paper - xi part 2/paper-xi.pdff'k { k k es a luk rd ¼ c h 0 , m0 ½ bachelor of education...

1

f'k{kk esa Lukrd ¼ch0,M0½Bachelor of Education (B.Ed)

Hkkx & 2

Part - II

i= & X;kjgok¡

Paper - XI

d{kk d{k izca/ku ,oa usr`RoClassroom Management and Leadership

Nalanda Open University( A State Open University )

2

Course Design and Preparation Team

Original Text Written by :

1. Swadha PrakashAssistant Professor,St. Xavier College,Fr: Camil Bulke Road, Ranchi.Unit - 1, 2

2. Keya ChatterjeeAssistand Professor,M.S. Institute of Education, Patna.Unit - 3, 16

3. Devendra MohanResearch Scholar,L.N.M.UUnit - 4

4. Dolly SharanAssistant Professor,Islamia Teacher's Training College,Phulwarisharif.Unit - 5

5. Rinki KumariAssistant Professor,Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic& Persian University, Patna.Unit - 6, 7

6. Dr. R. C. PatelAssistant Professor,Tapindu Istitute of Higher Studies,Patna.Unit - 8

7. Dr. Kavita JainAssistant Professor,M. S. Institute of Education,Patna.Unit - 9, 10

8. Preeti KumariAssistant Professor,Islamia Teacher's TrainingCollege, Phulwarisharif.Unit - 11

9. Sunita SinghAssistant Professor,Mundeshwari Teacher's,Training College, Patna.Unit - 12, 13

10. Dr. Kanhaiya SinghGuest Faculty,P.T.E.C. Mahendru, Patna.Unit - 14

11. Neelu KumariAssistant Professor,M.S. Institute of Education,Patna.Unit - 15

12. Dr. SarikaAcademic Consultant,B.S.E.B, Patna.Unit - 17

13. Dr. Mahesh ChandraAssistant Professor,M.S. Institute of Education,Patna.Unit - 18, 19

14. Dr. Sangeeta KumariAssistant Professor,Nalanda Open University,Patna.Unit - 20

Published in November, 2019

© Nalanda Open University (Estd. 1987)

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by mimeography or any

other means without permission in writing from the Nalanda Open University.

Further information regarding other courses of the Nalanda Open University may be obtained from

the University Office at 3rd Floor, Biscomaun Bhawan, West Gandhi Maidan, Patna - 800 001.

Prof. (Dr.) Preeti SinhaCo-ordinator

School of Teacher Education

Nalanda Open University, Patna

3

bdkbZ 1 - d{kk O;oLFkkiu % vFkZ ,oa iz—fr .... 5 - 11

(Classroom Organisation : Meaning and Nature)

bdkbZ 2 - fofo/k iz;kstuksa gsrq d{kk dh cSBd O;oLFkk .... 12 - 18

(Classroom Seating Arrangement for Different Purposes)

bdkbZ 3 - rduhdh dk leUo; .... 19 - 46

(Technology Integration)

bdkbZ 4 - d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh fo'ks"krk .... 47 - 54

(Characteristics of Classroom Environment)

bdkbZ 5 - d{kk d{k izcU/ku .... 55 - 60

(Classroom Management)

bdkbZ 6 - d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku .... 61 - 72

(Classroom Behaviour Management)

bdkbZ 7 - cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku&dkuwuh ifj.kke.... 73 - 78

(Violation of Rights of Children-Legal Consequences)

bdkbZ 8 - d{kk d{k esa le; izcU/ku .... 79 - 85

(Time Management in Classroom)

bdkbZ 9 - vf/kxe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk .... 86 - 94

(Role of Teacher in Learning Process)

bdkbZ 10- vuqdwy fo|ky; okrkoj.k .... 95 - 101

(Conducive School Environment)

Part - II, Paper - XI

CONTENTS

f'k{kk esa Lukrd ¼ch0,M0½Bachelor of Education (B.Ed)

4

bdkbZ 11- f'k{kdksa dh tokcnsgh ,oa vkReewY;kadu .... 102 - 113

(Accountability and Self-assessment of the Teacher)

bdkbZ 12- usrk dh vo/kkj.kk .... 114 - 120

(Concept of a Leader)

bdkbZ 13- usr`Ro ds izdkj .... 121 - 128

(Types of Leadership)

bdkbZ 14- usr`Ro&xq.k fodkl ds fy, dk;Z&;kstuk .... 129 - 136

(Strategies to Develope Leadership Qualities)

bdkbZ 15- usr`Ro ds fl)kUr .... 137 - 143

(Theory of Leadership)

bdkbZ 16- f'k{kd ,d usrk ds :i esa .... 144 - 151

(Teacher as a Leader)

bdkbZ 17- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk .... 152 - 167

(School Development Plan)

bdkbZ 18- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh rS;kjh esa uk;dksadh Hkwfedk .... 168 - 175

(Actors and their Roles in the Preaprationof School Development Plan)

bdkbZ 19- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds eqís .... 176 - 186

(Issues of School Development Plan)

bdkbZ 20- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa jkT; dh uhfr;k¡ .... 187 - 197

(State Policies in School Development Plan)

5

ikB&lajpuk (Lesson Structure)

1-0 mís'; (Objectives)

1-1 izLrkouk (Introduction)

1-2 d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk vFkZ (Meaning of Classroom organi-

sation)

1-3 d{kk O;oLFkkiu dh iz—fr (Nature of Classroom organi-

sation)

1-4 d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds fofo/k vk;ke (Various dimensions of

Classroom organisation)

1-5 d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors

affecting classroom organisation)

1-6 lkjka'k (Summary)

1-7 vH;kl ds iz'u (Questions for Exercise)

1-8 izLrkfor ikB (Suggested Readings)

bdkbZ % 1 d{kk O;oLFkkiu % vFkZ ,oa iz—fr Unit : 1 Classroom Organisation : Meaning and Nature


izLrqr bdkbZ esa Hkkoh f'k{kdksa ds O;ogkfjd i{k dks lcy cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA blesa d{kkO;oLFkkiu ls tqM+s egRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~fo|kFkhZx.k&&&A

d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk vFkZ le> ldsaxsA

d{kk O;oLFkkiu dh iz—fr ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds fofo/k vk;keksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks izHkkfor djus okys fofHkUu dkjdksa ls voxr gksaxsA

mi;qZDr rF;ksa ls voxr djkuk gh bl ikB dk mís'; gSA

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1.1 izLrkouk (Introduction)

,d f'k{kd dk okLrfod dk;Z{ks= mldh d{kk gSA d{kk gh og dk;Z'kkyk gS tgk¡ og vius Kku rFkkO;oLFkk ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa ds O;fDrRo dks mfpr fn'kk funsZa'k iznku djrk gSA bl izdkj f'k{kd dk dk;Zdsoy fo"k; Kku dk fu"iknu ugha vfirq d{kk vf/kxe ls tqM+h leLr O;oLFkk dk izca/ku Hkh gSA og fo|ky;dh izR;sd xfrfof/k dk fu;a=d rFkk iz.ksrk Hkh gksrk gSA f'k{kd ls d{kk ds lHkh i{k tSls laKkukRed]HkkokRed rFkk fØ;kRed i{kksa dks lqla;ksftr dj Nk=ksa ds chp :fpdj vf/kxe okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djukgksrk gSA ;g Hkgrh dk;Z ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA vr% ,d f'k{kd ds fy, fo|ky;h O;oLFkk] fo'ks"kdj d{kkxrO;oLFkk ds egRoiw.kZ i{kksa dh tkudkjh lgk;d fl) gksrh gSA izLrqr bdkbZ esa d{kk O;oLFkkiu ls tqM+sekSfyd fcanqvks ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

1.2 d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk vFkZ (Meaning of Classroom organisation)

*O;oLFkkiu^ dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ] O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA vFkkZr~ d{kk dh O;oLFkk lqfuf'fpr djukAvr% d{kk O;oLFkkiu ls vfHkizk; ,sls lqxe ifjos'k dk fuekZ.k djuk gS tks vf/kxe izfØ;k dks lgt rFkk:fpdj cukus esa lgk;d fl) gksA ikjaifjd vFkZ esa d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks d{kk dh HkkSfrd O;oLFkk dk i;kZ;ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq vk/kqfud f'k{kk'kkL= *d{kk^ dh vo/kkj.kk dks HkkSfrd rRoksa ds ladyu rd lhfer ughaekurkA vk/kqfud vFkksZa esa *d{kk^ HkkSfrd rFkk ekuoh; rF;ksa ls cuk og ckSf)d rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k gStgk¡ Nk=ksa dh {kerk dk i;kZIr fodkl laHko gks ldsA bl izdkj vk/kqfud vFkZ esa d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk fo'knLo:i ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA blds vuqlkj d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk vfHkizk; oSlh O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djukgS tgk¡ Nk=ksa dh vko';drkuqlkj mfpr HkkSfrd] lkekftd rFkk ckSf)d rF;ksa dk :fpdj lek;kstu gksldsA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ge dg ldrs gSa fdlh d{kk ds HkkSfrd rFkk ekuoh; rRoksa dk og O;ofLFkr Lo:itks d{kk ds vf/kxe okrkoj.k dks izsjd cukus esa lgk;d fl) gks] d{kk O;oLFkkiu dgykrk gSA

1.3 d{kk O;oLFkkiu dh iz—fr (Nature of Classroom organisation)

mijksDr ifjHkk"kk,¡ d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks iz—fr Hkh Li"V djrh gSaA ;g ,d lksís';iw.kZ izfØ;k gSA bldk

mís'; d{kk vf/kxe dks ldkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djuk gSA O;oLFkk dk izk:i d{kk ds vf?kxe mís';

,oa mldh iz—fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vr% ;g fdlh fuf'pr vFkok tM+ O;oLFkk dk i;kZ; ugha ] vfirq

l`tukRed rFkk ifjorZu'khy O;oLFkk dk lwpd gS tks izR;sd fLFkfr esa d{kk ds vf/kxe okrkoj.k dks

ldkjkRed cukus dk iz;kl djrh gSA bl izdkj bldh iz—fr d{kk&vf/kxe ds lajpukRed fl)karksa ij

vk/kkfjr gksdj ifjorZu'khy ,oa l`tu'khy gSA

d{kk esa miyC/k HkkSfrd midj.kksa dh O;oLFkk] Nk=ksa dh cSBd O;oLFkk] vf/kxe lalk/kuksa dk izn'kZu

vFkok fo"k;&oLrq dh :i js[kk] lHkh bl rF; ij fuHkZj gS fd mDr d{kk dk orZeku vf/kxe mís'; D;k

gSA mnkgj.kLo:i ;fn fdlh d{kk dk vf/kxe mís'; fo"k; }kjk Nk=ksa esa O;ogkfjd dkS'ky dk fodkl

djuk gS rksa d{kk O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa ls lqfuf'pr djuk vfuok;Z gksxk%&

i) Nk=ksa dh fØ;kfof/k gsrq mi;qDr LFkku ,oa midj.k

ii) f'k{kd ds fy, fØ;kfof/k izn'kZu gsrq vko';d LFkku ,oa midj.k

d{kk O;oLFkkiu % vFkZ ,oa iz—fr

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iii) d{kk dh cSBd O;oLFkk fØ;kfof/k vuq:i gksAiv) Nk=ksa ds dk;Z dk fujh{k.k djus gsrq f'k{kd ds ikl i;kZIr volj rFkk le;A

bl izdkj d{kk esa fo|eku HkkSfrd] ckSf)d rFkk ekuoh; i{k dk vf/kxe mís'; ds vuq:i lqlek;kstugh d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk vk/kkj gSA mijksDr ppkZ d{kk O;oLFkkiu dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ n'kkZrhgS a&&

i) ;g ,d ifjorZu'khy O;oLFkk gS tks vf/kxe ds lajpukRed fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gSAii) bldh lQyrk d{kk ds vf/kxe mís';ksa dh miyfC/k ij fuHkZj gSAiii) blds varxZr d{kk ds HkkSfrd rRoksa ds lkFk&lkFk ekuoh; rRoksa dk lek;kstu Hkh fufgr gSAiv) bldh iz—fr d{kk&vf/kxe dks izHkkfor djrh gSAv) izR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa bldk mís'; Nk=ksa dks 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld Fkdku ls cpkdj mUgsa vf/kxe ds

izfr ldkjkRed :i ls izsfjr djuk gSAvi) ;g d{kk esa fo|eku Nk=ksa dh vk;qfo'ks"k ls tqM+h vko';drkvksa dk Hkh laKku ysrh gSAvii) ;g fo"k;xr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk Nk=ksa ds chp O;fDrxr fofHkUurk ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gksrh gSAviii) ;g ,d lksís';iw.kZ izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk d{kk esa lq:fpiw.kZ rFkk l`tu'khy okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k

djuk gSAix) blesa okLrq'kkL= ds fl)karksa dk Hkh ;FkklaHko vuqlj.k dj d{kk&d{k dks i;kZIr /kwi rFkk gok }kjk

ldkjkRed ÅtkZ nsus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSAx) fo'ks"k:i ls] d{kk ds f'k{k.k okrkoj.k rFkk ekuoh; rRoksa ds jpukRed lekxe dks] f'k{kd ds

l`tukRed dkS'ky dk ifjpk;d Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA

1.4 d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds fofo/k vk;ke (Various dimensions of Classroom

organisation)

d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds izeq[k ?kVd bl izdkj gS%&

1. HkkSfrd rRo%& os lHkh rRo ftuls d{kk dk HkkSfrd ifjos'k fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA tSls & d{kk dk

vkdkj] jax&jksxu] f[kM+dh&njokts] jks'kunku] fctyh dh O;oLFkk] ';keiê] vf/kxe lalk/ku] Nk=ksa dh

cSBd O;oLFkk vkfn d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds HkkSfrd rRo gSA f'k{kk'kkL= esa bl lHkh rRoksa ds vkn'kZ iSekus fuèkkZfjr

fd, x, gSa ftuds ckjs esa foLrkjiwoZd vki vkxs dh bdkbZ;ksa es i<+saxsA lq:fpiw.kZ :i ls lth d{kk Nk=ksa

dks O;ofLFkr dk;Z'kSyh ds izfr mRlkfgr ,oa vkdf"kZr djrh gSA lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr iSekus dk /;ku

j[kdj d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds HkkSfrd i{k dks lcy cuk;k tk ldrk gS&&&

i) d{kk&d{k dh cukoV%& izk;% vk;rkdkj vFkok v/kZpanzkdkj cukoV dks d{kk O;oLFkk ds fy,

mi;ksxh ekuk tkrk gSA vk;rkdkj lajpuk dk vuqikr 1%1-5 jgs rFkk pkSM+kbZ dh rjQ mUeq[k gksuk pkfg,A

lqjaxuqek d{kk vPNh ugha ekuh tkrhA

ii) d{kk dk {ks=Qy%& ;g d{kk esa miyC/k Nk=ksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA izR;sd Nk= ds fy, U;wure 40

Sq feet dk {ks=Qy ekud ekuk x;k gSA f'kYi dk;Z vkfn tSlh d{kkvksa ds fy, ;g lhek 60 Sq feet izfr

Nk= ekuh xbZ gSA lkFk gh f'k{kd ds fy, vuqns'ku {ks= 80 Sq feet ekuk x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr f'k{kdh;

fujh{k.k gsrq dqy oxZ dk 40% {ks= ck/kk jfgr gksuk pkfg,A lkekU;r% 26ft x 33ft vFkok 8m x 10m dk

{ks=Qy 15&20 cPpksa ds fy, vkn'kZ ekuk tk ldrk gSA


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iii) d{kk esa jkS'kuh dh O;oLFkk%&;g vR;ar mi;ksxh rRo gSA jkS'kuh dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj lqfuf'pr

dh tkuh pkfg, fd ';keiê ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh Nk=ksa dh est rd vko';d izdk'k igq¡p ldsA jkS'kuh u

rks vR;f/kd pdkpkSa/k Hkjh gks] u gh vR;ar /kheh gksA bldh O;oLFkk izk;% fxzM lajpuk esa dh tkrh gS tSls&&

vFkok

2x3

3x3

;g d{kk ds vkdkj dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dh tkrh gSA lkFk gh vko';rkuq:i f'k{kd dh est vFkok

izk;ksfxd LFkkuksa ij dsafnzr jks'kuh (falling/focused light) dk iz;ksx Hkh vPNk ekuk tkrk gSA

iv) goknkj okrkoj.k%& d{kk esa mi;qDr f[kM+dh rFkk jks'kunku ,oa ia[kksa dh mfpr O;oLFkk vfuok;Z

gSA ia[kksa dh O;oLFkk rFkk f[kM+fd;ksa dh fLFkfr bl izdkj gks ftlls lkewfgd v/;;u esa mel dk okrkoj.k

u cusaA vR;f/kd xehZ vFkok mel ds lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh /;ku jgs fd rst gok vFkok nqxZaèk ls d{kk dk vf/

xe okrkoj.k izHkkfor u gksA

v) /ofu fu;a=.k%& d{kk&d{k dh cukoV izk;% /ofu dks izHkkfor djrh gSA vR;f/kd *xwat^ vFkok

vkokt dk nc tkuk] nksuksa gh d{kk vf/kxe dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor djrh gSA izk;% d{kkvksa esa njh]

Hkkjh insZ bR;kfn xísnkj oLrq,¡ /ofu ds foLrkj dks jksdrh gSaA budk mi;ksx ckgj ds 'kksj jksdus esa lgk;d

gS lkFk gh ;g d{kk ds vanj Hkh vuqxawt fu;af=r djrs gSA ijUrq budk vR;f/kd iz;ksx djus ls f'k{kd dh

ckr LokHkkfod :i ls Nk=ksa rd ugha ig¡qp ikrhA d{kk dh Å¡pkbZ Hkh /ofu dks izHkkfor djrh gSA 10" - 12"

dh Nr izk;% vkn'kZ ekuh tkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr dfBukbZ gksus ij /ofu foLrkjd ;a= tSls ekbd] dkWyj

ekbd vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vi) vf/kxe lalk/kuksa dh O;oLFkk%& ';keiê rFkk vU; lgk;d lkefxz;k¡ dk la;kstu Hkh d{kk

O;oLFkkiu dk egRoiw.kZ i{k gSA izk;% ';keiê dks d{kk dh pkSM+kbZ dh rjQ gksuk pkfg, rFkk ';keiê dh

fn'kk esa f[kM+fd;k¡ ugha gksuh pkfg,A cM+s ';keiê ds lkFkk nSfud lwpukvksa gsrq NksVs ';keiê dk gksuk Hkh

vPNk gSA NksVh vYekfj;ksa vFkok nhokjksa ij ydM+h dh chV ds lgkjs vU; vf/kxe lalk/kuksa dk izn'kZu Hkh

d{kk dks lq:fpiw.kZ cukrk gSA blds vfrfjDr NCF 2005 ds vuqlkj d{kk dks Nk=ksa ds fy, vf/kd

jpukRed cukus gsrq muds fy, *Lo;a djus ds fy,^ tSls jpukRed ';keiê vFkok dk;Z{ks= dh O;oLFkk Hkh

dh tk ldrh gSA ,slh O;oLFkk mudh l`tu'khy {kerk dk fodkl dj mUgsa Lo&vf/kxe ds fy, Hkh izsfjr

djrh gSA blds vfrfjDr vR;k/kqfud la;a=ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx dj mUur n`';&JO; lk/kuksa dh O;oLFkk dh tk

ldrh gS ftlds ckjs esa vki vkxs dh bdkbZ;ksa esa i<+saxsA NCF 2005 ds vuqlkj d{kk esa d{kk&iqLrdky;

dh O;oLFkk Hkh d{kk dks :fpdj cukus dk Js"B iz;kl gks ldrk gSA

vii) d{kk esa jaxksa dh O;oLFkk%& d{kk esa jaxksa dk lek;kstu egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g lkSan;Z cks/k ds lkFk&


9

lkFk izdk'k ds fodsanzhdj.k dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA tSls xgjs jaxksa dk iz;ksx izdk'k dk foLrkj de dj

nsrk gS rFkk gYds jax d{kk dks jkS'kuh ls Hkjdj mRlkgo/kZd cukrs gSaA d{kk dh fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[krs

gq, gh jaxksa dk jpukRed iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

bl izdkj izk;% mijksDr lHkh HkkSfrd rRoksa dk cqf)erk iw.kZ iz;ksx d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks mfpr

fn'kk&funsZ'k iznku dj mls lQy cukus esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA buds vfrfjDr d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds

ekuoh; rRo bl izdkj gSa&&&

2. ekuoh; rRo%& os lHkh rRo tks d{kk dh O;ogkfjd dk;Z'kSyh dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa ekuoh; rRo

dgykrs gSaA blds vUrxZr f'k{kd] Nk= rFkk mudh chp fufgr vf/kxe mís'; vkrs gSaA tSls&&&

i) f'k{kd dk O;fDrRo%& izR;sd f'k{kd dh O;fDrxr {kerk] mldk Kku rFkk mldh dk;Z'kSyh ls

fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA lkFk gh f'k{kd dk 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld LokLF; rFkk HkkoukRed ifjiDork mls lQy

O;oLFkkiu 'kSyh iznku djrh gSA

ii) Nk=ksa dk O;fDrRo%& f'k{kd rFkk Nk= ijLij feydj gh d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks lQy cukrs gSaA

f'k{kd iz;klksa dks Nk=ksa }kjk Lohdkjk tkuk] bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd&&&

&& mudh O;fDrxr vfHk:fp fdu {ks=ksa esa gSA

&& mudh O;fDrxr ckSf)d {kerk dk Lrj D;k gSA

&& mudh fof'k"V lkekftd&lkaL—frd ifjos'k mUgsa fdl izdkj izHkkfor dj jgk gSA

;s lHkh ckrsa d{kk esa cSBs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izo`fr n'kkZrh gSa ftudk /;ku j[kdj muds fof'k"V vk;q&oxZ

rFkk O;fDrRo fof'k"Vrk dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

3. 'kS{kf.kd rRo%& HkkSfrd rFkk ekuoh; rRo ds vfrfjDr d{kk O;oLFkkiu dh /kqjh] d{kk ds 'kS{kf.kd

mís'; ij Hkh vk/kkfjr gSA tSlk fd igys gh Li"V gS fd d{kk&O;oLFkkiu d{kk vf/kxe dks lQy cukus

gsrq lksís';iw.kZ izfØ;k gSA vr% d{kk ds 'kS{kf.kd mís'; dks /;ku ls j[kuk vifjgk;Z gSA fn, x, fo"k;&oLrq

,oa Nk=ksa ds fy, mldh mi;ksfxrk dks /;ku esa j[kdj gks f'k{k.k mís'; ,oa rnuqlkj d{kk O;oLFkk fu/kkZfjr

dh tkuh pkfg,A f'k{k.k mís'; gh f'k{k.k&fof/k fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa vkSj mlds vuq:i gh d{kk dk okrkoj.k

cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls O;k[;ku rFkk izkDV; fof/k vFkok fØ;kfof/k vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k 'kSyh ds fy,

vyx&vyx O;oLFkk Js;Ldj gSA mlh izdkj okn&fookn] Quiz vFkok vU; dk;ksZ ds fy, cSBd O;oLFkk

dk Lo:i fHkUu gksus ls d{kkxr dk;Z'kSyh lgt gks tkrh gSA ¼cSBd O;oLFkk ds fofo/k Lo:iksa dh ppkZ

bdkbZ&2 esa foLrkj ls dh xbZ gSA½ blds vfrfjDr vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa dh iz—fr Hkh d{kkxr O;oLFkk dks

izHkkfor djrh gSA

bl izdkj mijksDr lHkh rRo d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds fofo/k vk;ke gSa ftudk /;ku j[kdj fo|ky; izcaèku

rFkk f'k{kd viuh d{kk dks vf/kd mi;ksxh ,oa vkd"kZd Lo:i iznku dj ldrs gSaA

1.5 d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors affecting class-

room organisation)

;g v{kj'k% lR; gS fd vkn'kZ d{kkxr O;oLFkk] uhjl vf/kxe okrkoj.k dks :fpdj ,oa vkd"kZd cuk

ldrh gSA ijUrq] ;FkkFkZ esa ;g dk;Z ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA fofo/k dkjd bldh lQyrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

tSls&&&


10

i) lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk%& d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds HkkSfrd vk;ke lqfuf'pr djuk laLFkkxr foÙkh;{kerk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA izk;% Hkwfe laca/kh vFkok vU; foÙkh; lgk;rk ds vHkko esa d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds vkn'kZiSekuksa dk vuqlj.k djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA d{kk dh cukoV] mldk {ks=Qy rFkk vU; lqfoèk,¡ bllsizHkkfor gksrh gSaAii) iz'kklfud dkjd%& fo|ky; izca/ku ,oa f'k{kd ;fn d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds vkn'kZ iSekuksa ls vufHkKgSa rks Hkh d{kkxr O;oLFkk mfpr ugha gks ikrhA tSls d{kk dk oxkZdkj gksuk] d{kk esa NksVh vYekfj;k¡ u gksuk]NksVs cPpksa ds fy, ladjh r[rh okyh csap dh O;oLFkk] d{kk ds vanj xgjs jaxksa dk iz;ksx] ';keiê dh rjQf[kM+dh gksuk vkfn dbZ ,sls rRo gSa tks iz'kklfud ykijokgh ds dkj.k gksrs gSaA

blds vfrfjDr iz'kklfud Lrj ij fofuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj Hkh vkn'kZ d{kk O;oLFkkiudks izHkkfor djrk gSAiii) f'k{kdksa dh d{kkxr O;oLFkk ds izfr mnklhurk%& NCF 2005 ds vuqlkj f'k{kd lk/kuksa ,oavius jpukRed dkS'ky }kjk d{kk esa lq:fpiw.kZ vf/kxe'khy O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSA tSls& de ykxr okyslalk/kuksa ¼LFkkuh; f'kYi] feV~Vh] dkxt dh yqXnh] jíh ds lkeku½ }kjk Hkh d{kk dks vf/kxe'khy rFkk izsjdLo:i iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i uhps fn, x, vkjs[k ij /;ku nsa&

/kkxk

mijksDr vkjs[k }kjk ;g Li"V gS fd ;fn foÙkh; lalkFku vFkok rduhdh :i ls d{kk lqfo/kk laiUu u Hkh

gks rks d{kk O;oLFkkiu dks lq:fpiw.kZ ,oa vf/kxe'khy cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq izk;% f'k{kd bls

O;oLFkkxr nks"k ekudj viuh l`tukRed {kerk dk iz;ksx ugha djrs gSaA

bl izdkj izk;% f'k{kdksa dh mnklhurk] iz'kklfud Lrj ij ykijokgh rFkk lalk/kuksa dh lhfer

miyCèkrk d{kkxr O;oLFkk dks uhjl rFkk cksf>y cuk nsrh gSA

fpà lwph

BB ';keiê

T lqfopkj

I jkspd tkudkjh

d{kk fu;e

Nk=ksa ds jpukRed dk;[email protected] 'kCn

f'k{kd@Nk=ksa }kjk cuk, x, pkVZ@ekWMy

LFkk;h feV~Vh@dkxt dh yqXnh ds ekWMy

¼foKku½

LFkkuh; f'kYi ds uewus ¼bfrgkl½

Nk=ksa dk ewY;kadu vkjs[k ftls Nk= Lo;a

dk;Z lekIr gksus ij fpfUgr djsaA

d{kk iqLrdky;

miyC/k HkkSxksfyd vf/kxe lalk/ku


11

1.6 lkjka'k (Summary)

mijksDr fcanqvksa esa vkius d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds fofHkUu i{kksa dk v/;;u fd;kA ;g fo|ky; izca/ku dkegRoiw.kZ i{k gS ftlesa izk;% d{kk ds HkkSfrd ifjos'k dks ekuoh; rFkk 'kS{kf.kd vko';drkuqlkj lq[kn ,oavkd"kZd cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bldh iz—fr l`tu'khy gS rFkk ;g fu/kkZfjr vf/kxe mís'; ijdsafnzr gksrh gSA lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk rFkk iz'kklfud dk;Z'kSyh blds vkn'kZ iSekuksa dks izeq[k :i lsizHkkfor djrh gS ijUrq f'k{kdksa ds ldkjkRed iz;klk¡ }kjk bldh dfe;ksa dks cgqr lhek rd iwjk fd;k tkldrk gSaA

1.7 vH;kl ds iz'u (Question for exercise)

fuEufyf[kr iz'kuksa ds mÙkj nsa&¼d½ d{kk O;oLFkkiu ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bls izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dk mYys[k djsaA

What do you understand by classroom organisation? Mention the factors affecting it.

¼[k½ d{kk O;oLFkkiu dh fo'ks"krk ij izdk'k MkysaAThrow light on the characteristies of classroom organisation.

¼x½ d{kk O;oLFkkiu ds ?kVdksa dk mYys[k djsaA d{kk dk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k fdl izdkj ekuoh;okrkoj.k }kjk izHkkfor gksrk gS\Mention the components of classroom organisation. How is the physical climate of a

classroom affected by human climate?

¼?k½ d{kk O;oLFkkiu dh ikjaifjd rFkk vk/kqfud vo/kkj.kk ds chp varj Li"V djsaADifferentiate between traditional and modern concept of classroom organisation.

¼M-½ *,d l`tu'khy f'k{kd gh d{kk O;oLFkk dks vf/kxe'khy Lo:i iznku dj ldrk gSA^ dFku dhiq"Vh mi;qDr mnkgj.k }kjk djsaA'A creative teacher can structure the classroom organisation effective learning'. Discuss

with example.

1.8 izLrkfor ikB (Suggested readings)

1. Chadha D.S. : Classroom Management-Teaching and Techniques, Mittal Publication,

New Delhi, ISBN - 81-8324-683-4

2. Deb Kajal : Congnitive Development in Classroom, Adhyayan Publication &

Distributors, New Delhi, ISBN - 81-8435-041-4

3. Jena SPK : Behaviour Terapy, Techniques, Research and Application, Sage

Publications India Pvt. Ltd., ISBN - 978-0-7619-3624-4


12

bdkbZ % 2 fofo/k iz;kstuksa gsrq d{kk dh cSBd O;oLFkkUnit : 2 Classroom Seating Arrangement for Different Purposes




2-2 d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk ds vk/kqfud ekud

(Modern norms of seating for classroom organisation)

2-3 fofo/k izdkj dh cSBd O;oLFkk dk iz;kstu

(Purpose of various seating plan)

2-4 vkn'kZ cSBd O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd

(Factors affecting ideal seating plan)


2-6 vH;kl ds iz'u (Questions for exercise)

2-7 izLrkfor ikB (Suggested reading)


laiw.kZ d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk mís'; Nk=ksa dks rukoeqDr vf/kxe okrkoj.k lqfuf'pr djkuk gSA ;g iz;kl

fd;k tkrk gS fd fo|ky;h le;&lkj.kh dh yach le; lhek ds chp Nk= fcuk fdlh 'kkjhfjd Fkdku ds

d{kk&f'k{k.k dk YkkHk mBk ldsaA bl izdkj d{kk dh cSBd O;oLFkk bldk egRoiw.kZ i{k gSA cSBus ds LFkku

rFkk QuhZpj vkfn dh mi;qDr cukoV rFkk muds la;kstu ds fofo/k izdkj dh tkudkjh }kjk f'k{kd d{kk

esa mi;qDr cSBd O;oLFkk LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA vr% bl bdkbZ esa d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk rFkk mlls tqM+s

iz;kstu ij fo'ks"k izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k&&&

Û d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk ds vkn'kZ iSekus ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

Û d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk ds fofo/k izdkj tkusaxsA

Û d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk ds fofo/k izdkjksa ds iz;kstu dks le>saxsA

Û d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa ds izfr tkx:d gksaxsA


13

2-1izLrkouk (Introduction)

izkphudky ls gh izR;sd f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa vf/kxe ds nkSjku Nk=ksa dh mi;qZDr 'kkjhfjd eqnzkvksa ij

fo'ks"k /;ku fn; tkrk jgk gSA f'k{k.k dky esa mudh cSBd O;oLFkk rFkk cSBus dh eqnzk ds vkn'kZ ekud

fuèkkZfjr fd, tkrs jgs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i tgk¡ Hkkjrh; ifjos'k esa lkQ Hkwfe ij *in~eklu^ dh eqnzk esa cSBdj

v/;;u djuk Js"B ekuk tkrk gS ogh i'pkR; laL—fr esa est&dqlhZ vk/kkfjr O;oLFkk Js"B ekuh tkrh gSA

nksuksa gh O;oLFkk esa viuh fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ rFkk ekU;rk ds vuq:i vkn'kZ cSBd O;oLFkk ds

ekud fHkUu gSaA ijUrq budk mís'; ,d gh gSA nksuksa gh ekud vf/kxe dky ds nkSjku Nk=ksa dh 'kkjhfjd

Fkdku dks de djus rFkk muds ekufld /;ku dks c<+kus ij dsafnzr FksA vk/kqfud f'k{kk'kkL= esa bUgha rF;ksa

dks /;ku esa j[kdj mi;qDr cSBd O;oLFkk ds ekud cuk, x, gSA 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld LQwfrZ ds

lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfud d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk] Nk=ksa ds lQy lkekftd lek;kstu rFkk mudh jpukRed

fØ;k'khyrk Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA

2-2 vk/kqfud d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk ds vkn'kZ ekud (Modern norms of

seating for classroom organisation)

vk/kqfud d{kkvksa ds ekud ;wjksih; 'kSyh dh cSBd O;oLFkk gS ftlesa mi;qDr ekud ds lkFkest&dqlhZ bR;kfn dk gksuk vko';d gSA ckydksa dh vk;q ,oa mlls tqM+h vko';drk ds vuq:i ulZjh lsysdj ek/;fed Lrj rd dh d{kkxr cSBd O;oLFkk fHkUu gksuh pkfg,A tSls fupyh d{kkvksa esa cPpksa dslkekU; dn ds vuq:i] de Å¡pkbZ] pkSM+h lhVksa rFkk ihB dks lgkjk nsrh mi;qDr vk/kkj okyh jax&fcjaxhdqflZ;ksa ls NksVs cPpksa esa 'kkjhfjd Fkdku de gksrh gSA ,oa mudh vkd"kZ.k Hkh d{kk ds izfr cuk jgrk gSAtSls&tSls d{kk,¡ c<+rh gSa] QuhZpj dh Å¡pkbZ c<+rh gS vkSj i`"Bh; lrg gksrs tkrh gSA lekU; :i lsekè;fed d{kkvksa ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ekud fu/kkZfjr fd, x, gSa &i) lkekU;:i :i ls] ;fn cSBd O;oLFkk csap&Vscy vk/kkfjr gS rks 2 Nk=ksa ds fy, 15"-18" bap pkSM+srFkk 60" yacs csap&Vscy dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A ,slh O;oLFkk Nk=ksa dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds d{kk&dk;Zdks laiUu djus esa lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSAii) ,d O;fDr ds ^MsaLd&dqlhZ* O;oLFkk esa MsLd 18"x30" dk rFkk dqlhZ ij cSBus dk U;wure LFkku 25

sq.ft. gksuk pkfg,Aiii) dqlhZ ds lkFk ys[ku O;oLFkk ds la;qDr gksus ij fy[kus dk LFkku 15 sq.ft. rFkk daI;wVj ;qDr voLFkkesa 18 sq.ft. dk ys[ku {ks= Nk=ksa ds fy, lqfo/kktud gksrk gSAvi) ,dy cSBd O;oLFkk esa izR;sd Nk= ds fy, U;wure 40 sq.ft. dk {ks= lqfuf'pr gksuk pkfg,A ;g lhekf'kYi vFkok dk;Z'kky ;qDr d{kkvksa ds fy, 60 sq.ft. rFkk lkekU; O;oLFkk vk/kkfjr d{kkvksa ds fy, 35

sq.ft. ekuh x;h gSAv) cSBd O;oLFkk ds chp d{kk ds dqy {ks=Qy dk 40% Hkkx f'k{kd rFkk Nk=ksa ds lgt vkokxeu rFkkf'k{kd }kjk dk;Zfujh{k.k gsrq lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

2-3 fofo/k izdkj dh cSBd O;oLFkk dk iz;kstu (Purpose of Various

Seating Plan

lkekU;r% d{kk esa Nk=ksa dh cSBd O;oLFkk LraHkkdkj (Rows & Columns) :i esa dh tkrh gSA ijUrq d{kkxr

fofo/k iz;kstuksa gsrq d{kk dh cSBd O;oLFkk

14

cSBd O;oLFkk dk la;kstu fof/k Lo:iksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA buds dbZ izdkj gSa ftuls fHkUu&fHkUu

iz;kstuksa dks y{; fd;k tk ldrk gSA

i) LraHkkdkj ,dy cSBd O;oLFkk (Column type single seating plan) -

&f'k{kd vuqns'ku {ks=

& Nk= dk;Z {ks=

fp= & 1

;g O;oLFkk Nk=ksa dks O;fDrxr dk;Z{ks= esa vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk iznku djrh gSA vr% ,slh O;oLFkk T;kferh;

dk;Z] izkstsDV dk;Z] ijh{kk] gLr&dkS'ky laca/kh dk;Z bR;kfn ds fy, mi;qDr ekuh tkrh gS ftlesa fdlh Nk=

dk O;fDrxr dk;Z mlds lgikBh ds dk;Z esa gLr{ksi v/kok O;o/kku mifLFkr ugha djrkA blds vfrfjDr

;g O;oLFkk Lo&vf/kxe laca/kh dk;Z ds fy, Hkh miyC/k gSA

ii) LraHkkdkj csap O;oLFkk (Column type bench seating plan) -

fp= & 2

bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk Nk=ksa ds chp ijLij lg;ksx dh Hkkouk c<+krh gSA Nk= d{kk vf/kxe esa ijLij

,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk ls lg;ksxkRed f'k{k.k ds fy, csgrj ifjos'k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA lkFk gh fp=1

rFkk 2 dh rqyukRed leh{kk ls ;g Li"V gS fd csap O;oLFkk esa ,dy lhV O;oLFkk dks vis{kk vf/kd Nk=

v/;;u dj ldrs gSaA

iii) lkewfgd cSBd O;oLFkk (Group seating plan) -

bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk esa Nk=ksa dks NksVs vFkok cM+s lewgksa esa cSBk;k tkrk gS ftlls mudh lkeqnkf;d

dk;Z'kSyh cyorh gksrh gSA bl O;oLFkk }kjk Nk= lkeqnkf;d dkS'ky rFkk lkewfgd dk;Z iz.kkyh ds fu;eksa

ds izfr tkx:d gksrs gSA fuEufyf[kr fp=ksa esa bl O;oLFkk ds dbZ izk:i n'kkZ, x, gSa&

T

S S S S

S S S S

S S S S

S S S S

S

T

T

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S


15

fp= & 3¼d½ fp= & 3¼[k½ ¼oxkZdkj lewg O;oLFkk½ ¼'U' vkdkj@Well Type O;oLFkk½Quadarate group seating plan Well type seating plan

fp= & 3¼x½ fp= & 3¼/k½ ¼foHkkftr v/kZpanzkdkj O;oLFkk½ ¼v/kZpanzkdkj lewg O;oLFkk½ Divided half moon seating plan Half moon group seating plan

p= & 3¼M-½¼xksykdkj est O;oLFkk½

Round table seating plan

mijksDr vkjs[kksa ls Li"V gS fd NksVs vFkok cM+s lewgksa esa vko';drkuqlkj cSBd O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr dh tkldrh gSA O;oLFkk] ifjppkZ] okn&fookn ds fy, tgk¡ cM+h lewg O;oLFkk mi;ksxh gS ogha Quiz rFkk lkewfgdizkdYi (Group Project) ds fy, NksVh lewg O;oLFkk mi;ksxh gSA

mijksDr vkjs[kksa ls ;g Hkh Li"V gS fd lewgksa dh cSBd O;oLFkk dk la;kstu oxkZdkj] v/kZpanzkdkj]foHkkftr v/kZpanzkdkj] 'U' vkdkj dh Wall Type O;oLFkk vFkok xksykdkj est O;oLFkk bR;kfn vusd izdkjksaesa dh tk ldrh gSA ;s lHkh lkewfgd cSBd O;oLFkk rFkk lkewfgd vf/kxe ds ykHk lqfuf'pr djrs gSaAiv) fefJr cSBd O;oLFkk (Mixed seating plan) -

