melarsoprol and tryparsamide latelate
Same as gambiense butSame as gambiense butrequires earlier and morerequires earlier and moreintensive treatmentintensive treatment
No satisfactory tx; used inNo satisfactory tx; used inacute stage to prevent chronic;acute stage to prevent chronic;Nifurtimox, BenznidazoleNifurtimox, Benznidazole
Prevention:Prevention: Early detection/tx; hygiene;Early detection/tx; hygiene;
chemoprophylaxis; vector controlchemoprophylaxis; vector control
Same as gambienseSame as gambiense Vector control; healthVector control; health
educ.;protection fr. Bites;educ.;protection fr. Bites;prevent blood trxn, infectionprevent blood trxn, infection
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Comparison among the Flagellates:Comparison among the Flagellates: Leishmania sp.Leishmania sp.
Features:Features: L. Tropica ( L. major, L. aethiopica)L. Tropica ( L. major, L. aethiopica) L. mexicanaL. mexicana L. brazilienseL. braziliense L. donovani L. donovani
Diseases:Diseases: Oriental Sore; Old World CutaneousOriental Sore; Old World CutaneousLeishmaniasis; Baghdad Boil;Leishmaniasis; Baghdad Boil;Recidivans or Chronic RelapsingRecidivans or Chronic RelapsingCutaneous Leishmaniasis;Cutaneous Leishmaniasis;
L. tropicaL. tropica-- Dry or Chronic Cut. Leish.Dry or Chronic Cut. Leish.
L. major L. major-- wet or Acutewet or Acute
L. aethiopicaL. aethiopica-- cutaneous andcutaneous anddiffuse/disseminateddiffuse/disseminated
Chiclero Ulcer Chiclero Ulcer
American Leishmaniasis;
American Leishmaniasis;New World; CutaneousNew World; Cutaneous
(mostly)(mostly)
EspundiaEspundia
Mucocutaneous
Mucocutaneous(mostly)(mostly)
KalaKala--azar disease;azar disease;VisceralVisceralLeishmaniasis;Leishmaniasis;Death fever;Death fever;Dumdum fever;Dumdum fever;TropicalTropicalSplenomegalySplenomegaly
DiagnosticDiagnosticStage:Stage:
Amastigotes Amastigotes Amastigotes Amastigotes Amastigotes Amastigotes SameSame
Infective Stage:Infective Stage: Metacyclic PromastigotesMetacyclic Promastigotes Metacyclic PromastigoteMetacyclic Promastigote SameSame SameSame
Vector:Vector: Sandflies (Sandflies (Phlebotomus)Phlebotomus) Sandflies (Sandflies (LutzomyiaLutzomyia)) SameSame SandfliesSandflies
PathologyPathology--SymptomatologySymptomatology
L. tropicaL. tropica-- early: oriental sore at siteearly: oriental sore at siteof bite; late: multiple on exposedof bite; late: multiple on exposedbody surfacebody surface
L. major L. major-- early: multipleearly: multipleLE; late:LE; late:wet oriental sorewet oriental sore
L. aethipicaL. aethipica-- lepromatid,lepromatid,intermediate, tuberculoidintermediate, tuberculoid
Diffuse CutaneousDiffuse CutaneousLeishmaniasisLeishmaniasis-- producesproducesmainly cutaneous lesionsmainly cutaneous lesions
EspundiaEspundia
--produces mainlyproduces mainlymucocutaneousmucocutaneouslesionslesions
Black Sickness (Black Sickness (KalaKala--azar);azar);enlarged but lessenlarged but lessstriking liver; fever,striking liver; fever,splenomegaly,cachsplenomegaly,cach
exia; dermal lesionexia; dermal lesionat site of infectionat site of infection
Diagnosis:Diagnosis: Lesion:presence of elevated andLesion:presence of elevated andindurated margin of ulcer; skinindurated margin of ulcer; skinlesions amastigoteslesions amastigotes Giemsa,Giemsa,Wright¶s stain; NNN medium;Wright¶s stain; NNN medium;Montenegro Immunologic testMontenegro Immunologic test
Scrapings/biopsiesScrapings/biopsies--Giemsa stainGiemsa stain
amastigotes; NNNamastigotes; NNNmedium; serology,medium; serology,Montenegro TestMontenegro Test
SameSame Skin lesions:Skin lesions:amastigotes; RESamastigotes; RES--LD bodies; NNNLD bodies; NNNmedium;BM medium;BM smears; serologysmears; serology
Treatment:Treatment: DOC: Pentavalent AntimonialDOC: Pentavalent Antimonial
Sodium StibogluconateSodium Stibogluconate
Pentavalent Antimony;Pentavalent Antimony;
Ampho B; Cortisone Ampho B; Cortisone
SameSame SameSame
Prevention:Prevention: Vector control; protection fr. BitesVector control; protection fr. Bites SameSame SameSame samesame
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T. gambienseT. gambiense,,
trypomastigotestrypomastigotes Features:
Elongated, spindle-shaped,
flagellum ends at the kinetoplastthat is situated posterior to
nucleus
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Leishmania tropicaLeishmania tropica,,
from culturefrom culture
PROMASTIGOTEPROMASTIGOTE
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Leishmania tropicaLeishmania tropica, from, from
infected hamster infected hamster
AMASTIGOTE AMASTIGOTE
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Lymphatic Filarial WormsLymphatic Filarial WormsBrugia malayi Brugia malayi
Wuchureria bancrofti Wuchureria bancrofti
Phylum: AschelminthesPhylum: Aschelminthes
Class: NematodaClass: Nematoda
INFECTIVE ST AGE = L3 (Third Stage Larva)INFECTIVE ST AGE = L3 (Third Stage Larva)DIAGNOSTIC ST AGE = MicrofilariaeDIAGNOSTIC ST AGE = Microfilariae
Vector = MosquitoVector = Mosquito
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W. bancrofti vs. B. malayi W. bancrofti vs. B. malayi
Characteristic:Characteristic: W. bancrofti W. bancrofti B. malayi B. malayi
SheathSheath PresentPresent PresentPresent
Cephalic SpaceCephalic Space L=W, shortL=W, short L>W longL>W long
Body CurvesBody Curves Regular, LargeRegular, Large Irregular, small, manyIrregular, small, many
Body NucleiBody Nuclei Round, mediumRound, medium--sized, wellsized, well--separatedseparated
Small angular, overlappingSmall angular, overlapping
TailTail No nuclei; pointed endNo nuclei; pointed end 2 widely spaced nuclei at tip2 widely spaced nuclei at tip
blunt endblunt end
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Wuchereria bancrofti Wuchereria bancrofti
W ell separated nuclei
sheath
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Brugia malayi Brugia malayi
Overlapping
nuclei
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Blood FlukesBlood FlukesSchistosoma sp.Schistosoma sp.
