parameterisation of urban sprawl amon boontore. s p r a w l p l a n i m e t e r slpanimeter +...
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Main Objective
Geographical Distribution of Land-uses
Geographical Separation
Travel
Urban Sprawl
Distance Travelle
d
Measurement is a key initial step in scientific understanding (De Cola & Lam 1993).
Definitions
Characteristics
Indicators
Earle Draper
Perhaps diffusion is too kind of word...in
bursting its bounds, the city actually sprawled
and made the countryside
ugly...uneconomic [in terms] of services and doubtful social value.
First Used
Sprawl is a pattern of land use in an urbanised area that exhibits low levels of some combination of eight distinct dimensions: density, continuity, concentration, clustering, centrality, nuclearity, mixed uses, and proximity (Galster et al 2001).The term is used variously to mean the gluttonous use of land, uninterrupted monotonous development and inefficient use of land (Peiser 2001).
Sprawl is the spread-out, skipped over development that characterises the non-central city metropolitan areas and non-metropolitan areas … (Ewing 1997).
…low-density development beyond the edge of service and development, which separates where people live from where they shop, work, recreate, and educate-thus requiring cars to move between zones (Seirra Club 1998).1. Low residential density
2. Unlimited outward extension of new development
3. Spatial segregation of different types of land uses through zoning regulations
4. Leapfrog development
5. No centralised ownership of land or planning of development
6. All transportation dominated by privately owned motor vehicles
7. Fragmentation of governance authority over land uses between many local governments
8. Great variances in the fiscal capacity of local governments
9. Widespread commercial strip development along major roadways
10. Major reliance upon the filtering or “trickle-down” process to provide housing for low-income households
(Transportation Research Board 1998).
Definitions of Urban Sprawl
Characteristics of Urban Sprawl
Subjective
Research Approach
Time & Data Limitation
Subjective
Prejudgement
Prejudgement
Subjective
1) Form
2) Density
3) Land-use Pattern
4) Urban Process
5) Impacts
6) Dependent Variable
7) Aesthetic
8) Example
1) Low Density
2) Spatial Seclusion
3) Single Functional Use
1) Low Density
2) Spatial Seclusion
3) Single Functional Use
2.1) Evenness 2.4)
Centralisation
2.2) Complexity
2.3) Clustering
Index of Dissimilar
ity
Gini
Entropy
Atkinson
Thiel’s
Index Fractal Dimensi
on
PARGeary’s Coefficie
ntMoran’s
I
Centralisation Index
ACI
3.1) Concentration
3.2) ExposureDuncan’s
Delta
ICO
Relative Concentration Index
ISO
Interaction Index
CTGETA
IJI
Residential
Density
Urban
Density
Residential Land-
use Density
Density Gradien
ts
1.1) Density
Sprawl Conceptual Variables & Indicators
Sprawl Conceptual Variables & Indicators
i, j, k = number of tract
= Total developable land area
= Area of developable land in tract i
= Total residential land area
= Area of residential land in tract i
= Total non-residential land area
= Area of non-residential land in tract I
= Total developed land area
= Area of developed land in tract i
= Total residential proportion
= Residential Proportion in tract i
i
i
i
i
i
City A
City tract A1 = 100
City tract A2 = 100
1 5
2 15
1 10
2 5
1 30
2 50
1
1
2
2
3.1) Concentration Relative Concentration
Index:
Sprawl Conceptual Variables & Indicators
1
1
1
21
1
1
/
/
RCO =
/
/
n
i iin
i ii
n
i i iin
i ii
Pilot Study: Data & MethodologyLand cover
maps
250 metres resolution
Year 2000
CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) European Environment Agency
Maps
Distance
Travelled Data
Transportation DataInternational
Association of Public Transport (UITP)
Year 1995
Case Studies
30
Austria: Graz, Vienna; Belgium: Brussels; Denmark: Copenhagen; Finland: Helsinki; Paris: Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Paris; Germany: Berlin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Dusseldorf, Munich, Stuttgart; Greece: Athens; Italy: Milan, Bologna, Rome; Netherlands: Amsterdam; Spain: Barcelona, Madrid; Sweden: Stockholm; UK:Glasgow, London, Manchester, Newcastle
Overall average trip distance (km/trip)
Car
Public modes
Mechanised modes
Private modes Motorise
d modes
Motorised modes
Overall Mobility (daily trips/cap)
– Foot
Mechanised modes
Public modes
Private modes
Pilot Study: Data & Methodology
Daily Km/capMechanis
ed
Private
Public
Motorised
All
Mineral extraction sites
Undevelopable land
Inland marchesBeaches, dunes, sands
Bare rocks
Burnt Areas
Glaciers and perpetual snow
Peat bogs
Dump sites
Salt marshesSalines
Intertidal flats
Water courses
Water bodies
Coastal lagoons
Estuaries
Sea and ocean
Road and rail networks and associated land
RN Construction
sites
Non-irrigated arable land
Permanently irrigated land
Rice fieldsVineyards
Fruit trees and berry plantations
Olive groves
Pastures
Annual crops
Complex cultivation patterns
Natural vegetation
Agro-forestry areas
Broad-leaved forest
Coniferous forest
Mixed forest
Natural grasslands
Moors and heathland
Sclerophyllous vegetation
Woodland-schrub
Sparsely vegetated areas
Developable land
Continuous urban fabricDiscontinuous urban fabric
Residential land
Industrial and commercial units Port
areasAirports Green urban
areasSport and leisure facilities
Non-residential land
Pilot Study: Data & Methodology
Pilot Study: Results
Grouping of Case StudiesRange (million
m2)n
XS
XL
L
M
SM
S
158-716
1182-36664796
4997-7834
10533-125214476
1Total
5
1
104
1
30
9
Pilot Study: ResultsXS XLLMSMS
RCO-Private (12, .549, .006)IOD-Public (13, .342, .036)
RCO-Private (13, .414, .018)IOD-Public (15, .305, .033)INT-Public (11, .415, .033)
IOD-Mechanised (9, .714, .004)IOD-Mechanised (8, .683, .011)
IOD-Mechanised (10, .733, .002)IOD-Mechanised (9, .705, .005)IOD-Mechanised (8, .833, .002)
RCO-Motorised (20, .237, .03)
RCO-Private (14, .374, .02)RCO-Motorised (15, .294, .037)
RCO-Motorised (27, .176, .03)
(5) (9) (1) (10)
(4) (1)
Future Works
5x5 Km grid sq
1
9
876
543
2
...n
12...10 11
Workable Grid Size
Reduction of Indicators
?
1) Low Density
2) Spatial Seclusion
3) Single Functional Use
2.1) Evenness 2.4)
Centralisation
2.2) Complexity
2.3) Clustering
Index of Dissimilar
ity
Gini
Entropy
Atkinson
Thiel’s
Index Fractal Dimensi
on
PARGeary’s Coefficie
ntMoran’s
I
Centralisation Index
ACI
3.1) Concentration
3.2) ExposureDuncan’s
Delta
ICO
Relative Concentration Index
ISO
Interaction Index
CTGETA
IJI
Residential
Density
Urban
Density
Residential Land-
use Density
Density Gradien
ts
1.1) Density
Future Works: Correlations