TS

S S

S

S

S S

S

S

S S

S

S

S S

SS

S S

S

T

SSSSSSS

SSSSS

S

S

SSSSS

SS

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS

SSSSSSSSSS

S S

SS

SSS

T

S

S SSS

SSSS

S

S SSS

SS S S S S

SSS

SSSS

S

SS

S

S

S

S

S

S

TSS

SS S S

SS

SS

SS S S

SS

SS

SS S S

SS

TS

S S

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S S

S S

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S S

S S

S

S

S


16

fuEukafdr fp= dks /;ku ls ns[ksa %

fp= & 4vkjs[k ls ;g Li"V gS fd mijksDr d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds fy, ,dy dk;Z laca/kh lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk lkewfgddk;Z ds fy, Hkh leqfpr cSBd O;oLFkk dk izca/k fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dh lqfo/kkvksa }kjk f'k{kd d{kkdk le; fcuk u"V fd,] vko';drkuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;oLFkk esa Nk=ksa dks cSBk ldrs gSaAv) lh<+hnkj cSBd O;oLFkk(Gallery seating plan) - ;g O;oLFkk izk;% mPp Lrj dh d{kkvksa ds fy,dh tkrh gS tgk¡ Nk=ksa dh vf/kd la[;k Hkh f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ij udkjkRed izHkko ugha MkyrhA f'k{kd dhdsanzh; fLFkfr ds dkj.k O;k[;ku rFkk izn'kZu izHkkfor ugha gksrk rFkk lHkh dk f'k{kd ,oa ';keiê n`'; gksrkgSA

fp= & 5 xSyjh O;oLFkkmijksDr lHkh O;oLFkkvksa ds vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; 'kSyh esa tehu ij lkQ njh fcNkdj Hkh Nk=ksa dksvko';drkuqlkj ,dy vFkok NksVs&cM+s lewgksa ds :i esa cSBk;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk Nk=ksadks mUeqDr rFkk lgt okrkoj.k dk cks/k djkrh gS ftlls mudk 'kkjhfjd ruko de gks tkrk gSA blO;oLFkk esa ys[ku dk;Z gsrq de Å¡pkbZ okyh NksVh vFkok cM+h est] ,dy O;oLFkk vFkok lkewfgd O;oLFkkdks vko';drkuqlkj miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA

bl izdkj fofo/k izdkj ds iz;kstuksa dks fl) djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh cSBd O;oLFkk dk la;kstufd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq izR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa fuEufyf[kr rF;ksa ij /;ku nsuk vko';d gS &1) Nk= cSBd O;oLFkk esa lgt vuqHko djsaA2) cSBd O;oLFkk Nk=ksa ds fy, vkjkenk;d gks ijUrq foykflrk dh vksj vxzlj u gksA3) cSBd O;oLFkk Nk=ksa dh vf/kxe izfØ;k esa lgk;d fl) gksA4) cSBd O;oLFkk }kjk Nk= d{kk esa gks jgh izR;sd xfrfof/k ij viuk /;ku dsafnzr dj ldsaA

T

S

CS SS

S

S S

S

S

S

S

SS

SS

S

SS

SS

SS

S

S S

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S

SS

S S

S

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

S S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S SS S S S S S S S S S

C CC

B B

T


17

5) cSBd O;oLFkk esa f'k{kdksa }kjk fujh{k.k rFkk lgk;rk ds fy, vko';d [kkyh LFkku lqfuf'pr gks

ftlls f'k{kd izR;sd Nk= dh vf/kxe dfBukbZ dks nwj dj d{kk mís'; dh iwfrZ dj ldsaA

6) d{kk esa lerk Hkko fodflr djus gsrq Nk=ksa dh lhV O;oLFkk dk ifjØe.k (Rotation) djrs jgus ls

lHkh Nk= ijLij ,d&nwljs ds lkFk lkeqnkf;d Hkko ls tqM+ tkrs gSaA

2-4 cSBd O;oLFkk dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors affecting ideal

seating plan)

mijksDr ifjppkZ ls Li"V gS fd vkn'kZ cSBd O;oLFkk fn, x, mís';ksa ds vuqlkj gh fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA fdlh

,d O;oLFkk dks izR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa vkn'kZ ugha ekuk tk ldrkA vr% ;fn d{kk esa QuhZpj tehu ls LFkk;h

:i ls tqM+s u gksa rks vko';drkuqlkj mudk la;kstu vyx&vyx izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq

vfèkxe mís'; ds vfrfjDr dbZ vU; dkjd Hkh bls izHkkfor djrs gSa] tSls&

i) d{kk&{ks=Qy ds vuqikr esa Nk= la[;k&

;fn d{kk {ks=Qy dh rqyuk esa Nk= vf/kd la[;k esa gksa rks ,dy vFkok NksVh lewg O;oLFkk la;ksftr

ugha dh tk ldrh gSA u gh cSBd O;oLFkk dks vf/kd jpukRed cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vr% ,slh ifjfLFkfr

esa ,dy vkdkj csap O;oLFkk ftlesa 2&3 Nk= fu;fer :i ls cSB ldsa] viuk;h tk ldrh gSA

ii) miyC/k lalk/ku&

foÙkh; lalk/ku cSBd O;oLFkk dk izeq[k vk/kkj gSA foÙkh; lalk/ku ds vk/kkj ij gh d{kk ds QuhZpj

dk Lo:i rFkk la[;k fu/kkZfjr dh tkrh gSA

iii) fo|ky;h le;&lkj.kh&

fo|ky;h le;&lkj.kh esa tgk¡ izR;sd ?kaVh 35&40 feuV dh gh gksrh gS] vyx&vyx vko';drkuqlkj

cSBd O;oLFkk ifjofrZr djuk dfBu gSA vr% lkekU;r% ,d izdkj dh cSBd O;oLFkk esa gh lHkh iz;kstuksa

dks fl) djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA

bl izdkj ;fn Nk=ksa dh izfr d{kk la[;k fu;af=r dh tk lds rks lalk/kuksa ds mfpr izca/ku ,oa

fo|ky;h le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu ykdj f'k{kd vius jpukRed dkS'ky }kjk cSBd O;oLFkk esa vko';d

ifjorZu ykdj] d{kk ds okrkoj.k dks uohurk iznku dj ldrs gSA


Nk=ksa dh cSBd O;oLFkk d{kk O;oLFkkiu dk egRoiw.kZ i{k gSA bldk mís'; Nk=ksa dsk lgt okrkoj.k

lqfuf'pr dj mudh dk;Z'kSyh dks fodflr djuk gSA vr% fofo/k izdkj ds vf/kxe mís';ksa ds vuq:i fofoèk

izdkj dh cSBd O;oLFkk dk la;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g O;oLFkk izfr d{kk esa Nk=ksa dh la[;k]

lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk rFkk fo|ky;h iz'kklu O;oLFkk dh mnklhurk ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA ;fn fo|ky;

izcaèku mijksDr dkjdksa dks nwj djus dk iz;kl djs rks f'k{kd d{kk esa lajpkukRed cSBd O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr

dj ldrs gSA


18

2-6 vH;kl ds iz'ku (Questions for exercise)

fuEufyf[kr iz'kuksa ds mÙkj nsa&1. vk/kqfud d{kk esa vkn'kZ cSBd O;oLFkk dk Lo:i Li"V djsaA

Expalin the ideal seating pattern in modern classroom.

2. d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds fy, cSBd O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr djus ls iwoZ f'k{kd dks fdu ckrksa dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kkukpkfg,\What are the various points which a teacher should keep in mind while planning the seating

pattern?

3. fofHkUu izdkj dh cSBd O;oLFkk dk foLrkj ls o.kZu djsaADescribe in detail the various types of seating pattern.

4. vf/kxe mís'; d{kk dh cSBd O;oLFkk dks fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gSa\ lksnkgj.k Li"V djsaAHow does seating pattern affect the learning objectives? Illustrate.

5. **jpukRed cSBd O;oLFkk rHkh laHko gS tc fo|ky; izca/ku f'k{kdksa ds lkFk feydj dk;Z djsA^^ dFkudh iqf"V vius rdksZa }kjk djsaA"Creative seating organisation is possible only when school management works hand in

hand with teacher." Discuss with proper arguments.

2-7 izLrkfor ikB (Suggested reading)

1. Chadha D.S. : Classroom Management-Teaching and Techniques, Mittal Publication,

New Delhi, ISBN - 81-8324-683-4

2. Deb Kajal : Congnitive Development in Classroom, Adhyayan Publication &

Distributors, New Delhi, ISBN - 81-8435-041-4

3. Jena SPK : Behaviour Terapy, Techniques, Research and Application, Sage

Publications India Pvt. Ltd., ISBN - 978-0-7619-3624-4


19



3-1 çLrkouk (Introduction)

3-2 ';keiê (Chal Board/Black Boad)

3-3 eYVhehfM;k (Multimedia)

3-4 vksoj gSM izkstsDVj (Over Head Projector)

3-5 OgkbV cksMZ vkSj pkWd cksMZ (White Board & Chalk Board)

3-6 bZ&d{kk (E-Classroom)

3-7 LekVZ cksMZ (Smart Board)

3-8 ,tqdkWEi (EDUCOMP)

3-9 ,tqlsV }kjk f'k{kk (Education Through EDUSAT)


3-11 vH;kl ds iz'u (Question for Excercise)


bdkbZ % 3 rduhdh dk leUo;Unit : 3 Technology Integration

3.0 mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhx.k %

';keiê ds vFkZ dks le> ldsaxsA

';keiê dk iz;ksx mfpr <ax ls dj ldsaxsA

eYVhehfM;k dk vFkZ le> ldsaxsA

eYVhehfM;k ds izdkj dks crk ldsaxsA

vksoj gSM izkstsDVj ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA

20

bZ&d{kk] bZ&yfuZax] bZ&daVSaV ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA

bysDVªkWfud if=dk] bysDVªkWfud tuZYl] bZ&ykbczsjh ds iz;ksx ,oa mi;ksx ds ckjs tku ,oa crk

ldsaxsA

,tqdkWEi ,oa ,tqlsV ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA

mi;qZDr rF;ksa ls voxr djkuk gh bl bdkbZ dk mís'; gS A

3.1 izLrkouk (Introduction)

bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ';keiê ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh gsrq ';keiê dk vFkZ] izdkj]

';keiê dk;Z esa lko/kkfu;k¡] ';keiê ds mfpr <ax ls iz;ksx ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ;gh ugha bl

bdkbZ esa eYVhehfM;k dk vFkZ] eYVhehfM;k ds bfrgkl] eYVhehfM;k ds izdkj ,oa mi;ksx ij lfoLrkj ppkZ

dh xbZ gSA bl v/;;u esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa eYVhehfM;k ds iz;ksx ds ckjs esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vksoj gSM

izkstsDVj ds ckjs esa ,oa iz;ksx ds ckjs esa foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA OgkbV cksMZ vkSj pkWd cksMZ ds lekukUrj iz;ksx

ds ckjs esa foLrkj iwoZd ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

blds vykok bl bdkbZ esa bZ&d{kk] bZ&yfuZax] bZ&daVSaV] bysDVªkWfud if=dk] bysDVªkWfud tuZYl]

bZ&ykbczsjh] LekVZ cksMZ] ,ybZMh] ,tqdkWEi ,oa ,tqlsV ds ckjs esa foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vr% bl bdkbZ esa

bUgh fcUnvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

3.2 ';keiê (Chalk Board/Black Board)

f'k{kd ds fy, pkWd rFkk cksMZ mrus gh vko';d gS ftrus fd ,d lSfud ds fy, 'kL=A vPNk f'k{kd

lnSo budk iz;ksx djrk gSA ysfdu fdl izdkj ls budk lgh ,oa mfpr mi;ksx fd;k tk;s ;g ;qfDr cgqr

de f'k{kdksa dks Kkr gSA

Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy ns'k esa ;g ,d lkekU;&f'k{k.k dh lgk;d lkexzh gS] ftudk mi;ksx izR;sd

fo|ky; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA xzkeh.k gS] ftudk mi;ksx izR;sd fo|ky;ksa tgk¡ fd vU; JO;&n`'; lkexzh

dk vHkko ik;k tkrk gS] ';keiê dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

rduhdh dk leUo;

21

';keiê ij pkWd ls fy[kk tkrk gS blfy, bls pkWd cksMZ Hkh dgrs gSA ';keiê dh ifjHkk"kk& xqM~l

dh 'kSf{kd fMD'kujh esa ';keiê dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s fy[kk x;k gS&

"Chalkboard means a smooth surface for writing or drawing with Chalk or Crayon, generally,

made from Slab, glass, plastic porcelian, metal or wood or composition board painted with a dull

finish usually coloured black] pastel green or yellow and written upon with chalk or crayon as

sharply contrasting colour."

ijEijkxr f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh esa ';keiê lokZf/kd mi;ksxh midj.k gSA ';keiê Nk=ksa dks fn;s

tkus okys Kku dks ljy rFkk LFkk;h cukusa esa lgk;rk djrk gSA

';keiê dk vkfo"dkj loZizFke tsEl fofy;e us fd;k FkkA ';keiê dk lk/kkj.kr% fuEu dk;ksZ esa mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk gS&

1) ikB dk lkjka'k fy[kus ds fy,A

2) fdlh uke ;k 'kCn ds lEcU/k dks Li"V cukus ,oa egÙkk iznku djus ds fy,A

3) ikB dh :i js[kk fy[kus ds fy,A

4) fu;e] ifjHkk"kk rFkk f'k{k.k fcUnq nsus ds fy,A

5) lwpuk vadu] frfFk dk Kku nsus rFkk rkfydk vkys[ku ds fy,A

6) eq[; funsZ'k rFkk vkns'k fy[kus ds fy,A

7) fdlh oLrq ds Ø; dks Li"V djus ds fy,A

8) fp=] js[kkfp=] xzkQ] ekufp= rFkk yk{kf.kd mnkgj.k nsus de fy,A

9) fofHkUu midj.kksa ds fp=ksa esa fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds vkys[k ds fy, rFkk

10) dfBu 'kCn rFkk v{kjksa dks Li"V djus ds fy,A

3-2-1 ';keiê ds izdkj (Types of Blackboard) eq[;r% ';keiê fuEukafdr izdkj ds gksrs gS&

1) ydM+h ds ';keiê (Wooden Blackboard) & ;s rhu izdkj ds gksrs gS&

i) fLFkj ';keiê (Fixed Blackboard) & ,d cM+s ydM+h ds r[rs ij dkyk jax dj fn;k tkrk

gS rFkk bls nhokj ij fQDl dj fn;k tkrk gSA vr% bls fLFkj ';keiê dgk tkrk gSA

ii) LVS.M ij ';keiê (Blackboard on stand) & blesa ydM+h ds cM+s r[rs dks nksuks vksj ls

dkyk jax djds] ydM+h ds gh LVSa.M ij j[k fn;k tkrk gSA bl LVSa.M dks vkxs&ihNs o

Åij&uhps Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk bls ljyrk ls d{kk esa ;k d{kk ds ckgj ykdj iz;ksx

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iii) pfyr ';keiê (Moving Blackboard) & bl izdkj ds ';keiê dks iqyh (Pulleys) dh

lgk;rk ls pfyr cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk bls Åij&uhps] d{kk dh vko';drk vuqlkj fd;k tk

ldrk gSA tc ';keiê dk ,d Hkkx iwjk Hkj tk;s rks mls Åij vkSj [kkyh Hkkx dks fy[kus ds

fy, uhps ys vkrs gSaA

2) lhes.V dk ';keiê (Cemented Blackboard) & fo|ky;ksa ds d{kk d{k esa ydM+h ds ';keiê

rduhdh dk leUo;

22

ds LFkku ij lhes.V ds ';keiê dk iz;ksx T;knk gksus yxrk gSA d{kk Hkou curs le; gh d{kk esa

lhes.V dk ';keiê cuk fn;k tkrk gS ftl ij dkyk jax dj fn;k tkrk gSA bls fLFkj ';keiê Hkh

dgk tkrk gSA

3) pqEcdh; ';keiê (Magnetic Blackboard) & bu pqEch; ';keiêksa dk iz;ksx baXyS.M esa

vis{kkd`r vf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ';keiê yksgs ds cus gksrs gS rFkk pqEcd bu ij fQDlM

gksrs gSA blesa f'k{kd ljyrk ls fp=] Mk;xzke rFkk pkVZ vkfn pqEcd dh en~n ls fQDlM dj ysrk

gSA ;s NksVh rFkk cM+h nksuksa izdkj dh d{kkvksa esa mi;ksxh fl) gq, gSA

4) Xykl ';keiê (Glass Blackboard) & ;s ';keiê lhes.V ls cus ';keiê dh Hkkafr fLFkj gksrs

gSA ij lhes.V ds LFkku ij Xykl ¼'kh'ks½ ds cus gksrs gSA ;s T;knk etcwr rFkk mÙke Lrj ds ekus

tkrs gSA bu ij fy[kkoV Hkh T;knk Li"V rFkk izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA

5) ';keiê yisV (Rollup Board) & bls jkSyj] jkSyvki ;k yisVus okyk ';keiê Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

;g ';keiê Oil Cloth ij cuk;k tkrk gSA blds uhps rFkk Åij nks lkbM esa ydM+h dks xksykdkj

ifÍ;k¡ yxh gksrh gS] ftlls bUgsa ljyrk ls yisV dj ,d LFkku ls nqljs LFkku rd ys tk;k tkrk

gSA bl izdkj ds ';keiê dk iz;ksx f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k esa dkQh fd;k tkrk gSA

3-2-2 ';keiê dk mi;ksx (Use of Blackboard) & ';keiê dk fdl izdkj ls mi;ksx fd;k tk;s

rkfd f'k{k.k vf/kd izHkko'kkyh cu lds bl fo"k; ij dqN fopkj izLrqr fd;s tk jgs gSaA ';keiê ij fy[krs

le; /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd ';keiê ij okD; lh/kh iafDr;ksa esa fy[ks x;s gksaA frjNs] Å¡ps&uhps okD;ksa dks

fy[kus ls Nk=ksa dh vk¡[k ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gSA lkFk gh ns[kus esa Hkík izrhr gksrk gSA ';keiê lkexzh Li"V

,oa iBuh; gksuh pkfg,A vU;Fkk&

¼1½ Nk= d{kk esa v/;kid dks ckj ckj iwNdj rax djsaxsA

¼2½ Nk=ksa esa Li"Vrk (Clear Understanding) dk iznqHkkZo u gks ldsxkA

¼3½ dqn Nk= ';keiê dk;Z vLi"V le>dj iw.kZ :is.k Vky (Ignore) nsaxsA

¼4½ d{kk esa ';keiê ij cM+s v{kjksa esa fy[kuk pkfg, ftlls fd lcls fiNyh txgksa ij cSBs Nk= Hkh i<a

ldsaA f'k{kd dks bldk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd og tks dqN Hkh fy, jgk gS Nk=ksa ds fy, fy[k

jgk gSA

¼5½ ';keiê ij fy[kus ds i'pkr~ d{kk dh vks eq[k djds i<+kuk pkfg, D;ksafd v/;kid dks Nk=ksa dks i<+kuk

gS u fd ';keiê dks ysfdu ;fn dgha fdlh oLrq dh lwpuk vkfn dh O;k[;k djuh gS rks fy[krs le;

Hkh izk/;kid cksy ldrk gS ysfdu mldh vkokt rhoz gksuh pkfg, ftlls iwjh d{kk ljyrk ls lquus

esa leFkZ gks ldsA blh izdkj f'k{kd ';keiê ij fp= cukrs le; Hkh ';keiê dh vksj ladsr djrs gqq,

O;k[;k dj ldrk gSA ;g lR; gh dgk x;k gS fd v/;kid dks i<+kus ds lkFk&lkFk Nk=ksa dh n`';

,oa Jo.k 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

¼6½ ';keiê ij fy[krs le; bl izdkj [kM+k gksuk pkfg, ftlls fd izR;sd Nk= Hkyh&Hkkafr ns[k ldsA

dksbZ 'kCn ;k okD; fy[krs le; f'k{kd dks bl izdkj [kM+k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd mldk fy[kk gqvk

rduhdh dk leUo;

23

';keiê ij <+d tk;sA

¼7½ ';keiê ij fo"k; vFkok ikB dk uke fy[kuk pkfg, ysfdu ;g vko';d ugha gS fd og ';keiê ij

;wfuV fnukad vkfn fy[ks D;ksafd ;s lc Nk=ksa ds fy, gh fy[kh tkrh gSaA Nk=ksa dks budk Kku gksrk

gh gSA fujh{k.kdrkZ ikB&;kstuk ds }kjk ifjfpr gks ldrs gSa vr% bu lcdk fy[kuk le; dk nq:i;ksx

le>k tkrk gSA

¼8½ fp= cukrs le; vko';drk vuqlkj jaxhu pkWdksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, ftlls fd os vf/kd izHkko'kkyh

yxsa rFkk Nk=ksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr dj ldsaA

¼9½ d{kk ls tkus ls iwoZ ';keiê ij ftruk Hkh fy[kk x;k gS feVk nsuk pkfg, ftlls fd nwljs v/;kid

dks ;g dk;Z u djuk iM+s vkSj vki dks Hkh lkQ ';keiê feysA ;g dgk x;k gS fd & "Leave the

blackboard as you want it." O;fDrRo dk ';keiê dk;Z ls lEcU/k (Personality in Relations to

Blackboard work)

';keiê f'k{kd ds O;fDrRo dk niZ.k gSA d{kk esa f'k{kd ';keiê ij fy[krk gS rks og dSls [kM+k gksrk gS

fdl izdkj ls leL;kvksa dk lek/kku [kkstrk gS rFkk ifj.kke fudkyrk gS fdl izdkj ls i<+krk gS fdl

izdkj ls ';keiê dk;Z djrk gS ;g lHkh ,d f'k{kd ds O;fDrRo ds fu.kkZ;d dkjd gSaA ';keiê ij f'k{kd

dks vf/kd /;ku nsuk pkfg,A ;g lp gS fd "Hand writing is the symbol of personality and character."

';keiê f'k{kd ds fo"k; esa rFkk mlds O;fDrRo ds fo"k; esa gesa Kku iznku djrk gSA ';keiê f'k{kd ds

fo"k; esa rFkk mlds O;fDrRo ds fo"k; esa gesa Kku iznku djrk gSA ';keiê ij ;g vPNk dk;Z vofLFkr

,oa lqxfBr lkexzh Li"V ,oa lqUnj fy[kkoV f'k{kd ds vPNs O;fDrRo dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA vr% f'k{kd

dks pkfg, fd og Hkyh izdkj ,oa /;ku iwoZd ';keiê dk mi;ksx djs rkfd mldk O;fDrRo vf/kd

izHkko'kkyh cu ldsA izHkko'khyrk f'k{kd dk ,d vko';d xq.k gSA

';keiê lkjka'k ds mís'; (Aims of Blackboard Summary) &f'k{kd ';keiê dk mi;ksx fuEukafdr /;s;ksa

dh izkfIr ds fy, djrk gS&

1) Main points for retention.

2) Printing of facts on mind without gaming.

3) Audio-Visual aids

4) Helping weak students

3-2-3 ';keiê dk;Z esa lko/kkfu;k¡ (Precautions) & vPNs f'k{kd dks fuEukafdr lko/kkfu;k¡ ';keiê

ds mi;ksx ds le; /;ku esa j[kuh pkfg,&

1½ d{kk esa le>kus ds fy, fd;k x;k jQ dk;Z rFkk ';keiê ds dk;Z dks feyk;k u tk;sA vPNk rks

;gh gksxk fd jQ dk;Z lekIr gksrs gh feVk nsuk pkfg, ;k mls iFkd :i ls djuk pkfg,A

2½ ;fn d{kk ds le{k ';keiê ij dqN fp= izLrqr djus gS rks f'k{kd dks igys gh fu/kkZfjr dj ysuk

pkfg, fd ';keiê ds fdl o fdrus Hkkx esa mls fp= cukuk gS rFkk fdrus Hkkx esa mldk laf{kIr

o.kZu djuk gS rFkk fdl o fdrus Hkkx esa jQ dk;Z djuk gSA

rduhdh dk leUo;

24

3½ tc Nk= ';keiê lkexzh dks fy[kus esa O;Lr gks rks f'k{kd dks v/;kiu izkjEHk ugha dj nsuk pkfg,A

tc Nk= iwjk lkjka'k mrkj ysa rc gh f'k{kd dks v/;kiu dk;Z 'kq: djuk pkfg,A

4½ ';keiê dk;Z djus ds i'pkr Nk=ksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus okyh fofHkUu o O;FkZ dh ps"Vk,¡ ugha djuh

pkfg,( tSls& pkWd dks gkFk esa >qykuk ¼pkWd ls [ksyrs jguk½ ;k MLVj b/kj&m/kj ?kqekuk vkfnA ,slh

ps"Vk,¡ Nk=ksa dks v/;;u ls foyx djrh gSaA

5½ Free movement is permitted.

6½ ';keiê ij fy[krs le; d{kk esa ,slk okrkoj.k iSnk ugha djuk pkfg, ftlls —f=erk dk vkHkkl

gks vU;Fkk Nk= Hkyh&Hkk¡fr viuk /;ku i<+kbZ dh vksj ugha dj ik;saxsA

7½ ;fn dksbZ fp= vf/kd tfVy gks rks jkSyj cksMZ dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg,A fp= dks vf/kd izHkko'kkyh

cukus ds fy, jkSyj cksMZ ij fp= dh izkjfEHkd :ijs[kk rS;kj dj ysuh pkfg,A d{kk esa tkdj mls

vf/kd fodflr djuk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA

8½ ';keiê ij fy[krs le; dHkh xyr v{kj] okD;k ;k lwpuk ugha fy[kuh pkfg,A

9½ ';keiê lkexzh ;kstuk igys ls gh rS;kj dj ysuh pkfg,A

10½ ';keiê dh vksj eq¡g djds ugha cksyuk pkfg,A

11½ ';keiê ij v{kj yxHkx 2&2-1@2 bap ds vkdkj esa fy[ks tkus pkfg, rkfd d{kk dk fiNyh csap

ij cSBk gqvk Nk= Hkh ns[k ldsA

12½ Mk;xzke vkfn cukrs le; jaxhu pkWd dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

13½ fofHkUu vFkksZa o ckrksa ij cy nsus ds fy, Hkh jaxhu pkWd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

14½ ';keiê ij fy[krs le; f'k{kd dks viuh utj Nk=ksa ds fØ;kdykiksa ij Hkh j[kuh pkfg,A

15½ fy[krs le; f'k{kd dks yxHkx 450 ds dks.k ij [kM+k gksdj fy[kuk pkfg, & rkfd vf/kdre Nk=

';keiê ij D;k fy[kk tk jgk gS & i<+rsa tk;saA

16½ f'k{kd ';keiê ij tks dqN fy[ks d{kk dh vksj eq[k djds og cksyrk Hkh tk;sA

17½ ';keiê ij lkjka'k Nk=ksa ds lfØ; lg;ksx ls fodflr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

18½ ';keiê ij ekufp=@js[kkfp= ij Nk=ksa ds /;ku dks dsfUnzr djus ds fy, Pointer dk iz;ksx fd;k

tkuk pkfg,A

19½ ';keiê ij *MLVj^ ls v{kj vkfn feVkus dh vknr Mkysa] gkFk] dkxt ;k m¡xyh ls u fy[ksaA

';keiê dk izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx (Effective use of Blackboard) Jh ds0 lEiFk] ,0 ifUujlsyoe~ rFkk

,l0 laFkkue us ';keiê ds izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx gsrq fuEu pkVZ izLrqr fd;k gS &

B - Be kind and use me systematically.

L - Layout the writing plan in advance.

A - Arrange, Light, Angle and glare, arrangements.

C - Check coloured Chalk, Eraser, Ruler, Pointer & other templats.

K - Keep is clean, near, orderly.

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B - Be judicious - what to write and when to write.

O - Order (Stand on other side).

A - Attraction by colour capital letters underline & pointer.

R - Writing bright readable uniform straight & Horizontal.

D - Drawing with a purpose, easily, neatly but systemetically.

3.3 eYVhehfM;k(Multimedia)

eYVhehfM; vkSj ehfM;k esa QdZ gSa] D;ksafd ehfM;k dsoy fiazVsM VsoLV ;k gSaM & izksM;ql VªsfM'kuy

QkeZ dks gh fMLIys djrk gSaA eYVhehfM;k dks fjdkWMZ vkSj Iys fd;k tk ldrk gS] buQkesZ'ku daVsaV izkslsflax

fMokblsl ls bUVjSDV ;k ,Dlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSa] tSls fd dEI;wVjh—r vkSj bysDVªkWfud fMokblsl]

ysfdu blds lkFk gh ;g ykbo ijQkWjesal dk ikVZ gksrk gSA

eYVhehfM;k ,sls daVsaV gS] tks VsDLV ;k vkWfM;ksa] bestsl ,fues'ku] ohfM;ksa vkSj baVjSfDVo daVsaV tSls

fofHkUu daVsaV QkWeksaZ ds dkWfEcus'ku mi;ksx djrk gSA

3-3-1 eYVhehfM;k dk vFkZ %&

vklku 'kCnksa esa eYVhehfM;k dk vFkZ gS Þ,d ls vf/kd ¼esfM;e½ß nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Vsyhfotu izksxzke]

ewoht] ;gka rd fd lfp= iqLrdsa ;g lHkh eYVhehfM;k ds mnkgj.k gSa& ;s lHkh VsDLV] bestsl] lkmaM vkSj

eqoesaV dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA

3-3-2 eYVhehfM;k dk bfrgkl %&

okLrfod nqfu;k esa gkykafd tc vf/kdka'k yksx eYVhehfM;k ds ckjs esa ckr djrs g]Sa rks os dEI;wVj

eYVhehfM;k ds ckjs esa ckr dj jgs gksrs gSaA ;g 'kCn dEI;wVj xzkfQDl ohfM;ksa xse] vkWu&LØhu izstsaVs'ku]

vkSj vU; laHkkoukvksa dh ,d iwjh nqfu;k ds nk;js dk izfrfuf/kRo djus ds fy, vk x;k gSA

;g lc dgka ls 'kq: gqvk\ ;g dguk eqf'dy gS] ysfdu eYVhehfM;k ds 'kq:vkrh vkSj loksZÙke Kkr

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mnkgj.kksa esa ls ,d ohfM;kss xse Pong FkkA uksyu cq'kusy ¼vVkjh uke dh ,d ubZ daiuh ds laLFkkid½ }kjk

1972 esa fodkflr] bl [ksy esa nks ljy iSMy 'kkfey Fks] tks Vsful dh rjg ,d LØhu ij ÞckWyß dks ihNs

vkSj vkxs c<+krs FksA ;g ,d vkdsZM xse ds :i esa 'kq: gqvk vkSj varr% dbZ /kjksa esa lekIr gqvkA ,d ubZ

Økafr 1976 esa 'kq: gqbZ tc LVho tkWCl vkSj LVho oksf"u;kd us ,sIiy daI;wVj uked ,d LVkVZvi daiuh

dh LFkkiuk dhA ,d lky ckn mUgksaus ,Iiy 11 dk vukoj.k fd;k] tks igys jaxhu xzkfQDl dk mi;ksx

djus okyk daI;wVj FkkA

blds ckn daI;wVj Økafr rsth ls pyh 1981 esa vkbZch,l dk igyk ihlh ns[kk x;k] vkSj 1984 esa

mIiy esa eSfadaVks'k dks fjyht fd;k] tks ,d xzkfQdy ;wtj baVjQsl (GUI) dk bLrseky djus okyk igyk

daI;wVj flLVe FkkA eSfdUVks'k us igys ekml dks Hkh yk;k] ftlus yksxksa ds daI;wVj ds lkFk baVjSDV djus

ds rjhds dks ges'kk ds fy, cny fn;kA

eYVhehfM;k Qkby %&

,d eYVhehfM;k Qkby vkids daI;wVj ij dksbZ Hkh Qkby gks ldrh gS tks vkWfM;ks vkSj ohfM;ks] ;k

dsoy vkWfM;ksa ;k ohfM;ks Iys djrh gSA yksdfiz; eYVhehfM;k Qkbyksa ds dqN mnkgj.k .mp3 vkWfM;ks Qkby

.mp4 ohfM;ks] vkSj avi ohfM;ks] vkSj wmv Qkby 'kkfey gSaA

eYVhehfM;k lkW¶Vos;j %&

eYVhehfM;k lkW¶Vos;j og lkW¶Vos;j gksrk gSa] ftlesa lkmaM] fiDpj] fQYe vkSj VsDlV dks feDl

fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Multimedia Software dks u, eYVhehfM;k daVsaV cukus vkSj igys ekStwn daVsaV ds

fotwvy vkSj vkWfMVjh Qhpj dks c<+kus ds fy, Msoyi fd;k x;k gSaA

tSls fd blds ehfM;k 'kkfey gksrs gSa tks ,d&nwljs ds lkFk baVjfyad gksrs gSaA VeZ ehfM;k esa E;qftd]

ohfM;ks vkSj ,fuesVsM bestsl 'kkfey gksrs gS ftUgs eYVhehfM;k lkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx djds fØ,V vkSj

vkWfIVekbt fd;k x;k gSA Multimedia Software dks vDlj eYVhehfM;k izstsaVs'ku esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk

gS] tks Åij ds lHkh ,fyesaVl dks bfVxzsV vkSj dusDV djrk gSA

eYVhehfM;k VsDuksykWth %&

eYVhehfM;k VsDuksykWth baVjSfDVo] daI;wVj vk/kkfjr ,sIyhds'ku ls lacaf/kr gS ftlesa yksx fMftVy

vkSj fizaV ,fyesaV ds lkFk vkbfM;kt vkSj buQkWesZ'ku dE;qfudsV djrs gSaA

bl fQYM ds izksds'kuy vkWuykbu xzkfQDl vkSj daVsaV dks Msoyi vkSj eSust djus ds fy, daI;qVj

lkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ehfM;k VsDuksykWth fo'ks"kKksa dk dk; dbZ ehfM;k esa fd;k tkrk gSa] tSls

Vªsfuax izksxzkEl] osc ist vkSj U;wt lkbV~lA

3-3-3 eYVhehfM;k ds izdkj %&

eYVhehfM;k dh vkidh MsfQus'ku ds vk/kkj ij dgha Hkh ,d ntZu ls T;knk eYVhehfM;k ds lSdM+ksa

vf}rh; Vkbi gks ldrs gSaA

VeZ ÞeYVhehfM;kß dyk dh nqfu;k esa mRiUu gqvk] dyk—fr dk o.kZu djus dk ,d rjhdk gS ftlesa

dbZ vyx&vyx ehfM;k] tSls fd dksykt] ohfM;ksa ;k laxhr dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

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bldk vFkZ vf/kd lkekU; gks x;k vkSj vc ;g 'kCnksa] fp=] ,uhes'ku] ohfM;ks] vkWfM;ks vkSj vUrj

fØ;k'khyrk lfgr fdlh Hkh buQkWfeZ'ku daVsaV dks Hkh jsQj djrk gSA

buesa ls eYVhehfM;k ds Vkbi dqN bl izdkj ds gSa&

1 ½ Vsyhfotu ij eYVhehfM;k %&

'kk;n eYVhehfM;k ns[kus ds fy, lcls dkWeu txg vkidk Vsyhfotu LØhu gSA Vsyhfotu lsxesaV

esa muds eSlst dks izLrqr djus ds fy, ,uhes'ku] okMZ vkSj ohfM;ks dks dackbu fd;k tkrk gSaA vDlj]

Vsyhfotu izksxzkEl esa eYVhehfM;k xzkfQDl vkSj ,uhes'ku gksrs gSaA tks yksx bl rjg ds eYVhehfM;k cukrs

gSa mUgsa czkWMdkLV fMtkbuj dgrs gSaA

2 ½ eYVhehfM;k osclkbVl %&

osclkbV nwljs izeq[k LFkku gSa tgka eYVhehfM;k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d

U;wt lkbV fyf[kr ys[k izLrqr djrh gS tks fnu dh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu djrh gSaA blesa LykbM 'kks Hkk"k.kksa

;k lekpkj izlkj.kksa dh vkWfM;ks fDyi] izeq[k ?kVukvksa ds ohfM;ks dojst vkSj ,uhes'ku 'kkfey gks ldrs

gSa tks lekpkj fo"k;ksa dks fn[kkrs gSA

eYVhehfM;k osc fMtkbuj mudh lkbVksa ij eYVhehfM;k daVsaV dks vkWxZukbt djrs gSa vkSj is'k djrs

gSaA

3 ½ eYVhehfM;k buQkWesZ'ku fd;ksLd %&

eYVhehfM;k dk ,d vU; :i vDlj ekWy] gokbZ vìksa vkSj nqdkuksa tSls LFkkuksa ij ns[kk tkrk gS]

buQkWesZ'ku fd;ksLd ds :i esaA vkt Kiosks iwjh rjg ls vkVksesMsV vkSj baVjSDVho gksrs gSaA

3-3-4 eYVhehfM;k dk mi;ksx %&

dE;qfuds'ku ds bl orZeku ;qx esa] lc dqN dks izpkfjr djus dh vko';drk gS] pkgs og lekpkj

;k dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh gksA vf/kd ls vf/kd Vhoh pSuyksa ds m)kVu ds lkFk] foKkiu ,tsafl;ksa] bosaV eSustesaV

daifu;ka] ehfM;k dks vko';drk okLro esa c<+ xbZ gSA

eYVhehfM;k dqN Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj lc dqN tks vki ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj VsDLV] QksVks] vkWfM;ks]

ohfM;ks vkSj cgqr dqN ds :i esa lqu ldrs gSaA izR;sd m|ksx esa] pkgs gkWfLiVSfyVh ,fo,'ku cSfdax] chek]

lkbal vkSj VsDuksyksth vkfn] eYVhehfM;k dk mi;ksx yxHkx gj {ks= esa fD;k tk jgk gS] ;k rks dqN dks

izdkf'kr djus ;k fdlh vU; mís'; ds fy,A

1 ½ Advertising : ¼foKkiu½

foKkiu ds {ks= esa eYVhehfM;k ,d egku vkSj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA pkgs tks Hkh gks pkgs fizaV ;k

bysDVªkWfud foKkiu] os izksQ'kuy lkW¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx djds daI;wVj ij igys rS;kj gksrs gSa vkSj fQj bls

vafre vkWfM;al ds lkeus yk;k tkrk gSA bu lkW¶Vos;j ls eYVhehfM;k dk tUe gksrk gSA

2 ½ Education : ¼f'k{kk½

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa] eYVhehfM;k dk cgqr egRo gSA Ldwyksa ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k :i ls ckr djrs gq,] cPpksa ds fy,

eYVhehfM;k dk mi;ksx cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g f'k{kk vkSj izf'k{k.k ds {ks= esa cM+s iSekus ij mi;ksx fd;k

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tkrk gSA ;gka rd fd ijiajkxr rjhds ls geus f'k{kk nsus ds fy, vkWfM;ks dk bLrseky fd;k x;k FkkA

vktdy Dykl :e dh t:jr ml ikjaifjd i)fr rd lhfer ugh gS cfYd bls vc vkWfM;ks vkSj fotqvy

ehfM;k dh vko';drk gSA eYVhehfM;k ,d flLVe esa bu lHkh dks bafVxzsV djrk gSA

bu lHkh us daI;wVj vk/kkfjr izf'k{k.k dh ,d foLr`r J`[kyk ds fodkl dks c<+kok fn;k gSA

3 ½ Mass Media : ¼ekl&ehfM;k@lkewfgd ehfM;k½

;g lkewfgd ehfM;k ds {ks= esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] i=dkfjrk] fofHkUu eSxthUl vkSj

U;wt isij esa] tks le;≤ ij izdkf'kr gksrs gSaA

eYVhehfM;k dk mi;ksx ifCyf'kax gkml esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA D;ksafd v[kckjksa ds fMtkbu vkSj

vU; dke blls gksrs gSa vkSj ;g u dsoy VsdLV gS] ftls ge v[kckj esa ns[k ldrs gSa cfYd ge v[kckj

esa QksVksxzk¶l Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA ;g u dsoy U;wt isij dks ,d vkn'kZ mnkgj.k cukrk gS cfYd eYVhehfM;k

dh ;ksX;rk Hkh lkfcr djrk gSA

4 ½ Gaming Industry : ¼xse baMLVªh½

eYVhehfM;k ds lcls jksekapd ,sIyhds'ku esa ls ,d xsEl gSA vktdy ykbo baVjusV dk iz;ksx xsfeax dsfy, fd;k tkrk gS ftlls eYVhiy Iys;j xse yksdfiz; gSA bafVxzsVsM vkWfM;ks vkSj ohfM;ks bQsDV fofHkUuizdkj ds xsEl dks vf/kd euksjatd cukrs gSaA5 ½ Science and Technology :¼lkbzal vkSj VsDuksykWth½eYVhehfM;k ds ikl lkbal vkSj VsDuksykWth ds {ks= esa O;kid ,sIyhds'ku gSaA ;g vkWfM;ks] eSlst vkSj QkWesZVsMeYVhehfM;k M;kD;qesV~l dks VªkalQj djus esa l{ke gSA lkFk gh ;g vkWfM;ks eSlstsl ds ek/;e ls ykbobaVjSD'ku esa Hkh en~n djrk gS vkSj eYVhehfM;k ds lkFk gh ;g laHko gSA3-3-5 cgq&ek/;e mikxe (Multimedia Approach) dh fofHkUu izfof/k;ksa ds lkFk lEizs"k.k ek/;e dkiz;ksx cM+h vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lEiw.kZ vf/kxe ifjfLFkfr;ks dks mRiUu djdsvisf{kr mís';ksa dks izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA f'k{k.k lkexzh dks fofo/k :i esa ,d ikB~;&oLrq ds fy;s iz;qDrfd;k tkuk gh *cgqek/;e mikxe^ (Multimedia Approach) dgykrk gSA budk iz;ksx dsoy f'k{kd gh ughacfYd Nk= Hkh lh[kus ds fy;s djrs gSaA f'k{k.k esa cgqek/;e mikxe ds iz;ksx dks *vuqns'kkRed fodkl^(Indructional Development) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj f'k{k.k vf/kxe dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;ktkrk gSA3-3-5-1 cgqek/;e mikxe ds iz;ksx dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Multimedia Approach)

bl mikxe ds izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k o vf/kxe ds fy;s iz;ksx djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr i{kksa dk vuqdj.k djukvfr vko';d gSa&i) vfUre O;ogkjksa dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk mUgsa ifjHkkf"kr djukAii) ikB~;&oLrq rFkk O;wg&jpuk ;k vkO;wg (Strategy) dh O;oLFkk djukAiii) f'k{k.k fof/k ;k O;ofLFkr O;wg&jpuk dh iz;ksx esa ykukAiv) ewY;kadu dh izfØ;k esa ls xqtjukAv) fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds funku vk/kkj (Basis of Diagnosis) ij lq/kkjkRed vuqns'ku (Remedial Instruction)

dh O;oLFkk djuk rFkk i`"B&iks"k.k (Feedback) iznku djukA3-3-5-2 cgq&ek/;e ds iz;ksx ds fl)kUr (Principal of using Multimeda) d{kk&d{k f'k{k.k izfØ;kesa 'kSf{kd ek/;e iz;ksx djus esa fuEufyf[kr fl)karksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk vko';d gksrk gS&