Phylum: PlatyhelminthesPhylum: PlatyhelminthesClass: TrematodaClass: Trematoda
Genus: SchistosomaGenus: Schistosoma
Species: japonicum, mansoni, haematonium (others: mekongi, intercalatum)Species: japonicum, mansoni, haematonium (others: mekongi, intercalatum)
INFECTIVE ST AGE = CercariaINFECTIVE ST AGE = Cercaria
DIAGNOSTIC ST AGE = Eggs in FecesDIAGNOSTIC ST AGE = Eggs in Feces
Intermediate host = SnailsIntermediate host = Snails
Mode of Transmission = Skin PenetrationMode of Transmission = Skin Penetration
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S. japonicumS. japonicum eggegg
Features:Features:
Has developed miracidiumHas developed miracidium
Lateral knobLateral knob small lateralsmall lateral
spinespineDeveloped miracidium
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Cercaria of Cercaria of
SchistosomaSchistosoma
Features:
Forked-tailed when
discharged from the snail
Fork situated at the posterior third of the tail
Oral and ventral suckers are
developed
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Miracidium of Miracidium of
SchistosomaSchistosoma
Features:
Ciliated
Pyriform in shape
w/ primitive gut
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Comparison Among theComparison Among theS chistosomaS chistosoma SpeciesSpecies
S . japonicumS . japonicum S . mansoni S . mansoni S . haematobiumS . haematobium
GeographicGeographic
DistributionDistribution
Philippines, China, SulawesiPhilippines, China, Sulawesi
in Indonesia, Japan, Taiwanin Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan
Africa, South America, Africa, South America,
West Indies, Puerto RicoWest Indies, Puerto Rico
Middle East, Africa,Middle East, Africa,
Southern Tip of EuropeSouthern Tip of Europe
Snail IntermediateSnail Intermediate
HostHost
Oncomelania hupensisOncomelania hupensis
quadrasi quadrasi
Biomphalaria glabrataBiomphalaria glabrata Bulinus truncatusBulinus truncatus
HabitatHabitat Veins of Small intestineVeins of Small intestine Veins of Large intestineVeins of Large intestine Veins of theVeins of the
genitournary systemgenitournary system
DiseaseDisease Oriental SchistosomiasisOriental Schistosomiasis
Katayama DiseaseKatayama Disease
Schistosomiasis japonicaSchistosomiasis japonica
Intestinal BilharziasisIntestinal Bilharziasis
SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis
mansonimansoni
Schistosomal hematuriaSchistosomal hematuria
Vesical SchstosimiasisVesical Schstosimiasis
Urinary BilharziasisUrinary Bilharziasis
EggEgg Small lateral spine (lateralSmall lateral spine (lateralknobknob--like)like) Large lateral spineLarge lateral spine Large terminal spineLarge terminal spine
TreatmentTreatment PraziquantelPraziquantel Praziquantel and
Oxamniquine
Praziquantel and
Metrifonate
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S chistosomaS chistosoma, adult, adult
Features:Features:
With oral and ventral suckersWith oral and ventral suckers
Narrow elongated shapeNarrow elongated shape
Separate sexes; dioeciousSeparate sexes; dioecious
Male: shorter, more sturdy, grayish, cylindrical anterior end, presence of gynecophoralMale: shorter, more sturdy, grayish, cylindrical anterior end, presence of gynecophoral
canal (which the female is embraced during copulation)canal (which the female is embraced during copulation)
Female: longer, more slender, darker Female: longer, more slender, darker
IntegumentIntegument
Smooth or tuberculated depending on speciesSmooth or tuberculated depending on species
Distinctive to speciesDistinctive to species
Number of testes in the maleNumber of testes in the male
Length of the uterusLength of the uterus
Number of eggsNumber of eggs Excretory SystemExcretory System
Flame cells (collecting tubules leading into small bladder w/ terminal excretory pore)Flame cells (collecting tubules leading into small bladder w/ terminal excretory pore)
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S. japonicumS. japonicum, adult in, adult in
copulacopula
Gy necophoral canal
male
female
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S. mansoni S. mansoni , in copula, in copula
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S. mekongi S. mekongi , in copula, in copula
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Intestinal Protozoans: AmoebaIntestinal Protozoans: Amoeba
Entamoeba histolyticaEntamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba coli Entamoeba coli
Endolimax nanaEndolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii Iodamoeba butschlii
INFECTIVE STAGE = Mature Cyst INFECTIVE STAGE = Mature Cyst
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Cysts and TrophozoitesDIAGNOSTIC STAGE = Cysts and Trophozoites
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ParasiteParasite E ntamoeba hy stoliticaE ntamoeba hy stolitica E ntamoeba coli E ntamoeba coli E ndolimax nanaE ndolimax nana I . butschii I . butschii
DiseaseDisease Amoebiasis, amoebic Amoebiasis, amoebicdysentery, amoebic hepatitisdysentery, amoebic hepatitis