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i) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk esa ek/;e ds fy;s rS;kj djukAii) leqfpr HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr rS;kj djukAiii) f'k{kd }kjk fuUrj ewY;kadu djrs jguk ftlls ek/;e dh izHkko'khyrk dk irk pyrk jgsAiv) mís';ksa dks n`f"V esa j[kdj leqfpr 'kSf{kd ek/;; dk p;u djukAv) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kd }kjk vuqlj.k ds fy;s ekxZ&n'kZu ;k funsZ'k iznku djuk rkfd os vuqHkoksa dks

izkIr djus esa lQy gks ldsaA

3-3-5-3 dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk }kjk vuqns'ku (Computer Assisted Instruction) 'kSf{kd rduhdh ds

gkMZos;j mikxe ds vko';d ;U=ksa esa dEI;wVj dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx O;fDrxr vuqns'ku

(Individualised Instruction) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA ;g LiV% vuqns'kukRed i)fr (Self-Instructional

System) ij vk/kkfjr gSaA dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx f'k{kk ds {ks= esa gh ugha c<+k cfYd blus O;kikj] m|ksx] ;q)]

'kklu iz.kkyh rFkk 'kks/k dk;Z vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj dk izHkko 'kksèk

dk;Z vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa dEI;wVj dk izHkko 'kks/k dk;Z fd;k ijh{kk iz.kkyh

vkSj vuqns'ku iz.kkyh esa vf/kdre ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% bls fo|qr efLr"d (Electronic Brain) Hkh dgrs

gSaA dEI;wVj }kjk iwoZ O;ogkjksa (Entering Behaviours) dks vk/kkj ekudkj vuqns'ku dk p;u djuk iM+rk

gSA3-3-5-4 dEI;wVj ds dk;Z (Functions of Computers) - f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa dEI;wVj ds fuEufyf[kr dk;ZgSa&1 ½ dEI;wVj }kjk vuqns'ku lkexzh dks ,df=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d gh izdj.k (Topic) ds ckjs esa

;g cÙkhl ¼32½ izdkj dh vuqns'ku lkexzh j[k ldrk gSA2 ½ dEI;wVj }kjk gh dkMksZ ij lwpukvksa dks bDÎk fd;k tkrk gSaA3 ½ lwpukvksa dk lEizs"k.k (Communication) dEI;wVj }kjk gksrk gSA dEI;wVj rFkk f'k{k.k izfØ;k

(Computer and Teaching Process) - lu 1965 esa ykjsUl LVksyqjks rFkk Msfu;y Msfol us lclstfVy f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa dk fodkl fd;k ftlesa f'k{kd ds LFkku ij dEI;wVj dk vuqns'ku dsizLrqrhdj.k ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k x;kA bUgksaus dEI;wVj dh f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡V fn;k&1 ½ iwoZ vuqoxZ f'k{k.k pj.k (Pre-Tutorial Phase)

2 ½ vuqoxZ f'k{k.k (Tutorial Phase)

izFke pj.k esa dEI;wVj vuqns'ku fof'k"V mís';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, fof'k"V fo|kFkhZ dks mlds iwoZ O;ogkj(Entering Behaviour) ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs pj.k esa mlds vuq:i vuqns'ku lkexzh izLrqr dhtkrh gSA fo|kFkhZ bldk v/;u djrk gSaA blds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ dh miyfC/k dk ekiu fd;k tkrk gSAvuqns'ku ds izLrqrhdj.k ds ckn dEI;wVj bldk fu;U=.k Hkh djrk gS vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iqucZyu(Reinforcement) Hkh iznku djrk gSAdEI;wVj ds ykHk (Uses of Computers) & orZeku vk/kqfud dky esa dEI;wVj ds iz;ksx us gj {ks= esa ,degku Økafr yk nh gSaA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa bldk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr dk;ksZa esa fd;k tkrk gSAi) 'kks/k&dk;ksZ esa lHkh vuqla/kkudÙkkZ fo'ys"k.k (Analysis) dk dk;Z dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls gh djrs

gSaAii) dEI;wVj dk iz;ksx 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku rFkk ijke'kZ vkfn esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSaAiii) ijh{kkvksa ds ifj.kke rS;kj djus ds fy;s Hkh dEI;wVjksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gSaAiv) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lq/kkjkRed f'k{k.k Hkh dEI;wVjksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

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3.4 vksoj gSM izkstsDVj(Over Head Projector)

;g Hkh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,d mÙke lEizs"k.k dh fof/k gSA blds mi;ksx djus ij pkWd rFkk ';keiê

dh vko';drk ugha jgrhA blesa fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr fo"k;&oLrq ij fofHkUu VªkUlisjsUlh (Tansparency)

rS;kj dh tkrh gS vkSj bUgsa insZ ij ;k nhokj ij iz{ksfir fd;k tkrk gSA izkstsDVj dks d{kk esa izn'kZu&est

ij j[kk tkrk gSA f'k{kd Nk=ksa dh vksj mUeq[k gksdj izkstsDVj esa rS;kj VªkUlisjsUlh j[krk gS vkSj izkstsDVj

dk lapkyu djrk gSA iz{ksfir lkexzh Nk=ksa ds lkeus vkrh gS vkSj f'k{kd vko';drk vuqlkj mldh O;k[;k

djrk gSA

tSlk fd uke ls fofnr gksrk gS] blesa fn[kk;h tkus okyh lkexzh dk izfrfcEc (Image) cksyus okys

ds ihNs rFkk mlds flj ds Åij ls vkrk gSA

" In overhead projection, a trasparent visual is placed on a horizontal stage on top of light source.

The light passes through transparency and then is reflected at an angle on to the screen in back of

the speaker."

vksojgSM izkstsDVj esa izR;{k izkstsD'ku ds fy, gSykstu (Halogen) ySEi (Linear or Pea650w) vFkok 30

oksYV dk yksdkseksfVo gSM ySEi ¼VªkUlQkWeZj ds lkFk½ yxk;k tkrk gSA vizR;{k izkstsD'ku ds fy, Tubuler

izkstsD'ku ySEi (750-1000w) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vksojgSM izkstsDVj ls VªkUlisjsUlh ds }kjk insZ ij ;k

nhokj ij izkstsD'ku fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ ckj VªkUlisjsUlh iz;ksx djrs le; ystj iSu dh lgk;rk ls

izkstsD'ku ds lkFk&lkFk ¼';keiê dh Hkk¡fr½ ml ij f'k{kd vko';drk vuqlkj izn'kZu ds le; esa fy[k

Hkh ldrk gS ;k Mk;xzke vkfn Hkh cuk ldrk gSA vksojgSM izkstsDVj ds iz;ksx ds le; izkstsDVj dk *Qksdl^

Li"V j[kuk pkfg,] rkfd Nk= ljyrk ls lkexzh ns[k ldsa rFkk mls i<+ ldsaA ,d ckj izkstsDVj dh fLFkfr

lSV djus ds ckn mls fgykuk&Mqykuk ugha pkfg,A izkstsDVj ds cYc dks gkFk ls ugha Nwuk pkfg,A cYc

T;knk yEcs le; rd tyk;s u jf[k;s vU;Fkk blds ¶;wt gksus dk vans'kk jgrk gSA gj ckj mi;ksx ds

ckn izkstsDVj dk Cyksvj pyk nsuk pkfg,A blds ySUl rFkk niZ.k dks mfpr oL= ;k czq'k ls lkQ djuk

pkfg, rFkk fctyh ds mrkj&p<+ko ds fy, LVscykbtj dk iz;ksx vko';d gksrk gSA vksoj gSM izkstsDVj

ls iz{ksfir dh tkus okyh lkexzh dk VªkUlisjsUlh ij fy[kk ;k fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ikjn'kZd gksrh

rduhdh dk leUo;

31

gS tks ,slhVsV dh cuh gksrh gSA bl ij T;knkrj Qkbcj Iokb.V dye ;k ystj iSu ls fy[kk tkrk gSA

vksojgSM izkstsDVj] leLr iz{ksfir gksus okys izkstsDVlZ esa lcls ljy iz{ksfir gksus okyk izkstsDVj gSA

blds }kjk 18 x 22.5 cm vkdkj dh rS;kj VªkUlisjsUlh dks cM+k djds iz{ksi.k 1.5 m x 1.5 m vkdkj esa

ljyrk ls yk;k tk ldrk gSA blesa f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds lkeus jgrk gS rFkk eye to eye contact cuk jgrk

gSA VªkUlisjsUlh gkFk ls cukbZ tk ldrh gS] mu ij lUns'k] Mk;xzke rFkk LdSp vkfn forj.k vafdr fd;k

tkrk gSA vko';drk iM+us ij bUgsa Vkbi djk dj QksVksdksih;j ¼thjksDl e'khu½ }kjk Hkh rS;kj fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

dqekj ¼1996½ us vksojgSM izkstsDVj dh O;k[;k djrs gq;s fuekafdr 'kCnksa esa bldk fooj.k izLrqr fd;k gS&

"The transparency to be projected is placed upon a glass platform about 25 cm square size. The

light from a tungsten halogen light source below passes through the head] a system of a lens and

a mirror, to make an image on the screen. A thermostalically controlled cooling fan is prorided in the

lamphouse to blow air in the vicinity of the light source. The image on the screen is focussed by

turning a knob which raises or lowers the projection head. The projection head is also titted up or

down in order to centre the image on the screen. The idea position for the screen is the corner to

the right of the speaker to use the entire stage & to refer to the transparencies or writer on them

without obstructing the light.

vksojgSM izkstsDVj esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh VªkUlisjsUlht esa vaafdr lans'[email protected] fp= vkfn dh

Nfo (Image) lkQ] iBu ;ksX; rFkk Li"V gksuh pkfg;sA blds fy;s fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s&

a) VªkUlisjsUlht ij fy[ks 'kCnksa ds vkdkj de ls de 6 cm vo'; gksuk pkfg;sA

b) vafdr ykbusa FkksM+h eksVh gksuh pkfg;sA

c) d{kk esa ;fn 1 ehVj dk inkZ yxk;k x;k gS rks d{kk esa Nk=ksa dh vafre ykbu vkSj insZ ds e/; 6

ehVj ls vf/kd nwjh ugh gksuh pkfg;sA

vkt ds ;qx esa vksojgSM izkstsDVj dk iz;ksx fofHkUu lsehukjksa] okdZ'kkWiksa] lEesyuksa vkfn ds lkFk lkFk d{kk

f'k{k.k esa Hkh cgqr mi;ksxh ik;k x;k gSA

VªkUlisjsUlh ij fy[kus ds fy;s ÞekdZj iSuß dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg;sA lk/kkj.k LdSpisu bl ij dke ugha

djrs] muls fy[kk gqvk] gkFk yxus ij feV tkrk gSA

f'k{kd dks d{kk esa vksoj gSM izkstsDVj dk iz;ksx djus ls iwoZH;kl djuk vko';d gSA

vksojgSM izkstsDVj ds fuEu izeq[k Hkkx gksrs gS&

1- dSfcusV 2- izkstsDVj ySEi 3- B.Mk djus dh O;koLFkk rFkk Qksdl O;koLFkkA

3.5 OgkbV cksMZ vkSj pkWdcksMZ(White Board and Chalk Board)

pkWd cksMZ vkSj OgkbV cksMZ rdZlaxr :i ls f'k{k.k ds lkFk tqM+s lcls izfrf"Br midj.k gSaA 'kks/k ls

irk pyrk gS fd Nk=ksa dks dbZ rjhdksa ls fo'ks"k :i ls n`'; lk/kuksa ¼es;j] 2003½ ds ek/;e ls izLrqr

rduhdh dk leUo;

32

tkudkjh izkIr djds csgrj lh[kuk iM+rk gS] vkSj cksMZ 'kk;n lcls ljy n`'; f'k{k.k midj.k gSaA

gky ds o"kksZa esa] izf'k{kdksa us ikojikWbaV izLrqfr;ksa vkSj baVjSfDVo OgkbVcksMZ ¼vkbZMCywch½ ds i{k esa cksMksZa dks

cny fn;k gSA gkykafd] lh[kus ds ifj.kkeksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ varj izrhr ugh gksrk gS tc cksMksZa ij

gLrfyf[kr dh ctk; ikojikWbaV esa ogh tkudkjh izLrqr dh tkrh gS ¼'ksyØkWl] 2007½A blds vfrfjDr]

vkt rd] vkbZMCywch of/kZr f'k{k.k ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk esa d{kk ,dhdj.k ds fy, vkSj vf/kd tfVyrkvksa dks

is'k djus yxrs gS] vkSj lfØ; f'k{kk ds fy, mudh {kerk vHkh Hkh v/;;u esa gS ¼djlsUVh 2016½A blds

ctk;] ,d v/;;u esa ik;k x;k fd tc izf'k{kdksa us ikojikWbaV ij lkexzh izLrqr dh vkSj pkWdcksMZ ds ekè;e

ls lkexzh ij foLrfjr fd;k] rks Nk= vf/kd lfØ; Fks vkSj izf'k{kdksa us dsoy ,d midj.k ¼ehvks] 2013½

dk mi;ksx djus ds ctk; iz'u iwNus esa vf/kd le; fcrk,A bl v/;;u esa cksMZ ds fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj

ds cksMZ ds fy, ,d eq[; dk;Z gSA mUgsa d{kk esa lfØ;f'k{kk dks izksRlfgr djus ds fy, vklkuh ls mi;ksx

fd;k tk ldrk gSA izf'k{kq Nk=ksa dks O;fDrxr :i ls vkSj lewgksa ds ek/;e ls leL;k lqy>kus vkSj fnekx

dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds lkFk layXu djus ds fy, cksMZ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k

f'k{k.k midj.k ds :i esa mudh varfuZfgr igqap] cgqeq[kh izfrHkk vkSj vuqdwyrk ds dkj.k nksuks izdkj ds

cksMksZa dks f'k{kdksa nokjk n'kdksa rd ewY;oku ekuk tkrk gSA bUgsa fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls Nk=ksa vkSj izf'k{kdksa nksuksa

}kjk O;k[;ku lsfeukj vkSj f¶+yi d{kkvksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS]tSls fd %&Û O;k[;k ls lkexzh izLrqr djukAÛ d{kk ;k O;k[;ku ds ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku djukA

Û O;k[;ku esa ubZ tkudkjh 'kkfey djuk ;k igys ls izLrqr tkudkjh ij foLrkj djukA

rduhdh dk leUo;

33

¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] Nk= iz'u ;k fVIi.kh ds tokc esa fooj.k½

Û O;fDrxr ;k lewg leL;k gy djus esa Nk=ksa dks O;Lr djukA

Û d{kk brainstorming ds ek/;e ls Nk= fopkjksa dks Eliciting A

d{kk ds fofHkUu izdkj ds mik[;kuksa cksMZ mi;ksx ds cgqeq[kh izfrHkk vkSj lfØ; ?kVdksa dks vaMj Ldksj dj

ldrs gS %

& ,d n'kZu izf'k{kd vius O;k[;ku d{kk esa fofHkUu rjhdksa ls nks pkWdcksMZ dk mi;ksx djrk gSA d{kk ls

igys] og ml fnu ds O;k[;ku esa 'kfey gksus okys eq[; fo"k;ksa dh :i js[kk ds fy, ,d cksMZ dk mi;ksx

djrh gSA vius O;k[;ku ds nkSjku] tc Hkh og ,d u, fo"k; esa laØe.k djrh gS] rks og bl cksMZ ij

izklafxd fo"k; esa laØe.k djrh gS] rks og bl cksMZ ij izklafxd fo"k; dks VSi djrh gSA og eq[; okD;ka'k

fy[kus] mnkgj.kksa dks fpf=r djus vkSj Nk= iz'uksa dks nwj djus ds fy, O;k[;ku ds nkSjku nwljs cksMZ dk

mi;ksx djrh gSA og bl nwljs cksMZ dks vDlj vko';drkuqlkj feVk nsrh gS] tcfd igyk cksMZ iwjs

O;k[;ku ds fy, cuk jgrk gSA

& ,d thofoKku izf'k{kd vius O;k[;ku esa ,d OgkbVcksMZ vkSj ,d ikoj ikWbaV izLrqfr nksuksa dk mi;ksx

djrk gSA og eq[; :i ls Nk=ksa dks tkudkjh nsus ds fy, ikojikWbaV dk mi;ksx djrh gSA og eq[; 'kCnksa

ij tksj nsus ds fy, OgkbVcksMZ dk mi;ksx djrh gS] LykbM ls mnkgj.kksa ij foLrkj djrh gS] vkSj lfØ;

:i ls Nk=ksa dks 'kfey djrh gSA Nk=ksa dks gy djus ds fy, vyx&vyx Nk=ksa ls eqykdkr djrh gSa vkSj

tc ds =qfV;ka djrs gSa rks cksMZ ij Nk= ds dke dks lq/kkjrk gSA

& ,d vFkZ'kkL= izf'k{kd izfr o.kZ rhu ls Ng pkWdcksMZ dk mi;ksx djrk gSA muds O;k[;ku esa eq[; :i

ls lehdj.kksa dks le>k;k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa leL;kvksa ds fy, ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA tc og cksMZ ij fy[krk

gS] og vDlj ?kwerk gS vkSj lh/ks Nk=ksa ls iwNrk gS vkSj iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsrk gS] voyksdu djrk gS] vkSj vad

Li"V djrk gSA

& ,d ekuo foKku izf'k{kd vius d{kk esa pkWdcksMZ dk mi;ksx efLr"d dh xfrfof/k;ksa dks gy djus ds

fy, djrk gSA dHkh dHkh og Nk=ksa dks lewgksa esa foHkkftr djrh gS] ;k cksMZ ij vius mÙkjksa dks fjdkWMZ djus

ds fy, lewgksa dks vkeaf=r djrh gSA nwljh ckj og Nk=ksa dks fpifpik uksV~l ij O;fDrxr :i ls vius

mÙkjksa fjdkWMZ djus nsrh gS vkSj cksMZ ij vius mÙkj Mkyrh gSA

& ,d bfrgkl f'k{kd ges'kk egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld frfFk;ksa] ukeks vkSj jhfMax ls ?kVukvksa ds fy, Nk=ksa ls

iwNdj lsfeukj 'kq: djrk gSA og bu oLrqvksa dks cksMZ ij ,d le; js[kk ij fy[krk gS vkSj fQj Nk=ksa

ds chp laca/kks] lg laca/kks vkSj izHkkoksa dks yscy vkSj le>krk gSA

vuq'kalk,¡

d{kk ls igys-----------

Û [kaMks dks cksMksZa esa foHkkftr djsa & ,d vuqHkkx iwjs ikB esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bls lkQ

vkSj fQj ls mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d vkSj [kaM izf'k{kd }kjk iwjs le;kof/k esa egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh

nsus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls ml fnu ds ikB dh lajpukA

rduhdh dk leUo;

34

Û d{kk dh lajpuk fy[ksa & izf'k{kdksa esa fo"k;ksa] xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj lh[kus ds y{;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk

pkfg,] rkfd Nk=ksa dks ges'kk irk py lds fd f'k{k.k dgka py jgk gSA izf'k{kd d{kk ds nkSjku iwjk dj

ldrs gSa D;ksafd os d{kk ds nkSjku iwjk dj jgs gSA var esa] izf'k{k.k Nk=ksa ds lkFk ikB fo"k;ksa dh leh{kk dj

ldrs gSaA ikBd O;kofLFkr vkSj izHkkoh j[kus ds fy, fiNM+s fMtkbu ds fl)kar ds vuqlkj ikB dks rS;kj

djus ij fopkj dj ldrs gSaA

Û igys ls uksV~l rS;kj djsa & izf'k{kdksa dk p;u dj ldrs gSa fd os dkSu lh egRoiw.kZ lkexzh fy[ksaxs

vkSj os lkexzh dks O;kofLFkr :i ls O;kofLFkr djuk pkgrs gSaA de ls de] izf'k{kd cksMZ ij fy[kdj d{kk

ds nkSjku tksj nsus okys ,dy 'kCnksa ;k okD;ka'kksa dh ,d lwph cuk ldrs gSA mUgs oxZ ds nkSjku uksV~l ls

lh/ks dkWih djus ds fy, Lora= eglwl djuk pkfg,] [kkldj lehdj.k&Hkkjh ikBksa ds fy,A

Û vH;kl ys[ku & izf'k{kdksa dks cMs+ Li"V ik=ksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A dkuwuh :i ls fy[kus ds

fy, izf'k{kd dh {kerk vf/kdre izHkkodkjh ds lkFk OgkbV cksMZ@pkWdcksMZ dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ,d

iw.kZ 'krZ gSA

Û tYnh igqaps & ;fn izf'k{kd dks fy[kus esa yack le; yxrk gS rks os d{kk ls igys egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh

fy[k ldrs gS ;k xzkQ rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA

d{kk ds nkSjku-------------

Û jksdsa vkSj ,d rjQ dne mBk,a&tcfd izf'k{kd cksMZ ij fy[k jgk gS] Nk= ;g ns[kus esa l{ke ugha

gS fd D;k fy[kk tk jgk gSA izf'k{kdksa Nk=ksa dks cksMZ ls izfrfyfi cukus] lkexzh dks ipkus vkSj iz'u cukus

ds fy, le; ns ldrs gSaA

Nk=ksa dk lkeuk djsa & gkykafd cksMZ ij tks fy[kk x;k gS mls ns[kus ds fy, eksgd gks ldrk gS] ysfdu

izf'k{kq Nk= ls ckr djrs le; cksMZ dk lkeuk djus ls cpus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA vka[kksa ds laidZ Nk=ksa

dks O;k[;ku esa O;Lr dgus esa enn djrk gS] vkSj Nk=ksa dk lkeuk djus okys f'k{kdksa dks lkexzh dh viuh

le> dks ekius dh vuqefr nsrk gSA blds vykok] Nk= Nk=kvksa dh vksj cksyrs le; izksQslj dks lquus esa

l{ke gksrs gSaA

Û eq[; okD;ka'k & Nk= dbZ :iksa ds ek/;e ls csgrj lh[krs gSa] blfy, izf'k{kq mUgsa tksj ls dgdj

mUgsa fy[kdj eq[; okD;ka'kksa ds izfr/kkj.k dks c<+k ldrs gSaA izf'k{kq mUgsa js[kkafdr ;k ifjpkfyr djds

egRoiw.kZ 'krksZa ij tksj nsus ds fy, Lora= eglql dj ldrs gSaA

Û ys[ku dks [kjksap u djsa & cksMZ ij dejs ls ckgj fudyus ij] izf'k{k.k dks cksMZ ds ekftZu esa fy[kus

dh dksf'k'k ugha djuh pkfg,A Nk= ,sls NksVs ys[ku dks ns[kus esa l{ke ugha gksaxsA izf'k{kdksa us ?kks"k.kk dh

gS fd mUgsa cksMZ dks feVkuk gksxk vkSj Nk=ksa dks izkjafHkd :i ls ;kn fd, x, fdlh Hkh pht dh izfrfyfi

cukus dk ekSdk nsuk gksxkA

Û fouksn ds lkFk Mªk & ;gk¡ rd fd vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls ;fn ,d izf'k{kd ,d dq'ky dykdkj ugha

gS] rks izf'k{kdksa dks vkdf"kZr djus ls Mjuk ugha pkfg,A ,d mnkgj.k Fkk leL;k dks fpf=r djus ds fy,

fd, x, xank fp= d{kk esa ,d fouksnh rRo iznku dj ldrs gSA

rduhdh dk leUo;

35

Û xyfr;ksa dks rqjar feVk,a & vxj cksMZ ij dksbZ xyrh gks rks izf'k{kd bls ikj dj ldrk gS] fQj

lq/kkj fy[k ldrk gSA blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vius uksV~l esa okil tkus dk ekSdk feyrk gS] xyrh ds lkFk

fgLlk fey tkrk gS] vkSj ifjgkjA

Û lgt jgsa & vxj izf'k{kd dks irk pyrk gS fd rS;kj lkexzh gkFk ls fo"k; dks O;Dr djus ds fy,

vi;kZIr gS] rks cksMZ dks izLrqfr dks nwj djus vkSj rS;kj O;k[;ku ls ijs tkus ds fy, fu;ksftr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

Û Nk=ksa dks fnekxh rwQku vkSj ,d vo/kkj.kk ekufp= cuk,a & Nk= dkWy djrs gS fd os fdlh fo"k;

;k fof'k"V iz'uksa ds muds mÙkj ds ckjs esa igys ls D;k tkurs gS] vkSj izf'k{kd cksMZ ij lHkh fopkjksa dks

fy[krk gSA lkFk esa] d{kk cksMZ ij vo/kkj.kkvksa ds chp laca/kksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djus okys izf'k{kd ds lkFk ,d

vo/kkj.kk ekufp= cuk ldrh gS ¼uksokd] 2008½

d{kk ds ckn-------

Û d{kk l= ij izfrfcafcr djsa & fn;k x;k l;;] d{kk l= ds ckn rRdkjizfrfcac izf'k{kdksa dks etcwr

vkSj detksj {k.kksa dks lajf{kr vkSj ;kn j[kus esa enn dj ldrk gSA cksMZ vDlj lgk;d eseksjh fMokbl

ds :i esa dke dj ldrk gSA

Û cksMZ dh izfrfyfi cuk,a ;k dSIpj djsa & cksMZ vDlj okrkZyki ds ekufp= egRoiw.kZ Nk= fcanqvksa dk

fjdkWMZ vkSj Hkkoh d{kk l=ksa ds fy, ,d CywfizaV ds :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gSaA izf'k{kdksa cksMZ dks QksVksxzkQ

dj ldrs gS ;k ckn ds oxZ fu;kstu esa mi;ksx ds fy, egRoiw.kZ {k.kksa dh izfrfyfi cuk ldrk gSA

Û cksMZ feVk,a & vxj vxyh d{kk ds izf'k{kd tYnh igqapuk pkgrs gSa vkSj cksMZ rS;kj djuk pkgrs

gS] rks feVkus ls mudk le; vkSj dq'ky cuus esa enn feysxhA

3.6 bZ&d{kk(E - Classroom)

pkWd vkSj CySdcksMZ ds fcuk f'k{k.k rduhd ds ek/;e ls laHko gks x;k gS tks ekSfyd lajpukRed ifjoZruksa

dks mRikndrk esa egRoiw.kZ lq/kkj izkIr djus ds vfHkUu vax ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSaA ;g f'k{k.k vkSj lh[kusa

nksuksa dks leFkZu djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA izkSn~;ksfxdh fMftVy lh[kus ds midj.k tSls daI;wVj

vkSj gkFk ls vk;ksftr midj.kksa ds lkFk d{kkvksa dks izsfjr djrh gSA

Nk= :f/k vkSj izsj.kk( vkSj lh[kus esa rsth ykus ds fy, izks|ksfxdh ds ikl tqM+s f'k{k.k ds u, ekWMy

esa f'k{k.k djds f'k{k.k dks cnyus dh 'kfDr Hkh gSA ;g ekWMy vius Nk=ksa dks vkSj is'ksoj lkexzh] lalk/kuksa

vkSj iz.kkfy;ksa ds fy, f'k{kdksa dks vius funsZ'kksa dks lq/kkjus vkSj lh[kus dks O;S;fDr—r djus esa enn djus

ds fy, tksM+rk gSAgekjh 'kS{kf.kd rduhd ds fgLls ds :i esa bZ&d{kk vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa ubZ tkudkjh rd igqapus

ds fy, ck/kk dks [kRe djrh gS vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa ds chp varj dks xq.kDrk lh[kus ds fy, [kkst ds fy, varjdks fczftax djrh gSA

bl izdkj dh f'k{kk f'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa@Nk=ksa dks 'kSf{kd lalk/kuksa vkSj vU; izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk

mi;ksx djus ds vDlj iznku djrh gS tks 'kS{kf.kd mRikndrk esa o`f) dj ldrs gS] tks funsZ'kd lkexzh

rduhdh dk leUo;

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ls tqMs+ ykxr dks de djus vkSj f'k{kd ds le; dk csgrj mi;ksx djus dh nj dks rst dj ldrs gSaA

;g nwjLFk f'k{kk dk;ZØe ds :i esa tkus okys vkeus lkeus vkSj vkWuykbu lh[kus ds voljksa dks

'kfey djds fefJr lh[k Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftl fMxzh dh vkWuykbu f'k{kk gksrh gS] vkSj ftl rjg

ls bls ikB~;Øe esa ,dh—r fd;k tkrk gS] og Ldwyksa ls fHkUu gks ldrk gSA Ldwy vk/kkfjr funsZ'kksa ds lkFk

vk¡uykbu lh[kus dh j.kuhfr dk mi;ksx vDlj mPp fMxzh ds lkFk&lkFk Nk=ksa dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,

f'k{kdksa dks lek;ksftr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mUgsa Ldwy ds igys ;k ckn dke djus esa l{ke cukrk

gS tks iw.kZdkfyd ikjaifjd d{kk funsZ'k ds lkFk laHko ugha gSA

bZ&d{kk esa lh[kus dh nj esa rsth ykus] Ldwy ds ?kaVksa ds ckgj lh[kus dk le; ysus] funsZ'kd lkexzh

dh ykxr dks de djus vkSj f'k{kd ds le; mi;ksx djds 'kS{kf.kd mRikndrk esa lq/kkj djus dh {kerk

Hkh gSA

;g mR—"Vrk dh fn'kk esa vf/kd lh[kus ds fy, ldkjRed lksp vkSj [kksp dh fn'kk esa Nk=ksa dh

ekufldrk fodflrk djus esa Hkh enn djrk gSA

;s xzkeh.k bykdksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksxh gks ldrs gS tgka vkWuykbu f'k{kk f'k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dks tkudkjh ds fy, lqyHk vkSj nwjh ls mcjus esa enn dj ldrh gSA

bysDVªkWfud xzsM fdrkcsa] fMftVy iksVZQksfy;ks] lh[kus ds [ksy tSls fMftVy lalk/ku f'k{kdksa vkSj

Nk= iznZ'ku ij lh[kus ds vf/kd vkd"kZd vkSj laoknkRed f'k{k.k rjhdksa dks cukus esa enn djus ds fy,

,d 'kfDr'kkyh midj.k gSa] dqN rjhdksa ls rduhd lh[kus ds fy, rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk

gSA

3.6.1 bZ&yfuZax@bZ&f'k{kk(E - Learning/E - Education)

bZ&f'k{kk vfuok;Z :i ls dkS'ky ,oa Kku dk dEI;wVj ,oa usVodZ lefFkZr gSA bZ&f'k{kk bysDVªkWfud

vuqiz;ksxksa vkSj lh[kus dh izfØ;kvksa ds mi;ksx dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA bZ&f'k{kk ds vuqiz;ksxksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa

esa osc vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr f'k{kk vkHkklh d{kk,¡ vkSj fMftVy lg;ksx 'kkfey gSaA ikB~;

lkefxz;ksa dk forj.k baVjusVA ,DLVªk usV] vkWfM;ks ;k ohfM;ksa Vsi mixzg Vh0 oh0 vkSj lhMh jkse ds ek/;e

ls fd;k tkrk gS bls Lo;a ;k vuqns'k ds usr`Ro esa fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk ek/;e ikB] Nfo] ,uhes'ku]

LVªhfeax] ohfM;ks vkSj vkWfM;ks gSA

bZ&f'k{kk ds lekukFkZd 'kCnksa ds :i esa dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr izf'k{kk (CBP), b.VjusV vk/kkfjr izf'k{kk

(IBT) ;k osc vk/kkfjr izf'k{kk (WBP) tSls laf{kIr 'kCnksa dk bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkt Hkh dksbZ

O;fDr bZ&f'k{kk ds fofHkUu :iksa tSls e - learning ds lkFk&lkFk mijksDr 'kCnksa dk bLrseky gksrk gSA

bZ&yfuZax@bZ&f'k{kk ds ykHk (Advantages of E - Education)

bZ&f'k{kk ls YkkHk fuEufyf[kr gSa&

1 ½ bZ&f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls iznZ'ku dk;ksZa dks vf/kd fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd vkerkSj ij izR;{k

ikB~;Øeksa dk vuqlj.k djds mPprj f'k{kk ds fy;s v/;;u djus okys Nk=ksa dh rqyuk esa vkWuykbu

v/;;u djus okys Nk=ksa dk izn'kZu dkQh csgrj ik;k x;kA

rduhdh dk leUo;

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2 ½ of/kZr mi;ksx lcls vf/kd cqf) okys izf'k{kd vkWuykbu lsokvksa ds ek/;e ls vius Kku dks lk>k

dj ldrs gS rFkk ekU;rk izkIr fo'ks"kKksa ds ikl fdlh Hkh bPNqd O;fDr dks U;wure ykxr gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ,e0 vkbZ0 Vh0 vksiu dkslZ os;j dk;ZØe us fo'ofo|ky; ds ikB~;Ø; vkSj

O;k[;ku ds i;kZIr va'kksa dks eq¶r vk¡uykbu miyC/k djk fn;k gSA

3 ½ f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh lqfo/kk dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bZ&f'k{kk Lo;a dh lqfo/kkuqlkj Hkh izkIr dh tk ldrh gS

vkSj bldk f'k{kk l= 24x7 dh vof/k esa miyC/k jgrk gSA lHkh vkWuykbu ikB~;Øeksa ds fy;s mPp

izkSf|fxdks dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA blds fy;s vkerkSj ij cqfu;knh b.VjusV mi;ksx vkWfM;ks

vkSj ohfM;ks dh tkudkjh gksuk vko';d gSA bLrseky fd;s tkus okys izkSf|fxdh ds vk/kkj ij Nk=

dke ds oDr Hkh viuk ikB~;Øe 'kq: dj ldrs gSaA

4 ½ 21oha lnh esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa esa vko';d dkS'ky o {kerk fodflr djuk csV~l dgrs gSaA bl ikB~;Øe

ds Hkhrj lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkSf|fxfd;ksa ds mi;ksx dks vUr% LFkkfir dj Kku ds vk/kkj ij dke

djus okys yksxksa ds fy;s vko';d dkS'ky dks fodflr djus esa f'k{kkFkhZ dks leFkZ cukrk gSA bZ&f'k{kk

ds mi;ksx esa f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds ikB~;Øe fMtkbu vkSj ewY;kadu dk izeq[k vk'k; fufgr gksrk gSA

bZ&daVSaV (E - Content)

bZ&daVSaV ls rkRi;Z ml fo"k; lkexzh ls gS ftls baVjusV ij fofHkUu osclkbVl }kjk osc ist ds :i esa izkIr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fo"k; lkexzh fo"k; & fo'ks"kKksa ;k daVSaV jkbVj }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA bldh

eq[; fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa vko';drk vuqlkj izfrfnu u;s vk;ke tM+rs jgrs gSa vkSj ;g izk;% lHkh

{ks=ksa ls lEcfU/kr uohu tkudkfj;k¡ miyC/k djkus esa l{ke gSA lu~ 2003 esa esxkbt (Maguise) us ,d

losZ{k.k esa ik;k fd yxHkx 90 izfr'kr yksx ykbczsjh ,oa bUQkjes'ku lkbal ls lEcfU/kr ys[k fy[kus ds

bPNqd Fks vkSj muesa 60 izfr'kr osclkbV ds fy, fy[kuk pkgrs FksA osc ist ds fy, ys[k mlh izdkj pkgrs

FksA osc ist ds fy, ys[k mlh izdkj fy[ks tkrs gSa tSls lekpkj&i= o if=dk esa fy[ks tkrs gSaAfofHkUu fo"k;ksa

ls lEcfU/kr lkexzh ys[kd (Content Writer) f'k{kk ikBdksa ds fy, jkspd ,oa mi;ksxh cukdj osc ist ds

:i esa rS;kj djrs gSa ftlls ikBd viuh vko';drkuqlkj lqfo/kktud <ax ls mldk mi;ksx dj ldsA

vktdy bZ&daVSaV jkbfVax dks O;olk; dk :i ns fn;k x;k gSA bZ&daVSaV jkbVj dsoy daVSaV rS;kj gh ugha

djrk oju~ mls update Hkh j[krk gSA vius fo"k; dks xgu tkudkjh j[kus okyk O;fDr bZ&daVSaV ds ekè;e

ls nqfu;k esa viuh igpku cuk ldrk gSA ,d O;fDr }kjk fy[ks x, ys[k ;k v/;;u lkexzh ls dsoy izns'k

;k ns'k gh ugha lEiw.kZ nqfu;k ds yksx Hkh voxr gks ldrs gSaA bZ&daVSaV dh eq[; Hkk"kk ;|fi vaxzsth gS ysfdu

vc fgUnh o vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh miyC/k gks ldrk gSA

mPp xq.koÙkk dh n`f"V ls f'k{kk ds {ks= esa bZ&lkexzh ds fodkl ij cy fn;k tk jgk gSA ;w0th0lh0

us fofHkUu fo"k;ksa f'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr vf/kxe ds fy, rS;kj mi;qDr 'kSf{kd lkexzh dks ;wthlh dk niZ.k

lkbVl ij lHkh f'k{kdksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds fy, lqyHk cuk fn;k gSA ;g 'kSf{kd lkexzh ¼bZ&daVSaV½ egkfo|ky;ksa

,oa fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa }kjk fn'kk funsZ'ku ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj dh tkrh gSA vkt fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dks fo"k; lEcU/kh tkudkjh ,d lwpukvksa ds ,d=hdj.k ds fy, iqLrdky; bR;kfn esa tkus dh vko';drk

rduhdh dk leUo;

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ugha gSA ?kj ij cSBdj og dEI;wVj dh lgk;rk ls lkjh tkudkfj;k¡ vklkuh ls izkIr dj ldrs gSa blls

le;] /ku] o 'kfDr dh cpr gksrh gSA de le; esa vf/kd ls vf/kd tkudkfj;k¡ izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

fo'o izfl) ys[kdksa ,oa ys[kksa ls voxr gksus dk ;g ,d izHkko'kkyh ek/;e gSA

vr% bZ&daVSaV f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,d vk/kqfud uokpkj gSA izfr;ksfxrk ds bl nkSj esa ;gk¡ ,d nwljs

ls vkxs fudyus dh gksM+ yxh gqbZ gS] ;g gksM+ pkgs O;fDr&O;fDr ds chp gks ;k ns'k&ns'k ds chp] 'kSf{kd

uokpkjksa dk Kku] mudk iz;ksx ,oa muls ykHkkfUor gksuk vki dh vko';drk cu pqdh gSA ftl ns'k esa bu

'kSf{kd uokpkjksa dk iz;ksx ftruk vf/kd fd;k tk,xkk og 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls mruk gh fodflr ,oa mUur

gksxkA Hkkjr esa ;)fi bu uokpkjksa dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r esa fd;k tk jgk gS fdUrq xzkeh.k ,oa nwj&njkt {ks=ksa

esa vHkh Hkh bl izdkj dh lqfo/kvksa dk vHkko gSA vr% vko';drk gS fd baVjusV dh lqfo/kk,¡ xk¡oksa esa Hkh nh

tk,¡ ftlls Hkkjr ds fodkl esa og Hkh viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsaA

bysDVªkWfud if=dk (Electronic Magazine or E-Magazine)

foKku ,oa rduhdh ds fodkl us gekjh 'kSyh dks Hkh izHkkfor fd;k gSA vkt dkxt dye vkSj iqLrdksa ds

LFkku ij dEI;wVj] baVjusV vkSj osclkbV (Website) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i eqfnzr