Non pathogenicNon pathogenic Intestinal commensa;Intestinal commensa;nonnon--pathogeniclpathogenicl
Commensal; nonCommensal; non--pathogenicpathogenic
Mode of Mode of
transmissiontransmission
Ingestion of water andIngestion of water andveggies, food contaminatedveggies, food contaminatedwith feces positive with cystwith feces positive with cyst
Ingestion of cystIngestion of cyst Ingestion of cystIngestion of cyst Ingestion of cystIngestion of cyst
Life cycleLife cycle DirectDirect DirectDirect DirectDirect DirectDirect
InfectiveInfective
stagestage
Mature Cyst with 4 nucleiMature Cyst with 4 nuclei CystCyst CystCyst Mature cystMature cyst
DiagnosticDiagnostic
stagestage
Trophozoites and cysts inTrophozoites and cysts infecesfeces
Trophozoites and cyst inTrophozoites and cyst infecesfeces
Cyst and trophozoitesCyst and trophozoites Cyst, trophozoites inCyst, trophozoites infecesfeces
DefinitiveDefinitive
hosthost
ManMan ManMan ManMan ManMan
IntermediateIntermediate
hosthost
HabitatHabitat LILI LILI LILI LILI
DistinguishinDistinguishin
gg
morphology:morphology:
Trophozoite w/ pseudopod;Trophozoite w/ pseudopod;has ectoplasm andhas ectoplasm and
endoplasm;centrally locatedendoplasm;centrally located
karyosomekaryosome--Bull eye¶sBull eye¶skaryosome; uniformkaryosome; uniformprogreeive movement;progreeive movement;presence of rbc¶s; cystpresence of rbc¶s; cyst--chromatoidal bodieschromatoidal bodies
TrophozoiteTrophozoite-- granular granular cytoplasm, ingestedcytoplasm, ingested
bacteria, sluggishbacteria, sluggish
movement, largemovement, largeeccentric karyosomes;eccentric karyosomes;CystCyst --Splinter likeSplinter likechromatoidal bodies; 8chromatoidal bodies; 8nucleinuclei
Large irregular Large irregular karyosome; nokaryosome; no
peripheral chromatin;peripheral chromatin;
oval cyst with 4 nucleioval cyst with 4 nuclei
CystCyst-- single nucleus w/single nucleus w/irregular karyosome, noirregular karyosome, no
peripheral chromatin,peripheral chromatin,
large glycogen vacuolelarge glycogen vacuole--stains brown with iodinestains brown with iodine
PathologyPathology Primary lesionPrimary lesion-- intestinal;intestinal;Secondary lesionSecondary lesion--extraintestinal; flaskextraintestinal; flask--shapedshapedulcersulcers
TreatmentTreatment Metronidazole/mebendazoleMetronidazole/mebendazole MetronidazoleMetronidazole MebendazoleMebendazole MetronidazoleMetronidazole
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Trophozoite,Trophozoite, E.E.
hystolitycahystolityca
kar y osome
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Cyst,Cyst, E. histolyticaE. histolytica
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Trophozoite,Trophozoite, E.coli E.coli
kar y osome
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Cyst,Cyst, E. coli E. coli
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Cyst,Cyst, E. nanaE. nana
kar y osome
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Intestinal Flagellate/IntestinalIntestinal Flagellate/Intestinal
CiliateCiliate
Dientamoeba fragilisDientamoeba fragilis
Chilomastix mesnilli Chilomastix mesnilli
Giardia lambliaGiardia lamblia
Balantidium coli Balantidium coli
ParasiteParasite C iliiC ilii G l bliG l bli B liB li D f iliD f ili
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ParasiteParasite C . mesnilii C . mesnilii G . lambliaG . lamblia B. coli B. coli D. fragilisD. fragilis
DiseaseDisease NonNon--pathogenicpathogenic Giardiasis, Traveller¶sGiardiasis, Traveller¶s
diarrheadiarrhea
Balantidiasis/BalantidosisBalantidiasis/Balantidosis
Mode of Mode of
transmissiontransmission
Ingestion of cyst fromIngestion of cyst from
contaminated foodcontaminated food
Ingestion of cystIngestion of cyst Ingestion of cystIngestion of cyst Ingestion of cystIngestion of cyst
Life cycleLife cycle DirectDirect DirectDirect DirectDirect DirectDirect
Infective stageInfective stage CystCyst CystCyst CystCyst TrophozoitesTrophozoites
DiagnosticDiagnostic
stage:stage:
Cyst and trophozoitesCyst and trophozoites CystCyst CystCyst TrophozoitesTrophozoites
DHDH ManMan ManMan ManMan ManMan
IHIH
HabitatHabitat LI
LI
Duodenum, proximalDuodenum, proximal jejunum jejunum LI
LI
LI
LI
DistinguishingDistinguishing
morphology:morphology:
Trophozoite: 4 anterior Trophozoite: 4 anterior flagella; cytosomalflagella; cytosomalgroove; curvedgroove; curvedposterior; cyst: clear posterior; cyst: clear knob on cystknob on cyst
³old man¶s face´³old man¶s face´
TrophozoiteTrophozoite-- 2 parabasal2 parabasalbodies, 4 pairs of flagella, 2bodies, 4 pairs of flagella, 2nuclei w/ large centralnuclei w/ large centralkaryosomes, dorsalkaryosomes, dorsal--convex,convex,ventralventral--3/4 ovoid w/ concave3/4 ovoid w/ concavesucking disksucking disk
TrophozoiteTrophozoite--bean shapedbean shapedmacronucleus,micronucleusmacronucleus,micronucleus,ant end,ant end-- cytosome, post endcytosome, post end--cytopyge, vacuoles andcytopyge, vacuoles andinclusions; cystinclusions; cyst-- onlyonly
macronucleusmacronucleus
No cyst!!!No cyst!!!
PathologyPathology Malabsorpton SyndromeMalabsorpton Syndrome--steatorrheasteatorrhea
Ulcers, acute infectionUlcers, acute infection--diarrhea , chronic infectiondiarrhea , chronic infection--intermittent diarrheaintermittent diarrhea
Asymptomatic w/ Asymptomatic w/persistent diarrheapersistent diarrhea
TreatmentTreatment MetronidazoleMetronidazole Metronidazole; QuinacrineMetronidazole; QuinacrineHClHCl
Tetracycline, Iodoquinol,Tetracycline, Iodoquinol,MetronidazoleMetronidazole
Iodoquinol,Iodoquinol,TetracyclineTetracycline
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Cyst,Cyst, Chilomastix mesnili Chilomastix mesnili N= nucleus (remember lemon shaped cyst)N= nucleus (remember lemon shaped cyst)
n
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Trophozoite,Trophozoite, Chilomastix Chilomastix
mesnili mesnili
nucleus
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Trophozoite,Trophozoite, G. lambliaG. lamblia
P arabasal
bod y
nucleus
flagella
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Cyst,Cyst, G. lambliaG. lamblia
C y st wall
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Cyst,Cyst, B. coli B. coli
vacuole
C y st wall
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Trophozoite,Trophozoite, B. coli B. coli
macronucleus
vacuole
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NematodesNematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiuraTrichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularisEnterobius vermicularis
Necator americanusNecator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma duodenale
Strongyloides stercoralisStrongyloides stercoralis
Capillaria philippinensisCapillaria philippinensis
Trichinella spiralisTrichinella spiralis
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ParasiteParasite A. lumbricoides A. lumbricoides T.T.
trichiuratrichiura
E.E.
VermicularisVermicularis
N.N.
americanusamericanus
A. A.
duodenaleduodenale
S.S.
stercoralisstercoralis
C.C.
philippinensis philippinensis
CommonCommon
namename
Giant wormGiant worm WhipwormWhipworm Pinworm,Pinworm,seatwormseatworm
New worldNew worldhookwormhookworm
Old worldOld worldhookwormhookworm
ThreadwormThreadworm --
DiseaseDisease Ascariasis Ascariasis TrichuriasisTrichuriasis Enterobiasis,Enterobiasis,oxyuriasisoxyuriasis
NecatoriasisNecatoriasis Ancylostomia Ancylostomiasis,sis,
CochinCochin--chinachina
diarrhea,diarrhea,strongyloidostrongyloidosissis
Pudoc¶sPudoc¶sdiseasedisease
MorphologMorpholog
icalical
featuresfeatures
3 oval lips3 oval lips Attenuated Attenuatedpointed endpointed end
Cephalic alaeCephalic alae Semilunar Semilunar cutting platescutting plates
2 pairs of 2 pairs of teeth, equalteeth, equalsizesize
Female:Female:parthenogenparthenogenetic;etic;
filariformfilariformlarvae:larvae:forked tail;forked tail;
rhabditiform:rhabditiform:short buccalshort buccalcavity,cavity,conspicuousconspicuousgenitalgenitalprimordiumprimordium
HabitatHabitat SmallSmall LargeLarge LargeLarge SmallSmall SmallSmall SmallSmall SmallSmall
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intestineintestinegg
intestine,intestine,cecumcecum
ggintestineintestine intestineintestine intestineintestine intestineintestine intestineintestine
InfectiveInfective
stagestage
EmbryonatedEmbryonated
eggegg
EmbryonatedEmbryonated
egg (barrelegg (barrelshapedshapedw/bipolar w/bipolar mucus pllug)mucus pllug)
EmbryonatedEmbryonated
egg (Degg (D--shaped)shaped)
FilariformFilariform
larvalarva
FilariformFilariform
larvalarva
Filaform larvaFilaform larva 33rdrd larvalarva
stagestage
DiagnosticDiagnostic
stagestage
EggEgg EggEgg Egg/adultEgg/adultwormworm
EggEgg EggEgg RhabditiformRhabditiformlarvalarva
Egg (peanutEgg (peanutshaped)shaped)
DiagnosisDiagnosis Eggs in fecesEggs in feces Eggs in fecesEggs in feces ScotchScotchtape/adhesivetape/adhesivetapetape
Eggs inEggs infeces/feces/Harada moriHarada morimethodmethod
Eggs in fecesEggs in feces RhabditiformRhabditiformlarva in feceslarva in feces
Eggs in fecesEggs in feces
ClinicalClinicalmanifestationmanifestation Obstruction;Obstruction;loeffler¶sloeffler¶ssyndromesyndrome(larva)(larva)
RectalRectalprolapseprolapse NocturnalNocturnalpruritus anipruritus ani Larva:grounLarva:ground itch/dewd itch/dewitchitch
Adult: Adult:microcyticmicrocytichypochromichypochromicanemia of anemia of iron anemiairon anemiadeficiencydeficiency
typetype
Larva:groundLarva:grounditch/dew itchitch/dew itch
Adult: Adult:microcyticmicrocytichypochromichypochromicanemia of anemia of iron anemiairon anemiadeficiencydeficiencytypetype
Malabsorption
Malabsorptionsyndrome/stesyndrome/ste
atorrhea/larvaatorrhea/larvacurrenscurrens
Borborygmi/ur Borborygmi/ur gling stomachgling stomach
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Egg,Egg, A. lumbricoides A. lumbricoides (know the differences among the features:(know the differences among the features:
embryonated, unfertilized, decorticated!!!)embryonated, unfertilized, decorticated!!!)decorticated
fertilized
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Adult male and female, Adult male and female,
Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides
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Egg,Egg, T. trichiuraT. trichiura (barrel shaped (barrel shaped-- bipolar mucus plugs (in arrow))bipolar mucus plugs (in arrow))
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Adult male, Adult male, T. richiuraT. richiura
Curved end
whiplike
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Adult female, Adult female, T. trichiuraT. trichiura
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Ova,Ova, E. vermicularisE. vermicularis
(clear D(clear D--shaped egg)shaped egg)
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Adult Adult femalefemale, E. vermicularis, E. vermicularis
Cephalic alae
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Adult male, Adult male, E. vermicularisE. vermicularis
Cephalic alae
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Adult male, Adult male, N. americanusN. americanus
Buccal capsule
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Adult female, Adult female, N. americanusN. americanus
C onspicuous pair of semilunar cutting plates
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Adult male, Adult male, A. A.