(Printed) if=dkvksa dh txg /khjs&/khjs bysDVªkWfud if=dkvksa dk izpyu c<+ jgk gSA igys if=dk ,d

iqLrd ds :i esa cktkj esa miyC/k gksrh Fkh] mldk ,d fuf'pr ewY; gksrk Fkk ysfdu vc bysDVªkWfud if=dk

osc ist (Web Page) ds :i esa miyC/k gksrh gS vkSj dEI;wVj }kjk baVjusV ds ek/;e ls izdkf'kr dh tkrh

gSA m;ksxdÙkkZ vko';drkuqlkj /kj cSBs fu%'kqYd bu if=dkvksa dks i<+ ldrk gSaA osc ij bZ&if=dk,¡ fofHkUu

fo"k;ksa tSls vkfFkZd] LokLF;] f'k{kk] foKku] fpfdRlk] bathfu;fjax bR;kfn ij vyx&vyx miyC/k gksrh gSA

mi;ksxdÙkkZ 'kh"kZd ds vuq:i iBu lkexzh izkIr djrk gS rFkk vko';drkuqlkj iBu lkexzh dks dEI;wVj

dh eseksjh esa nh/kZdky rd lqjf{kr j[k ldrs gSA bZ&eSxthu ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh tkudkjh] ys[k ;k lwpuk

ls ,d gh le; esa iwjh nqfu;k ds yksx voxr gks ldrs gSaA ;g de [kphZyh loZlqyHk ,oa cgqmís';h gksrh

gSA tks 'kgj ;k cktkj ls nwj jgrs gS] vkokxeu esa ftUgsa dfBukbZ gksrh gS muds fy, bZ&if=dk vR;Ur

ykHknk;h gSA vkSipkfjd] vukSipkfjd ;k vkSipkfjdsrj vfHkdj.kksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs lHkh

Nk=ksa ds fy, ;g vR;f/kd mi;ksxh gSA bZ&if=dk f'k{kdksa] oSKkfudksa] O;olkf;;ksa bR;kfn lHkh ds fy,

mi;ksxh gSA

bZ&if=dk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,d uokpj gSA ;k fodflr ns'kks dh nsu gS rFkk 'kSf{kd rdfudh dk

fodflr ,oa ifj"—r :i gSA lwpuk ,oa Kku izkIr djus dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ L=ksr gSA igys bZ&if=dk dsoy

vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa gh miyC/k gksrh Fkh ysfdu vc fgUnh o vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn ds :i esa iBu lkexzh izkIr

dh tk ldrh gSA oÙkZeku le; esa fodflr ns'kksa esa bldk iz;ksx cgqrk;r gS NksVs 'kgjksa ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa

esa jgus okys Nk= bl lqfo/kk dk ykHk mBkus ls oafpr gSaA vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ;g vko';d

gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa nwjLFkkuksa ij jgus okys Nk=ksa ,oa f'k{kdksa rd ;g lqfo/kk miyC/k djk;h tk, ftlls

Hkwe.Myhdj.k ;k Hkwe.Myh; xzke dh ifjdYiuk lkdkj gks ldsA

bysDVªkWfud tuZYl (Electronic Journals or E-Journals)

rduhdh dk leUo;

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lwpuk ,oa lEizs"k.k rduhdh ds fodkl us lEiw.kZ fo'o esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu mRiUu fd;s gSaA jsfM;ks] Vh0oh0]

VsyhQksu] eksckby] dEI;wVj vkfn us ekuo thou ds izR;sd {ks= dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA vkt vUrfj{k esa NksM+s

x;s ekuo fufeZr mixzg Hkh lapkj ds lk/ku gSaA ;s lwpukvksa ds vknku&iznku esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

mixzg dks i`Foh ls iznÙk lkexzh izsf"kr dh tkrh gSA ;g lkexzh f'k{kk lEcU/kh] euksjatu lEcU/kh vFkok izpkj

lEcU/kh gks ldrh gS mixzg bl lkexzh dks okil i`Fkoh ij Hkst nsrk gS tks izlkj.k dsUnzksa }kjk xzg.k dj

yh tkrh gSA 20 flrEcj 2004 dks f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ,MqlSV (Edusat) ds iz{ksi.k ds lkFk gh Hkkjr esa vUrfj{k

rduhdh esa ,d u;k vk;ke LFkkfir fd;k x;kA bl mixzg dk mís'; 'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fo|ky;]

egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa mPp f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ls tqM+dj mUgsa mixzg vk/kkfjr f'k{kk iznku djuk gSA vkt

vHkklh d{kk d{k O;oLFkk (Virtual Class-room) dEI;wVjh—r iqLrdsa] bysDVªkWfud i= if=dk,¡] baVjusV

fMthVy iqLrdky; bR;kfn egÙoiw.kZ LFkku xzg.k djrh tk jgh gSa izkFkfed f'k{kk ls ysdj mPp f'k{kk ,oa

nqfu;k Hkj dh tkudkjh /kj cSBs gh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA blh fn'kk esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ iz;kl bZ&tuZy gSA

bZ&tuZYl ;k bysDVªkWfud tuZYl dks LdkWyj ;k ckSf)d tuZy (Scholar or Intellectual Journal)

Hkh dgk tkrk gSA izdk'k osc }kjk vkWuykbu gksrk gSA oYMZ okbM osc (www) dks gh osc dgk tkrk gSA osc

*loZjksa^ (Servers) ds :i esa L=ksrksa dks miyC/k djkus okyh ,d iz.kkyh gS] tks lalkj ds fdlh Hkh LFkku ij

cSBs gq, lHkh mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks Net ij lHkh izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ ,oa tkudkfj;k¡ iznku djus dh {kerk j[krh

gSA vr% bZ&tuZy ,d fof'k"V izdkj dh ikB~;&lkexzh gksrh gS ftldk mís'; fof'k"V fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr

v/;;u ,oa 'kks/k dk;Z ds fy, 'kSf{kd lkexzh miyC/k djkuk gSA

lu~ 2001 esa tSDlks (Jacso) us bZ&tuZYl esa izdkf'kr fo"k; lkexzh dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj dgk fd

bUgsa bZ&tuZy ds LFkku ij fMftVy tuZy (Digital Journal) dguk vf/kd mi;qDr gSA mUgksaus nl lwpuk

foKku ds bZ&tuZy dk p;u fd;k vkSj N% vkWuykbu MsVk csl ij lEizsf"kr fd;k gSA bZ&tuZYl ,lksfl,'ku

vkWQ fjlpZ ykbczsjht (Association of Research Libraries) }kjk izdkf'kr bZ&tuZYl dh funsf'kdk

(Directory) ls izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSa rFkk osYl fo'ofo|ky; ds Fkkel iSjh iqLRdky; (Thomas Paray

Library) esa lwpuk foKku bZ&tuZy dh funsf'kdk }kjk Hkh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds vfrfjDr vU;

osc lkbVl ij funsf'kdkvksa dh lgk;rk Hkh yh tk ldrh gSA vktdy eqfnzr tuZYl dh vis{kk vkWu vkbu

tuZYl dk izdk'ku vf/kd fd;k tk jgk gSA

;g tuZYl ijEijkxr tuZYl vFkkZr~ eqfnzfr tuZYl (Printed Jurnals) ls fHkUu gSA bZ&tuZYl iw.kZ

:i ls bysDVªkWfud :i ls izlkfjr o forfjr fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj mi;kxdÙkkZ mUgsa fu%'kqDy izkIr djrs gSA

tcfd eqfnzr tuZYl dk ,d fuf'pr ewY; gksrk gS ftls iz;ksxdÙkkZ ;k xzkgd dks ewY; vnk (Pay) djuk

iM+rk gSA vf/kdka'k bZ&tuZYl O;kolkf;d (Commercial Journals) gS tks lnL;rk ;k (Pay per

Journals) ij vk/kkfjr gSaA os bZ&tuZy dk igyk b'kw (Issue) fu%'kqYd dj ldrs gS] dqN Book Reviews

Hkh fdlh ys[k (Article) ds dqN i`"B fu%'kqYd dj ldrs gSa] ckdh ds fy, 'kqYd nsuk vko';d gks ldrk gSA

vf/kdka'k vkWu vkbu&bZ&tuZYl HTML vkSj PDF izk:i esa izdkf'kr gksrh gSA dqN DOC esa vkSj dqN dks

,e ih 3 (MP3) vkWfM;ks esa Hkh izdkf'kr djuk 'kq: fd;k tk jgk gSA izkjEHk esa dqN bZ&tuZYl ASCII esa

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izdkf'kr dh tk pqdh gSA 1995 esa izdkf'kr gksus okyk bZ&tuZYl dh la[;k yxHkx 26 Fkh fdUrq vktdy

;s vR;kf/kd izpfyr gks jgs gSa vkSj budh la[;k izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gSA

bZ&ykbczsjh (E - Library)

E - Libraries Digital fdrkcksa dk laxzg gSA Digital fdrkcsa lh0 Mh0] isuMªkbo o b.VjusV }kjk i<+h tk ldrh

gSA vxj E - Libraries dh vuqØef.kdk fo"k;oLrq ds vuqlkj mfpr rjhds ls cuk;h tk;sa rks dksbZ Hkh fo"k;

gesa E - Library dh dkSu&lh fdrkc esa feysxk] bldk irk cgqr ljyrk ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA E - Library

lk/kkj.k ykbczsjh dh vis{kk cgqr de txg esa lapkfyr dh tk ldrh gSA Nk= fo"k; oLrq dks u flQZ i<+

ldrs gS] MkmuyksM dj ldrs gS] fizaV vkmV ys ldrs gSA ;g ykbczsjh esa miyC/k fdrkcksa ds izdk'kd ij

fuHkZj djrk gSA E - Library dks izcfU/kr djus ds fy;s cktkj esa dbZ lkW¶Vos;j miyC/k gS] tks Librarian

ds dke dks dkQh lqxe cuk nsrs gSA

3.7 LekVZ cksMZ(Smart Board)

d{kk esa izkS|kSfxdh% LekVZ cksMZ ds ykHk

;fn vki Þle; ds lkFkß gSa rks vki vius d{kk esa ,d LekVZ cksMZ ds fy, HkkX;'kkyh gks ldrs gSaA ;g

baVjSfDVo OgkbVcksMZ la;qDr jkT; Hkj esa dbZ d{kkvksa esa vksojgsM izkstsDVj dh txy ys jg gSAd{kk esa LekVZ

cksMZ izkS|;ksfxdh ,d lkekU; ikB ysdj vkSj bls ,d etsnkj] vf/kd laoknkRed esa cnydj vkids ikB~;Øe

dks le`) dj ldrh gSA vius d{kk esa ,d LekVZ cksMZ djds d{kk esa izkS|kSfxdh dk mi;ksx djus ds dqN

'kkunkj Qk;ns ;gka fn, x, gSaA

d{kk esa izkSf|;ksfxdh% LekVZ cksMZ Nk=ksa ds lh[kus ds vuqHko dks c<+krs gSaA

iwjs ns'k esa d{kkvksa esa] LekVZ cksMZ LFkkfir fd, tk jgs gSa D;ksafd ;g vnHkqr rduhd u dsoy f'k{kdksa dks

fl[kkrh gS] cfYd ;g Nk=ksa dks lh[kus ds rjhds dks Hkh c<+krh gSaA ;g n`'; rRoksa dks is'k djds Nk=ksa dks

,d le) lh[kus dk vuqHko iznku dj ldrk gSA ;g vyx&vyx lh[kus dks cgqr vklku cukrk gS D;ksafd

f'k{kd vyx&vyx 'kSf{kd 'kSfy;ksa dks lek;ksftr djus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA fotqvy f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks OgkbV

cksMZ dk fujh{k.k djus esa l{ke gSa] tcfd Li'kZ lh[kus okys cksMZ dks Nwdj lh[k ldrs gSaA VpLØhu fodYi

f'k{kdksa viuh maxyh ds VSi ds lkFk izksxzke pykus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA blls u dsoy f'k{kk ds fy, usfoxsV

djuk vklku gks tkrk gS] cfYd Nks=ksa ds fy, HkhA

rduhdh dk leUo;

41

blds vykok] Nk=ksa ds fy, lh[kus dk vuqHko bl rduhd }kjk c<+k;k tkrk gSa D;ksafd Nk=ksa ds

fy, vkjs[k] pkVZ] ohfM;ks vkSj vf/kd ns[kus dh {kerk] muds lkeus fo'kky LØhu ijA mudh f'k{kk thou

esa vkrh gS] vkSj dbZ Nk=ksa dks igys ls dgha T;knk lh[kuk vf/kd etsnkj yxrk gSaA LekVZ izkSf|;ksfxdh

baVjsfDVo gSA

'kk;n LekVZ cksMZ lcls cMs+ Qk;nksa esa ls ,d baVjSfDVo gksus dh mudh {kerk gSA 'kks/k us ckj&ckj

izn'kZu fd;k gS fd tc Nk= iwjh rjg ls O;Lr gksrs gS rks Nk= loZJs"B lh[krs gS] vkSj lh[kus ds fy, gkFkksa

ls lh[kuk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA bl rduhd ds lkFk] d{kk esa gj cPps dks ,d gh le; esa LekVZ cksMZ

dk mi;ksx djus vkSj lh/ks mu ij fy[kus dh {kerk gksrh gSA vf/kdka'k LekVZ cksMksZa esa vyx&vyx odZ Lisl

gksrs gS] blfy, dbZ cPps ,d ckj LekVZ cksMZ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ;g var fØ;k'khyrk Nk=ksa dks ,d

VScysV ds ek/;e ls fy[kus vkdf"kZr djus ;k uksV ysus dh {kerk iznku djrh gSA

LekVZ cksMZ dk mi;ksx djuk cgqr vklku gS vkSj cgqrde j[kj[kko dh vo';drk gSA cksMZ pkWd ;k ekdZj

dk mi;ksx ugha djrs gSa ¼tks xUnk gks ldrk gS½ & vki dsoy viuh maxyh ;k ,d fo'ks"k dye dk mi;ksx

djrs gSA vidks ;g Hkh irk pysxk fd mUgsa lkQ djus ds lkFk&lkFk cuk, j[kuk cgqr vklku gSA

vkids ikl vkWuykbu lalk/kuksa rd igq¡p gS

LekVZ rduhd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks vkWuykbu lalk/kuksa rd vklku igq¡p iznku djrh gSA mUgsa d{kk esa LFkkfir

fd;k tk ldrk gS rkfd lHkh Nk= daI;wVj ,fIyds'ku ds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh osclkbV ;k ohfM;ks ns[k ldsaA

f'k{kdksa ds ikl cgqr ls Kkuh MsVkcsl rd igq¡p gS tks mUgsa vius ikBksa dks etcwr djus esa enn dj ldrh

gSA Nk= ifj;kstuk dks iwjk djus ;k fdlh Hkh 'kks/k djus esa mudh lgk;rk ds fy, lalk/kuks dh ,d foLr`r

J`[kyk rd vklkuh igq¡p ldrs gSaA

os i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy gSa

;fn vki Þgjs jax ds tkvks dh ryk'k esa gSaß] rks ;gka vkidk ekSdk gSA LekVZ cksMZ i;kZoj.k ds muqdwy gSa

D;ksafd ;g fdlh Hkh odZ'khV~l vkSj dkxtkr dh vko';drk dks lekIr djrk gSA dkxtkr ds oxZ lsV

dks QksVksdkWih vkSj fizaV djus dh vko';drk ugha gksxhA ;s baVjSfDVo cksMZ gj lky Mai fd, x, Vu vkSj

Vu cckZn isij vkSj L;kgh dks [kRe djus esa i;kZoj.k dh enn djsaxsA

LekVZ cksMZ izkSf|;ksfxdh ,dhdj.k ds fy, vuqefr nsrs gSa LekVZ cksMZ ds dbZ ykHkksa esa ls ,d izkS|kSfxdh

,dhdj.k dh {kerk gSA f'k{kd vius daI;wVj] ohfM;ks] dSejs] fMftVy dSejs] lw{en'khZ vkSj cgqr dqN vkSj

layXu djus esa l{ke gSa ftUgsa vki funsZ'k esa lgk;rk ds fy, lksp ldrs gSaA

v/;;uksa ls irk pyk gS fd d{kk esa izkS|kSfxdh dk mi;ksx lQyrk dh nj lkfcr gqbZ gS( ;g VsLV Ldksj

c<+krk gS] pkSdlrk c<+rk gS] vkSj dqN le>kus ds fy, le> c<+krk gSA

f'k{kd fjiksZV djrs gSa fd LekVZ cksMZ dk mi;ksx djus okys vius d{kkvksa esa tk uacj ykHk feyrk gSa og Nk=

tqM+ko esa o`f) gSA ;s baVjsfDVo cksMZ f'k{kdksa ds fy, d{kk orkoj.k cukus ds fy, vlk/kkj.k volj iznku

djrs gSa tgka fofHkUu 'kSf{kd 'kkSfy;ksa okys Nk= ,d&nwljs ls lh[k ldrs gSaA ;g vklku&ls lh[kus okyh

rduhd ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd nksuksa f'k{kd vkSj muds Nk= 21oha 'krkCnh ds dkS'ky fodflr dj jgs

rduhdh dk leUo;

42

gSa ftUgs mUgs vkt dh nqfu;k esa lQy gksus ds fy, vko';d gSA

f'k{kk ds fy, ,y bZ Mh baVj,fDV LekVZ cksMZ

,y bZ Mh baVjsfDVo LekVZ cksMZ ds lkFk ,d u, Lrj esa lh[kuk&

izkSf|;ksfxdh gj le; rsth ls cnyrh gS vkSj f'k{k.k vkSj lh[kus ds fy, miyC/k mPpxq.koÙkk okys daI;wVj

vk/kkfjr lalk/ku yxkrkj c<+ jgs gSa vkSj lq/kkj jgs gSaA ;g cgqr izHkkfor gqvk gS fd ge dSls jgrs gSa vkSj

gekjs lh[kus esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd Ldwy Hkh cny x;k gSA f'k{kk esa ;g ifjorZu Nk=ksa dks O;Lr

jgus esa enn dj jgk gSA ;g Nk=ksa dks jpukRedrk fodflr djus vkSj bl rjg ls vf/kd lac) gksus esa

l{ke cukrk gS] vkSj vf/kd jksekapd lh[kus esa l{ke cukrk gSA blfy, ;g Nk= ds Hkfo"; ds fodkl esa

,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

os fnu Fks tc d{kk,¡ ikjaifjd pkWd cksMZ dh LFkkiuk rd lhfer Fkh----- gkykafd d{kk esa rduhd miyC/k gS]

fQj Hkh f'k{kd vius Nk=ksa rd igaqpus esa vlQy gks tk,axs ;fn muds ikl ,d laxfBr f'k{k.k 'kSyh ugha

gSA f'k{k.k lgk;rk Nk=ksa dks Rofjr vkSj csgrj lkexzh dk v/;u vkSj le>us esa enn djrh gSA fotqvy

,M~l] vkWfM;ks] CySdcksMZ pkWd pkWdcksMZ] iksLVj] rLohj bu ,M~l esa ls dqN gSaA twe fotqvy ihVh fyfeVsM

,d f'k{k.k midj.k ds lkFk bu lHkh f'k{k.k ,M~l dk mi;ksx djus ns ldrk gSA f'k{kk ds fy, ;g ,y

bZ Mh baVjsfDVo LekVZ cksMZ gSA

,y bZ Mh baVjsfDVo LekVZ cksMZ D;k gS\

bl rduhd us f'k{k.k lkW¶Vos;j vkSj baVjusV lalk/kuksa dh nqfu;k rd igqap iznku djus okys LekVZ cksMksZa

ls iwjh rjg ls nwj fd, fcuk f'k{k.k vkSj lh[kus dk vuqHko c<+k;k gSA f'k{kk ds fy, ,y bZ Mh baVjsfDVo

LekVZ cksMZ ,d mPp ifjHkk"kk Vp ikWbaV LØhu gS tks LekVZ cksMZ ds leku gS tks daI;wVj ij Lo;a vkSj ,d

izkstsDVj ds :i esa dke dj ldrh gS tks Qkbyksa dks izfnf'kZr dj ldrh gSA N=ksa ds lh[kus esa enn ds

fy, vc ;g vn~Hkqr LekVZ cksMZ uksVl vkSj vkjs[kksa dks lgstus esa vklku midj.k gSaA blesa iksVsZcy dye

esa Hkh dSejk cuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa ekuo vn`'; y{; izkstsDVj ;k fMLIys ds Hksts x;s fp= LVªhe esa Mkys

x, gSa] ftlesa fLFkfr tkudkjh 'kkfey gS] tgka ohfM;ks dSejk fooj.k ns[krk gS vkSj vkxs va'kkadu ds fcuk

rduhdh dk leUo;

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vko';d inksa dh x.kuk djrk gSA ;s tsLpj ds ek/;e ls vkSj bldh 'kfDr'kkyh iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls izLrqfr

dks vklku cukrk gS] pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;ksZa dks vklkuh ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s ,y bZ Mh baVjsfDVo LekVZ cksMZ

'kSf{kd lsfVaXl esa fo'ks"k :i ls vkd"kZd gSa D;ksafd ;g Nk=ksa dks ikjaifjd pkWdcksMZ dh rjg bjst+j fy[kus

vkSj mi;ksx djus ds fy, isu vkSj maxfy;ks dk mi;ksx djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA usfoxsV djus ds fy,

esuw dks ljy MkWi Mkmu ds lkFk] lh[kus dh izxfr etsnkj] vd"kZd vkSj lg;ksxh gS D;ksafd ;g dbZ

mi;ksxdÙkkZvksa dk leFkZu dj ldrh gSA f'k{kk ds fy, ,y bZ Mh baVjSfDVo LekVZ cksMZ dk mi;ksx djds]

f'k{kd lcd ds egÙoiw.kZ fcanq fn[k ldrs gSa] iz'u vkSj leL;k,a lwphc) dh tk ldrh gSa] Nk=ksa dh ckrphr

dks mÙksftr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rktk 'kq: dj ldrk gS] f'k{kd dks ikB ij vius Nk=ksa dk /;ku dsfUnzr

djus esa enn djrk gSA

baVjsfDVo ehfM;k ij LoHkkfod :i ls izfrfØ;k djus ds fy, ekuo efLr"d okFkZM fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ

'kksèkdÙkkZvksa us fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd tc os lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ys jgs gS rks Nk= vf/kd rsth ls lh[krs gSaA

,y bZ Mh baVjsfDVo LekVZ cksMZ d{kkvksa vkSj lh[kus ds okrkoj.k esa lg;ksx dk ,d u;k Lrj ykrk gSA ;g

f'k{kd dks okLrfod le; esa f'k{k.k vof/k ds lHkh fo"k;ksa dks is'k djus vkSj dSIpj djus esa l{ke cukrk

gSA baVjsfDVo Vp VsDuksykWth igys ls igys Nk=ksa dks layXu djrh gSA ftlls lg;ksx vkSj dq'ky lh[kus

esa enn feyrh gSaA

twe fotqvy ihVh fyfeVsM us flQkfj'k dh gS fd izR;sd Ldwy dks ekStwnk izkstsDVj dks cnyus ;k fdlh

Hkh u, d{kkvksa ds fy, f'k{kk ds fy, vius ,y bZ Mh baVjsfDVo LekVZ cksMZ ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A

3.8 ,tqdkWEi¼LekVZ Dykl½ Educomp (Smartclass)

,twdkWEi Hkkjr esa fLFkr lcls cM+h f'k{kk dEiuh gS tks fo|ky; esa dkS'kyksa dk lapkyu djrh gSA

,tqdkWEi lewgksa csgrj Hkfo";&fuekZ.k gsrq 20-9 djksM+ vf/kxedrkZvksa rd o 32]208 fo|ky;ksa rd viuh

lsok,¡ f'k{kk lEcU/kh {ks=ksa rd igq¡prk gSA bl dEiuh dh lQyrk dk vkdyu rduhdh {kerk vk/kkfjr

mRiknksa] mPp xq.kkoÙkk;qDr yksxksa] lajfpr izfØ;kvksa o lkewfgd usr`Ro {kerk }kjk yxk;k tk ldrk gS tks

,d lkFk feydj mls vykSfdd ¼vrqyuh;½ cuk nsrh gSA Ldwy tksu okys NksVs cPpksa ls ysdj iksLV xzstq,V

Nk=ksa ds fy, izkjfEHkd Lrj esa i<+ jgs Nk=ksa ls ysdj tkWc ekdsZV esa tkus okys cPpksa ds fy, ,tqdkWEi dEiuh

viuh f'k{kk lEcU/kh lsok,¡ igq¡pk jgk gSA

bldh LFkkiuk 1994 esa dh xbZ o bl le; bl dEiuh ds dk;kZy; iwjs fo'o esa dk;Zjr gSa ftuesa

ls dk;kZy; dukM+k o ,d Jhyadk esa gSA nks flaxkiqj esa 3 vesfjdk o Hkkjr esa gSA ,tqdkWEi dEiuh viuh

lsok,¡ 1100 ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa i<+ jgs yxHkx 6 djksM+ cPpksa rd o futh izcU/ku ds 10]000 fo|ky;ksa esa

i<+ jgs yxHkx 6 djksM+ cPpksa rd o futh izcU/ku ds 50 djksM+ cPpksa rd igq¡pk jgh gSA blds lkFk gh ;k

,tqdkWEi dEiuh 840 izkjfEHkd fo|ky; 69K12 fo|ky; 7 dkWyst] dsUnz o 4-2 djksM+ yksxksa dks vkWuykbu

f'k{kk dh lsok dk ykHk Hkh igq¡p jgh gSA gj Lrj ij xq.koÙkk nsus gsrq izfrc) ;g dEiuh lkjs dk;Z dq'kyrk

ls djrh gS vkSj blh dk ifj.kke gS fd f'k{kk txr~ ls ysdj us'kuy LVkWd ,Dlpsat o cEcbZ LVkWd ,Dlpsat

rduhdh dk leUo;

44

esa bl dEiuh dks lwphc) djds bldh lsok,¡ yh tk jgh gSaA

,tqdkWEi izkFkfed ls d{kk 12 rd f'k{kk nsus gsrq fMftVy ikB~;Øe (Digital Syllabus) iznku djrh

gSA ,tqdkWEi ls gh iszfjr gksdj LekVZ Dykl :e (Smart Classroom) dk u;k izR;; mHkjdj vk;k gS tks

mPp f'k{kk esa Hkh izfr;ksfxrk dh rS;kjh dj jgs cPpksa dks mPp xq.kDrk ;qDr f'k{kk nsus dk iz;kl dj jgk

gSA ;g LekVZ Dykl VªkalQkWesZ'ku iz.kkyh (STS - Smart Class Transformation System) o LekVZ Dykl

fMftVy VªkalQkWesZ'ku iz.kkyh (OTS) vkt fMftVy d{kk dh fo"k; oLrq nsus gsrq izfl) o uokpjh iz;kl

cu x;s gSaA

,tqdkWEi }kjk NksVs cPpksa dh ckyoM+h ds :i esa *;wjksfdM~l^ (Eurokids) fo|ky; Hkh [kksys x;s

ftlds vUrxZr izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dks ,d Ja[kyk ds :i esa lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA blh izdkj gkbZ

Ldwy rd f'k{kk gsrq rFkk lqfo/kk oafpr o fu/kZu Nk=ksa ds fy, Hkh lqfo/kk,¡ nh tk jgh gSaA *feysfu;e fo|ky;^

(Millennium School) ^r{kf'kyk fo|ky;*] *;wuholZy ,dsMeh Ldwy eh rhu J`a[kykvksa ds rgr~ mPp Lrjh;

e/;Lrjh; o v)Z 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa Hkh fo|ky; [kksys x;s gSaA blh Øe esa Hkfo"; esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; fo|ky; [kksys

tkus dh Hkh ;kstuk py jgh gSA ;g dEiuh Jh jke Ldwy PSBB fo|ky; lewg] olkuh oSyh fo|ky; tSls

yC/k izfrf"Br Ldwyksa ds lapkyu esa Hkh viuk lg;ksx ns jgk gSA bu lHkh lsokvksa ds lkFk gh ,tqdkWEi }kjk

bathfu;fjax dkWsyst izcU/ku laLFkku o fMtkbfuax dkWyst Hkh viuh 'kSf{kd lqfo/kkvksa dk fØ;kUo;u fnYyh]

paMhx<+] dydÙkk] gSnjkckn] vgenkckn o psUubZ tSls 'kgjksa esa dj jgs gSa ftuesa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij U.S,

U.K, bVyh] Lisu o flaxkiqj ds dkWystksa dh QSdYVh }kjk f'k{kk nh tk jgh gSA

,tqdkWEi }kjk O;kolkf;d o jkstxkjksUeq[kh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS o Nk=ksa dks

mPp rduhdh ls ;qDr vkWuvkbu f'k{k.k o ijke'kZ lsok,¡ Hkh nh tk jgh gSA

3.9 ,twlsV }kjk f'k{kk(Education Through EDUSAT)

,twlsV (Edusat Educational Satellite) ,d 'kS{kf.kd mixzg gS ftls Hkkjrh; vUrfj{k vuqla/kku

laLFkku }kjk flrEcj] 2014 esa ,d —f=e mixzg ds :i esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA ;g iw.kZr% f'k{k.k lsok

iznku djus ds mís'; ls NksM+k x;k gSA blls Hkkjr esa nwjLFk f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks izHkkoh <ax ls pykus esa enn

feysxh rFkk nwjnjkt ,oa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fy, f'k{kk dk ,d oSdfYid L=ksr feysxk bls (GSAT-3; thlsV

- 3) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ,twlsV esa ik¡ ds;w (KU) cS.M Vªk¡lQj rFkk 6 foLrkfjr Hkh lh cS.M

(Extended C Band Transponders) Vªk¡likaMj yxs gSaA fo"kqor js[kk ls bldk >qdko 19-2 fMxzh gSA ,twlsV

dks Jh gfjdksVk esa lrh'k /kou vUrfj{k ;ku (Spaceset) }kjk lQyrk iwoZd iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA 414 Vu

dk 49 ehVj yEc GSLV 1950 fdyksxzke ds ,twlsV dks ys tkrs gq, Jh gfjdksVk ls lk;a 14-01 cts NksM+k

x;k Fkk yxHkx 17 feuV ckn] ,twlsV dks lQyrkiwoZd GTO (Geosynchronous transfer orbit) esa LFkkfir

dj fn;k x;kA ,twlsV (Edusat Educational Satellite) dh mi;ksfxrk ds ckjs esa ;fn fopkkj fd;k tk;s

rks NCERT rFkk ,twlsV usVodZ ds tfj, ns'k ds gtkjksa f'k{kdksa o f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa gsrq ohfM;ksa dkUÝsaflax

dh ;kstuk cukdj bls laxfBr fd;k x;k gS ftlls gtkjksa o yk[kksa f'k{kd o f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa gsrq ohfM;ks

rduhdh dk leUo;

45

dkUÝsaflax dh ;kstuk cukdj bls laxfBr fd;k x;k gS ftlls gtkjksa o yk[kksa f'k{kd ,d leku :i ls

bl izf'k{k.k ls ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa esa bUlsV dh ykHknk;drk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ekuo

lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky; us vDVwcj] 2002 esa ,twlsV dh ladYiuk ij fopkj fd;k x;k rFkk bl lsVsykbV

dks 20 flrEcj 2004 dks iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA ,twlsV igyk Hkkjrh; lSVsykbV gS ftls 'kSf{kd {ks= esa lsok

gsrq fo'ks"k :i ls rS;kj fd;k x;k gS rFkk tks ns'k esa 'kSf{kd lSVsykbV ds vUrxZr nwjLFk f'k{kk voLFkk gsrq

dk;Z djrk gS bls fo'ks"k :i ls n`'; JO; lk/kuksa (Audio Visual Aids) ls ;qDr fd;k x;k gS tks fMftVy

'kSf{kd d{kk o eYVhehfM;k iz.kkyh ij vk/kkfjr gSA

,twlsV (Edusat) ds usVodZ ds iz;ksx }kjk NCERT us f'k{kkdks"k f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ds fy, fuEu

dk;ZØe laxfBr fd;s gSaA

1- dsUnzh; fo|ky;ksa@tokgj uoksn; fo|ky;ksa o (CRSF) ls lEc) fo|ky;ksa ds f'k{kdksa dk jk"Vªh;

ikB~;Øe lajpuk [k.M ds vkyksd esa fodflr ubZ ikB~; iqLrdksa ij fun'kZuA

2- jk"Vªh; ikB~;oLrq lajpuk ij vk/kkfjr ikB~; iqLrdksa ds Lrj ds fo"k; ij (KVS) fo|ky;ksa ds

izèkkukpk;ksZa gsrq funsZ'kuA

3- yfyr dyk o laxhr ds f'k{kdksa gsrq funsZ'kuA

4- jk"Vªh; ikB~;Øe ifjp;kZ (NCF - 2005) ij vk/kkfjr ikB~;oLrq ds vuqlkj SCERT, DIET, CIE o

IASE ds f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa gsrq funsZ'kuA

5- f'k{kk esa fyax vk/kkfjr igyqvksa ij f'k{kdksa dk funsZ'kuA

6- ewY;kadu dh uohu izo`fÙk;ksa ds lUnHkZ esa f'k{kdksa o f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ok funsZ'kuA

7- funsZ'ku o ijke'kZ dks izHkkoh cukukA

8- fu;fer dkWyst ikB~;Øeksa dk izlkj.kA

9- AITEE (All India test for Engineering Exam) ds fy, dksfpax d{k;sa pykukA

10- e`nq dkS'kyksa dk izf'k{k.kA

3.10 lkjka'k (Summary)

';keiê] eYVhehfM;k] vksoj gSM izkstsDVj] OgkbV cksMZ vkSj pkWd cksMZ ds lekukUrj iz;ksx] bZ&d{kk]

bZ&yfuax] bZ&daVSaV] bysDVªkWfud if=dk] bysDVªkWfud tuZYl] bZ&ykbczsjh] LekZV cksMZ vkSj ,y bZ Mh] ,tqdkWEi]

,tqlsV vkfn dk bfrgkl vFkZ] iz;ksx] vkfn ls f'k{kk esa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds y{; dks izkIr djus esa lgk;d

gSA

3.11 vH;kl ds iz'ku (Questions for Exercise)

1- f'k{kk esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V dhft,A

Clarify the concept of modernization in education.

2- f'k{kk esa vk/kqfudhdj.k ls D;k cnyko vk;k\

What changes took place in education after modernization?

rduhdh dk leUo;

46

3- vk/kqfudhdj.k ds lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk dh D;k Hkwfedk vnk djrh gS\

What is the role of education in refrence to modernization?

4- Þf'k{kk ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj gSAß dSls\

"Education and modernization are interdependent." Elucidate?

5- fVIi.kh fy[ks%&

d½ ,y bZ Mh [k½ LekVZ cksMZ x½ eYVhehfM;k

?k½ vksoj gSM izkstsDVj M-½ ,twdkWEi

Write short notes on the following:-

a) LED b) Smart Board c) Multimedia

d) Over head projector e) Educomp.

3.12 izLrkfor ikB (Suggested Readings)

1. Madam P. 'Knowledge & Curriculum' Agrawal Publication 17-18 Aryan Printer Agra 72-78.

2. Singhal A; Kulshrestha SP. Basic Concept of Educational Technology.

3. www.computerhope.com.

4. www. teachhub.com

5. www.confedertioncollege.com

6. book.google.co.in

7. edu.google.com

8. scholar.google.co.in

rduhdh dk leUo;

47




4-2 d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dk vFkZ

(Meaning of Classroom Environment)

4-3 d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh iz—fr

(Nature of Classroom Environment)

4-4 d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k ds vk;ke

(Dimension of Classroom Environment)

4-5 thoar ,oa fØ;kRed d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh vko';drk

(Need for Lively and Interactive Classroom Environment)

4-6 v/;kidksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa dk;Z (Teachers' Role and Functions)


4-8 vH;kl ds iz'u (Question for Exercise)


bdkbZ % 4 d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh fo'ks"krkUnit : 4 Characteristics of Classroom Environment


bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k %

d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh ladYiuk dks Li"V dj ldsaxsA

d{kkd{k esa vf/kxe i;kZoj.k dk lao|Zu djus ds fy, mik; dk p;u dj ldsaxsA

,d vkn'kZ d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k ds dk;Z lapkyu (Functioning) dh ppkZ dj ldsaxsA

d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k esa izeq[k v/;kid dh Hkwfedk dk ifjp; ns ldsaxsA


48


d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k ,d O;kid ladYiuk gSA blesa os ckgjh dkjd lfEefyr gS tks d{kkd{k ls ckgj

?kfVr gksrs gSa ijUrq d{kkd{k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkj ij budk Bksl izHkko iM+rk gSA ;|fi] ge ;gk¡ d{kkd{k

ds i;kZoj.k ls lacaf/kr lHkh dkjdksa dh ppkZ djsaxs] ijUrq gekjk cy mu vkarfjd dkjdksa ij Hkh jgsxk tks

d{kkd{k esa ?kfVr gksrs gSaA

d{kkd{k ds i;kZoj.k ds fy, t:jh gS fd v/;kid dks lalk/ku ;qDr (Resourceful) gksuk pkfg,A

;g dsoy foosdiw.kZ iz;klksa ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA izLrqr bdkbZ esa d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k ds vFkZ] d{kkd{k

i;kZoj.k ds iz—fr] d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k ds vk;ke] thoar ,oa fØ;kRed d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh vko';drk ,oa

v/;kidksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa dk;Z dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA+

4-2 d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Classroom Environment)

Þns'k dk HkkX; mlds d{kkd{k esa fufeZr gks jgk gSAß

,d lkekftd euksoSKkfud gkseUl dgrk gS fd&

Þd{kkd{k og LFkku gS tgk¡ fofHkUu fØ;kdyki py jgs gksrs gSa] tgk¡ var% fØ;k,¡ ?kfVr gksrh gSa]

lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa esa of) gksrh gS vkSj vuqns'kkRed fLFkfr;ksa esa ekudksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSAß

d{kkd{k lekt esa ,d LFkkfir laxBu gksrk gSA d{kkd{k esa tks vuqns'kkRed izfØ;k pyrh gS] og

vè;kidksa }kjk egRoiw.kZ vH;klksa ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds efLr"dksa dks ifj"dkj djus dk mís'; iwjk djrh

gSA

4-3 d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh iz—fr (Nature of Classroom Environment)

f'k{k.k vf/kxe dk izeq[k mís';ksa vuqdwy d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k l`ftr djuk gS rkfd fo|kFkhZ vf/kdmi;ksxh rjhds ls lh[k vkSj c<+ ldsaA d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k d{kk v/;kid dk iw.kZ mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSAvè;kid tks okLro esa d{kk dks i<+k jgk gS] mlls mldh d{kk dks iwjh rjg fu;af=r djus dh vk'kk dhtkrh gSA

4-3-1- ,d vPNs d{kkd{k dh HkkSfrd <+k¡pk ,oa O;oLFkk (Physical Set-Up and Arrangement of

a Good Classroom)

d{kkd{k O;oLFkk d{kkd{k fØ;kdykiksa ds lapkyu vkSj fu;af=r ls lacaf/kr gSA vis{kk—r f'k{k.kfØ;kdykiksa ds vf/kd e'khuh ¼;a=pkfyr½ igy rd lhfer gSA d{kkd{k izca/ku dh ppkZ ds vuqlkj bldk,dek= y{; le; vkSj mtkZ dh cpr djuk gSA ,d v/;kid dks d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh ;kstuk cukus esadqN ckrksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A ;s cSBus dh O;oLFkk vkSj mifLFkfr vuqns'kkRed lkexzh vkSj miLdj rFkkd{kkd{k ihfj;M ds nkSjku fØ;kdykiksa ds fu;a=.k ls lacaf/kr fofu;e gSaA f'k{k.k dh lQyrk vFkokvlQyrk dk fuèkkZj.k ml rjhds ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS ftlls d{kk dk vk;kstu vkSj izca/ku gksrk gSA

4-3-2- d{kkd{k miLdj ,oa lalk/ku (Classroom Equipment and Resources)

d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh fo'ks"krk

49

miLdj

d{kkd{k ds fy, ,sls vusd fofHkUu izdkj ds midj.k miyC/k gSa tks ,d v/;kid ds fy, mlds

f'k{k.k esa cgqr lgk;rk djrs gSa tSls& pkd cksMZ] pkVZ] Qykysu cksMZ (Flannel Board)] fp= LykbMsa rFkk

vk/kqfud ;qx esa dEI;wVj vkSj vksoj gSM izkstsDVjA bl miLdjksa dk cqf)eÙkkiw.kZ iz;ksx t:jh gSA ,d

vè;kid dks mudk iz;ksx djuk lh[kuk pkfg,A ;g tk¡p djuk fo|ky; izeq[k dh l{kerk ij fuHkZj djrk

gS fd bu miLdjksa dk iz;ksx LVkQ }kjk iwjh rjg ls fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gSA

lalk/ku

v/;kid vius d{kkd{k f'k{k.k esa fofHkUu miLdj iz;ksx djrk gSA ijUrq og Loa; ,d cM+k

vuqns'kkRed lalk/ku gksrk gSA vr% f'k{k.k dh izHkkodkfjrk cgqr dqN mlds Kku] dkS'kyksa] izn'kZu

(Exposure) vkSj l{kerkvksa ij fuHkZj gSA v/;kid dks uohured iqLrdsa] i=&if=dk,¡ vkfn i<+dj vius