ceylanicumceylanicumBuccal capsule
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Adult female, Adult female, A. ceylanicum A. ceylanicum
2 pairs of teeth,
Unequal size
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Hookworm ovaHookworm ova
Thin shell
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Hookworm, filariformHookworm, filariform
larvalarva
esophagus
Pointed tail
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Hookworm,Hookworm,
rhabditiform larvarhabditiform larva
P ointed end
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Ova,Ova, C. philippinensisC. philippinensis (Remember: peanut shaped)(Remember: peanut shaped)
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Adult male or female, Adult male or female,
C. philippinensisC. philippinensis
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Encysted larva,Encysted larva,
T. spiralisT. spiralis
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Adult male, Adult male, T. spiralisT. spiralis
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Adult female, Adult female,
T.spiralisT.spiralis
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Intestinal TrematodesIntestinal Trematodes
Fasciolopsis buski Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanumEchinostoma ilocanum
Heterophyes heterophyesHeterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai Metagonimus yokogawai
Phylum: PlatyhelminthesPhylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: TrematodaClass: Trematoda
Comparison among the Intestinal TrematodesComparison among the Intestinal Trematodes
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Comparison among the Intestinal TrematodesComparison among the Intestinal Trematodes
ParasiteParasite F . buski F . buski E . IlocanumE . Ilocanum H . heterophy esH . heterophy es M . y okogawai M . y okogawai
Common nameCommon name Giant Intestinal FlukeGiant Intestinal Fluke Garrison¶s flukeGarrison¶s fluke NoneNone NoneNone
DiseaseDisease FasciolopsiasisFasciolopsiasis EchinostomiasisEchinostomiasis HeterophiasisHeterophiasis MetagonimiasisMetagonimiasis
AdultAdult Largest, oral sucker=1/4 of Largest, oral sucker=1/4 of ventral sucker, w/ventral sucker, w/transverse spines, 2transverse spines, 2dendritic testes in tandemdendritic testes in tandemin post. Half, singlein post. Half, singlebranched ovary in thebranched ovary in themiddle; unbranched cecamiddle; unbranched cecaw/ lateral indentationsw/ lateral indentations
Reddish gray,Reddish gray,covered w/ plaquecovered w/ plaque--like scales; anterior like scales; anterior end=circumoral diskend=circumoral diskw/ crown of 49w/ crown of 49--5151spines; oral sucker=spines; oral sucker=center of disk; ventralcenter of disk; ventralsucker= anterior 5sucker= anterior 5thth of of body; testes=depplybody; testes=depply
lobed, tandem;lobed, tandem;ovary=front of testesovary=front of testes
Pyriform; scale likePyriform; scale likespines; large centralspines; large centralsuckers= ant. Middlesuckers= ant. Middlethird of body; genitalthird of body; genitalsucker at the left postsucker at the left postborder; 2 ovoid testesborder; 2 ovoid testes
Pyriform; round postPyriform; round postand tapering ant end;and tapering ant end;scale like spinesscale like spinesmore numerous atmore numerous atthe anterior end;the anterior end;large ventral sucker large ventral sucker at rt of midline;at rt of midline;genital opening at antgenital opening at antrim; globose ovary atrim; globose ovary at
the junction of middlethe junction of middleand lower thirdand lower thirdofbody; fanofbody; fan--shapedshapedvitellariavitellaria
EggEgg Yellowish, ellipsoidal,Yellowish, ellipsoidal,Clear, thin shell, smallClear, thin shell, smalloperculum; undevelopedoperculum; undevelopedwhen passed in feceswhen passed in feces
Straw colored, ovoid,Straw colored, ovoid,operculated;operculated;immature whenimmature whenpassed in feces;passed in feces;same w/ F. buski andsame w/ F. buski andF. hepaticaF. hepatica
Light brown, thickLight brown, thickshell, operculated;shell, operculated;fully developedfully developedmiracidia atmiracidia atoviposition; slightoviposition; slightshoulder at theshoulder at theopercular rim; knob atopercular rim; knob atpost polepost pole
Light yellLight yell-- brown; thinbrown; thinshell; operculated;shell; operculated;nodular thickening atnodular thickening atpost end;post end;embryonated (matureembryonated (maturemiracidium) atmiracidium) atovipositionoviposition
MiracidiumMiracidium Cilia covered spine headCilia covered spine head
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MiracidiumMiracidium Cilia covered, spine head,Cilia covered, spine head,pigmented eye spot, 2pigmented eye spot, 2flame cells, cephalicflame cells, cephalic
glands and germinal cellsglands and germinal cells
CercariaCercaria Slender muscular tails;Slender muscular tails;heavy bodiesheavy bodies
Simple tail body;Simple tail body;miniature formminiature form
MetacercariaMetacercaria Outer friable cyst wall; firmOuter friable cyst wall; firminner wallinner wall
Life cycleLife cycle IndirectIndirect IndirectIndirect IndirectIndirect IndirectIndirect
Definitive hostDefinitive host Humans, dogHumans, dog Man, mammals, birdsMan, mammals, birds Man, domesticatedMan, domesticatedand fish eatingand fish eating
mammalsmammals
Man and other fishMan and other fisheating mammalseating mammals
11stst IHIH Planorbid snails:Planorbid snails:Segmentia, Gyraulus,Segmentia, Gyraulus,
Hippeutus spHippeutus sp..
Planorbid snails:Planorbid snails:Gyraulus, HippeutusGyraulus, Hippeutus
spsp..
Blackish water snails:Blackish water snails:Prinella, CerithediaPrinella, Cerithedia
Snails:Snails:Simisulcospira,Simisulcospira,
Thiara, HuaThiara, Hua
22ndnd
IHIH Waer plantWaer plant KuholKuhol ± ± Pilo luzonaPilo luzona Fish: Tilapia,Fish: Tilapia, Mugil,Mugil, Acanthobius Acanthobius
Salmonoid:Salmonoid: Salmo,Salmo,PlectoglossusPlectoglossus
Cyprinoid Cyprinoid fishes:fishes:Richardsonium,Richardsonium,
OdontobuntisOdontobuntis
HabitatHabitat SISI SISI SISI SISI
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HabitatHabitat SISI SISI SISI SISI
Mode of Mode of
transmissiontransmission
Ingestion of Ingestion of contaminated plantscontaminated plants
Ingestion of infectedIngestion of infectedsnailssnails
Ingestion of infectedIngestion of infectedfishfish
Ingestion of infectedIngestion of infectedfishfish
Infective stageInfective stage MetacercariaMetacercaria MetacercariaMetacercaria MetacercariaMetacercaria MetacercariaMetacercaria
Diagnostic stageDiagnostic stage EggEgg EggEgg EggEgg Embryonated eggEmbryonated egg
Specimen of choiceSpecimen of choice FecesFeces FecesFeces FecesFeces FecesFeces
Pathology andPathology and
SymptomatologySymptomatology
Trauma, obstruction,Trauma, obstruction,toxicitytoxicity--periorbitalperiorbitaledemaedema
Same withSame withFasciolopsis;Fasciolopsis;diarrhea sometimesdiarrhea sometimesbloofybloofy
In heavy infections:In heavy infections:mucoid diarrhea,mucoid diarrhea,eosinohilia,eosinohilia,granuomatousgranuomatouslesions of the heartlesions of the heartand brainand brain
Same withSame withheterophyesheterophyes
Treatment/DOCTreatment/DOC Praziquantel,Praziquantel,niclosamideniclosamide
Praziquantel,Praziquantel,hexylresorcinol,hexylresorcinol,tetrachloroethylenetetrachloroethylene
PraziquantelPraziquantel PraziquantelPraziquantel
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Egg,Egg, Fasciolopsis buski Fasciolopsis buski
operculum
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Metagonimus yokogawai Metagonimus yokogawai
Oral sucker
ceca
testes
Round ovar y
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Adult Adult, Echinostoma ilocanum, Echinostoma ilocanum
vitellaria
scales
Lobed testes
Oral sucker
Ventral
sucker
ovar y
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Liver FlukesLiver Flukes
Phylum = PlatyhelminthesPhylum = Platyhelminthes
Class = TrematodaClass = Trematoda
Subclass = DigeneaSubclass = Digenea
Suborder = AmphistomataSuborder = Amphistomata
Paramphistomatidae = Gastrodiscoides (Paramphistomatidae = Gastrodiscoides (the only Fluke in the Large Intestinesthe only Fluke in the Large Intestines))
Suborder = DistomataSuborder = Distomata
Troglomatidae =Troglomatidae = ParagonimusParagonimusFasciolidae =Fasciolidae = F asciolaF asciola & Fasciolopsis& Fasciolopsis
Opisthorchidae =Opisthorchidae = C lonorchis & OpisthorchisC lonorchis & Opisthorchis
Heterophyidae =Heterophyidae = Heterophyes & MetagonimusHeterophyes & Metagonimus
CLASSIFICATION OF LIVER FLUKESCLASSIFICATION OF LIVER FLUKES
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CL ASSIFIC ATION OF LIVER FLUKESCL ASSIFIC ATION OF LIVER FLUKES
A. Classification of Liver Flukes According to Size A. Classification of Liver Flukes According to Size
1. Large (21. Large (2--8cm)8cm) F asciola hepaticaF asciola hepatica
F asciola giganticaF asciola gigantica
2. Medium (12. Medium (1--2cm)2cm) C lonorchis sinensisC lonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis felineusOpisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis viverinni Opisthorchis viverinni
B. Classification of Liver Flukes According to Intermediate HostB. Classification of Liver Flukes According to Intermediate Host
1. Water Plant Borne1. Water Plant Borne F asciola hepaticaF asciola hepatica
F asciola giganticaF asciola gigantica
2. Fish2. Fish--BorneBorne C lonorchis sinensisC lonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis felineusOpisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis viverinni Opisthorchis viverinni
C. Classification of Trematode EggsC. Classification of Trematode Eggs
1. Large Unembryonated Eggs (1001. Large Unembryonated Eggs (100--160u)160u) F asciola hepaticaF asciola hepatica
F asciola giganticaF asciola gigantica
2. Small Embryonated Eggs (232. Small Embryonated Eggs (23--32u)32u) C lonorchis sinensisC lonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis felineusOpisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis viverinni Opisthorchis viverinni
Fasciola spp Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis spp
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Fasciola spp Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis spp
General Characteristics (Thanks Jimboy! For this Summary. )
Disease Fascioliasis
Liver Rot
Pharyngeal Fascioliasis
Halzoun
Clonorchiasis Opisthorchiasis
Common Name Sheep Liver Fluke (F.
hepatica)
Liver Fluke (F. gigantica)
Chinese / Oriental Liver
Fluke
Cat Liver Fluke
Life Cycle Indirect Indirect Indirect
Infective Stage Metacercariae Metaceracariae Metaceracariae
Definitive Host Man, Sheep, Cow, Deer,
etc
Man and Dog Man and Dog
Diagnostic Stage Ova in Feces Ova in Feces Ova in Feces
First Intermediate Host Lymneid Snail Planorbid (Operculate)
Snails
Planorbid Snails
Second Intermediate
Host
Water Plants Freshwater Fish
(Cyprinoid)
Freshwater Fish
(Cyprinoid)
Reservoir Host None None
Habitat Bile Ducts & Biliary
Passages
Bile Ducts & Biliary
Passages
Bile Ducts & Biliary
Passages
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M orphology
Shape Leaf Shape Oblong, Lanceolate
Shaped
Oblong, Lanceolate
ShapedSuckers Oral < Ventral Oral > Ventral Oral = Ventral
Testes Dendritic; Tandem Branched; Tandem Lobate; Oblique
Ovary Fan-Shaped Oval Oval
Egg Unembryonated Embryonated Embryonated
Intestinal Ceca Branched Simple Simple
Vitellaria Branched Diffuse, Irregularly
Distributed
Cluster / Compressed
Follicles
Unique Feature Cephalic Cone /
Shoulder
Eggs smaller than C.