Kku dks v/kru djuk pkfg,A mls laxksf"B;ksa (Seminars) lEesyuksa vksj fopkjxksf"B;ksa (Symposia) vkfn

esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, jguk pkfg,A d{kkd{k esa nwljk lalk/ku fo|kFkhZ gSA ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{k.k vf/kxe

izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g vkSj Hkh vf/kd izHkkoh cu tkrh gSA rhljs]

vè;kid i;kZoj.k ls Hkh mnkgj.k ys ldrk gS ftlls fo|kFkhZ ifjfpr gSA ,d lalk/ku ds :i esa i;kZoj.k

ls fy, gq, mnkgj.k vR;ar mi;ksxh gks ldrs gSaA

4-4 d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k ds vk;ke (Dimension of Classroom Environment)

,d vuqdwy d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k lQy d{kk f'k{k.k dh lcls igyh 'krZ gSA vPNs d{kkd{k izca/ku ds

vHkko esa] ;ksX; vkSj cqf)eku v/;kid Hkh vizHkko'kkyh fl) gksrk gSA vuqdwy d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k vkSj izcaèkudk l`tu djuk ,d izca/kdh; dkS'ky gS ftlesa fo|kFkhZ lgHkkfxrk vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ekxZn'khZ O;ogkj'kkfey gSA ;g ,d lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ dkS'ky gS tks izR;sd v/;kid ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA v/;kid dk izeq[kdk;Z O;ogkj esa la'kks/ku dh izfØ;k ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRoksa esa lexz lq/kkj djuk gSA

la{ksi esa] d{kkd{k izca/ku esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkjafHkd O;ogkj] O;ogkjksa ds la'kks/ku ds fy, rRijrk]d{kkd{k esa muds cSBus dh O;oLFkk] d{kkd{k LFkkfir djuk] ekStwn LoLFk i;kZoj.k vkfn 'kkfey gSaA ;g lcv/;kid /khjs&/khjs le; ds lkFk&lkFk lh[k tkrk gSA tc d{kkd{k dk leLr i;kZoj.k v/;kid ds izHkko

esa vPNk gksrk gS rc vU; dkS'kyksa dk vH;kl v/;kid ds fy, ,d ljy dk;Z gks tkrk gSA

4-4-1- d{kkd{k esa vf/kxe i;kZoj.k dk l`tu vkSj lao/kZu djuk (Creating and Promoting

Learning Environment in Classroom)

f'k{k.k esa ,sls vla[; fØ;kdyki gSa tks v/;kid }kjk fd, tkrs gSa tSls Kku dk lapkj djuk]

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfHkizsfjr djuk] ladYiukvksa dh Li"Vrk] d{kkd{k vuq'kklu] x`g dk;Z nsuk vkSj mldh tk¡p

djuk rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk var% laidZ djukA d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds eu ij cgqr izHkko

iM+rk gSA leLr izfØ;k dk vafre mís'; vf/kdre Kku] vfHko`fÙk vkSj dkS'kyksa dks izkIr djkus esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dh lgk;rk djuk gSA ;g lc rHkh laHko gS tc vf/kxe ds fy, i;kZoj.k LoLFk vkSj vuqdwy gksA


50

d{kkd{k izca/ku dk rkRi;Z dBksj vkns'k ugha gS vfirq d{kkd{k esa ldkjkRed i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.kdjuk gSA v/;kid dk O;ogkj ;ksxnku djus okyk izeq[k dkjd gksrk gSA ,d dq'ky vkSj n{k v/;kidbl <+ax ls d{kkd{k dk lapkyu djrk gS fd mlds le{k vuq'kklu dh leL;k,¡ ugha vkrhA lgikBh lewgds chp lacaèk Hkh vf/kxe i;kZoj.k dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA vi;qZDr ifjppkZ ls fuEufyf[kr eq[; fcUnq mHkjdj lkeus vkrs gSa&

,d vPNs v/;kid dks %

laosxkRed :i ls lq[kn vkSj míhfir djus okyk okrkoj.k l`ftr djuk pkfg,A

'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa ds izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[kus ds fy, fo|kFkhZ dks izsfjr djuk pkfg,A

lkFkZd y{; fu/kkZfjr djus pkfg,A

fo"k; lkexzh dks vFkZiw.kZ cukuk pkfg,A

;gk¡ fo|ky; izeq[k mi;qZDr fcUnqvksa dks ;kn fnykus ds fy, v/;kidksa dh lgk;rk djus esa egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

4-4-2- lkekU; d{kkd{k dk dk;Z lapkyu & v/;kidksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fØ;kdyki (Functioning

of a Normal Classroom - Activities of Teachers and Students)

lkekU; d{kkd{k ds lapkyu djus esa] vU; dkjdksa ds lkFk&lkFk] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds

fy, ekxZn'kZu dh izfof|;k¡ (Guidance Techniques) 'kkfey gSa rkfd os vkRe&funsZf'kr ¼vkRefuHkZj½ cu

ldsA vuqHkoh v/;kid tkurk gS fd ;fn og izHkkoh ijUrq rukojfgr d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k l`ftr djus vkSj

mls cjdjkj j[kus esa vleFkZ gS rks mlds f'k{k.k dh n{krk i;kZIr :i ls de gks tk,xhA d{kkd{k dk

lkekU; lapkyu fo|ky; izeq[k dh vfHko`fÙk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA v/;kid ds lkFk mldk O;ogkj ekudksa

dks LFkkfir djrk gSA

4-4-3- d{kk vuq'kklu ,oa vf/kxe & eqDr ,oa yksdrkaf=d okrkoj.k (Class Discipline and

Learning - Free and Democratic Atmosphere)

fMlhfIyu 'kCn dh mRifÙk ysfVu 'kCn ÞfMlhiqylß (Discipulus) ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ vf/kxedjuk@lh[kuk gSA ;g ogh ewy 'kCn gS ftlls fMlkbiy 'kCn fy;k x;k gSA Þvuq'kkluß 'kCn dk vfHkizk;lgh vkpj.k dh tkudkjh] okaNuh; vknrksa vkSj vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk fuekZ.k rFkk ,sls ekunaMks ds ikyu ls gS tkU;k;ksfpr rFkk vfuok;Z gSaA blesa O;ogkj dk lekthdj.k dk;Z djus dk rjhdk] feytqy dj jguk rFkkO;fDrxr fgrksa dks lkewfgd fgrksa esa ifjofrZr djuk 'kkfey gSA

yksdra=hdj.k (Democratisation) dh vo/kkj.kk dks Lohdkj djus ds dkj.k izR;sd dk lEeku fd;ktkuk pkfg,A vk/kqfud v/;kid vc fe= vkSj ekxZn'kZd dk dk;Z djrk gSA d{kkd{k esa v/;kid dks f'k{k.kfØ;kdykiksa dh O;oLFkk bl izdkj djuh pkfg, fd og lacaf/kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfHkO;fDr vkSj dk;Z ds fy,

volj miyC/k djk,A

4-5 thoar ,oa var% fØ;kRed d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dh vko';drk (Need for


51

Lively and Interactive Classroom Environment)

thoar ¼lfØ;½ i;kZoj.k ls izHkkoh mRiUu gksrk gSA fofHkUu f'k{k.k dk;Zuhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx djus esa

vè;kid dh n{krk izca/k vkSj dkS'ky dk;ZØe dh vfHk:fp dks cuk, j[kus esa lgk;rk djsxhA og vR;ar

dq'kyrkiwoZd iz'u iwNdj] muds fopkj izkIr djds] vU; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fopkjksa dh tk¡p djds] fu.kZ;ksa vkfn

ij rdZ izLrqr djds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vfHk:fp mRiUu dj ldrk gSA ,d thoar vkSj var% fØ;kRed i;kZoj.k

mRiUu djus ds fy,] v/;kid dks fofHkUu Hkwfedk,¡ fu"ikfnr djuh iM+rh gSaA muesa ls dqN fuEufyf[kr gS&

(i) izkjaHkd vFkok igydÙkkZ (Initiator) -

v/;kid dks ,slh dk;Zuhfr;k¡ viukuh pkfg, rkfd f'k{kk'kkL=h; var% fØ;kvksa esa lfØ; :i ls

vko';d dkS'kyksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk lds vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vko';d Kku fodflr fd;k tk ldsA pw¡fd

gekjs fo|kFkhZ lewg var% fØ;k (Group - Interaction) ls ifjfpr ugha gS vr% v/;kid dks var% fØ;k l`ftr

djus ds fy, mudh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A dqN egRoiw.kZ fu;e uhps fn, x, gS&

izfrHkkfx;ksa (Participants) dks iz'u iwNus ls igys vius gkFk mBkus pkfg, vkSj v/;{k dh vuqefr

dh izrh{kk djuh pkfg,A

lHkh iz'u v/;{k dks lacksf/kr gksus pkfg,A

izfrHkkfx;ksa dks lquuk Hkh lh[kuk pkfg, lquus dh dyk dks fodflr djus dh vko';drk gSA

dksbZ Hkh izfrHkkxh] vU; izfrHkkxh dh ckrphr esa ck/kk ugha ig¡qpk,xk vkSj rHkh cksysxk tc oDrk

us viuk izLrqrhdj.k iwjk dj fy;k gksA

(ii) vfHkizsjd (Motivator) -

dqN fo|kFkhZ 'kehZyk vkSj vareqZ[kh (Intovert) gksrs gSa rFkk ifjppkZvksa (Discussions) esa Hkkx ysus esa

ladksp djrs gSaA ,d v/;kid ds :i esa vkidks vfHkizsjd gksuk pkfg, vkSj ,sls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkx ysus ds

fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A ,d v/;kid dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lquuk pkfg, vkSj muds }kjk O;Dr fopkjksa

dh iz'kalk djuh pkfg,A

(iii) lqfo/kknkrk (Facilitator) -

tc fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo"k;oLrq le> esa us vk, rks os vkils vk'kk djrs gSa fd vki eqís vkSj fopkjksa dksLi"V djsaA ,slk vo'; dhft,A ppkZ ds ckn vki vafre fVIif.k;k¡ vkSj fu.kZ; ns ldrs gSaA

(iv) foLrkjd (Elaborator) -

,d v/;kid ds :i esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk O;Dr fd, x, fopkjksa dks Li"V vkSj O;k[;k ¼foLrkj½ djusesa vkidks mudh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A ;fn mUgsa iz'uksa dh vf/kd Li"Vrk dh vko';drk gS rks vkidks,d vè;kid ds :i esa iz'uksa dks Li"V djus esa mudh enn djuh pkfg,A

(v) lapkyd (Moderator) -


52

v/;kid ds ikl ;fn lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks ugha] rks vusd izfrHkkfx;ksa dks leku volj iznku djds

var% fØ;kRed l=ksa ds leLr i;kZoj.k dks lapkfyr djus dk dkS'ky gksuk pkfg,A iqujko`fÙk (Repetition)

ls cpuk pkfg,A

(vi) fu;a=d (Controller) -

var fØ;kRed l= dh lQyrk mlds O;ofLFkr vkSj iz;kstuiw.kZ vk;kstu ij fuHkZj gSA

(vii) var% fØ;kRed l= dk lekiu djuk (Closing the Interactive Session) -

lekiu Hkkx Hkh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA v/;kid dks l= ds nkSjku vfHkO;Dr fd, x, fopkjksa vkSj rdksZa

ij lko/kkuhiwoZd izdk'k Mkyuk pkfg, rFkk lkjka'k izLrqr djuk pkfg,A fdlh fo|kFkhZ fo'ks"k dh Hkkoukvksa

dks Bsl ugha ig¡qpkuh pkfg,A fo|ky; izeq[k i;kZIr ;ksxnku dj ldrk gS rFkk mi;qZDr fu;eksa dks fu/kkZfjr

djus vkSj ikyu djus esa v/;kidksa dh lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA

4-6 v/;kidksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa dk;Z (Teachers' Role and Functions)

vkb,] ppkZ djsa fd v/;kid dh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z D;k gksus pkfg, D;ksafd mldh Hkwfedk fdlh vU;

miLdj vkSj lalk/kuksa ls vf/kd d{kk dk lapkyu djus esa egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA mldh Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z

fuEufyf[kr gS&

v/;kid dks /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd d{kkd{k fØ;kdykiksa dk lapkyu djus esa ;kstuk dks d{kkd{k

n'kkvksa ds vuqlkj vaxhdkj djuk pkfg,A v/;kid dks d{kkd{k dk vkdkj] d{kkd{k miLdjksa

vkSj f'k{k.k esa lkefxz;ksa dh O;oLFkk ij Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fopkj djuk pkfg,A

v/;kid ;g /;ku nsa fd vuqifLFkfr vkSj f'kfFkyrk ¼vkyL;½ ds laca/k esa fofu;eksa dks iz'kklfud

vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj esa ykuk pkfg,A ihfj;M ds vkajHk gksus ls igys viuh

vuqifLFkfr dh ifpZ;k¡ izLrqr djsaA vkylh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkh muds izos'k dh iphZ ns ftUgsa ihfj;M

lekIr gksaus ij ,d= fd;k tk,A

v/;kid dks ;g /;ku Hkh j[kuk pkfg, fd vuqns'kkRed lkexzh dks laHkkyus ds dk;Z dk le;

cpkus ds fy, fnup;kZ cuk nsuk pkfg, vkSj Hkze ls cpuk pkfg,A fnup;kZ dk viuk LFkku gS tc

;g bl y{; dks izkIr djus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gksA v/;kid dks ;g fu.kZ; vo'; ysuk pkfg, fd

bl y{; dks izkIr djus esa ;ksxnku nsrh gksA v/;kid dks ;g fu.kZ; vo'; ysuk pkfg, fd bl

y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, mlds d{kkd{k esa D;k&D;k fu;e ykxw gksus pkfg,A

cSBus ds LFkku dh O;oLFkk djus esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh iz—fr vkSj vko';drkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkuk

pkfg,A cSBus ds LFkku dk lek;kstu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg, rFkk bldh

lgh vkSj dq'kyrkiwoZd O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,A fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vkjke ig¡qpkus ds fy, lhVsa ¼LFkku½

lgh vkdkj vkSj izdkj dh gksaA


53

izHkkoh f'k{k.k vkSj n{k vf/kxe rHkh laHko gS tc d{kkd{k dh n'kk lkekU; gksrh gSA v/;kid dks

dk;Zn'kkvksa dh Hkh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, tks Js"B f'k{k.k vf/kxe rFkk vi;qZDr O;ogkj ds fy,

vfuok;Z gSaA v/;kid dk izeq[k mÙkjnkf;Ro viuh mu loksZÙke n'kkvksa ds fuekZ.k djus vkSj Js"B

fo'ks"krkvksa dk lnqi;ksx djus esa fufgr gS tks mlds ikl gSA

v/;kid dks ;g /;ku Hkh j[kuk gS fd d{kkd{k izca/ku ,oa fu;a=.k ds fy, ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k

dk okLro esa vFkZ vuqdwy jpukRed vkpj.k dh [kkst djuk gS vkSj blds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh

iz'kalk djuk gSA vusd voljksa ij vkpj.k dh mis{kk djuk Lohdk;Z ugha gksrk gSA d{kkd{k izcaèku

vkSj fu;a=.k ds fy, ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k vkRe&vfHkizsj.k vkSj fu;a=.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA

fØ;kdyki

dqN v/;kidksa dh fu;qfDr vkids fo|ky; esa ubZ&ubZ gqbZ gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vfHkfoU;kl (Orientation)

laHko cukus vkSj d{kkd{k esa thoar vkSj var% laidkZRed i;kZoj.k LFkkfir djus esa vki v/;kidksa ds fy,

D;k&D;k fØ;kdyki vk;ksftr djsaxsA


d{kkd{k vkSj f'k{k.k fudV :i ls tqM+s gq, gSaA ,d v/;kid ds ikl d{kkd{k esa miyC/k miLdjksa

vkSj lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx djus dh {kerk vkSj dkS'ky gksuk pkfg,A v/;kid dks ,d rkuk'kkg dh rjg

O;ogkj ugha djuk pkfg,A d{kkd{k esa yksdrkaf=d okrkoj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vf/kxe izfØ;k esa lfØ; :i

ls Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy,] gesa i;kZoj.kh; dkS'kyksa ls

;qDr izfrHkk'kkyh vkSj lefiZr v/;kidksa dh vko';drk gSA var% fo|ky; izeq[k izHkkoh d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k

esa eq[; dkjd gksrk gSA bl lcls ,d vkn'kZ d{kkd{k dk fuekZ.k gksxk vkSj bl izdkj okaNuh; vf/kxe

izkIr gksxkA

4-8 vH;kl ds iz'ku (Question for Exercise)

1- vius fo|ky; dk mnkgj.k ysrs gq,] fo|ky; izeq[k vkSj LVkQ ds chp laca/k dk fo'ys"k.k dhft, vkSj

d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dks ;g fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrk gS\

Taking the example of your school, analyse the relationship between head and staff, and how

it affects the classroom environment?

2- d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, d{kkd{k i;kZoj.k ds vFkZ ,oa iz—fr ij izdk'k MkysaA

Define classroom environment. Throw light on meaning and nature of classroom environment.

4-9 izLrkfor ikB (Suggested Reading)

1. Agrawal, J.C. (1995) : Essentials of Educational Technology - Teaching - Learning

Innovations in Education, Vikas Publishing House, Delhi.

2. Jangira, N.K. and Jangira, Pinki (1995) : Effective Teaching Child Oriental Approach

National Publishing House, New Delhi.

3. Jaswant Singh (1964) : Successful Headmasters : A Practice Guide to Educational

Administration, Delhi University Publishers, Jallundhar.


54

4. Raghunath, Sajaya and Shaida, B.D. (1981) : School Administration and Organisation,

Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Jallundher.

5. Verma, Ramesh and Sharma, K. Suresh (1998) : Modern Trends in Teaching Technology,

Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.


55




5-2 d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dh vo/kkj.kk

(Concept of Classroom Management)

5-3 d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dh vko';drk,¡

(Needs Classroom Management)

5-4 d{kk izcU/k ds mikxe

(Approaches of Classroom Management)




bdkbZ % 5 d{kk&d{k izcU/kuUnit : 5 Classroom Management


bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k % d{kk&d{k izcU/ku ds izR;; dks le> ldsaxsA d{kk&d{k izcU/ku ds mi;ksx dks crk ldsaxsA d{kk&izcU/k ds fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA

mi;qZDr rF;ksa ls voxr djkuk gh bl ikB dk mís'; gS A


d{kk&d{k izcU/ku uked bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d{kk&izcU/ku ls lEcfU/kr foLr`r tkudkjh gsrq

izcU/ku D;k gS\ d{kk&d{k izcU/ku ds izR;; D;k gS\ dh foLr`r tkudkjh iznku dh xbZ gSA d{kk&d{k

izcUèku dh vko';drk] fdl izdkj ls v/;;u v/;kiu dks lqpk: :i ls pyk ldrh gSA fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa

ds }kjk d{kk&d{k dk izcU/ku ge fdl izdkj dj ldrs gSa D;ksafd lqpk: :i ls d{kk izcU/ku ds }kjk gh

56

f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks laxfBr dj ldrs gSaA f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy, d{kk&d{k izcUèku

dk dkQh egRo gSA vr% bl bdkbZ esa bUgha fcUnqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

5-2 d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Classroom Management)

d{kk dk izcU/ku djuk f'k{kd ds fy, pqukSrh Hkjk dk;Z gSA f'k{kd dk izkFkfed mís'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa

dk iw.kZ fodkl djuk gSA iw.kZ fodkl rHkh laHko gS tc f'k{kd vius izcU/ku ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk /;ku

viuh vksj vkdf"kZr dj ldsxkA

vk;keksa ds ek/;e ls v/;kid dks ,sls funsZ'ku rFkk Bksl ijke'kZ dh tkudkjh gksrh gS] ftuds ekè;e

ls v/;kid vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa :fpiw.kZ vf/kxe ds izfr :fp mRiUu djds vf/kxe dks izHkkoiw.kZ cuk ldrs

gSa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lkekftd fodkl dj ldrs gSaA izk;% v/;kid dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh

gS fd mUgsa D;k djuk gS] blls mudk O;ogkj uhjl rFkk vlQy gks tkrk gSA blls bl rF; dks vk/kkj

feyrk gS fd d{kk f'k{k.k esa lq/kkj gsrq d{kk d{k ds O;ogkj dks of.kZr djus gsrq rFkk ml d{kk O;ogkj dk

fujh{k.k djus gsrq dkS'ky dk fodkl vko';d gSA vr% f'k{kd d{kk d{k izcU/k ds dkS'ky vkSj rduhdh

ds lgh bLrseky ds }kjk Nk= dks laxfBr] O;ofLFkr] f'k"V vkSj 'kS{kf.kd ifj.kke izkIr dj ldrk gSA

miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk n{krkiwoZd rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ rjhds ls mi;ksx djrs gq, Nk=ksa vkSj muds chp

leUo; LFkkfir djuk rkfd y{;ksa dh izkfIr lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsA d{kk izcU/ku eq[; :i ls f'k{kk ls tqM+k

gqvk gS blesa v/;kid dh fØ;k,¡ tSls vuq'kklu] fu;a=.k] vkKk nsuk] vfHkizsj.kk rFkk vf/kxe ds izfr

ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k lfEefyr gSaA ;g vf/kxe okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk ij dsfUnzr dj

nsrk gSA v/;kid dh d{kk izcU/ku dh iz.kkyh fo'ks"kdj os izfof/k;k¡ ftUgsa v/;kid d{kk esa mRiknd rFkk

Lora= fØ;kdykiksa dks djokus gsrq iz;qDr djrk gS] d{kk izcU/ku ds eq[; fu/kkZjd ?kVd gSaA

mi;qDr izcU/ku ds }kjk d{kk dk ,slk okrkoj.k rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa f'k{kd vkSj f'k";

nksuksa fofHkUu izdkj ds fØ;kdykiksa ds }kjk dq'kyrk iwoZd vius y{; rd igq¡pk ldrs gSaA blds lgh ;kstuk

vkSj laxBu ds }kjk f'k{kd] fl[kus dh izfØ;k] d{kk ds okrkoj.k vkSj Nk=ksa dks fu;a=.k dj ldrk gS blds

vykok izHkkoh f'k{k.k cuk, j[k dj 'kS{kf.kd ifj.kke izkIr dj ldrk gSA

5-2-1 d{kk izcU/ku dk vFkZ (Meaning of Classroom Management)

izcU/ku dks ,slh laxBukRed fØ;k ds :i esa le>k tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr fofHkUu O;oLFkkvksa ds

vkèkkj ij fofHkUu dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSa ftuds ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu ewY;ksa tSls ekuoh; lEeku] oS;fDr ,drk]

Lo&vuqns'ku rFkk lewg lehirk dk lekos'k gksrk gSA

d{kk izcU/k dks izR;; dh n`f"V ls ns[kus ij izcU/ku ds dqN vk/kqfud orZeku vk;keksa dk cks/k gksrk

gS tSls fd mís'; dsfUnzr] O;ogkj ifjorZu] ldkjkRed rFkk udkjkRed iqucZyu] rFkk vU; lgk;d izcUèku

dh lkexzh dk v/;;u djrs gSaA d{kk izcU/ku dk ,d foLr`r ,oa O;kogkfjd fl)kUr vuqns'ku ds Lo:i

dks Hkh lqfuf'pr djrk gSA

d{kk&d{k izcU/ku

57

5-3 d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dh vko';drk (Need of Classroom Management)

d{kk izcU/ku ,d foLr`r ,oa O;kogkfjd fl)kUr vuqns'ku ds Lo:i dks lqfuf'pr djrk gSAd{kk izcU/ku ds ek/;e ls f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks laxfBr fd;k tk ldrk gSAv/;kid vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lEcU/kksa vkSj vUr% lEcU/kksa ds ek/;e ls vf/kxe dh izfØ;k lEikfnr

djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrh gSAvf/kxe dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu djus ds fy, d{kk esa dk;Z rFkk fØ;kdykiksa ds izcU/ku dh

vko';drk gksrh gSAv/;kid rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds chp lecU/k dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gSAfo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vf/kxe dh o`f) djus esa vko';d gSAd{kk esa lh[kus ds vf/kxe dh leqfpr ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks mRiUu djukAfo|kfFkZ;ksa esa cká rFkk vkUrfjd fu;U=.k dk fodkl djus ds fy, vko';d gSAd{kk izcU/ku ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mudh :fp;ksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa ds vuqlkj vFkZiw.kZ dk;ksaZ

esa yxk;k tk ldrk gSAd{kk izcU/ku ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfHkizsfjr] izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSAvf/kxe dks ljy cukus ds fy, ;g vko';d gSAleku mís'; dks izkIr djus esa fn'kk iznku djus esa vko';d gSAd{kk izcU/ku Nk= dks oxZ ds nkSjku nqjkpj.k djus ls jksdus esa lgk;d gksrk gSAizHkkoiw.kZ f'k{k.k ds fy, d{kk izcU/ku vko';d gSAle; dk lnqi;ksx vkSj laxfr cuk, j[kus ds fy, Hkh d{kk izcU/ku vko';d gSAd{kk dks laxfBr] lqO;ofLFkr cuk, j[kus ds fy, vko';d gSAizHkkoh f'k{k.k ds fy, vko';d gSAvisf{kr 'kSf{kd ifj.kke izkIr djus esa lgk;d gSA

5-4 d{kk izcU/k ds mikxe (Approaches of Classroom Management)

(i) eq[kj mikxe (Assertive Approach)

(ii) O;ogkj la'kks/ku mikxe (Behaviour Modification Approach)

(iii) lewg ekxZn'kZu mikxe (Group Guidance Approach)

(iv) O;kikj 'kSf{kd mikxe (Business Academic Approach)

(v) gjcVZ dk mikxe (Herbert's Approach)

(vi) ewY;kadu mikxe (Evaluation Approach)

(vii) f'k{k.k vf/kxe dk izcU/ku mikxe(viii) f'k{k.k laxBu mikxe(ix) d{kk f'k{k.k dh fØ;k;sa

(i) eq[kj mikxe %& izHkkod vuq'kklu yh vkSj ekbysu dSaVj }kjk fodflr izcU/ku ls lac) ,d

mikxe gSA f'k{kd ds }kjk d{kk esa ;g ,d mPpLrjh; fu;a=.k gSA v/;kid }kjk Bksl ,oa ldkjkRed

fof/k }kjk dk;Z dk lEiknu fd;k tkrk gSA d{kk esa f'k{kdksa ds }kjk Nk=ksa ds fy, ,sls fu;eksa rFkk

funsZ'kks dks izfr"Bkfir djuk pkfg, tks Li"V :i ls mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Lohdk;Z rFkk vLohdk;Z lhekvksa

dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gksaA mu fu;eksa funsZ'kksa dks f'k{kk Hkh mUgsa nh tkuh pkfg,A bl dk;Z dks laiUu

d{kk&d{k izcU/ku

58

djus ds fy, vfHkHkkod vkSj lac) iz'kklu ls tc Hkh muds leFkZu dh vfuok;Zrk gks] bldh ek¡x

Hkh djuh pkfg,A

(ii) O;ogkj la'kks/ku mikxe %& bl mikxe ds rgr~ vusd rduhd vkSj fof/k;k¡ vkrh gSaA bl Js.kh

esa lkèkkj.k ikfjrksf"kd ls ysdj i;kZIr iqucZyu ls lac) izf'k{k.k ifjxf.kr gSA bldh ekU;rk ;g gS

fd O;ogkj dk Lo:i fu/kkZj.k i;kZoj.k ds }kjk gksrk gS vkSj ;g i)fr leL;kvksa ds dkj.kksa ij è;ku

ugha ds cjkcj nsrs gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj v/;kid leL;kvksa ds oS;fDrd bfrgkl ;k mlds

dkj.kksa dh [kkst ij cgqr FkksM+k gh le; [kpZ djrs gS cfYd ltk ,oa vFkZnaM ds }kjk nqjkpj.k esa lqèkkj

ykrs gSaA

(iii) lewg ekxZn'kZu mikxe %& d{kk izcU/ku esa f'k{k.k dk lewg izcU/kd n`f"Vdks.k Jacob Kounin's

ds 'kksèk ij vk/kkfjr gSA bUgksaus lewg Nk= ds vkpj.k ij rqjUr izfrfØ;k O;Dr djus ij cy fn;k

gSA leL;k ls cpus ds ctk; mRiUu leL;k dk lek/kku djuk pkfg,A vxj ,d fo|kFkhZ d{kk esa

vuqfpr O;ogkj djrk gS vkSj f'k{kd mls 'kh/kz euk djrk gS rks leL;k mRiUu ugha gksxhA vxj Nk=

ds vuqfpr O;ogkj dks ugha /;ku fn;k x;k ;k vuns[kk djds dqN le; rd c<+us fn;k tk,xk rks

lEiw.kZ lewg esa QSy tk,xk vkSj var esa xaHkhj gks tk,xkA

(iv) O;kikj 'kSf{kd mikxe %& lqO;ofLFkr ,oa vRlkgiwoZd f'k{k.k dk vfLrRo rc gh laHko gS tc

f'k{kd dks d{kk dh fLFkfr Nk= dk LoHkko ,oa funsZ'ku dk;Z tks og djuk pkgrs gSa dk iw.kZ Kku gksA

Evertson ,oa Emmer }kjk bl n`f"Vdks.k dks fodflr fd;k x;k gSA blesa Nk= ds laxBu ,oa izcaèku

ij cy fn;k x;k gS] tc og 'kSf{kd dk;Z esa O;Lr gksA Evertson ,oa Emmer us fufeZr ,oa laxfBr

dk;ksZa dks rhu eq[; Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk gS &

1- funsZf'kr dk;Z dk xBu ,oa lEizs"k.k]

2- Nk= ij utj j[kuk]

3- Nk=ksa dk izfriqf"VA

(v) gjcVZ dk mikxe %& ;g cgqr izkphu n`f"Vdks.k gSA blds ik¡p in gSa& ¼1½ izLrqrhdj.k ¼2½ rS;kjh

¼3½ rqyuk ¼4½ fo'ys"k.k rFkk la'ys"k.k ¼5½ lkekU;hdj.kA ;g d{kk izcU/ku dk ikB~;oLrq dsfUnzr

vk;ke gS] ;g vè;kid fu;a=.k vuqns'kksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa d{kk izcU/ku ds leLr fØ;kdykiksa

dk izcU/ku] fu;U=.k vè;kid }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fo|kFkhZ mnklhu Jksrk gksrs gSaA

(vi) ewY;kadu mikxe %& ;g mikxe ch0 ,l0 Cywwe }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA blds vUrxZr f'k{k.k

dks f=iknh izfØ;k ls layXu ekuk tkrk gSA ¼1½ f'k{kk ds mís'; ¼2½ vf/kxe vuqHko ¼3½ O;ogkj

ifjorZuA d{kk izcUèku gsrq f'k{kk ds mís';ksa dks tkuuk vko';d gSA d{kk fØ;kdykiksa ds izcU/ku dk

mís'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfèkxe vuqHko dk Kku izkIr djokuk gS vkSj ;s lc mís'; O;ogkj ifjorZu dh

lgk;rk ls gh izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA d{kk izcU/ku mís'; dsfUnzr gksrk gS] mís';ksa dks le>us ds fy,

d{kk fØ;kdykiksa dk izcUèku fd;k tkrk gSA

(vii) f'k{k.k vf/kxe dk izcU/ku mikxe %& vkbZ0 ds0 Msfol us f'k{kk ds f'k{k.k vf/kxe izcU/ku vk;ke

dk izfriknu fd;k gSA d{kk izcU/ku esa v/;kid O;oLFkkid dh Hkwfedk fuekZrk gS vkSj d{kk fØ;k&

d{kk&d{k izcU/ku

59

dykiksa] f'k{k.k fØ;kvksa dk izcU/ku djrk gSA ;g vk;ke ekuoh; laxBu rFkk lEcU/kksa ds fl)kUr ij

vk/kkfjr gSA Msfcl us f'k{k.k vf/kxe gsrq pkj in fn;s gSa& fu;kstu] laxBu] vxzlj.k] fu;a=.kA

laxBu rFkk vxzlj.k in d{kk izcU/ku ls tqM+s gq, i`"B&iks"k.k iznku djrk gSaA

(viii) f'k{k.k laxBu mikxe %& f'k{k.k laxBu vk;ke bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd f'k{k.k fopkj ghurk

ls fopkj;qärk dh vksj ys tkus okyk gS tSls Le`fr ls vuqfØ;k Lrj dh vksj tSls & Le`fr] le>us

dk Lrj] fpUru Lrj Le`fr Lrj ij d{kk izcU/ku dk fu;a=.k rFkk foLrkj v/;kid }kjk fd;k tkrk

gSA le>us ds Lrj ij d{kk izcU/ku dks v/;kid rFkk fo|kFkhZ nksuksa gh fu;af=r djrs gSaA vuqfØ;k

Lrj ij fo|kFkhZ d{kk fØ;k&dykiksa ds izcU/ku dks djrs gSaA ;g f'k{k.k dh ldkjkRed lq/kkj voLFkk

gksrh gSA

(ix) d{kk f'k{k.k dh fØ;k;s %& ;g mikxe pj.k vFkok d{kk f'k{k.k dh voLFkk ds :i esa Hkh izpfyr

gSaA d{kk fØ;k&dykiksa ds izcU/ku ds lkekU; izk:i gsrq rhu voLFkk;sa vko';d gSa & ¼1½ iwoZ fØ;k

voLFkk ¼2½ vUr% fØ;k voLFkk ¼3½ foxr fØ;k voLFkkA bl vk;ke dh vUr% fØ;k voLFkk d{kk

izcUèku dh fØ;kvksa rFkk fØ;k&dyki ds izcU/ku ls lEcfU/kr gSA iwoZ fØ;k voLFkk esa d{kk ls iwoZ

d{kk fØ;k&dykiksa dk fu;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj d{kk ds fØ;k&dykiksa ds izcU/ku esa

yphykiu jgrk gSA d{kk fØ;kvksa dk ;g izR;; dkyZ vkWisu 'kkW }kjk izfrifnr fd;k x;k gSA


d{kk izcU/ku eq[; :i ls f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA f'k{kd vius izca/ku ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fu;af=r

djds vf/kxe ds izfr :fp mRiUu dj ldrk gSA f'k{kd izca/ku ds }kjk vius O;ogkj dks uhjl vkSj vlQy

gksus ls cpk ldrk gSA fofHkUu dkS'kyksa dk mi;ksx lgh izcU/ku ds }kjk gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA miyC/k

lalkèkuksa dk n{krkiwoZd rFkk izHkkoiw.kZ rjhds ls mi;ksx djrs gq, Nk=ksa vkSj muds chp leUo; LFkkfir fd;k

tkrk gSA

d{kk&d{k izcU/ku ds ek/;e ls f'k{k.k izfØ;k dks laxfBr] vf/kxe dks izfØ;k lEikfnr] d{kk ds

fØ;k&dykiksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds chp lEcU/k] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfHkizsfjr] izksRlkfgr] nqjkpj.k jksdus esa] le; dk

lnqi;ksx vkSj f'k{k.k dks izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

d{kk&d{k izcU/k ds fofHkUu mikxe gSa & eq[kj mikxe] O;ogkj la'kks/ku mikxe] lewg ekxZn'kZu

mikxe] O;kikj 'kSf{kd mikxe] gjcVZ dk mikxe] ewY;kadu mikxe] f'k{k.k vf/kxe izcU/ku mikxe] f'k{k.k

laxBu mikxe] d{kk f'k{k.k dh fØ;k;saA


1- izcU/ku dk D;k vFkZ gS\ d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dh vo/kkj.kk ij izdk'k MkysaAWhat is the meaning of management? throw light on concept of classroom management.

2- d{kk&d{k izcU/ku ds fofHkUu mi;ksfxrkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the need of classroom management.

3- d{kk&d{k izcU/ku ds fofHkUu mikxe dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the different approach of classroom management.

d{kk&d{k izcU/ku

60


1- Bkdqj ;rhUnz ¼2008½ lekos'kh f'k{kk] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjkA

2- vxzoky ts0 lh0 ¼2013&14½] Ldwy izcU/k] lwpuk rFkk lEizs'ku rduhdh] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjkA

3- https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>Assertive

https://learning.knoji.com>classroom

httpe://study.com>academy>lesson....

d{kk&d{k izcU/ku

61


6-0 mís'; (Objective)


6-2 d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku dh vo/kkj.kk

(Concept of Classroom Behaviour Management)

6-3 d{kkxr leL;k,¡ (Classroom Problems)

6-4 d{kkd{k esa gksus okyh xyfr;k¡ (Classroom Mistakes)

6-5 vuq'kklukRed dk;Ziz.kkyh (Disciplinary Parctices)

6-6 'kkjhfjd naM (Corporal Punishments)

6-7 d{kkxr fu;e] fnup;kZ rFkk fofu;eu

(Classroom Rules, Routine and Regulations)




bdkbZ % 6 d{kk O;ogkj izca/kuUnit : 6 Classroom Behaviour Management

6-0 mís'; (Objective)

bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k%

d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku dh vo/kkj.kk dks le> ldsaxsA

d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA d{kkxr esa gksus okyh xyfr;ksa dks le> ldsaxsA vuq'kklukRed dk;Ziz.kkyh ,oa 'kkjhfjd naM lca/kh tkudkfj;ksa ls voxr gks ldsaxsA


62


d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku uked bl bdkbZ esa d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku D;k gS\ blds varxZr fdu&fdu

leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vuq'kklukRed O;ogkj dk fodkl dSls fd;k tk,] cPpksa

dks fn;k tkus okyk 'kkjhfjd naM rFkk d{kkxr fu;e] fnup;kZ o fofu;eu dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd f'k{kd dk izkFkfed mís'k; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk iw.kZ fodkl djuk

gSA iw.kZ fodkl rHkh laHko gS tc f'k{kd vius izca/ku ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk /;ku viuh vksj vkdf"kZr dj

ldsxkA vkt ds nkSj esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ,dkxzfpr gksu d{kk esa gh ugha cfYd thou esa Hkh dfBu gksrk

tk jgk gSA d{kk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vPNs urhts izkIr djus gsrq iszfjr djus ds fy, d{kk izca/ku ds fy, csgrj

mik; viukus dh t:jr gSA vr% bl bdkbZ esa bUgha fcanqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

6-2 d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Classroom Behaviour

Management)

d{kk tgk¡ fofHkUu ekufld Lrj ds fo|kFkhZ dqN lh[kus ds fy, vkrs gS rFkk vius O;fDrRo dk fodkl

djrs gSA O;ogkj dk rkRi;Z fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lc izdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa] lek;stukvksa] fØ;k,¡ ,oa vfHkO;fDr;ksa

ls gSa] rFkk izca/ku eq[; :i ls fof'k"V mís'k;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, nwljksa ds iz;Ruksa dks fu;ksftr] lefUor]

izsfjr rFkk fu;af=r djus dk dk;Z gSA bl izdkj d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku dk vFkZ d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds O;ogkjksa dks

fu;af=r djuk] mUgsa vfHkizsfjr djuk rFkk vf/kxe ds izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k mRiUu djuk gSA d{kk esa

fofHkUu ekufld Lrj ds Nk= gksrs gS mudk O;ogkj Hkh fHkUu gksrk gS dksbZ rst gksrk gS rks dksbZ lkekU; vkSj

dksbZ ean cqf)A vr% f'k{kd dks bu lHkh i{kksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh f'k{k.k izfØ;k dk lapkyu djuk

pkfg,A

d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA v/;kid d{kk dk usrk gksrk

gSA og fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkn'kZ gksrk gSA v/;kid dh eqLdqjkgV] izksRlkgu ds 'kCn] iz'kalk rFkk LoHkko dk

fo|kFkhZ ds O;ogkj ij cgqr izHkko iM+rk gS lgh :i ls fo|kFkhZ ij /;ku ns dj v/;kid fo|kFkhZ ds

lkekftd rFkk 'kSf{kd O;ogkj dks cny ldrk gSA tc v/;kid fo|kFkhZ dks okafNr O;ogkj ds ckjs esa

crykrk gS] rks fo|kFkhZ ,sls O;ogkj dks djrs gS vkSj vH;kl djus ls okafNr O;ogkjksa dk fodkl gksus yxrk

gSA bl izdkj ls O;ogkj djus ds fy, v/;kid esa fuiq.krk vkSj tkx:drk gksuh pkfg,A fdlh Hkh ckyd

ds O;ogkj esa ifjoÙkZu 'kh?kz ugha yk;k tk ldrk D;ksafd O;ogkj ifjoÙkZu dh izfØ;k /kheh gksrh gSA O;ogkj

ifjoÙkZu ds fy, v/;kid dks iqucZyu rFkk i`"B&iks"k.k izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A muds O;ogkjksa dh

vkykspuk djus ls O;ogkj ifjorZu laHko ugha gksrk gSA f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ftruk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj

djrk gS Nk= mlds fo"k; esa vf/kd :fp ysrs gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd d{kk O;ogkj izca/ku ftUgsa

v/;kid d{kk esa vPNs vf/kxe okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k gsrq rFkk leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq iz;qDr djrk gSA

6-3 d{kkxr leL;k,¡ (Classroom Problems)

d{kk dk dk;Z f'k{kd }kjk lEiUu gksrk gSA f'k{kd] d{kk dk usrk gksrk gSA mldk tSlk usr`Ro gksxk]

d{kk dk O;ogkj mlh rjg dk gksxkA f'k{kd dk izn'kZu rFkk vfHkO;fDr Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe rFkk dkS'ky dks

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

63

izHkkfor djrk gSA ,d f'k{kd dks vf/kdka'k le; Nk=ksa ds lkFk d{kkxr O;ogkj ds v/;;u] fujh{k.k vkSj

fuekZ.k esa yxkuk iM+rk gSA bl n`f"V ls d{kk dh O;ogkjxr leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, rFkk mudk

lek/kku izLrqr djus ds fy, f'k{kd dks lnk rS;kj jguk iM+rk gSA ,d f'k{kd dks d{kk esa fuEufyf[kr

O;ogkjxr leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS&

¼1 ½ O;fDrxr fHkUurk (Individual Differences) & d{kkxr O;ogkj dh izeq[k leL;k gS Nk=ksa dhO;fDrxr fHkUurkA Nk=ksa esa O;fDrxr fHkUurk dbZ :iksa esa gksrh gS tSls & 'kjhj ds vkdkj vkSj Lo:i]'kkjhfjd dk;ksZa] xfr lEcU/kh {kerkvksa cqf)] miyfC/k] Kku] :fp] vfHko`fÙk vkfnA bu fHkUurkvksa dhotg ls gh f'k{kd dks dbZ leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS ftldk izHkko mudh fu"ifÙk ij iM+rkgSA

¼2 ½ lh[kus dh xfr (Learning Speed) & f'k{kd iwjh d{kk dks ,d gh xfr ls i<+krk gSA fdUrqf'k{kd ds lkeus leL;k ;g vkrh gS fd Nk= leku xfr ls lh[k ugha ikrsA D;ksafd ,d gh vk;q dsckydksa esa lh[kus dh rRijrk dk leku Lrj gksuk vko';d ugha gSA muds lh[kus dh xfr esa fHkUurkikbZ tkrh gSA

¼3 ½ fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dh leL;k (Problems of Special Abilities) & d{kk esa lHkh Nk= oS;fDrdfHkUurk fy, gksrs gSA d{kk dk f'k{k.k lkekU; gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa d{kk ds Nk=ksa dh lkekU;;ksX;rk dk gh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mldh fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dk ykHk ugha fey ikrkA

¼4 ½ d{kk ls Hkkx tkuk (Escape of the Class) & dqN ckydksa dks d{kk ls Hkkxus dh vknr iM+tkrh gSA ,sls ckyd d{kk ds nwljs ckydksa dks Hkh d{kk ls Hkkxus esa izsfjr djrs gSaA blls d{kk dkokrkoj.k nwf"kr gks tkrk gSA

¼5 ½ Hk;Hkhr gksuk (Scared) & dbZ ckyd vius f'k{kdksa rFkk lkfFk;ksa ls Hk;Hkhr jgrs gS os vius ckrksadks viuh leL;kvksa dks f'k{kdksa ds le{k j[kus ls fgpfdpkrs gS ftlls f'k{kdksa dks Hkh vius Nk=ksadks le>us esa ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA

¼6 ½ vkØed O;ogkj (Aggressive Behaviour) & dqN Nk= vkØed izo`fÙk ds gksrs gS izk;% ns[kkx;k gS fd ftu ckydksa dh bPNk iwfrZ ugha gks ikrh] mUgsa Øks/k vkrk gSA bldk ifj.kke muds d{kkxrO;ogkj esa vlkekU;rk vk tkuk gSA

¼7 ½ Hkk"kk fodkj (Language Disorder) & gdykuk] rqrykuk] v{kj yksi] /ofu ifjorZu vkfnO;ogkfjd leL;k,¡ ckyd ds d{kkxr O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrh gSA

¼8 ½ foLe`fr (Forgetting) & dqN Nk=ksa esa lquh gqbZ ckrksa dks Hkwyus dh vknr gks tkrh gSA blds varxZrNk= lquh rFkk dgh ckrksa dks cgqr tYnh Hkwy tkrs gS tks f'k{kdksa ds le{k leL;k mRiUu djrh gSA

¼9 ½ pksjh djuk (Stealing) & d{kkxr O;ogkj esa pksjh djuk Hkh Nk=ksa }kjk fd;k x;k ,d O;ogkjgS ftu Nk=ksa dks vko';d lqfo/kk,¡ ugha fey ikrh] muesa vU; Nk=ksa dk lkeku pksjh djus dh bPNkmRiUu gksrh gSA >wBh 'kku Hkh pksjh dks c<+kok nsrh gS vr% ;g Hkh f'k{kdksa ds lkeus ,d cM+h leL;kgSA

¼10½ >wB cksyuk (To Tell an Untruth) & >wB cksyuk d{kkxr O;ogkj dh izeq[k leL;k gSA cgkusckth]>wB cksyus dk ,d izcy dkj.k gSA tc cPps fo|ky; dk dke ugha dj ikrs rc muesa >wB cksyus dhvknr iM+ tkrh gSA

d{kkxr O;ogkfjd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku (Solution of Classroom Behaviour Problems)

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

64

d{kkxr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dk gy fd;k tkuk vfr vko';d gSA d{kkxr O;ogkj ls v/;kid

dk f'k{k.k rFkk Nk=ksa dk vf/kxe nksuks izHkkfor gksrs gSA bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku f'k{kd bl izdkj dj

ldrk gS&

¼1½ f'k{kd dks f'k{k.k djrs le; oS;fDrd fHkUurk dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A

¼2½ lh[kus dh xfr lkekU; cuk;s j[kus ds fy, iz;kl djsaA

¼3½ d{kk esa vf/kdre lkewfgd fØ;kdyki djk;s tkus pkfg,A

¼4½ d{kk ls Nk=ksa ds Hkkxus ds dkj.kksa dk irk yxkdj mu dkj.kksa dks nwj fd;k tk,A

¼5½ Nk=ksa dh fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk dk fodkl fd;k tk, ,oa d{kk rFkk fo|ky; ds fy, bldk mi;ksx fd;k

tk,A

¼6½ KkusfUnz;ksa dk irk yxkdj mudk lek/kku djk;k tk,A

¼7½ Nk=ksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh fo/aolkRed izo`fÙk;ksa dks jpukRed izo`fÙk;ksa esa cnyuk pkfg,A

¼8½ Nk=ksa esa bZ";kZ dh txg iz'kalk rFkk lg;ksx dh Hkkouk fodflr dh tkuh pkfg,A

¼9½ >wB cksyus dh vknr ij fu;=a.k yxkuk pkfg,A

¼10½ Nk=ksa dks Hk;Hkhr uk djsa cfYd mUgsa lkekU; O;ogkj }kjk d{kk ds dk;ksZa ds fy, izsfjr djsaA

¼11½ Nk=ksa esa foLe`fr dks jksdus ds fy, fujUrj vH;kl djkuk pkfg,A

6-4 d{kkd{k esa gksus okyh xyfr;k¡ (Classroom Mistakes)

d{kk dk izca/ku djuk f'k{kd ds fy, pqukSrh Hkjk dk;Z gSA f'k{kd dk izkFkfed mís'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk

iw.kZ fodkl djuk gSA iw.kZ fodkl rHkh laHko gS tc f'k{kd vius izca/ku ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk /;ku viuh

vksj vkdf"kZr dj ldsxkA vxj f'k{kd ,slk ugha dj ikrs rks os vius mís'; dks izkIr ugha dj ldrsaA dqN

,slh xyfr;k¡ tks f'k{kdksa }kjk d{kkxr O;ogkj esa gks tkrh gS ftldh otg ls os vius mís';ksa dks izkIr djus

esa lQy ugha gks ikrs os bl izdkj gS&

¼1 ½ izsj.kk dk vHkko (Lack of Motivation)

¼2 ½ mís';ghurk (Aimlessness)

¼3 ½ mÙkjnkf;Ro dh deh (Lack of Responsibility)

¼4 ½ ifj.kke ls ifjp; u djkuk (Not Making them Aware of Result)

¼5 ½ x`g dk;Z (Home Work)

¼6 ½ naM dk iz;ksx djuk (Use of Punishment)

¼7 ½ Kku dh deh (Lack of Knowledge)

¼8 ½ vuqfpr Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx (Inapproriate Language)

¼9 ½ i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkj (Favouritism)

¼10½ lgh f'k{k.k fof/k dk pquko u djuk (Use of Inappropriate Teaching Methods)

bu lHkh dk fooj.k bl izdkj gS%&

¼1 ½ izsj.kk dk vHkko (Lack of Motivation) & f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa izsj.kk dk LFkku lcls vf/kd

egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA izsj.kk Nk=ksa dks ubZ ckrsa lh[kus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrh gSA f'k{kd dk

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

65

nkf;Ro gS fd og izHkko'kkyh vf/kxe ds fy, Nk=ksa esa lh[kus dh bPNk mRiUu djsa] mUgs izsj.kk nsaA

¼2 ½ mís';ghurk (Aimlessness) & ,d f'k{kd lcls cM+h xyrh rc djrk gS tc og fcuk fdlh

mís'; fu/kkZfjr fd, gh d{kk f'k{k.k vf/kxe dk;Z izkjaHk djrk gS D;ksafd fcuk fdlh mís'; ds f'k{kd

vius dk;Z esa lQy ugha gks ldrsA

¼3 ½ mÙkjnkf;Ro dh deh (Lack of Responsiblity) & ;fn d{kk ds f'k{kd mÙkjnk;h ,oa

fo'oluh; gksrs gSa] rks bldk izHkko Nk=ksa ds vuq'kkflr jgus ij vf/kd iM+rk gSA ;fn f'k{kd gh

fu;eksa dh vogsyuk djsa] ikB~;Øe dks le; ij lekIr uk djsa vkSj Nk=ksa ds lkFk i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkj

djsa rks blls Nk=ksa esa lkaosfxd vfLFkjrk (Emotional Unstability) c<+ tkrh gSA

¼4 ½ ifj.kke ls ifjp; u djkuk (Not Making them Aware of Result) & Nk=ksa dks muds

ifj.kke ls ifjp; djkdj ,d f'k{kd mudks csgrj f'k{k.k vf/kxe dh vksj vfHkizsfjr djrs gSA blls

Nk= Hkfo"; esa vf/kdkf/kd lQyrk izkIr djus ds fy, rFkk vlQy Nk= viuh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus

ds fy, vf/kd ifjJe djus ds fy, iz;kljr gksrs gSA ij Nk=ksa dks ifj.kke ls ifjp; u djkdj ,d

f'k{kd lcls cM+h xyrh djrs gSA

¼5 ½ x`g dk;Z (Home Work) & Nk=ksa dks x`g dk;Z nsrs le; mudh O;fDrxr fofHkUurkvksa dk /;ku

j[kuk vR;Ur vko';d gksrk gSA f'k{kd dks izk;% bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, dh rhoz cqf) Nk=ksa

dks dfBu x`g dk;Z rFkk ean cqf) Nk=ksa dks ljy x`g dk;Z gh nsuk pkfg,A

¼6 ½ naM dk iz;ksx djuk (Use of Punishment) & izk;% d{kk f'k{k.k ds nkSjku ;g ns[kk tkrk gS

fd f'k{kd vius Nk=ksa ds lkFk l[rh ls is'k vkrs gSA Nk=ksa ds }kjk x`g dk;Z u djus o vuq'kklu

Hkax djus ij f'k{kd n.M dk iz;ksx djrs gS ftlls Nk= grksRlkfgr gks tkrs gSA

¼7 ½ Kku dh deh (Lack of Knowledge) & ,d f'k{kd dks vius fo"k;ksa ds vk/kkjHkwr fu;eksa o rF;ksa

dk Kku gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, mUgsa fujUrj v/;;u djrs jguk pkfg,A ij dbZ f'k{kd ,sls gksrs

gS ftUgsa vius fo"k;ksa dk iwjk Kku ugha gksrk ftlls os d{kk f'k{k.k vf/kxe esa vleFkZ jgrs gSaA

¼8 ½ vuqfpr Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx (Inappropriate Language) & d{kk esa f'k{kdksa }kjk mfpr Hkk"kk ds

iz;ksx u djus ij Nk= f'k{kd dk O;ogkj uhjl gks tkrk gSA dHkh dHkh f'k{kd Nk=ksa dks x/kk] csodwQ]

ew[kZ vkfn dgdj lacksf/kr dj nsrs gS ftlls vius vki dks viekfur eglwl djus yxrk gSA

¼9 ½ i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkj (Favouritism) & d{kk d{k f'k{k.k ds nkSjku dqN Nk= ,sls gksrs gS tks f'k{kd

ds fiz; cu tkrs gS vkSj f'k{kd mUgha fiz; Nk=ksa ij T;knk /;ku Hkh nsrs gS vr% f'k{kd dks i{kikr

;k HksnHkko fd;s fcuk gh lc Nk=ksa ds lkFk leku vkSj izseiw.kZ O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A

¼10½ lgh f'k{k.k fof/k dk pquko u djuk (Use of Inappropriate Teaching Methods) &

f'k{kd dks d{kk f'k{k.k esa Nk=ksa ds :fp] mez] cqf) vkfn dk /;ku j[krs gq, mfpr f'k{k.k fof/k dk

pquko djuk pkfg,A

6-5 vuq'kklukRed dk;Ziz.kkyh (Disciplinary Practices)

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

66

fMflfIyu (Discipline) 'kCn dh mÙifr ySfVu 'kCn 'Disciplina' ls ekuh tkrh gS ftldk vFkZ gS &

O;oLFkk] fu;e] f'k{kk] vH;kl v/;kiu vkfnA vaxzsth 'kCn Disciple 'kCn dh mÙifr ySfVu Hkk"kk ds

'Discipulum' ls ekuh tkrh gS ftldk vFkZ gS f'k";A f'k"; ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gS dh og vius xq:tuksa

ds vkns'kksa dks JnkiwoZd ikyu djsa vkSj mlds vuqlkj lQy thou gsrq Lo;a esa vko';d ,oa vuqlkj xq.kksa

dk fodkl djsaA bl izdkj fMflfIyu dk vFkZ vkpj.k esa fu;ferrk mRiUu djuk gSA

lpeqp vuq'kklu dk vkt tks vFkZ f'k{kk euksoSKkfudksa us yxk j[kk gS og igys ds vFkZ ls dkQh fHkUu

gSA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd vuq'kklu ds Lo:i dks le>us ds fy, mldh O;k[;k ,frgkfld i`"BHkwfe

(Histrical Background) esa dh tk,A 19oha 'krkCnh esa vuq'kklu dk vFkZ f'k{kd n.M (Punishment) l[rh

ls yxkrs FksA tc Hkh os ckydksa dks vuq'kkflr djus dh ckr djrs Fks] rks os ckydksa dks n.M nsrs Fks rFkk mlds

lkFk l[rh ls is'k vkrs FksA f'k{kdksa dk er Fkk fd n.M nsus ,oa l[rh cjrus ls Nk=ksa dk nqO;Zogkj lekIr

gks tk,xk vkSj os Bhd <+x ls O;ogkj djsxsaA

20oha 'krkCnh ds vkajHk esa izxfr'khy f'k{kk vkanksyu izkajHk gqvk ftlds vuqlkj n.M ,oa l[rh dks

leL;kRed O;ogkj dk dkj.k u fd lek/kku ekuk tkus yxkA bl vkanksyu dk eq[; fopkj ;g Fkk fd

n.M ls ckydksa esa Mj mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj Mj ls muesa fofHkUu rjg dh cpko izfrfØ;k,¡ 'kq: gks tkrh gSa

vkSj blls fQj ckyd n.M ds Hkkxh cu tkrs gSA vr% n.M ds bl nwf"kr pØ dks rksM+dj vuq'kklu dks

dqN /kukRed igyqvksa ds vk/kkj ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;kA oSls f'k{kd tks izxfr'khy f'k{kk vkUnksyu ds

leFkZd Fks] dk dguk Fkk fd Nk=ksa dk i;kZIr Lor=ark (Freedom), vuqKkRedrk (Premissiveness) rFkk

vfHk:fp iznku djus okyh ifjfLFkfr esa j[kuk pkfg,A bu leFkZdksa esa Ýkcsy] isLVkykWth ,oa ek.Vsljh vkfn

dk uke mYys[kuh; gSA

ijUrq vk/kqfud f'k{kk euksoSKkfudksa dks mi;qZDr nksuksa gh fopkj/kkjk,¡ ¼19oha ,oa 20oha 'krkCnh½ ekU; ugha

gS vkSj bUgksusa vuq'kklu dks ,d nwljs <+x ls ifjHkkf"kr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA fjyh rFkk ysfol (Reilly

& Lewis 1983) us vuq'kklu dh ,d vfr vk/kqfud ,oa foLr`r ifjHkk"kk nh gSA buds vuqlkj Þd{kk O;ogkj

lcaèkh leL;kvksa ls fucVuk rFkk mldk fuokj.k djuk gh vuq'kklu gSA oÙkZeku le; esa vuq'kklu ls rkRi;Z

fu;a=.k ¼fo'ks"kr% vkRefu;a=.k½] cks/k] mís';&mUeq[kh] funsZ'kkRed fuokj.k ,oa laxfBr mnk=hdj.k (Organized

Sublimation) ls gksrk gSAß

"Discipline is defined as the prevention of, and the handling of, behaviour problems in the

classroom......... At present, dicipline is seen as control (especially self-control), Understanding,

goal orientation, referral, prevention and organized sublimation."

- Reilly & Lewis

bl ifjHkk"kk dk fo'kys"k.k djus ij gesa vuq'kklu ds Lo:i ds ckjs es fuEukafdr eq[; rF; izkIr gksrs gSa&

(i) vuq'kklu esa eq[; eqnzk O;ogkj lca/kh leL;k,¡ gksrh gSaA

(ii) blesa ,slh leL;kvksa ls fucVus ,oa mUgs jksdus dh i;kZIr dksf'k'k dh tkrh gSA

(iii) vuq'kklu dk lca/k Nk=ksa esa vkRefu;a=.k dh {kerk fodflr djus ls gksrk gSA

(iv) vuq'kklu funsZ'kkRed (Referral) gksrk gSA bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd vuq'kklu Hkax djus okys Nk=ksa

dks izk;% fdlh euksoSKkfud] ijke'kZnkrk rFkk fo'ks"kK ds ikl muds O;ogkj lca/kh leL;kvksa ds

fujkdj.k ds fy, Hkstk tkrk gSA

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

67

(v) vuq'kklu dk vk/kkj izse] fo'okl rFkk lnHkkouk gksuk pkfg,A

vuq'kklu LFkkiuk ds lk/ku (Means for Maintaining Discipline) - mÙke vuq'kklu LFkkfir djus ds

fy, ,d d{kk v/;kid fofHkUu lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gS] ftudk fooj.k uhps fd;k tk jgk gS&

¼v½ ldkjkRed lk/ku (Positive Means)

¼1 ½ Lo'kklu (Self Government) - d{kk&fu;a=.k esa Nk=ksa ds lg;ksx ls vuq'kklu&LFkkiu ,oa

fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k dks ekfeZd rFkk lg;ksxh cukus esa i;kZIr lgk;rk feyrh gSA Nk=ksa ij d{kk

ds izfrfnu ds lkekU; dk;ZØe ds fy, mÙkjnkf;Ro Mkyuk gh mÙke vuq'kklu dh LFkkiuk esa

egRoiw.kZ lgk;rk gSA

¼2 ½ d{kk ds fu;e o ijEijk,¡ (Rules and Traditions of Classroom) - vuq'kklu LFkkiu esa

d{kk ds fu;eksa dks o ijEijkvksa dk cM+k egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA Nk=ksa dks bu fu;eksa ds egRo ls

voxr djk nsuk pkfg, blds lkFk gh Nk=ksa dks ;g Hkh tkudkjh nsuk vko';d gS fd bu fu;eksa

ds vuqlkj ;gk¡ dk;Z djus ij Hkkoh thou esa fu;fer :i ls dk;Z djus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha

gksxhA

¼3½ ikjLifjd lg;ksx (Mutual Cooperation) - d{kk ds lEiw.kZ dk;Z lg;ksx ij gh fuHkZj gSA

d{kk ds lHkh Nk=ksa dks ,d Vhe ds :i esa dk;Z djus ds fy, rRij cukuk pkfg,A tc lc yksx

vius vius nkf;Ro dks le>us ,oa mldks iw.kZ djus ds fy, rRij gksxsa rc ogk¡ vuq'kklu Lor%

gh mRiUu gks tk,xkA

¼4 ½ mi;q ZDr ikB~;Øe lgxkeh fØ;kvks a dh O;oLFkk (Provision of Appropriate Co-

curricular Activities) - buds }kjk Nk=ksa esa usr`Ro] drZO;&ijk.;rk] O;oLFkk ,oa fu;ferrk ds

izfr J)k] lkekftdrk dh Hkkouk] lg;ksx vkfn dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA vr% vuq'kklu

LFkkiuk ds fy, d{kk esa ikB~;Øe lgxkeh fØ;kvksa dk mi;qZDr dk;ZØe fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkuk

pkfg, ftlls izR;sd Nk= viuh :fp ,oa ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj muesa Hkkx ys lds vkSj Lo;a esa

mi;qZDr xq.kksa dks fodflr djus esa leFkZ gks ldsA

¼5 ½ czká izHkkoksa ij fu;a=.k (Control of External Infiuences) - vuq'kklu LFkkiuk ds fy,

czká izHkkoksa vFkkZr lekt dh xanh jktuhfr] lkekftd ruko] ikjLifjd la/k"kZ vkfn ij fu;a=.k

j[kuk vko';d gSA egku f'k{kk'kkL=h tkWu M~;woh dk dFku gS fd fo|ky; ,d fo'ks"k okrkoj.k

gS ftldks czká thou dh dq:irk ls nwj j[kk tk,A

¼6 ½ d{kk dk okrkoj.k ,oa 'kSf{kd lqfo/kk,¡ (Classroom Environment and Educational

Facilities) - ;fn d{kk dk okrkoj.k vuqi;qDr gS rks mÙke vuq'kklu dh LFkkiuk esa cM+h dfBukbZ

gksxhA mfpr f'k{k.k gsrq d{kk dh LoPNrk] ekgkSy] ok;q] jks'kuh] QuhZpj] vko';d midj.k vkfn

dh mfpr O;oLFkk dk gksuk vko';d gSA

¼7 ½ iqjLdkj (Rewards) - vuq'kklu LFkkiuk esa iqjLdkjksa dk cM+k egRo gS D;ksafd buds }kjk Nk=ksa

esa vPNs dk;Z djus dh vknr ,oa eukso`fÙk dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA

¼c ½ udkjkRed lk/ku (Negative Means) - n.M O;oLFkk dks vuq'kklu LFkkiu dk lk/ku ugha ekuk

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

68

tk ldrk] D;ksafd mÙke vuq'kklu rks O;fDr ds Hkhrj ls mRiUu gksus okyk xq.k gSA ijUrq fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa

esa gesa ckydksa dks n.M nsus ds fy, foo'k gks tkuk iM+rk gSA tc n.M ,d vko';d cqjkbZ gS vkSj mls xzg.k

djuk gh iM+rk gS rks Lor% gh iz'u mBrk gS fd n.M fdu iz;kstuksa ls fn;k tk,A bl lEcU/k esa fuEu

èkkj.kkvksa dk izpyu gS&

¼1 ½ izfrdkjkRed fl)kUr (Retributive Theory) - bl fl)kUr }kjk ;g izfrikfnr fd;k tkrk

gS fd tks O;fDr xyrh ;k vijk/k djrk gS] mlls xyrh ;k vijk/k dk cnyk fy;k tkuk

pkfg,A ijUrq bl fl)kar dks U;k;laxr fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ;fn fdlh ckyd

us f'k{kd ds vkns'kksa dk ikyu ugha fd;k rks f'k{kd Øks/k esa cnyk ysus dh Hkkouk ls mls vfèkd

naM iznku dj nsxkA

¼2 ½ lq/kkjkRed fl)kar (Reformative Theory) - ;g fl)kar bl ckr esa fo'okl djrk gS fd

vijkèkh dks ;g vuqHko djk;k tk, fd oLrqr% mlus vijk/k fd;k gS vkSj mlds fy, mls nq[k

izdV djuk pkfg, rFkk mldk mik; ;gh gS fd og Lo;a dks lq/kkjsA

¼3 ½ mnkgj.kkRed fl)kar (Exemlary Theory) - bl fl)kar ds }kjk ;g izfrikfnr fd;k tkrk

gS fd vijk/kh dks blfy, nf.Mr fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g nwljksa ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k dk dk;Z

dj lds vkSj nwljksa dks oSlk gh mijk/k ;k xyrh djus ls jksd ldsA

¼4 ½ vojks/kkRed fl)kar (Preventive Theory) - bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj vijk/kh dks ml mijkèk

dh iqujko`fÙk djus ls jksduk rFkk nwljksa dh j{kk djuk gS ijUrq ;g fl)kar xyrh djus okys

dks Lo;a dks lq/kkjus ds fy, dksbZ volj iznku ugha djrkA izk;% ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd n.M dk

Hk; fn[kkus ls vijk/k :dus ds ctk; vkSj c<+rs gSA

6-6 'kkjhfjd naM (Corporal Punishments)

'kkjhfjd n.M ds lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa ds fofHkUu fopkj gSA iqjkuh f'k{kk i)fr esa bldk egRoiw.kZ LFkku

FkkA 'Spare the rod and spoil the child' n.M dk u gksuk cPps dks fcxkM+rk gS& bl izdkj dh fopkjèkkjk

loZekU; FkhA dgk tkrk Fkk fd ftl O;fDr dks naM ugha feyk] og Bhd gks gh ugha ldkA

vk/kqfud fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd 'kkjhfjd naM vekuqf"kd gS vkSj funZ;rk dk ifjpk;d gSA ftl Nk=

dks 'kkjhfjd n.M feyrk gS og dHkh&dHkh dqN le; ds i'pkr ,d LFkk;h vijk/kh Hkh cu tkrk gSA

D;k gS dkWiksZjy ifu'kesaV %& dkWiksZjy ifu'kesaV ;k 'kkjhfjd naM dh Js.kh esa flQZ cPpksa ds lkFk ekjihV

gh ugha vU; lHkh izdkj ds naMksa dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA jk"Vªh; cky lj{k.k vk;ksx dh ifjHkk"kk ds rgr

fuEufyf[kr naMksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS&

¼1 ½ 'kkjhfjd naM

cPpksa ds lkFk ekj&ihV djukA

fnuHkj /kwi esa [kM+k djukA

cPpksa dks ?kqVus ij [kM+k dj dke djokukA

gkFkksa dks Åij mBkdj j[kukA

cPpksa ds gkFk ck/kukA

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

69

mBd&cSBd djokukA

dku ejksM+ukA

NM+h ls ekjukA

dku idM+dj [kM+k djokuk vkfnA

¼2 ½ HkkoukRed naM

yM+dk o yM+dh dks ,d&nwljs ls FkIiM+ ejokukA

Nk=ksa dks Hkyk&cqjk dguk vkSj mUgs viekfur djukA

dqN fnuksa ds fy, Ldwy vkus ls jksd nsukA

muds ihB ij isij fpidkdj ml ij fy[k nsuk dh & eSa ew[kZ g¡w eSa x/kk g¡w vkfnA

mls izR;sd d{kk esa ys tkdj viekfur djukA

yM+dksa dh deht vrkjukA

¼3 ½ udkjkRed naM

va/ksjs dejs esa can djukA

cPpksa dks /kj okil Hkstuk ;k fQj mUgsa Ldwy xsV ds ckgj [kM+k j[kukA

cPpksa dks Dykl :e esa Q'kZ ij cSBkukA

cPpksa ls ifjlj dh lkQ&lQkbZ djokukA

cPpksa dks Ldwy ls fudkyus dh /kedh nsukA

mlds ijh{kk esa izkIrkad dks de djukA

cPpksa ls tqekZuk ysukA

cPpksa dks [ksy ;k vU; fØ;kdykiksa ls oafpr j[kukA

bl rjg ds naM cPpksa ds eu esa Øks/k] fujk'kk vkSj vius vki dks uhpk ns[kus dh Hkkoukvksa dks mRiUu

djrk gS blds vykok cPps vius vkidks cslgkjk vkSj viekfur le>us yxrk gSA bl dkj.k og viuh

{kerk vkSj LokfHkekurk dks [kksus yxrk gSA

¼4 ½ D;k gS izko/kku

lqizhe dksVZ us o"kZ 2000 esa Ldwyksa esa dkiksZjy ifu'kesaV ;k 'kkjhfjd naM ij iwjh rjg ls jksd yxk nh

FkhA bls ykxw djus ds fy, 9 August 2007 dks jk"Vªh; cky vf/kdkj laj{k.k vk;ksx us izns'k ds eq[; lfpo

dks i= fy[kk FkkA 9 Octuber 2007 ds vkns'k eq[; lfpo iza'kkr dqekj feJ us dkiksZjy ifu'kesaV iwjh rjg

ls izfrcafèkr djus ds lkFk gh f'k{kk foHkkx dks bls ykxw djkus ds funsZ'k fn, FksA ogh 2010 esa dsUnz ljdkj

dh vksj ls yk, x, f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e esa Hkh fdlh Hkh izdkj ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld naM ij

jksd yxk gh xbZ gSA ckotwn blds 'kkjhfjd ;k ekufld naM nsus dh fLFkfr esa f'k{kd vkSj fo|ky; ds

f[kykQ l[r dkjZokbZ dk izko/kku Hkh gSA blesa f'k{kd ds f[kykQ ,d ls rhu o"kksZa dk dkjkokl vkSj de

ls de 50]000 :i;s ds tqekZus dk izko/kku gSA blds vykok Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa Hkh dBksj dk;ZokbZ dk

izko/kku gSA

¼5 ½ 'kkjhfjd naM lEcU/kh lq>ko

1½ 'kkjhfjd naM Øks/k esa ugha nsuk pkfg,A Øks/k ds le; naM dh ek=k dk /;ku ugha jgrkA

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

70

2½ Nk= dk vijk/k fcydqy fuf'pr gks tkuk pkfg,A3½ xEHkhj vijk/k gksus ij gh 'kkjhfjd naM nsuk pkfg,A4½ naM izfrfgalk ds :i esa ugha gksuk pkfg,A5½ naM dk iz;ksx rHkh djuk pkfg, tc vU; lkekU; fof/k;k¡ vlQy gks tk,¡A6½ naM f'k{kk foHkkx ds fu;eksa ds fo:) ugha gksuk pkfg,A7½ nqcZy rFkk Hkkoqd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks 'kkjhfjd naM ugha nsuk pkfg,A8½ 'kjhj ds dksey vaxksa ij 'kkjhfjd naM ugha nsuk pkfg,A9½ N% o"kZ ls de vk;q okys cPps dks 'kkjhfjd naM ugha nsuk pkfg,A10½ naM nsus dk ;a= Hkkjh ugha gksuk pkfg,A11½ dsoy eq[; f'k{kd gh naM ns ldrk gSA

6-7 d{kkxr fu;e] fnup;kZ o fofu;eu (Classroom Rules, Routines andRegulations)

fo|ky;h okrkoj.k dk ckyd ds thou dh n'kk vkSj fn'kk esa lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA dgk Hkhtkrk gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dk Hkfo"; feyksa vkSj dkj[kkuksa esa fufeZr u gksdj fo|ky;ksa dh d{kkvksa esa fufeZrgksrk gSA lR; gh gS fd vkt ds Nk= gh dy ds f'k{kd] oSKkfud] fpfdRld] f[kykM+h rFkk izcU/ku vkfn{ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ inksa dks xkSjokfUor djus dk dk;Z djsaxsA ,sls esa ljyrk ls fo|ky; vkSj d{kh; fu;eksao mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd ,d f'k{kd d{kk esa dksbZ oLrq ;k mRikn fufeZr u djdsyksdra= ds vk/kkj LrEHk vkn'kZ ukxfjdksa dks izf'kf{kr dj jgk gS tks dy ns'k dh ckxMksj l¡HkkysaxsA buifjfLFkfr;ksa esa d{kk izcaèku] fu;e] fnup;kZ o f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk c<+ tkrh gS fd og d{kh; okrkoj.k dkl`tu rFkk Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; vuq'kklukRed okrkoj.k dk l`tu bl izdkj djs fd muesa vUr% fØ;kdh LFkkiuk gks ldsA ;g vUr% fØ;k d{kk fnup;kZ dk vfHkUu vax gksuh pkfg,A d{kkxr] fnup;kZ o fu;e;fn o;Lr izHkkoh] O;fDrxr fofHkUurk vkSj cPpksa dh :fp;ksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, fufeZr fd;k t, rksd{kh; vUr%fØ;k vkSj d{kkxr okrkoj.k esa cPpksa dh vuq'kklukRed lgHkkfxrk gsrq vf/kd ifjJe dhvko';drk ugha djuh iM+sxhA bl fn'kk esa fuEufyf[kr d{kkxr fu;e o fnup;kZ dks viuk;k tk ldrkgS&

1½ fnup;kZ fuekZ.k dk vk/kkj euksoSKkfud gksukA2½ d{kh; okrkoj.k esa Lokuq'kklu dk egRo gksuk pkfg,A3½ ges'kk le; ij d{kk esa ig¡qpukA4½ Lo;a dks vkSj nwljksa dks lEeku nsukA5½ d{kk esa f'k{kd dh ckrksa dks /;kuiwoZd lquukA6½ d{kk esa gks jgs lkjs fØ;kdykiksa esa Hkkx ysukA7½ fn'kk funsZ'kksa dk vuqlj.k djukA8½ ikB~;&lgxkeh fØ;kvks dk vk;kstu djukA9½ d{kh; fØ;kdykiksa dks okLrfod thou ij vk/kkfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A10½ d{kh; vUr% fØ;k dk vk/kkj ladqfpr u gksdj O;kid gksuk pkfg,A11½ fnup;kZ dk izHkkoh :i ls rFkk izHkkoh f'k{k.k fof|y;ksa }kjk fØ;kUo;u gksukA12½ x`g dk;Z dks fuf'pr vkSj Li"V cukukA13½ vius iz'uksa dks Li"V 'kCnksa esa dguk] ftlls izR;sd Nk= ;g tku lds fd vki D;k iwNuk pkgrs

gSa\14½ izkr% ls ysdj Nqêh rd ckydksa dks O;Lr j[kukA

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

71

15½ fnup;kZ }kjk Hkkstu vkfn leqfpr le; dks lfEefyr djukA16½ d{kk dh lQkbZ O;oLFkk dk /;ku j[kukA17½ d{kk NksM+rs le; fdlh oLrq dks vLr&O;Lr uk NksM+ukA18½ d{kk NksM+rs le; ';keiê dks lkQ djukA19½ izR;sd Nk= ds LokLF; o`=] ijh{kk izkaIrkd] ?kVuko`Ùk vkfn dk v/;;u djukA20½ O;fDrxr fHkUurk dks ekU;rk nsukA21½ lap; o`= vfHkys[k vkjf{kr j[kukA22½ izksRlkfgr u djds bu iwoZ fufnZ"V mís';ksa dh izkfIr dk iz;kl djukA


d{kk esa Nk=ksa dks f'k{kd rFkk lgikfB;ksa ds e/; vUr% O;ogkj djuk iM+rk gSA ;s O;ogkj gh mlslkekftd cukrs gS vkSj mlds O;fDrRo dk fodkl djrs gSA ij fdlh Hkh d{kk esa vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k ds nkSjkuvusd leL;k;sa d{kk lEcfU/kr yksxksa dks >syuk iM+rk gS tSls & O;fDrxr fHkUurk] lh[kus dh xfr] fo'ks"k;ksX;rk dh leL;k] d{kk ls Hkkx tkuk] Hk;Hkhr gksuk] Nk=ksa dk vkØked O;ogkj] Hkk"kk fodkj] foLe`fr] pksjhdjuk] >wB cksyuk vkfnA

d{kk esa fofHkUu ekufld Lrj ds Nk= gksrs gS mudks leku Lrj dh f'k{kk nsuk rFkk vlkekU; Lrjds Nk=ksa dks ekxZn'kZu nsuk f'k{kd dk dÙkZO; gSA f'k{kd 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku dk mi;ksx dj Nk=ksa dks mi;qDrikB~;Øe] ikB~; fo"k;ksa dk p;u] fu;e] vuq'kklu rFkk fo|ky;h O;oLFkk esa vkn'kZ dk Kku ns ldrs gSA

d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj laca/kh leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, vuq'kklu vfr vko';d gSA vuq'kkluls gh Nk=ksa esa vkRefu;a=.k] izse rFkk lnHkkouk vkfn {kerk dk fodkl gksrk gSA ij dHkh dHkkj f'k{kd dksNk=ksa ds chp vuq'kklu dk;e j[kus ds fy, rFkk Nk=ksa ds O;ogkj dks lq/kkjus ,oa muds nks"kksa dks nwj djusds fy, naM dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA Ldwyksa esa f'k{kd izk;% 'kkjhfjd naM dk gh iz;ksx djrs gS tks dhmfpr ugha ekuk tkrk D;ksafd bl rjg dk naM cPpksa ds eu esa Øks/k] fujk'kk vkSj vius vki dks uhpk ns[kusdh Hkkoukvksa dks mRiUu djrk gS cPpksa dks naM rHkh nsuk pkfg, tc mldk vijk/k fcYdqy xaHkhj gks vkSjfuf'pr gks tk,A


1- d{kk O;ogkj izca/kau dk vk'k; D;k gS\ d{kk O;ogkj izca/kau esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa ,oa bls nwj djusds mik; dk o.kZu djsaAWhat do you mean by classroom behaviour management? Describe the problems of

classroom behaviour management and its solution.

2- vuq'kklukRed dk;Ziz.kkyh ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ vuq'kklu LFkkiuk ds lk/ku dh foospuk djsaAWhat do you mean by Disciplinary practices? Explain the means of maintaining

Discipline.

3- d{kkxr O;ogkj izca/kau esa fu;e fnup;kZ o fofu;eu dk D;k egRo gS\What is the importance of rules, routine and regulations of classroom behaviour

management?

4- f'k{kdksa }kjk d{kk&d{k gksus okyh xyfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

72

Discuss the classroom mistakes by teachers.

5- D;k cPpksa dks 'kkjhfjd naM nsuk mfpr gS\ vius fopkj izdV djsaA

Is it right to give corporal punishment to children? Give your views.

6- 'kkjhfjd naM D;k gS\ vuq'kklu LFkkfir djus esa naM dh D;k Hkwfedk gSA

What is corporal punishment? What is the role of punishment to establish discipline.


1. Agrawal, J.C (2013-14), School Management Information and Communication

Technology, Agrawal Publication, Agra.