sinensis
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Haplorchis taichui Haplorchis taichui
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Adult, Adult, Clonorchis sinensisClonorchis sinensis
Intestinal ceca
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Egg,Egg, Opisthorchis viverrini Opisthorchis viverrini
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Adult, Adult, Opisthorchis viverrini Opisthorchis viverrini
vittelaria
Ventral sucker
Intestinal ceca
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Egg,Egg, Fasciola hepaticaFasciola hepatica
operculum
Thin shell
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Intestinal CestodesIntestinal Cestodes
Taenia soliumTaenia solium
Taenia saginataTaenia saginata
Diphyllobothrium latumDiphyllobothrium latum
Hymenolepsis nanaHymenolepsis nana
Hymenolepsis diminutaHymenolepsis diminuta
Dipylidium caninumDipylidium caninum
ParasiteParasite T . soliumT . solium T . saginataT . saginata D. latumD. latum H . nanaH . nana H . diminutaH . diminuta D. caninumD. caninum
CommonCommon Pork tapewormPork tapeworm Beef tapewormBeef tapeworm Broad fishBroad fish Dwarf tapewormDwarf tapeworm Rat tapewormRat tapeworm Dog tapewormDog tapeworm
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NameName
pp pptapewormtapeworm
pp pp g pg p
DiseaseDisease Taeniasis; porkTaeniasis; porktapewormtapeworminfection; humaninfection; human
cystecercosiscystecercosiscellulosaecellulosae
TaeniasisTaeniasissaginata; beef saginata; beef tapewormtapeworm
infectioninfection
DyphyllobothriasisDyphyllobothriasis;broad fish;broad fishtapewormtapeworm
infectioninfection
HymenolepiasisHymenolepiasisnana, dwarf nana, dwarf tapewormtapeworm
infectioninfection
HymenolepiasisHymenolepiasisdiminutadiminuta
Dipylidiasis; dogDipylidiasis; dogtapewormtapeworminfectioninfection
Life cycleLife cycle IndirectIndirect IndirectIndirect IndirectIndirect DirectDirect IndirectIndirect IndirectIndirect
DHDH ManMan ManMan ManMan ManMan RatsRats DogsDogs
IHIH PigsPigs CattleCattle Copepods(1Copepods(1stst),),freshwater fishfreshwater fish(2(2ndnd))
Rat fleasRat fleas Dog fleasDog fleas
SizeSize 800800--10001000segments; 2segments; 2--44
metersmeters
44--66meters;1,000 tometers;1,000 to
2000 proglottids2000 proglottids
LongestLongesttapeworm of tapeworm of
humans; 3humans; 3--1010meters; 3,000meters; 3,000proglottidsproglottids
Short; 200Short; 200proglottidsproglottids
Larger thanLarger thanH.nana;H.nana; 800800--
1000 proglottids1000 proglottids
6060--175175proglottidsproglottids
ScolexScolex Globular with 4Globular with 4cupcup--shapedshapedsuckers;suckers;rostellum armedrostellum armedwith 2 rows of with 2 rows of 2525--30 hooks30 hooks
Pyriform; 4Pyriform; 4prominentprominenthemisphericalhemisphericalsuckerssuckers
Spatulate; almondSpatulate; almondshaped; 2 deepshaped; 2 deepdorsoventraldorsoventralsuctorial groovessuctorial groovescalled bothriacalled bothria
Small, globular,Small, globular,short retractileshort retractilerostellum; singlerostellum; singlering of smallring of smallhooks and 4 cuphooks and 4 cupshaped suckersshaped suckers
ClubClub--shaped;shaped;rudimentaryrudimentaryapical unarmedapical unarmedrostellum; four rostellum; four small suckerssmall suckers
MatureMature
proglottidproglottid
Square;Square;unilateral or unilateral or irregularlyirregularlyalternate genitalalternate genitalpores; trilobedpores; trilobedovaryovary
Broad andBroad and
shorter;shorter;irregularlyirregularlyalterante lateralalterante lateralporespores
Broader thanBroader than
long;both femalelong;both femaleand maleand malereproductivereproductiveorgansorgans
Trapezoidal; 4xTrapezoidal; 4x
broad as long;broad as long;single genitalsingle genitalpore on its leftpore on its leftside; 3 roundside; 3 roundtestes andtestes and
bilobed ovarybilobed ovary
ResembleResemble H.H.
nananana
Pumpkin seedPumpkin seed
proglottidproglottid
GravidGravid 77--12 lateral12 lateral
branchesbranches
>13 (15>13 (15--30)30)
laterallateral
Sacculate;Sacculate;
uterusuterus
Saccular Saccular
uterus filleduterus filled
MembranousMembranous
capsulescapsules
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branchesbranches laterallateralbranches; nobranches; no
uterine poreuterine pore
uterusuteruscontains 80contains 80--
180 eggs180 eggs
uterus filleduterus filledwith eggwith egg
massesmasses
capsulescapsules
(15(15--25 eggs)25 eggs)
HabitatHabitat SISI SISI SISI SISI SISI SISI
Infective stageInfective stage CystecercusCystecercuscellulosaecellulosae
CystecercusCystecercusbovisbovis
PlerocercoidPlerocercoid EmbryonatedEmbryonatedeggegg
EmbryonatedEmbryonatedeggegg
Eggs inEggs inpackets or packets or
gravidgravid
proglottidsproglottids
EggEgg HexacanthHexacanth
embryo wth sixembryo wth six
hookletshooklets
Same withSame with T.T.