2. Pathak P.D. (2011), Educational Psychology Agrawal Publication, Agra.

3. Mukhiya S.P. & Guru Saran Das Tayagi (2012), School Administration Organization

and Health Education, Agrawal Publication, Agra.

d{kk O;ogkj izca/u

73




7-2 cky vf/kdkj dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Child Right)

7-3 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku&,d utj (Indian Constitution A Glance)

7-4 cky vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku (Violation of Rights of Children)

7-5 cky U;k; vf/kfu;e 2000 (Juvenile Justice Act in 2000)

7-6 lq>ko (Suggestion)




bdkbZ % 7 cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku&dkuwuh ifj.kkeUnit : 7 Violation of Rights of Children-Legal Consequences


bl ikB ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k %

cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks le> ldsaxsA

fdl izdkj gekjs lekt esa cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gS blls voxr gks ldsaxsA

cPpksa ds vf/kdkj ds fy, cuk, x, lafo/kku dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA



cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku uked bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks cPpksa ds vf/kdkj ds lEcU/k esa foLrr

tkudkjh gsrq cPpsa dkSu gS] cky vf/kdkj D;k gS] cPpksa dks lafo/kku ds varxZr dkSu&dkSu lekt esa fdl

izdkj ls cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS bldh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl ikB esa cPpksa

dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh gkfu ls cpkus ,oa muds vf/kdkjksa dks fnykus ds fy, lq>ko dh ppkZ Hkh dh xbZ gSA

74

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd gekjs ns'k esa gj ,d cPps dks pkgs og vehj gks ;k xjhc]LoLFk gks ;k detksj] ;k fQj og fdlh Hkh tkfr dk D;ksa u gks lcdks leku gd ikus dk vf/kdkj gSA gjcPps dks f'k{kk] LokLF;] Hkkstu] diM+k] edku vkfn lqfo/kk,¡ izkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA ij bu lc dksckotwn cPpksa ds vfèkdkjksa dks ysdj dksbZ xaHkhj ugha gSA gj dksbZ cPpksa ij viuk vf/kdkj tekuk pkgrkgSA ckr pkgs lQj dh gks] Ldwy dh gks ;k fQj mlds Hkj.k iks"k.k dh gj txg mlds vf/kdkjksa dks vuns[kkfd;k tkrk gSA cPpksa dk viuk eu o fnekx gksrk gS vkSj os cgqr gh eklwe gksrs gS 'kk;n gh fdlh cPpsdks ekywe gksrk fd muds vfèkdkj D;k&D;k gS vkSj os budks dSls izkIr dj ldrs gSA ;g lekt dk vkSjgeyksxksa dk QtZ curk gS fd ge mudks muds vf/kdkjksa ls voxr djk, vkSj mUgs os lkjh lqfo/kk,¡ miyCèkdjk,¡ ftlls mudk ekufld] 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd] pkfjf=d rFkk HkkokukRed fodkl gks ldsA

7-2 cky vf/kdkj dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Child Rights)

cPps dkSu gS\ (Who is a Child?)

vUrjjk"Vªh; fu;e ds vuqlkj cPpk dk eryc gS og O;fDr ftldh mez 18 o"kZ ls de gSA ;g fo'o

Lrj ij ckyd dh ifjHkk"kk gS ftls cky vf/kdkj ij la;qDr jk"Vª la/k lEesyu esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS vkSjftls nqfu;k ds dbZ vf/kdka'k ns'kksa }kjk ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA Hkkjr us ges'kk ls 18 o"kZ ls de mez ds yksxksadks ,d vyx dkuwuh vax ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gS] D;ksafd Hkkjr esa 18 o"kZ dh mez ds ckn gh dksbZ O;fDroksV Mky ldrk gS] Mªkbfoax ykblsal izkIr dj ldrk gS ;k vU; dkuwuh le>kSrs esa 'kkfey gks ldrk gSAvr% 18 o"kZ ls de mez ds gj cPps ftUgsa ns[kHkky vkSj laj{k.k dh vko';drk gS os jkT; ls ml izdkj dhlqfo/kk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjh gSAcky vf/kdkj (Child Rights)

ns'k esa fufeZr rFkk varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij cus ftu dkuwuksa dks Hkkjr esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS] mlds

varxZr fu/kkZfjr ekud vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks ikus dk vf/kdkj mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks gS ftudh mez 18 o"kZ ls

de gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku vkSj jkbV b ,tqds'ku (Rights to Education) tSls vf/kdkjksa us cPpksa ds fgrksa

vkSj gdksa dh fgQktr ds fy, cgqr ls fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh fd, gSA tks bl izdkj gS&

lHkh cPpksa ds fy, csgrj vkSj t:jh esfMdy lqfo/kk] viaxrk gS rks fo'ks"k lqfo/kk] lkQ ikuh]

ikSf"Vd vkgkj LoLFk jgus ds fy, lkQ okrkoj.k vko';d gSA

lHkh cPpksa dks 14 o"kZ dh mez rd izkFkfed f'k{kk eq¶r miyC/k gksA

Ldwyksa esa cPpksa ds 'kkjhfjd o ckSf)d fodkl djus ds lkFk&lkFk dqN ,slk u fd;k tk, ftlls

mudh xfjek dks Bsl igqapsA

cPpksa dks vius ifjokj dh Hkk"kk vkSj rkSj&rjhds lh[kus dk iwjk vf/kdkj gSA tks ifjokj vius

cPps dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djus esa vleFkZ gks] mldks vkfFkZd lgk;rk miyC/k djkuk ljdkj dk

nkf;Ro gSA

cPpksa dks 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k o [krjukd MªXl ls nwj j[kuk vkSj mudh lqj{kk lqfu'fpr djuk

ekrk&firk ds lkFk&lkFk ljdkj dh Hkh ftEesnkjh gSA

jkbV Vw ,tqds'ku ,sDV 2009 (Right to Education Act 2009) ds rgr MkD;wesaV~l ds vHkko esa

fdlh cPps dks ,sMfe'ku nsus ls ugha jksdk tk ldrkA

cPpksa ds vf/dkjksa dk mYya?ku

75

,sMfe'ku ds uke ij cPps dk VsLV ugha fy;k tk ldrkA cM+ks dks pkfg, fd os cPpksa ds fo"k; esa fu.kZ; ysus ls igys mudk i{k Hkh tkusaA cPps ls dksbZ vijk/k ;k xyrh gksus dh fLFkfr esa muds lkFk funZ;rk ls is'k ugha vkuk pkfg,A 14 o"kZ ls de mez ds fdlh Hkh cPps dh QSDVªh] ekabl vkSj vU; fdlh Hkh [krjukd dke es

lsok,a ugha yh tk ldrh gSA

7-3 Hkkjrh; lafo/kku & ,d utj (Indian Constitution - A Glance)

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku us lHkh cPpksa ds fy, dqN vf/kdkj fu'fpr fd, gS ftls fo'ks"k :i ls muds fy,lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA os vf/kdkj bl izdkj gS& 6&14 o"kZ dh vk;q lewg okys lHkh cPpksa dks vfuok;Z vkSj fu%'kqYd izkajfHkd f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj

¼vuqPNsn & 21,½A 14 o"kZ dh mez rd ds cPpksa dks fdlh Hkh tksf[ke okys dk;Z ls lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn &

24½A vkfFkZd t:jrksa ds dkj.k tcju ,sls dkeksa esa Hkstuk tks mudh vk;q ;k {kerk ds vuqi;qDr gS

mlls lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn & 39bZ½A leku volj o lqfo/kk dk vf/kdkj tks mUgsa Lor=ark ,oa izfr"Bkiw.kZ ekgkSy iznku djsa vkSj mudk

LoLFk :i ls fodkl gks ldsA lkFk gh uSfrd o HkkSfrd dkj.kksa ls gksus okys 'kks"k.k lqj{kk dkvfèkdkj ¼vuqPNsn & 39,Q½A

ifjokj uke o jk"Vªh;rk ikus dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn & 8½AlkFk gh mUgsa Hkkjr ds O;Ld iq:"k ,oa efgyk ds cjkcj leku ukxfjd dk Hkh vf/kdkj izkIr gS tSls& lekurk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn 14½A HksnHkko ds fo:) vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn 15½A tcju c/kqvk¡ etnwjh esa j[kus ds fo:) lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj ¼vuqPNsn 23½A lkekftd vU;k; vkSj lHkh izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls lekt ds detksj rcdksa ls lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj

¼vuqPNsn 46½Acky vf/kdkjks ij la;qDr jk"Vª lEesyu dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡&

;g ukxfjd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaL—frd vf/kdkjks ds pkj lsVks dh vksj /;kuvkdf"kZr djrh gSA os vf/kdkj gS&thus dk vf/kdkj (Right to Live)

lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj (Right to Safety)

fodkl dk vf/kdkj (Right to Development)

lgHkkfxrk dk vf/kdkj (Right to Participation)

thus dk vf/kdkj (Right to Live) - thus ds vf/kdkj esa fuEufyf[kr lfEefyr gS %& thou dk vf/kdkjA LokLF; dk mPpre t:jh ekud izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjA iks"k.k dk vf/kdkjA leqfpr thou Lrj izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjA uke o jk"Vªh;rk ikus dk vf/kdkjAlqj{kk dk vf/kdkj (Right to Safety) - lqj{kk dk vf/kdkj esa fuEu gS %& 'kks"k.k ls lqj{kk dk vf/kdkjA


76

vieku o nqZO;ogkj ls lqj{kk dk vf/kdkjA vekuoh; ;k fuEudksfV ds O;ogkj ls lqj{kk dk vf/kdkjA mis{kk ls eqfDr dks vf/kdkjA

fodkl dk vf/kdkj (Right to Development) - blds varxZr fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gS %& f'k{kk dk vf/kdkjA izkajfHkd ckY;koLFkk esa ns[kHkky ,oa fodkl gsrq lgk;rk dk vf/kdkjA lkekftd lqj{kk dk vf/kdkjA vodk'k] euksjatu ,oa lkaL—frd fØ;kdykiksa dk vf/kdkjA

lgHkkfxrk dk vf/kdkj (Right to Participation) - lgHkkfxrk dk vf/kdkj esa fuEufyf[krlfEefyr gS %& cPpksa dks vius fopkj ds fy, lEeku ikus dk vf/kdkjA vfHkO;fDr dh Lor=ark dk vf/kdkjA mi;qDr lwpuk izkIr djus dk vf/kdkjA fopkj] psruk o /kkfeZd Lor=ark dk vf/kdkjA

7-4 cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya/ku (Violation of Rights of Children)

ge lc tkurs gS fd izR;sd lekt esa cPpksa dks nqO;Zogkj fgalk vkSj 'kks"k.k dk lkeuk djuk iM+rkgSA ;w rks gekjs ns'k esa cPpksa dks cgqr ls vf/kdkj fn, x, gSA ij mudk ikyu ugha fd;k tkrk gS vkSjekrk&firk] lekt rFkk f'k{kdksa }kjk /kM+Yys ls mudk mYya?ku fd;k tk jgk gSA ;fn vki vius ikl&iM+kslesa >kaddj ns[ks rks ik,axs dh NksVs&NksVs cPps Ldwy tkus ds ctk, etnwjh ds dke esa yxs gq, gSA vf/kdka'kekrk&firk vius cPpksa dh fiVkbZ djrs gSA d{kk esa f'k{kd cPpksa ds lkFk nqO;Zogkj djrs gS vkSj /keZ ds vkèkkjij Hksn&Hkko fd;k tkrk gSA efgyk cky f'k'kq dks tUe ysus ls jksdk tkrk gSA

cky nqO;Zogkj vFkok cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYy?kau eq[;r% lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] lkaL—frdrFkk tkrh; lewgks esa ?kfVr gksrh gSA vuqla/kku izys[ku ,oa ljdkjh gLr{ksi vkSj iwoZ rF;ksa ds vuqlkjfuEufyf[kr eq}ksa ij cPpksa ds vf/kdkj dk mYy?kau fd;k tkrk gS tks bl izdkj gS %& ySafxd HksnHkko tkrh; HksnHkko viaxrk efgyk Hkzw.k gR;k ?kjsyw fgalk cky ;kSu nqO;Zogkj cky & fookg cky & Je cky os';ko`fÙk cky & O;kikj cky & cfy Ldwyksa esa cPpksa dks 'kkjhfjd naM ijh{kk esa ncko ,oa Nk=ksa }kjk vkRegR;k ;q) ,oa la?k"kZ ,pvkbZoh@,M~l


77

7-5 cky U;k; vf/kfu;e 2000 (Juvenile Justice Act in 2000)

Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa vekuoh; O;ogkj ds fy, cPpksa ds lkFk /kks[kk&/kM+h] Ny] diV] vigj.k]fNikdj j[kuk] vkijkf/kd /kedh] cPpksa dh [kjhn fcØh djus okys ds fy, naM dk fo/kku fd;k x;k gSA

;g dkuwu cky&O;kikj ds f'kdkj cPpksa rFkk ca/kqvk etnwj ds :i esa cPpksa dh lqj{kk rFkk lqj{kk dhxkajVh rFkk ,sls ckydksa dks iqu% mlds ekrk&firk o ifjokj ls feykus dh Hkh O;oLFkk djrk gSA

mijksDr izdkj ds mís'; ds fy, cky O;kikj vkfn esa 'kkfey yksxksa dks nafMr djus ds fy, fuEufyf[krfo'ks"k rFkk LFkkuh; dkuwuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS& cky&Je fu"ks/k rFkk fofu;eu vf/kfu;e 1986 ca/kqvk etnwjh O;oLFkk ¼fuewZyu vf/kfu;e 1976½ cky fookg jksd vf/kfu;e 1929 laj{kd rFkk vkfJr vf/kfu;e 1890 vuSfrd O;kikj ¼fujks/k½ vf/kfu;e 1986 cEcbZ fHk{kkVu fujks/k vf/kfu;e 1959 vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr ¼vR;kpkjks dk fu"ks/k½ vf/kfu;e 1989 dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e 1948 eknd nzO; rFkk u'khys inkFkksZa ds voS/k O;kikj fuokj.k vf/kfu;e 1988

;g lHkh Hkkjrh; laln }kjk ikfjr dsUnzh; dkuwu gS tks ljdkjh ra= ,oa lkoZtfud {ks= dsmiØeksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj] 'kks"k.k] fgalk o nqO;Zogkj dks de djus ds mís'; ls cuk;k x;k gSA

7-6 lq>ko (Suggestion)

,d f'k{kd ds :i esa gesa ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd fdlh Hkh izdkj ls cPpksa ds vf/kdkj dk guuu gks vkSj mUgsa lekt dh mis{kkvksa dk lkeuk u djuk iM+sA blds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik;ksa dks viuk;ktk ldrk gS %& cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks ekuo vf/kdkj ds :i esa le>s vkSj bl rjg dh tkx:drk vfHk;ku

lekt esa vPNh rjg QSyk,¡A cPpksa dks ;g eglwl djk,¡ dh mudk viuh d{kk esa izfrfnu tkuk t:jh gSA cPpksa ds nksLr] nk'kZfud vkSj ekxZn'kZd cusA cPpksa dh d{kk dks :fpdj ,oa lwpuk ijd cuk,A ,dy lapkj i)fr ls nwj jgs rFkk cPpksa dks

viuh ckr dgus ;k iz'u iwNus dk iwjk volj nhft,A ,sls LFkkuksa ij tgk¡ cPps vius fopkj] euksO;Fkk] ihM+k] Mj vkfn izdV djrs gks ogk¡ muds lkFk

vkReh; laca/k LFkkfir djsA vfHkHkkod&f'k{kd la/k dh cSBd esa ekrk&firk ds lkFk cPpksa ds vf/kdkj eqís ij ppkZ djsA cPpksa dks 'kkjhfjd naM ugha nsuk pkfg,] cPpksa esa vuq'kklu ykus ds fy, lgk;d rduhd dk

bLrseky djuk pkfg,A vius ?kj vkSj dk;ZLFky ij cky&Je dks jksduk pkfg,A ,slh O;oLFkk djs fd cPpsa Ldwy ds lkFk lekt esa Hkh lqjf{kr jgsaA t:jr iM+s rks iqfyl dks

cqyk, vkSj dkuwuh dkjokbZ djsaA dke djus okys cPps] ;kSu 'kks"k.k ds f'kdkj cPps] QqVikFk ij jgus okys cPps] eknd nzO;ksa ds

f'kdkj cPpsa ;k cgyk dj yk, x, cPpksa ds izfr vkids eu esa igys ls cSBh /kkj.kk ,oa HksnHkkotfur O;ogkjksa dks jksdsaA


78

fdlh dk;ZØe ds vk;kstu esa cPps dks 'kkfey djs ,oa mUgsa dqN ftEesnkjh ns vkSj mlh le;mudk ekxZn'kZu Hkh djsaA

d{kk esa l`tukRed xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ vkSj lgHkkfxrk dks c<+koknsA

cPpksa dks vius fopkj cM+ksa vkSj lekt ds le{k izdV djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA

7-7 lkjk a'k (Summary)

cPpksa ds ekuof/kdkjksa dks cky vf/kdkj dgrs gSA oSls O;fDr tks 0 ls 18 o"kZ vk;q lewg ds varxZrvkrs gS os lHkh cky Js.kh ds varxZr vkrs gS vr% ljdkj us mudh lqj{kk o laj{k.k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,cgqr ls dkuwu cuk;s gS ftuds varxZr cPpksa dks cgqr ls vf/kdkj izkIr gS tSls %&

thus dk vf/kdkjlqj{kk dk vf/kdkjlgHkkfxrk dk vf/kdkj;g lp gS fd ge vius cPpksa ls I;kj djrs gS] ij fQj Hkh nqfu;kHkj esa cky&etnwjksa dh lcls cM+h

la[;k Hkkjr esa gh gSA lkFk gh] Hkkjr esa lcls T;knk cPps ;kSu 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksrs gSA blds vfrfjDrns'k esa efgyk cky&f'k'kq dh fLFkfr dkQh fparktud gSA bl izdkj ds vU;k; o 'kks"k.k ls NksVs cPps HkhvNwrs ugha gS ftUgsa ;k rks nwljksa ds gkFkksa csp fn;k tkrk gS ;k fQj lh/ks mudh gR;k dj nh tkrh gSA buHkz"Vkpkj o 'kks"k.k dks jksdus ,oa cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks mYy?kau djus okyks ds fy, dkuwu }kjk dqN fuf'prnaM dk Hkh izko/kku Hkh cuk;k x;k gSA cky vf/kdkj cky&Je vkSj cky&nqO;Zogkj dh f[kykQr djrk gSftlls oks vius cpiu] thou vkSj fodkl ds vf/kdkj dks izkIr dj ldsA cPpksa dks ,d vPNh f'k{kk]euksjatu] [kq'kh rFkk lh[k feyuh pkfg,A


1- cky vf/kdkj ls D;k le>rs gS\ cky vf/kdkj ls lacaf/kr Hkkjrh; lafo|ku ds va'kks ij izdk'k MkysaAWhat do you mean by child rights? Throw light on the parts of Indian constitution relatedto child's rights.

2- fdl izdkj gekjs lekt esa cPpksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS\ izdk'k MkysAHow is child's right violated by the society? Throw light on the issue.

3- cPpksa dh ns[kHkky ,oa lqj{kk gsrq vius lq>ko nsaAGive suggestion for care and protection of children.


1. http://hi.vikasedia.in/education/childrights

2. https://navbharttimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow

3. Chopra Geeta (2015) Child Rights in India Challenges and Social Action

4. Mohanty Jagarnath (2000) : Human Rights Commission, Deep & Deep Publication, Newdelhi.


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8-2 d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dk vFkZ (Meaning of Classroom

Management)

8-3 izcU/ku dh iz—fr (Nature of Management)

8-4 vkoafVr le; (Allocated Time)

8-5 vuqns'kukRed lgHkkfxrk le; (Instructional Engaged Time)

8-6 'kS{kf.kd vf/kxe dk le; (Academic Learning Time)




bdkbZ % 8 d{kk d{k esa le; izcU/kuUnit : 8 Time Management in Classroom


bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k % d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dk vFkZ le> ldsaxsA vius v/;;u esa le; izcU/ku dh rduhd dk iz;ksx dj ldsaxsA d{kk&d{k izcU/ku esa mi;qDr le; foHkktu dj ldsaxsA le; dk lnqi;ksx dj vius Hkkoh thou dks le) ,oa lq[ke; cuk ldsaxsA ldkjkRed d{kk&d{k i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaxsA


80


f'k{kk ,d lksís'; ,oa lfopkj izfØ;k gSA bldk lEcU/k ekuo ,oa lekt ds izxfr'khy fodkl ls

gSA ekuo ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA lekt ls gVdj mldk dksbZ egRo ugha gSA ijUrq lekt es mldks mfpr

lek;kstu gksuk vfr vko';d gSA mfpr lek;kstu ds fy, lekt dh vis{kk ds vuq:i O;fDr;ksa dk fuekZ.k

djuk fdlh Hkh lekt ;k jk"Vª dk ije dÙkZO; gSA blds fy, mfpr ,oa mR—"V laLFkkuksa ;k 'kkykvksa dh

vko';drk gksrh gSA bu 'kkykvksa dh lQyrk mfpr ,oa Js"B izcU/ku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;g bdkbZ bl

ikB dh X;kjgoha bdkbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa d{kk d{k izcU/ku dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa izcU/ku dh

iz—fr dh ppkZ foLrkjiwoZd dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa vkoafVr le;] vuqns'kukRed lgHkkfxrk le; rFkk

'kS{kf.kd vf/kxe ds le; dh ppkZ foLrkjiwoZd dh xbZ gSA

8-2 d{kk&d{k izcU/ku dk vFkZ (Meaning of Classroom Management)

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa izcU/ku dh vo/kkj.kk O;olk; o m|ksx txr ls yh x;h gSA blds rhu izpfyrvFkZ gS %&

(A) izcU/ku dk vFkZ ,slh izfØ;k ls gS ftlds vUrxZr vU; yksxksa ds lkFk fey tqy dj dk;Z djusij cy fn;k tkrk gSA

(B) izcU/ku vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ml dk;Z ls gksrk gS ftlds vUrxZr lEcfU/kr miØe esa dk;Z djus okysO;fDr;ksa ds dk;ksZa dk fu;U=.k fd;k tkrk gSA

(C) izcU/ku dk vFkZ ,slh foKku ls gS ftlesa O;olk; lEcU/kh fu;kstu] laxBu] lapkyu leUo;mRizsj.k rFkk fu;U=.k ds fl)krksa dk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

izcU/ku ds vFkZ dks vkSj vf/kd Li"V :i ls le>us ds fy, dqN fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk"kk, lgk;d gksldrh gSA

gsujh fQ;ksy (Henry Fayol) ds vuqlkj & ÞizcU/ku djus ls vk'k; iwokZuqeku yxkuk ,oa ;kstukcukuk] laxfBr djuk] funsZ'k nsuk leUo; djuk rFkk fu;U=.k djuk gSAß (To manage is to forecaste and

Plan to Organise to command, to co-ordinate and to control)

ihVjlu ,oa Iykesu ds vuqlkj & ÞizcU/ku dk vk'k; ml rduhd ls gS] ftlds }kjk ,d fo'ks"kekuoh; lewg ds mís';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k] Li"Vhdj.k rFkk fØ;kUo;u fd;k tkrk gSAß

d{kk izcU/ku] Nk=ksa ds fy, ,d lqjf{kr ,oa ldkjkRed okrkoj.k fuekZ.k djus dh dyk gSA tksmudks vPNh vknrksa ds lh[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA d{kk izcU/ku }kjk d{kk dh lkekU; leL;kvksa dh igpku,oa muds lek/kku dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd fØ;k lqpk: :i ls lEikfnr dh tklds ,oa d{kk fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks mPpre Lrj rd izkIr djus esa lQy gks ldsaA cPpksa dks lek;ksftr djus]izR;sd Nk= dh vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds vuq:i ekxZn'kZu djus ,oa vYi le; esa d{kk dks vuq'kkflr djus vkfn dk;ZlfEefyr gSaA

d{kk izcU/ku fofHkUu izdkj ds dkS'kyksa ,oa izfof/k;ksa ftldk iz;ksx Nk=ksa dks laxfBr] fu;fU=r rFkkfo'ks"k v/;;u lEcU/kh dk;ksZa dks ykxw djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tks 'kSf{kd :i ls d{kk ds fy, mRikndgksA d{kk d{k izcU/ku iz.kkyh vR;Ur izHkkoh izØe gS D;ksafd ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vf/kxe izfØ;k esa o`f) ,oa

lqxerk iznku djrk gSA vf/kxe ds fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k dj Nk=ksa dh dq'kyrk ,oa lQyrk

d{kk d{k esa le; izcU/u

81

esa o`f) djrk gS rFkk lkaosfxd fodkl esa lgk;d gS lkFk gh lkFk Nk=ksa dh lQyrk ds fy, izeq[k O;ogkjksa

dh ifgpku djrk gSA izHkkoh d{kk izcU/ku ds fy, O;kogkfjd cqf)] lkeatL; dh ;ksX;rk] ewY; ijd

vè;kid dk O;ogkj] fu"i{krk dh Hkkouk] lkgl oSKkfud Kku ,oa Nk=ksa ds fodklkRed Lrj dk Kku

vko';d gSA

8-3 izcU/ku dh iz—fr (Nature of Management)

fujUrj ,oa vUrghu izfØ;kA yksxksa ds }kjk dk;Z lEiUu djkus dh dykA ifj.kkeksUeq[k fØ;kA cgqvk;keh iz—frA O;fDrxr ugha vfirq lkewfgd dk;ZA izfrLFkkfir fl)kUrksa ,oa fu;eksa dk vuq'kj.kA ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr iz—frA vf/kuk;d okn ls fHkUu iz—frA dyk ,oa foKku nksuksa gSA O;kid izfØ;k gSA dk;Z esa O;kolkf;d mikxe ds :i esa iz;ksxA xR;kRed iz—frA vizR;{k ijUrq izHkko dh vuqHkwfrA

mR—"V d{kk d{k izcU/ku ij gh izHkko'kkyh vf/kxe ,oa 'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk esa o`f) dh vk'kk dh tk

ldrh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa gq, v/;;uksa esa le; izcU/ku ds fy, uohu lEizR;;ksa ,oa muds egÙo dks mn~/k`r

fd;k x;k gSA okLro esa ;g ppkZ tkWu dSjkWy 1963 ds 'kks/k i= (A Model of School Learning)

tks lh/ks rkSj ij lh[kus ds le; ls lEcfU/kr gS rc ls izkjEHk gqbZ ,oa ,0 ,Q0 Vh0 ds (ER&D Foundation

of Effective Teaching) ds 'kks/k drkZvksa ,oa f'k{kk 'kkfL=;ksa ds e/; 1970 esa foLr`r :i esa ppkZ dh x;hA

dSfyQksfuZ;k ds Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study vkfn v/;;uksa esa lh[kus ds le; ls lEcfU/kr

lEizR;;ksa dh ppkZ dh x;h ftlesa izeq[k :i ls] vkoafVr le; (Allocated Time) vuqns'kukRed lgHkfxrk

le; Instructional Engaged Time ,oa 'kS{kf.kd vf/kxe dk le; (Academic Learning Time) ij fo'ks"k

:i ls /;ku fn;k x;k tcfd vuqns'kukRed le; dks dqy lkr izdkj ds le; esa foHkkftr dj v/;;u

fd;s x;s &

1- vkoafVr le; (Allocated Time)

2- lgHkkfxrk dk le; (Engaged Time)

3- dk;Zjr le; (Time on Task)

4- vuqns'kukRed vf/kxe dk le;

5- laØe.k dk le; (Transitional Time)

6- ifjj{k.k Preservance)

7- izxfr ;k j¶rkj (Pace)


82

8-4 vkoafVr le; (Allocated Time)

vkerkSj ij ml le; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS tks fd jkT;] ftyk] fo|ky; ;k f'k{kd

dks iznku djrs gSa vFkkZr vkoafVr le; vf/kxe ds fy, miyC/k leLr le; gSA ;g dqy le; gS ftlesa

f'k{kd funsZ'k nsrk gS vkSj Nk= lh[krk gSA ;g vkerkSj ij dys.Mj esa 180 fnu ds fy, gksrk gS vkSj izR;sd

fnu yxHkx 6 ?k.VsA ;g izR;sd fo"k; ;k xfrfof/k ds fy, fn;k x;k le; gS % ;Fkk & xf.kr ds fy,

izfrfnu ;k izR;sd lIrkg esa brus ?k.Vs ;ks brus feuV vkoafVr fd;k tkrk gSA bls ^vf/kxe ds volj* ds

fnol Hkh dg ldrs gSaA

B. T. E. S. (Beginning Teachers Evaluation Study) dSyhQksfuZ;k ,oa vU; vuqorhZ v/;;uksa ds

vuqlkj tks v/;kid fdlh fo'ks"k fo"k; oLrq ds fy, ftruk vf/kd le; vkoafVr djrs gSa mudh miyfCèk

mlh {ks= ds fy, de le; vkoafVr djus okys v/;kidksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gksrh gSA vkt tc leLr

izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa v/;;u ds fy, 90 feuV dk vckf/kr dky [k.M ;k dkyka'k vfuok;Z :i ls uhfr

ds :i esa fodflr gks x;k gS blfy, ¶yksfjMk fMikVZes.V vkWQ ,twds'ku us bl vuqlU/kku laizR;; dks vius

v/;;u esa lekfo"V fd;k gSA ;g ekudh —r v/;;u gsrq vkoafVr le; bl ckr ds fy, ftEesnkj gS fd

izkFkfed fo|ky; ds leLr Nk=ksa dks i<+uk lh[kus ds fy, leku volj miyC/k gSA

ch0 Vh0 bZ0 ,l0 us Hkh vkoafVr le; lhek ds nkSjku fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds :fp de gksus ,oa lh[kus dh lhek

rFkk dkj.kksa lEcU/kh rF;ksa ds v/;;u dk fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd;k gS ;Fkk &

vfu;r O;o/kku] tu ?kks"k.kk,a] vkx ls cp fudyus ds fy, vH;kl ,oa fo|ky; izcU/ku lEcU/kh

vU; vH;klA

fØ;k dykiksa ,oa vdq'ky d{kk&d{k O;oLFkk iz.kkyh ds e/; vfu;r ifjorZu vf/kxe izokg dks

vO;ofLFkr dj nsrk gSA ;Fkk & lkefxz;ksa dk vO;ofLFkr forj.k vFkok nÙk dk;ksZa dk vO;ofLFkr

laxzgA

lhV odZ ij vfr fo'okl] v:fpdj ,oa vR;f/kd okaNuh; ikB rFkk lgHkkfxrk jfgr vuqns'kukRed

vH;kl vkfnA

vr% izR;sd fo"k; oLrq ds fy, vkoafVr ek=k dk vf/kdkf/kd mi;ksx vf/kxe ek=k esa o`f) djrk gS

blfy, le; dk mi;qDr forj.k ,oa mfpr mi;ksx vko';d gSA

8-5 vuqns'kukRed lgHkkfxrk le; (Instructional Engaged Time)

vkerkSj ij ml le; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS tc Nk= lkefxz;ksa ;k izLrqfr;ksa ij /;ku

ns jgs gSaA ch0 Vh0 bZ0 ,l0 dSyhQksfuZ;k ds 'kks/k fu"d"kZ ls ;g Li"V gS fd Nk=ksa dks lgHkkfxrk dk ftruk

vfèkd le; izkIr gksrk gS mudh mruh gh mPp Lrj dh miyfC/k;k¡ gksrh gSaA izf'k{k.k lEcU/kh mPp

vUrfØ;k dh 'kSyh Nk=ksa dks vfr lgHkkfxrk le; dh vksj ys tkrh gSA ifj.kke Lo:i Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe


83

esa o`f) gksrh gS ER&D Qkm.Ms'ku dkslZ esa lg;ksfxrk le; bZdkbZ esa ch0 Vh0 bZ0 ,l0 ds okpu ,oa xf.kr

vuqns'ku v/;;u ls fuEu vkdM+s izLrqr fd;s gSa &

¼1½ v/;kidksa }kjk fØ;k dykiksa esa layXu djus ij Nk=ksa us lgHkkfxrk le; dk 84% ysfdu lhVodZ

esa dsoy 70% layXu jgsA

¼2½ lhV odZ ,oa Nk=ksa }kjk vdsys dk;Z djuk] d{kk&d{k v/;;u dk izHkko'kkyh izk:i FkkA okpu

esa 60% ,oa xf.kr esa 75%A

¼3½ tc Nk=ksa us 90% le; lhVodZ esa O;rhr fd;k rc Nk=ksa ds lgHkkfxrk le; esa vR;f/kd fxjkoV

vk;hA

bl 'kks/k esa musdksa v/;kid ewY;kadu iz.kkyh esa ik;k x;k gS fd v/;kid ,oa Nk= dh vUr% fØ;k dks

c<+kok nsus ij vf/kxe esa o`f) gqbZA

izHkko'kkyh v/;kid Nk=ksa ds LorU= :i ls dk;Z djus ds igys ekMfyax] iz'uksÙkj] funsZf'kr vH;kl

,oa ldkjkRed i`"Biks"k.k ds lkFk vUr fØ;kRed izLrqrhdj.k dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ;g Hkh mYys[k djuk

:fpdj gS fd v/;kidksa ds vuqns'ku ,oa lkewfgd dk;Z ds nkSjku Nk=ksa dh vR;f/kd lgHkkfxrk LorU=

lhVodZ ds nkSjku Hkh dk;Z esa O;Lrrk dks c<+k nsrh gSA

bl izdkj vuqns'ku ds le; Nk=ksa dks lgHkkxh cukdj vf/kxe izfØ;k dk lEiknu Nk= dh miyfCèk;ksa

esa lo/kZu djrk gS vkSj Nk= vf/kd ls vf/kd le; dk mi;ksx lfØ; :i ls djrs gSaA lhVodZ esa

lgHkkfxrk le; esa fxjkoV ik;h x;h vr% v/;kidksa }kjk Nk=ksa dks fØ;kdykiksa esa layXu dj vf/kd ls

vf/kd lgHkkxh cukdj 'kSf{kd y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, iz;Ru jr jguk vko';d gSA mi;qZDr 'kks/k ifj.kkeksa

dk f'k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k esa mi;ksx vifjgk;Z gSA

8-6 'kS{kf.kd vf/kxe dk le; (Academic Learning Time)

vkerkSj ij ml fo"k; oLrq {ks= ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] foKku ;k xf.kr½ esa vkoafVr

le; ds ml Hkkx ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk ftlesa ,d Nk= lQyrk iwoZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa ;k ml

lkexzh ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS tks 'kSf{kd ifj.kkeksa ls lEcfU/kr gS vFkkZr ;g xq.koÙkk iw.kZ vf/kxe dk le;

gSA ;g og dqy le; gS tc fo|kFkhZ i;kZIr dfBurk iw.kZ dk;Z dks lfØ;rk ls djrs gq, O;rhr djrk gSA

tc ,d v/;kid ,d uohu laizR;; ;k dkS'ky ds vuqns'ku dk y{; fuf'pr djrk gS rks Nk=

75% le; esa lQy gks ldrs gSaA Nk= vis{kk—r vf/kd O;Lr jgrs gSa vkSj miyfC/k mPp Lrj dh gksrh

gSA dEI;wVj xse cukus okys Bhd blh vuqlU/kku dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj c<+rs dfBukbZ Øe esa euksjatd [ksyksa

dh jpuk djrs gSa ftlls ukSflf[k; f[kykM+h esa Hkh pqukSfr;ksa ds izfr dkSrwgy cuk jgsa vkSj vaxwBh dh [kkst*

vFkok fryLeh njokts esa izos'k ik ldrs gSa izk;% ;g mudh :fp dks cuk;s j[kus esa i;kZIr jgrk gSA

d{kk esa pqukSfr;ksa ,oa lQyrk ds chp vkd"kZd lUrqyu cukuk v/;kid ds fy, fdlh dEI;wVj xse

dh vis{kk dfBu ,oa visf{kr gS fo'ks"kdj fotkrh; Nk=ksa ds leqnk; ds fy,A 'kSf{kd vf/kxe le; foLrkj

ds fy, fufeZr ikBksa ds izLrqr djus ds fy, v/;kidksa ds fy, vfuok;Z ,oa visf{kr rF; vxzfyf[kr gS &

¼1½ izR;sd fo|kFkhZ ds Kku ,oa dkS'ky dk lgh funkuA


84

¼2½ fo|kFkhZ ds Lrjh; vf/kxe dk;Z dk mi;qDr fu/kkZj.kA

¼3½ ikBksa ds nkSjku v/;kid ,oa Nk= dh iq"V vk/kkj okyh vUrfØ;k ;Fkk & ekMfyax vH;kl ds fy,

funsZ'ku] [kkst iw.kZ iz'uksa ds iwNuk] lq/kkjkRed i`"Biks"k.k vkfnA

;g ,d tfVy vo/kkj.kk gSA dSjksy ekWMy dh rqyuk esa ALT lHkh pj ds fy, ,d le; ehfVªd iznku djus

dk iz;kl djrk gS vkSj blfy, vuqHko vU; tk¡p ds fy, ;g vf/kd mi;qDr gSA ;g le; foHkktu ds

vU; laizR;;ksa ls Hkh lEcfU/kr gS &

1- vkoafVr le; ¼,0 ,y0 Vh0 dh Åijh lhekA½

2- le; ij dk;Z ¼dk;Z fu"iknu mik;ksa ls lEcfU/kr dk;ksZa esa yxk;s x;s le;] ikB~;Øe esa

mi;ksx fd;s x;s ewY;kadu midj.kksa ds lkFk xfBr le;A½

3- lQyrk dh nj ¼,d O;Lr le; dk izfr'kr tks ,d Nk= mPp vuqHko dj jgk gS ;k d{kk

esa lQyrk dk vuqHkoA½

4- ifj.kke eki ds lkFk ikB~;Øe esa lajs[k.k dh fMxzhA

bl izdkj 'kS{kf.kd vf/kxe le; i;kZIr dfBurk iwoZd dk;Z dks lfØ;rk ls djrs

gq, O;rhr le; gS ftlesa ikBksa ds le; Nk= ,oa v/;kid dh iq"V vk/kkj okyh vUrfØ;k

ij cy nsrk gSA ikBksa dh vkd"kZd lajpuk djuk] vH;kl ds fy, mfpr funsZ'ku [kkst iw.kZ

iz'uksa dks iw¡Nuk] lq/kkjkRed i`"V iks"k.k iznku djuk Lrjh; vfèkxe dk;Z Øe dh lajpuk

djuk izR;sd Kku ,oa dkS'ky ds fy, lgh funku djuk vkfn dk;Z lfEefyr gSaA

mi;qZDr v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij ;g Li"V gSa mfpr d{kk izcU/ku mPp Lrjh; vf/kxe dk vk/kkj gSA

tk¡u dSjky 1963 us vius 'kks/k i= ¼, ekWMy vkWQ Ldwy yfuZax½ esa f'k{kk fonksa dk /;ku bl vksj vkdf"kZr

dj d{kk&d{k esa le; izcU/ku dh ppkZ dh 'kq:vkr dhA


izcU/ku dk vFkZ ,slh izfØ;k ls gS ftlds vUrxZr vU; yksxksa ds lkFk fey tqy dj dk;Z djus ij

cy fn;k tkrk gSA d{kk izcU/ku }kjk d{kk dh lkekU; leL;kvksa dh igpku ,oa muds lek/kku dk iz;kl

fd;k tkrk gSA d{kk d{k izcU/ku iz.kkyh vR;Ur izHkkoh izØe gS D;ksafd ;g fo|kFkhZ dh vf/kxe izfØ;k esa

o`f) ,oa lqxerk iznku djrk gSA izHkkoh d{kk d{k izcU/ku ds fy, O;ogkfjd cqf)] lkeatL; dh ;ksX;rk]

ewY;ijd vè;kid dk O;ogkj] fu"i{krk dh Hkkouk] lkgl] Kku ,oa Nk=ksa ds fodklkRed Lrj dk Kku

vko';d gSA

1970 esa bl ij fo'ks"k ppkZ gqbZ ,oa bl ij fo'ks"k 'kks/k i= izdkf'kr gq,A ,oa izkIr ifj.kkeksa dk iz;ksx

d{kk d{k izcUèku esa fd;k tkus yxkA vkt Kku ds foLQksV ds bl ;qx esa lEiw.kZ 'kSf{kd le; dks mi;qDr

:i ls vkoafVr dj vuqns'kkukRed lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djrs gq, 'kS{kf.kd vf/kxe le; dk lqO;ofLFkr

,oa lksís'; mi;ksx vifjgk;Z gSA lEiw.kZ vf/kxe le; dks f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa dk mi;ksx dj vf/kxe Lrj dks

mPp cukuk leLr 'kSf{kd iz'kkldksa ,oa v/;kidksa ds fy, visf{kr gS ftlls Nk= viuh lEiw.kZ {kerk dks

iznf'kZr dj vius lexz fodkl ds iFk dks iz'kLr dj vius ,oa lekt rFkk jk"Vª dh izxfr esa viuk vewY;

;ksxnku iznku dj ldsaA


85


1- d{kk d{k izcU/k dk vFkZ ,oa iz—fr dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the meaning of classroom management and nature.

2- vkoafVr le;] vuqns'kukRed lgHkkfxrk le; rFkk 'kS{kf.kd vf/kxe le; dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the allocated time, instructional engaged time & academic learning time.