soliumsolium; yellow; yellow
brown; radiallybrown; radially
striatedstriated
embrophoreembrophore
YellowishYellowish--
brown; ovoidalbrown; ovoidal
2 membranes2 membranes
enclosing aenclosing a
hexacanthhexacanth
embryo with 6embryo with 6
hookletshooklets
No polar No polar
filaments onfilaments on
the inner the inner
membranemembrane
No polar No polar
filaments onfilaments on
the inner the inner
membranemembrane
PathologyPathology Loeffler¶sLoeffler¶s
syndromesyndrome--
larvae;adultlarvae;adult--
inflammation of inflammation of
themucosathemucosa
PathologyPathology
mainly due tomainly due to
its large size;its large size;
adult wormsadult worms
rarely causerarely cause
symptomssymptoms
Adult Adult-- systemicsystemic
toxemia;toxemia;
mechanicalmechanical
obstruction;botobstruction;bot
riocphalusriocphalus
anemiaanemia
Enteritis; abdEnteritis; abd
pain w/wopain w/wo
diarrhea;diarrhea;
anorexia,anorexia,
vomiting, H A,vomiting, H A,
dizinessdiziness
Light and mild;Light and mild;
life span inlife span in
personperson-- shortshort--
55--6 weeks6 weeks
Light or mild;Light or mild;
llifespan isllifespan is
short inshort in
personspersons-- 55--
6weeks6weeks
DiagnosisDiagnosis Proglottids andProglottids and
eggs in feces;eggs in feces;
cysticercuscysticercus
cellulosae incellulosae in
biopsybiopsy
Proglottids andProglottids and
eggs in feces;eggs in feces;
OperculatedOperculated
eggs or eggs or
evacuatedevacuated
proglottids inproglottids in
feces or vomitfeces or vomit
CharacteristicCharacteristic
eggs in feceseggs in feces
CharacteristicCharacteristic
eggs in stooleggs in stool
CharacteristicCharacteristic
eggs in stooleggs in stool
TreatmentTreatment Praziquantel;Praziquantel;
niclosamide;niclosamide;
paramomycinparamomycin
NiclosamideNiclosamide NiclosamideNiclosamide Praziquantel;Praziquantel;
niclosamide;niclosamide;
paromomycinparomomycin
Praziquantel;Praziquantel;
niclosamide;niclosamide;
paromomycinparomomycin
Praziquantel;Praziquantel;
niclosamide;niclosamide;
paromomycinparomomycin
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Egg,Egg, TaeniaTaenia
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Cysticercus,Cysticercus, T. soliumT. solium
Invaginated scolex
bladder
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Scolex,Scolex, Taenia soliumTaenia solium
Armed
rostellum sucker
neck
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Scolex,Scolex, T. saginataT. saginata
suckers
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Egg,Egg, D. latumD. latum
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E gg, H . nana
Hexacanth embr y o
P olar filaments
E gg, H . diminuta
E mby o w/ six hooketss
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Egg,Egg, D. caninumD. caninum
Oncosphere
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Mature gravid,Mature gravid,
Dipylidium caninumDipylidium caninum
Ti C t dTi C t d
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Tissue CestodesTissue Cestodes
Echinococcus granulosusEchinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularisEchinococcus multilocularis
Phylum: PlatyhelminthesPhylum: Platyhelminthes
Class:CestodaClass:Cestoda
ParasiteParasite E . granulosusE . granulosus E . multilocularisE . multilocularis
Common NameCommon Name Hydatid wormHydatid worm Hydatid worm (alveolar hydatid disease)Hydatid worm (alveolar hydatid disease)
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DiseaseDisease EchinococcosisEchinococcosis Alveolar echinococcosis Alveolar echinococcosis
MorphologicalMorphological
characteristics:characteristics:
SizeSize Smallest tapeworm; 3Smallest tapeworm; 3--6mm6mm Similar to E. granulosusSimilar to E. granulosus
ScolexScolex Globular; prominent rostellum w/double crown of Globular; prominent rostellum w/double crown of
3030--36 hooks; 4 prominent suckers36 hooks; 4 prominent suckers
Similar to E. granulosisSimilar to E. granulosis
Gravid proglottidsGravid proglottids Median uterus, 12Median uterus, 12--15, 1215, 12--15 branches distended15 branches distended
with eggswith eggs
SameSame
habitathabitat SI of dog/manSI of dog/man SSISSI
Life cycleLife cycle IndirectIndirect IndirectIndirectInfective stageInfective stage Eggs ingested by sheep or manEggs ingested by sheep or man EggsEggs
Diagnostic stageDiagnostic stage Eggs in fecesEggs in feces Eggs in fecesEggs in feces
EggEgg Thick striated shellThick striated shell Taenia likeTaenia like
Definitive host/Definitive host/
Accidental host Accidental host
Dogs and other canines/Dogs and other canines/
manman
Dogs/Dogs/
ManMan
Intermediate hostIntermediate host Sheep (most common), cattle, horses, camelsSheep (most common), cattle, horses, camels Field mice, wolves, squirrel, and shrewField mice, wolves, squirrel, and shrewPathologyPathology Inflammatory reaction from unilocular cystInflammatory reaction from unilocular cyst Alveolar cyst in the liver followed by the Alveolar cyst in the liver followed by the
lungs and the brainlungs and the brain
DiagnosisDiagnosis Presence of slowly growing cystic tumor; historyPresence of slowly growing cystic tumor; history
of residence in endemic area; close associationof residence in endemic area; close association
with dogs; protosclices, broad capsule or with dogs; protosclices, broad capsule or
daughter cysts in hydatid cyst in fluiddaughter cysts in hydatid cyst in fluid
Post mortem examinationPost mortem examination
TreatmentTreatment Surgery; albendazoleSurgery; albendazole Operation/surgery;mebendazoleOperation/surgery;mebendazole
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E. granulosusE. granulosus
scolex
Mature segment
Immaturesegment
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Miscellaneous :Miscellaneous :
Macroscopic DemosMacroscopic Demos
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G ravid segment, T . solium Mature segment, T . solium
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More than 12 lateral branches
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H y menolepsis diminuta
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The End The End Thanks to Randy, Jaime, Moi, Donski and most Thanks to Randy, Jaime, Moi, Donski and most
especially to Anmaespecially to Anma--(I got almost all the pics from(I got almost all the pics from her). her).
Peace! Peace!
--FMPBFMPB--