1- cfyZuj Mh0 lh0 ¼1987½ izHkkoh f'k{k.k vkSj d{kk funsZ'k ds fl)kUr ds ljy fopkjA

2- fQ'kj lh0 MCY;w0 cfyZuj] Mh0 lh0 QqyyhZ] ,u,u0] efjykos] vkj0 ,l0 lh, ,u] ,y0 ,l vkSj fM'kkW,e ,e ¼1980½ f'k{k.k O;ogkj vdknfed lh[kus dk le; vkSj Nk= miyfC/k% ,oa flagkoyksduA

3- lh0 Msuge ,oa ,0 fycjeSu & lh[kus dk le; ihih ¼7-32½

4- okf'kaxVu Mh0 lh0 % i<+kbZ ds jk"Vªh; laLFkkuA

5- 'kSf{kd rduhdh ,oa izcU/kuA


86




9-2 f'k{kk ds fodkl esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk

(Role of Teacher in the Development of Education)

9-3 f'k{kd dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Teacher)

9-4 f'k{kd dh fo|ky; esa Hkwfedk (Role of Teacher in School)

9-5 f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dk;Z

(Responsibility and Functions of a Teacher)

9-6 f'k{kd ds xq.k ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡

(Qualities and Characteristices of a Teacher)

9-7 vf/kxe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk

(Role of a Teacher in Learning Process)




bdkbZ % 9 vf/kxe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh HkwfedkUnit : 9 Role of Teacher in Learning Process


bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k % f'k{kd ds vFkZ dks le> ldsaxs ,oa mls ifjHkkf"kr dj ldsaxsA f'k{kd dh fo|ky; esa Hkwfedk ds fo"k; esa tku ldsaxsA ,d vkn'kZ f'k{kd ds xq.k ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dk;ksZa dks tku ldsaxsA d{kk esa vf/kxe dks ljy ,oa lqxe cukus dh izfØ;k dks le> ldsaxsA


87


*vf/kxe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk^ & bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d f'k{kd ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r

tkudkjh nh tk,xhA f'k{kd dkSu gSa ,oa lekt ds fodkl esa budk D;k ;ksxnku gS\ f'k{kd dk vFkZ vkSj

bldh ifjHkk"kk D;k gS\ f'k{kd dks fo|ky; esa Hkwfedk ,oa mlds mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj dk;ksZa ds fo"k; esa

foLrkjiwoZd bl ikB esa crk;k x;k gSA bl v/;;u esa ,d vkn'kZ f'k{kd ds xq.k ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k

Hkh fd;k x;k gS ftlls fo|kFkhZ vfHkizsfjr gks vius esa ifjorZu yk ldsaA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa

,d f'k{kd dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA og okLro esa ckydksa ds 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf)d] lkekftd

,oa laosxkRed fodkl esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA d{kk esa ckydksa ds vf/kxe dks lqxe ,oa ljy cukus ds

fy, og ges'kk izR;u'khy jgrk gSA pw¡fd] f'k{k.k&vf/kxe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ fcUnq gS] vr%

bl bdkbZ esa bUgha fcUnqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

9-2 f'k{k k d s fodkl e s a f'k{ kd dh Hk w fedk (Role of Teacher in the

Development of Education)

tSfod fodkl dh izfØ;k esa iz—fr esa ,sls izk.kh dk m˜o gqvk tks vU; lc thoksa ls lokZf/kd

fodflr ekuk tkrk gSA ,slh ekuo tkfr esa vusd fo'ks"k {kerk,¡ gSa ftuesa ,d vR;ar egRoiw.kZ 'kfDr

fodflr gqbZ gS] ftls lk/kkj.k Hkk"kk esa lh[kuk dg ldrs gSaA euq"; u dsoy iwjs thou lh[krk jgrk gS ijUrq

mlds lh[kus dh {kerk Hkh iz—fr ds 'ks"k lHkh thoksa ls lokZf/kd fodflr gSA blh vf}rh; {kerk ds dkj.k

loZekU; /kkj.kk cuh gS fd euq"; dk tUe ek= thus ds fy, ugha gS ijUrq mlds thou dk mís'; vius thou

dky esa gh viuh euq";rk dks fodflr djuk Hkh gSA

gtkjksa lky ds ekuo bfrgkl esa Kku dk vFkkg Hk.Mkj fufeZr gqvk ftlesa yxkrkj o`f) gksrh jgh

gSA ekuo lekt esa izos'k ikus okys gj O;fDr dks dqN&u&dqN U;wure Kku dh vko';drk thus ds fy,

jgrh gS] ijUrq lHk; lekt ds Lrj rd igq¡pus ds fy, mls vkSj vf/kd Kku dh vko';drk jgrh gSA pw¡fd

ekuo lekt ijLij fuHkZjrk ds vk/kkj ij jfpr gS blfy, lekt us viuk nkf;Ro le>dj ,slh O;oLFkk,¡

cukbZ ftuls gj uokxUrqd dks fu/kkZfjr vkSj mlls vf/kd Kku nsus ds fy, jpuk,¡ cuhaA bu O;oLFkkvksa dks

ge fo|ky;] egkfo|ky;] ;k fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds uke ls tkurs gSaA iwjs fo'o esa xaHkhj iz;kl py jgs gSa fd

,sls Kku izkfIr dh laLFkk,¡ c<+sa vkSj buesa f'k{kk izkIr djus okyksa dh la[;k Hkh vf/kdre gksA lR; rks ;g

gS fd orZeku esa fodflr lekt gksus dk eq[; ekin.M ;gh gS fd fdrus izfr'kr O;fDr;ksa us fdl Lrj

rd f'k{kk xzg.k dhA

f'k{kk lekt dk ,d y/kq :i gS ijUrq f'k{kk ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS tks lekt esa ifjorZu ykrh gS vkSj

lkekftd ifjorZuksa ls tk leL;k,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSa mudk lek/kku djrh gSA bl izdkj f'k{kk lekt dk

,d l'kDr ;U= gS tks lekt esa ifjorZu ykrh gSa vkSj mldk fu;U=.k djrh gSaA bl n`f"V ls f'k{kk ds

mÙkjnkf;Ro fnu&izfrfnu c<+rs tk jgs gSa D;ksafd vkt dk lekt vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks fuoZgu ugha dj

ik jgk gS blfy, mldk mÙkjnkf;Ro f'k{kk dks lkSai fn;k tkrk gSA bl leLr f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj]

f'k{kk nsus okyk v/;kid gSA

ckyd ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa f'k{kd dks cM+k gh egRoiw.kZ dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA f'k{kd okLro esa

vf/xe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk

88

ckyd dk leqfpr 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf)d] lkekftd ,oa laosxkRed fodkl dj ldrk gSA fo|ky;&izkax.k

esa Hkh f'k{kd dks vfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA lEiw.kZ fo|ky; ;kstukvksa dks ogh O;ogkfjd :i

nsrk gSA vPNh&ls&vPNh f'k{k.k i)fr izHkkojfgr gks tkrh gS ;fn f'k{kd mls] lgh <ax ls iz;ksx u djsaA

ftl izdkj fo|ky; thou esa iz/kkuk/;kid efLr"d ds :i esa gksrk gS] f'k{kd vkRe&Lo:i gksrk gSA vkRek

ds fcuk 'kjhj ¼fo|ky;½ futhZo gksrk gSA f'k{kd gh fo|ky; thou dk xfrnkrk gSA fo|ky; esa i;kZIr

la[;k esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ,oa izo`fÙk;ksa ds n{k ,oa lq;ksX; f'k{kdksa dk gksuk ,d vfuok;Z vko';drk gSA 'kSf{kd

Øk;ZØeksa dh lQyrk v/;kid ds O;ogkj] ;ksX;rk ,oa dk;Z&iz.kkyh ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA orZeku le;

esa v/;kid dk fo|ky; esa izeq[k LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA 'kSf{kd ,oa euksoSKkfud 'kks/k us ;g fl) dj fn;k

gS fd f'k{kd&Nk= vuqfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA

vr% f'k{kd dks ge jk"Vª ds fuekZrk ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa D;ksafd ns'k dk Hkfo"; gh ugha cfYd

ekuork dk Hkfo"; f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk 'kSf{kd] lkekftd ,oa

jktuhfrd fuekZ.k esa vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA bl izdkj f'k{kk ,oa f'k{kk iznku djus okys fo|ky;ksa dk Hkfo";

f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

9-3 f'k{kd dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Teacher)

f'k{kd dk ntkZ lekt esa ges'kk ls gh iwT;uh; jgk gSA dksbZ mls xq: dgrk gS] dksbZ f'k{kd dgrk

gS] dksbZ vkpk;Z dgrk gS] rks dksbZ v/;kid ;k Vhpj dgrk gSA ;s lHkh 'kCn ,d ,sls O;fDr dks fpf=r djrs

gSa tks lHkh dks Kku nsrk gS vkSj fl[kkrk gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k jk"Vª ds Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k esa ,d f'k{kd dk

;ksxnku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kd Kku] le`f) vkSj izdk'k dk ,d cM+k L=ksr gksrk gS ftlls dksbZ Hkh

thouHkj ds fy, ykHk izkIr dj ldrk gSA og gjsd ds thou esa okLrfod izdk'k ds :i esa gksrk gS D;ksafd

os thou esa mudk jkLrk cukus ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh enn djrk gSA lgh ek;us esa dgk tk, rks ,d f'k{kd

gh vius fo|kFkhZ dk thou x<+rk gSA og fcuk fdlh LokFkZ ds vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lQyrk dh vksj mUeq[k

djrk gSA

f'k{kd dk vFkZ gS&

f'k & f'k[kj rd ys tkus okyk

{k & {kek dh Hkkouk j[kus okyk

d & detksjh nwj djus okyk

vFkkZr~ tks fo|kFkhZ dh gj xyrh dks {kek djus dh Hkkouk j[krk gS vkSj mldh detksjh nwj dj mldks

f'k[kj ¼lQyrk½ rd ys tkrk gS] ogh lPpk f'k{kd dgykrk gSA oks fo|kFkhZ dks Kku] dkS'ky vkSj

ladkjkRed O;ogkj ls lqlfTtr dj mls ges'kk lQyrk dh vksj vxzlj djrk gSA Li"V n`f"Vdks.k vkSj

fopkjksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk ds muds y{; ds ckjs esa oks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ges'kk le>krs jgrk gSA fcuk f'k{kd

ds thou esa dksbZ Hkh ekufld] lkekftd vkSj ckSf)d :i ls fodkl ugha dj ldrk gSA

vr% fo|ky; thou esa f'k{kd dks vfr egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gSA fo|ky; thou esa gh ugha] vfirq


89

lekt esa Hkh mls ,d lEekutud LFkku izkIr gSA ;g egRo fuEu fcUnqvksa ls Li"V gS&

¼1 ½ Hkfo";&fuekZrk & MkWñ tkfdj gqlSu ds vuqlkj] ÞokLro esa f'k{kd gekjs HkkX;&fuekZrk gSaA lektmudh mis{kk ls gh viuk fouk'k djrk gSAß izksñ gqek;w¡ dchj us fy[kk gS] Þos ¼f'k{kd½ jk"Vª dsHkkX;&fu.kkZ;d gksrs gSaA os gh iqufuekZ.k dh dqUth gSaAß

¼2 ½ jk"Vª dk ekxZn'kZd & MkWñ jk/kk—".ku~ ds vuqlkj] f'k{kd jk"Vª ds HkkX; ds ekxZn'kZd gSaA og ckSf)dijEijkvksa rFkk rduhdh dkS'kyksa dks ih<+h&nj&ih<+h gLrkUrj.k djus esa /kqjh dk dk;Z djrk gSA

¼3 ½ jk"Vª dh mUufr esa LFkku & v/;kid dk jk"Vª dh izxfr esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA og vius leqfprf'k{k.k ls ,ls O;fDr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa tks jk"Vª dh izxfr ds vk/kkj gksrs gSaA

¼4 ½ laL—fr dk iks"kd & xkjQksFkZ ds 'kCnksa esa] Þf'k{kd ds ek/;e ls gh laL—fr ih<+h&nj&ih<+hgLrkUrfjr gksrh gS] lekt dh ijEijk,¡ uo;qodksa dks Kkr gksrh gSa rFkk ogh u;s ,oa jpukRedmÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ mtkZ;sa Nk=ksa dks lkSairk gSAß f'k{kd laL—fr dk ifjHkktZd ,oa j{kd gSA

¼5 ½ f'k{kk dk j{kd & lekt esa izpfyr f'k{kk dk j{kd Hkh f'k{kd gh gksrk gSA okLro esa dksbZ Hkh f'k{kkO;oLFkk f'k{kdksa ds Lrj ls Åij ugha tk ldrh gSA ftl Lrj ds f'k{kd gksaxs] mlh Lrj dh f'k{kkO;oLFkk gksxhA

jfoUnzukFk VSxksaj us f'k{kd dh O;kid ifjHkk"kk nh gSA Þ,d v/;kid dHkh Hkh okLrfod vFkksZa esa ughai<+k ldrk] tc rd og Lo;a vHkh lh[k u jgk gksA ,d nhid nwljs nhid dks dHkh Hkh izTtofyrugha dj ldrk tc rd fd mldh viuh T;ksfr tyrh u jgsAß

" A teacher can never truly teach unless he is still learning himself. A lamp can never light

another lamp unless it continues to burn its own flame. A teacher who has no living traffic

with his knowledge, but merely repeats to his students can only load their minds. He

cannot quicken them."

MkWñ loZiYyh jk/kk—".ku ds 'kCnksa esa & Þlekt esa v/;kid dk LFkku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA og ,dih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks ckSf)d ijEijk,¡ vkSj rduhdh dkS'ky igq¡pkus dk dsUnz gS vkSj lE;rk dsizdk'k dks izTtofyr j[kus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSAß

9-4 f'k{kd dh fo|ky; esa Hkwfedk (Role of Teacher in School)

d{kk izca/kau dk f'k{kd eq[; ?kVd gksrk gS] tks f'k{k.k O;oLFkk esa vusd Hkwfedkvksa dk fuoZgu djrk

gSA f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Ro] Hkwfedk,¡] tcktnsgh rFkk vf/kdkj vusd gksrs gSaA rHkh og lQyrk iwoZd d{kk

dh fØ;kvksa dk lEiknu dj ldrk gSA f'k{kd dks vius f'k{k.k dk;ksZa ds izcU/ku dh iw.kZ Lora=rk gksrh gS

vkSj mlesa lq/kkj ,oa fodkl djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh f'k{kd dks gh gksrk gS] D;ksafd og vius vuqHko ds vkèkkj

ij vius f'k{k.k dh vuqns'ku iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu f'k{kd ds vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA blfy,

euksoSKkfudksa] nk'kZfud rFkk lekt'kkfL=;ksa us f'k{kd dh dbZ :iksa esa Hkwfedk dk mYys[k fd;k gS og bl

izdkj gSa&


90

¼1 ½ f'k{kd ,d nk'kZfud (Teacher as Philosopher) - f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ Kku nksuk

pkfg,A mls fo"k; ds vk/kqfudre Kku ls Hkh voxr gksuk pkfg,A fo"k; ds izfr :fp rFkk ldkjkRed

vfHko`fÙk gksuh vko';d gSA 'kks/k dk;ksZa us ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd ds fy, ikB~;oLrq ds LokfeRo dks

,d l'kDr ?kVd ik;k gSA

¼2 ½ f'k{kd ,d funsZ'kd (Teacher as a Guide) - f'k{kd dks viuh ikB~;oLrq ds f'k{k.k ds lkFk] ;g

Hkh vko';d gksrk gS fd og Nk=ksa dh lh[kus dh dfBukbZ;ksa dks le>s ,oa mudk leqfpr mipkj gsrq

funsZ'ku iznku djsaA f'k{kd] Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe dh dfBukbZ;ksa dk oLrqfu"B rFkk oSKkfud <+ax ls lekèkku

djus dk iz;kl djsA

¼3 ½ f'k{kd Nk=ksa dk fe= (Teacher as a Student Friend) - f'k{kd dks d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds izfr

fe=or O;ogkj djuk pkfg, ftlls Nk= f'k{kd dks viuk fgrs"kh le>s vkSj viuh dfBukbZ;ksa dks

fcuk fdlh ladksp ds f'k{kd ds le{k j[k ldsa] ftudk fujkdj.k f'k{kd lgkuqHkwfriwoZd djsA Nk=

viuh vf/kxe dfBukbZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk viuh O;fDrxr leL;kvksa dks Hkh f'k{kd ds le{k j[k lds

vkSj og mUgsa lgh fn'kk funsZ'ku iznku dj ldsA

¼4 ½ f'k{kd ,d izcU/kd (Teacher as Manager) - d{kk ds vuqns'kkRed izfØ;k dk izcU/ku f'k{kd

gh djrk gS vkSj ;g f'k{kd dk gh mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk vf/kdkj Hkh gksrk gSA d{kk dh vuqns'ku izfØ;k

dks izR;sd f'k{kd vius <+ax ls fodflr dj] mldk izLrqrhdj.k djrk gSA bruk gh ugha f'k{kd vius

vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij vuqns'ku izfØ;k esa lq/kkj Hkh djrk gSA

¼5 ½ f'k{kd ,d usrk (Teacher as a Leader) - f'k{kd viuh d{kk dk usrk Hkh gksrk gSA og lHkh Nk=ksa

dks 'kSf{kd {ks= esa usr`Ro iznku djrk gS vkSj muds dk;ksZa esa lg;ksx vkSj leUo; djus dk iz;kl djrk

gSA ,d usrk dh Hkk¡fr og muds fgrksa dk /;ku j[krk gS vkSj Nk=ksa ds fodkl ds fy, lnSo iz;Ru'khy

jgrk gSA

¼6 ½ f'k{kd ,d 'kks/kdrkZ (Teacher as a Researcher) - ,d izHkko'kkyh f'k{kd ,d vPNk 'kks/kdrkZ

Hkh gksrk gSA d{kk esa mRiUu leL;kvksa dk okLrfod dkj.k tkuus dk iz;kl djrk gSA blds fy, og

fØ;kRed vuqla/kku dk mi;ksx djrk gS D;ksafd ,d f'k{kd dk vge mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gS fd d{kk

dh leL;kvksa dk oLrqfu"B rFkk oSKkfud lek/kku iznku djsA

9-5 f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dk;Z (Responsiblity and Function of Teacher)

oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh fodkl ds dkj.k orZeku lekt 'kh/kzrk ls ifjofrZr gks jgk gSA f'k{k.k

laLFkkvksa dk Hkh blds lkFk&lkFk ifjofrZr ,oa fodflr gksuk vko';d gSA fo|ky; dh Nfo dk vfHkizk;

fo|ky; Øk;ZØeksa ds izfr lekt dh /kkj.kk ,oa izfrfØ;k ls gSA fo|ky; dh Nfo iz/kkuk/;kid ds dq'ky

usr`Ro] v/;kidksa dh izHkko'khyrk] deZpkjh oxZ esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk rFkk Nk= Nk=kvksa ds ikB~;Øe ,oa

ikB~;Øe lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa fof'k"V miyfC/k;ksa vkfn ij fuHkZj djrh gSA fo|ky; dh Nfo fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

lokZaxh.k fodkl ls Hkh lEcfU/kr gSA fo|ky; vPNk dgk tk ldrk gS ;fn ogk¡ ds 'kSf{kd ifj.kke Js"B

jgrs gksa] ikB~;srj fØ;k&dykiksa rFkk [ksydwn esa ;gk¡ ds fo|kFkhZ fotsrk ,oa vxz.kh jgrs gksa] fo|ky; ds Nk=]

f'k{kd ,oa deZpkjh vuq'kkflr jgdj lg;ksx ls dk;Z djrs gksa] fo|ky; esa leqfpr HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,¡ rFkk


91

Hkou] midj.k] iqLrdky;] iz;ksx'kkyk,¡] [ksy ds eSnku] m|ku] Nk=kokl vkfn lqlfTtr ,oa lqO;ofLFkr gksa

rFkk fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa esa lkewfgd :i ls mYykl dh Hkkouk ifjyf{kr gksrh gksA

f'k{kd fo|ky; dk ,d eq[; vax gSA vr% fo|ky; dh Nfo lq/kkjus gsrq f'k{kd ds fuEufyf[kr

mÙkjnkf;Ro ,oa dk;Z gS&

¼1½ Nk=ksa dk 'kSf{kd ,oa pkfjf=d fodkl djukA

¼2½ Nk=ksa ds ckjs esa i;kZIr tkudkjh j[kdj mudh O;fDrxr ,oa lkekftd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa enn

djukA

¼3½ vius Nk=ksa dks mi;qDr d{kk&dk;Z ,oa x`g&dk;Z nsdj le; ls fujh{k.k djuk ,oa lq>ko nsukA

¼4½ v/;kid le; lkfj.kh ds vuqlkj viuh d{kkvksa esa tkdj f'k{k.k dk;Z djsA d{kk dks Vkyus dh izo`fr

Nfo dks fcxkM+rh gSA

¼5½ nSfud dk;Z esa vuqHkwr dfBukb;ksa ds lek/kku gsrq oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k viuk, rFkk fØ;kRed vuqlUèkku

ls leL;k dk lek/kku djsA

¼6½ f'k{k.k gsrq mi;qDr f'k{k.k fof/k ,oa JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk iz;ksx djsaA

¼7½ Nk=kokl v/kh{kd ds :i esa Nk=ksa ds lkFk vfHkHkkod dk O;ogkj djsA izse ,oa lgkuqHkwfriwoZd mfpr

ekxZ&n'kZu djsA

¼8½ Nk=ksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr izf'kf{kr djds fo|ky; ds vPNs 'kSf{kd ifj.kke izkIr djkus ds fy, izR;u'khy

jgsA

¼9½ v/;kid vuq'kklufiz; gksuk pkfg, rFkk Nk=ksa esa vuq'kkflr jgus dh izo`fr fodflr djsA

¼10½ v/;kid dks uohu iz;ksx djrs jguk pkfg,A

¼11½ v/;kid dks viuh ;ksX;rk ,oa {kerkuqlkj ikB~;sÙkj fØ;kvksa ,oa [ksy&dwnksa esa lg;ksx iznku djuk

pkfg,A

¼12½ fo|ky; dk;ZØeksa esa vfHkHkkodksa dks Hkh vkefU=r djs rFkk muds le{k fo|ky; dh izxfr ,oa

;kstukvksa dks lUrqfyr :i ls j[ksA

¼13½ 'kSf{kd ,oa vU; xfrfof/k;ksa dk ewY;kadu fcYdqy fu"i{k ,oa U;k;ksfpr :i esa djsA

¼14½ Nk=ksa ds fodkl esa :fp j[krs gq, mudh izxfr ij xkSjo dk vuqHko djsA

¼15½ Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa LoLFk lg;ksx ,oa izfr}fU}rk dk fodkl djsA

¼16½ Nk= ifj"kn~ dk xBu djds iztkrU=kRed ewY;ksa ds fodkl esa mfpr ekxZn'kZu djsA

¼17½ dqlek;ksftr ckydksa dk irk yxk, ,oa mUgsa mfpr ekxZn'kZu nsA

¼18½ Nk=ksa dks iqLrdky; dk leqfpr mi;ksx djuk fl[kk,A

¼19½ d{kk esa mÙke okrkoj.k iSnk djukA

¼20½ Nk=ksa ds Kku] dkS'ky rFkk vfHko`fÙk;ksa dk fof'k"Vhdj.k djukA

¼21½ vf/kxe mís';ksa dh O;k[;k djukA

¼22½ vf/kxe ds lzksrksa dh O;oLFkk djukA

¼23½ f'k{k.k&iz.kkyh dk ewY;kadu djuk ,oa mls fØ;kfUor djukA

¼24½ dk;Z{kerkvksa ds vk/kkj ekiu ds ekun.M dk fodkl djukA


92

9-6 f'k{kd ds xq.k ,oa fo'k s"krk,¡ (Qualities and Charecteristics of a

Teacher)

,d lQy f'k{kd ds izeq[k xq.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&1- ,d lQy v/;kid Nk=&izseh gksrk gS rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fodkl esa :fp ysdj dfBukbZ;ksa dks gy

djus esa rRij jgrk gSA Nk=ksa ds fgr&fpUrd v/;kid yksdfiz; gksrs gSaA2- v/;kid dk O;fDrRo izHkko'kkyh gksuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ og vius lEidZ esa vkus okys Nk=ksa ,oa vU;

O;fDr;ksa dk vknj ,oa Lusg izkIr dj ldus esa l{ke gksA3- v/;kid 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls LoLFk rFkk pfj=oku gksuk pkfg,A4- ,d v/;kid esa usr`Ro iznku djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A5- v/;kid dk lekt ds izfr LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k gksuk pkfg,A lekt ds dk;ZØeksa esa v/;kid dks

leqfpr lg;ksx iznku djuk pkfg,A6- v/;kid dks euksKku dk O;ogkfjd Kku vko';d gS ftlls fd og ckydksa dks O;fDrxr

fofHkUurkvksa rFkk :fpvksa] vfHk:fp;ksa] izsj.kkvksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa {kerkvksa dks le> dj mfprekxZn'kZu dj ldsA

7- v/;kid dks v/;;u'khy gksuk pkfg,A f'k{k.k ds fo"k; ,oa fof/k;ksa esa uohure ifjorZuksa ls ifjfprgksrs jgus dh ftKklk v/;kid esa cuh jguh pkfg,A

8- v/;kid dks vius Kku dk Lrj bruk gks fd mls iqLrd vFkok uksV~l dk nkl u cuuk iM+sA f'k{kddks vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ LokfeRo gksuks pkfg,A

9- v/;kid Lo;a vFkok vius O;olk; ds izfr ghu Hkkouk ls xzflr ugha gksuk pkfg,A vius O;olk;esa iw.kZ fu"Bk gksuh pkfg,A

10- v/;kid Hkkouk&xzfUFk;ksa ls eqDr gksuk pkfg,A og vkRe&fo'ys"k.k ,oa vkReykspu }kjk viusfodkl esa rRij gksuk pkfg,A

11- v/;kid ds lgu'khyrk ,oa lkaosfxd fLFkjrk gksuk pkfg,A12- izf'k{k.k izkIr v/;kid f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa] cky&euksfoKku ,oa leL;k lek/kku esa n{k gks ldrk gSA

vr% v/;kid dks izf'kf{kr gksuk pkfg, rFkk le;≤ ij uohu ikB~;Øe ;k fjÝs'kj dkslZ esa Hkkxysrs jguk pkfg,A

13- v/;kid dh :fp;k¡ fofo/k gksuh pkfg,A fo'ks"kdj ikB~;Øe lgxkeh fØ;kvksa rFkk [ksydwn esavè;kid dks mfpr ;ksxnku iznku djuk pkfg,A

14- v/;kid dk n`f"Vdks.k iz;ksxkRed gksuk pkfg, rHkh og 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dh mi;ksfxrk dh ijh{kkdjds lq/kkj yk ldrk gSA

15- v/;kid esa dYiuk 'kfDr ,oa l`tukRedrk gksuh pkfg,A ;g mlds fØ;kdykiksa esa Li"Vr% fn[kkbZnsuk pkfg,A

16- v/;kid dks cnyrs gq, ifjos'k ds lkFk lek;kstu dh {kerk ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A f'k{kd dks ubZih<+h dk lek;kstu djuk gksrk gSA

17- v/;kid lR;oknh] lfg".kq rFkk bZekunkj gksuk pkfg,A bu xq.kksa ls ;qDr izlUufpr v/;kid Nk=ksadks cgqr gh fiz; gksrk gSA

18- f'k{kd dh dFkuh ,oa djuh esa vUrj ugha gksuk pkfg,A


93

9-7 vf/kxe izfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk (Role of a Teacher in Learning

Process)

,d f'k{kd tks fdlh fo|ky; esa f'k{k.k iznku djrk gS] mldk dk;Z vf/kd tfVy gksrk gSA bldk

dkj.k gS fd mlds ikl lhfer le; gksrk gSA vusd fo|kFkhZ lh[kuk ugha pkgrs fQj Hkh f'k{kd vius dk;Z

esa dksrkgh ugha dj ldrk] D;ksafd mlds dk;Z dk yxkrkj ewY;kadu iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh rFkk vfHkHkkod

djrs jgrs gSaA f'k{kd viuk dk;Z mÙke <+ax ls iwjk dj lds] blds fy, f'k{k.k esa ikjaxr gksuk vko';d

gSA

f'k{k.k ,d dyk gSA vU; dykvksa dh Hkk¡fr bl dyk esa ikjaxr gksus ds fy, Hkh fo'ks"k izdkj ds izR;u

djus dh vko';drk gSA ,d f'k{kd dks] tks bl dyk dks lh[kuk pkgrk gS] lko/kkuh rFkk /khjt ls dke

ysuk pkfg,A og d{kk esa tkdj pkgs tSls <+ax ls ckydksa dks i<+kuk vkjEHk ugha dj ldrkA ckydksa dks i<+kus

ls igys mUgsa mÙke f'k{kk fdl izdkj iznku dh tk ldrh gS] ;g tkuuk furkaUr vko';d gSA rHkh og

fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa vfèkxe dh vfHk:fp iSnk dj ldrk gS ,oa vius f'k{k.k dks ljy cuk ldrk gSA

orZeku fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lh[kus esa izksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g u rks cqf) dks

izf'kf{kr djus okyk gS] u eu dks vuq'kkflr djus okykA izR;sd O;fDr vuqHko }kjk lh[krk gSA f'k{kd

vuqHkoksa dks iznku djus vkSj muds }kjk O;kogkfjd izo`fÙk;ksa esa ifjorZu ykus esa viuk lg;ksx nsrk gSA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vfèkxe dks lqxe cukus ds fy, f'k{kd dks fuEu fcanqvksa ij /;ku nsuk pkfg,&

¼1 ½ iz'u iwNus ,oa ftKklk dks izksRlkgu (Encourage Questioning and Inquisitiveness) -

fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk iwNs x, iz'uksa vFkok dFkuksa ds izdkj dh tk¡p djuk] iz'u iwNus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ

igyw gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dsk mlds vklikl dh nqfu;k ds lEcU/k esa iz'u iwNus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh foKku esa :fp dks c<+kus dk ,d Hkkx gSA f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ dks vf/kd mís';iw.kZ iz'u

iwNus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gS] tks [kkstksa }kjk vf/kd xgjh le> dks vkSj izsfjr djrk gSA

¼2 ½ i<+us dk euksfoKku (Psychology of Learning) - lHkh ,d ls ugha gksrsA dqN cPps Lo;a d{kk

ds vUnj ;k ckgj lh[k tkrs gSa] dqN tYnh lh[k tkrs gSa] dqN nsj lsA ysfdu lHkh cPps rc i<+rs

gSa] tc os blds fy, rS;kj gksaA i<+us dk rjhdk Hkh lHkh dk vyx&vyx gksrk gSA dqN tksj ls

cksydj dj lh[krs gSa] dqN 'kkar jgdjA f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh bl euksn'kk dks igpku dj gh mUgsa

lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr djrk gSA

¼3 ½ vfHkizsj.kk (Motivation) - vfHkizsj.kk ds fcuk dksbZ vf/kxe ugha gks ldrk gSA vfHkizsj.kk vkUrfjd

'kfDr gksrh gS tks Nk=ksa ds O;ogkjksa ds fy, 'kfDr iznku djrh gS vkSj mudh vuqfØ;kvksa dks rhoz

djrh gSA izHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe leqfpr vfHkizsj.kkvksa dks iz;qDr djus ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA

vfHkizsj.kk dk :i cká rFkk vkUrfjd nksuks gh izdkj dk gksrk gSA NksVs ckydksa ds fy, cká

vfHkizsj.kk] fd'kksjksa ds fy, cká ,oa vkUrfjd nksuksa rFkk izkS<+ Nk=ksa ds fy, vkUrfjd izsj.kk vf/kd

izHkko'kkyh gksrh gSA f'k{kd viuh fØ;kvksa }kjk ,slk okrkoj.k mRiUu djrk gS ftlls Nk= visf{kr

vuqfØ;k;sa dj lds ,oa vf/kxe lqfuf'pr dj ldsaA

¼4 ½ JO;&n`'; f'k{k.k lkexzh (Audio-Visual Teaching Material) - JO;&n`'; f'k{k.k lkexzh dk

rkRi;Z f'k{k.k ds mu lk/kuksa ls gS ftuds iz;ksx ls ckydksa dh JO; rFkk n`'; KkusfUnz;k¡ fØ;k'khy


94

gks tkrh gSa vkSj os ikB ds lw{e ls lw{e rFkk dfBu ls dfBu izdj.kksa dks ljyrkiwoZd le> tkrs

gSaA ,d dq'ky f'k{kd bldk iz;ksx vf/kxe dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks vf/kd izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy,

djrk gSA JO;&n`'; lkekxzh ds iz;ksx ls Nk= ikB esa vf/kd :fp ysrs gSa vkSj lh[kus ds fy, rRij

jgrs gSaA


f'k{kd gh fo|ky; rFkk f'k{kk i)fr dh okLrfod xR;kRed (Dynamic) 'kfDr gSA ;g lR; gS fd

fo|ky;&Hkou] ikB~;Øe&lgxkeh fØ;k,¡] funsZ'ku&dk;ZØe] ikB~;&iqLrdsa vkfn lHkh oLrq,¡ 'kSf{kd

dk;ZØe esa cgqr egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krh gSA ijUrq tc rd muesa vPNs f'k{kdksa }kjk thou&'kfDr iznku ugha

dh tk,xh] rc rd os fujFkZd jgsaxhA f'k{kd gh og 'kfDr gS tks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls vkus okyh

lUrfr;ksa ij viuk izHkko Mkyrh gSaA f'k{kd gh jk"Vªh; ,oa HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa dks yk¡?kdj fo'o&O;oLFkk rFkk

ekuo tkfr ds mUufr ds iFk ij vxzlj djrk gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekuo&lekt ,oa ns'k

dh mUufr mÙke f'k{kdksa ij fuHkZj gSA


1- fo|ky; esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k djsaAAnalyse the role of a teacher in school.

2- f'k{kd ds xq.k vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the qualities and characterities of a teacher.

3- d{kk esa vf/kxe dks ljy cukus ds fy, f'k{kd D;k rduhd viukrk gSa\

What techniques does a teacher use in class to facilitate learning?

9-10 izLrkfor ikB (Suggerted Reading)

1. Sharma, Dr. R. A. (2012) : f'k{kk iz'kklu ,oa izcU/ku] R. Lal Book Depot, Merutt.

2. Sukhia, S. P. (2014) : Education Administration Organisation and Health Education, Sri

Vinod Pustak Mandir, Agra.


95




10-2 fo|ky;h okrkoj.k (School Environment)

10-3 lewg dk;Z (Team Work)

10-4 ikjnf'kZrk (Transparency)

10-5 vkRe lEeku (Self Esteem)

10-6 fo|ky; iz'kklu esa leUo;

(Co-ordination in School Administration)




bdkbZ % 10 vuqdwy fo|ky; okrkoj.kUnit : 10 Conducive School Environment



fo|ky;h okrkoj.k ds vFkZ ,oa izdkj dks le> ldsaxsA

fo|ky;h okrkoj.k dks vuqdwy cukus esa iz/kkuk/;kid vkSj f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk dk voyksdu dj

ldsaxsA

fo|ky; dh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa lewg dk;Z] ikjnf'kZrk ,oa vkRe&lEeku ds egRo dks tku ldsaxsA

fo|ky; esa iz/kku f'k{kd] f'k{kdksa ,oa fo|kFkhZ ds chp leUo; dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA



*vuqdwy fo|ky;h okrkoj.k^& bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo|ky;h okrkoj.k ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh

nh tk,xhA fo|ky;h okrkoj.k D;k gS\ blds izdkj dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ bu fcUnqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh

96

xbZ gSA fo|ky; esa lewg dk;Z ,oa ikjnf'kZrk ds egRo dks Hkh m)r fd;k x;k gSA blds lkFk gh fo|ky;

esa f'k{kdksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkRe&lEeku ds fo"k; esa Hkh crk;k x;k gSA fdlh Hkh laxBu esa fuf'pr mís';dh izkfIr ds fy, vusd O;fDr layXu gksrs gSaA izR;sd O;fDr bl mís'; dh izkfIr ds fy, ,d nwljs dklg;ksx djrs gSaA fo|ky; esa iz/kku f'k{kd] f'k{kd ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds blh vkilh leUo; ij Hkh izdk'k Mkykx;k gSA

10-2 fo|ky;h okrkoj.k (School Environment)

fdlh Hkh laLFkk ;k laxBu esa eq[; :i ls dk;Z ;k fodkl ml le; 'kh?kzrk ls gksrk gS tc mllaLFkk ds deZpkjh Lo;a Hkh mUur Kku ls lEiUu gksaA D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh laxBu mlesa dk;Z dj jgs O;fDr;ksads lewg ls gh curk gSA

fo|ky; okrkoj.k ,d cgqvk;keh lEizR;; gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge ;g Kkr dj ldrs gSa rFkk,sls dkSu ls dkjd gSa tks fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.kesa eq[; :i ls] usr`Ro dk O;ogkj] v/;kidksa dh uSfrdrk] fo'okl dk Lrj] laL—fr] vfHkHkkodksa dk lg;ksx]leqnk; dk lg;ksx] v/;kid dh izHkkfodrk] dk;Zfu"Bk] lUrqf"V rFkk Nk=ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyC/krk] ewY;kaduvkfn dkjd izHkkoh gksrs gSaA ;fn ;g lHkh vPNh izdkj ls dk;Z djrs gSa ;k mPp Lrj ds gSa rks fo|ky; dkokrkoj.k Hkh vPNk jgsxk vU;Fkk ughaA vr% fo|ky; okrkoj.k Hkh okLro esa fo|ky; ds iz/kkuk/;kid]vè;kid] Nk=ksa] deZpkfj;ksa] vfHkHkkodksa] leqnk; vkfn ds vkil esa vUr%fØ;k o lEizs"k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:imRiUu gksrk gSA

fdlh Hkh fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k esa HkkSfrd vk;ke dh vis{kk ekuoh; vk;ke dk izHkko vR;f/kd gksrkgSA fo|ky;h okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k esa eq[;r% iz/kkuk/;kid] v/;kid ,oa Nk= o budh vUr%fØ;k gh fo|ky;okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA10-2-1 fo|ky;h okrkoj.k ds izdkj (Types of School Environment)

1- [kqyk okrkoj.k (Open Environment) & bl izdkj ds okrkoj.k esa fo|ky; esa [kqykiu vf/kdgksrk gSA v/;kid ds fdlh dk;Z esa iz/kkuk/;kid ;k izcU/ku }kjk dksbZ ck/kk ugha Mkyh tkrh gSA vkilesa lHkh ,d&nwljs ls izseiwoZd o fe=or~ O;ogkj djrs gSaA v/;kidksa ij dk;Z dk vR;f/kd Hkkj ughagksrk rFkk os [kq'kh&[kq'kh fo|ky; ds dk;ksZa dks djrs gSaA os fo|ky; ;k laLFkk ls tqM+us ij xfoZreglwl djrs gSaA

2- cUn okrkoj.k (Close Environment) & ;g lcls vO;kogkfjd gksrk gSA iz/kkuk/;kid ;kizcUèku loksZifj gksrk gS] og vius v/khuLFkksa dks iw.kZ fu;U=.k esa j[krk gSA og dHkh lkFkh v/;kidksadh jk; ugha ysrk] mudh HkykbZ ugha pkgrk rFkk fo|ky;ksa dh dBksj uhfr;k¡ cukdj mudk ikyudjus dks dgrk gSA ,sls esa v/;kid Hkh LosPNk ls dk;Z ugha djrs] os ek= vkSipkfjdrk djrs gq, dk;Zdjrs gSa rFkk dHkh Hkh volj feyus ij iz/kkuk/;kid ;k izcU/ku ds fo:) gks tkrs gSaA

3- Lok;Ùk okrkoj.k (Autonomous Environment) & bl izdkj ds okrkoj.k esa [kqys okrkoj.k lsde [kqykiu gksrk gS rFkk iz/;kuk/;kid mUgsa vkil esa vUr%fØ;k djus ds fy, iw.kZ LorU=rk nsrs gSaftlls v/;kid viuh 'kSf{kd ,oa lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ksa dh iwfrZ djrk gSA v/;kid viuk dk;Zvdsys rFkk lewg esa] nksuksa izdkj ls djrk gS rFkk vklkuh ls vfr'kh?kz vius mís';ksa dks izkIr djrkgSA iz/kkuk/;kid lPpk ,oa yphyk gksrk gS rFkk v/;kidksa ds fn'kkfunsZ'k gsrq fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrk

gSA

vuqdwy fo|ky; okrkoj.k

97

4- eS=hiw.kZ okrkoj.k (Friendly Environment) & okLro esa bl izdkj ds okrkoj.k esa fo|ky; esa

fe=rkiw.kZ okrkoj.k jgrk gSA blesa lHkh dk;Z fey&tqydj fd, tkrs gSaA v/;kidksa dks vPNs dk;Z

ds fy, izksRlkgu fn;k tkrk gS] ftlls muesa vkRefo'okl dh deh ugha gksrhA lkekftd :i ls ;g

dgk tk ldrk gS fd v/;kid ,d cM+s lq[kh ifjokj ¼la;qDr ifjokj½ dk Hkkx gksrs gSaA iz/kkuk/;kid

lnSc v/;kidksa dh HkykbZ ds fy, dk;Z djrk gSA

vr% ge ;s dg ldrs gSa fd tSlk okrkoj.k fo|ky; dk gksxk] izkIr Kku dk Lrj Hkh mlh izdkj dk

gksxkA cUn okrkoj.k esa ;k ,slk okrkoj.k tgk¡ vUr%fØ;k ds volj vR;Ur de gksrs gSa ogk¡ mUufr

o ifjorZu ds leLr ekxZ cUn gks tkrs gSaA blds foijhr [kqys okrkoj.k esa leLr iz.kkyh ij O;fDr

dk fu;U=.k gksrk gS ;k ;g dgsa fd leLr fØ;k&fof/k O;fDr ds gkFk esa gksrh gS] ;fn dgha dqN

:dkoV vkrh gS rks mls rqjUr nwj dj fn;k tkrk gSA blh ls fo|ky; esa ,d vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk

fuekZ.k gksrk gSA [kqys okrkoj.k dk ,d lcls cM+k xq.k ;g gS fd vUrfuZHkjrk vf/kd gksrh gSA fo|ky;

dks lekt lEiw.kZ lalk/ku nsrk gS rFkk cnys esa lekt dks fo|ky; ,d okafNr ukxfjd nsrk gS tks

lekt dh vko';drkuqlkj lkekftd] jktuSfrd ;k lkaL—frd 'kfDr;ksa ls Hkjiwj gksrk gSA

10-3 lewg dk;Z (Team Work)

lewg dk;Z ,d O;ofLFkr ,oa lfØ; f'k{k.k fo|k gS tks Nk=ksa ds NksVs lewgksa dks feydj ,d vke

y{; dh izkfIr ds fy, dke djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrh gSA ;s NksVs lewg fu;ksftr xfrfof/k;ksa ds ekè;e

ls vfèkd izHkkoh lh[kus dh izfØ;k dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA

lewg esa dk;Z djuk

lewg esa dk;Z djuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lkspus] laokn dk;e djus] le>us vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku

djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, izsfjr djus dk izHkkoh rjhdk gSA blesa Nk= nwljksa dks fl[kk Hkh ldrs gSa vkSj

muls lh[k Hkh ldrs gSaA ;g lh[kus dk ,d l'kDr vkSj lfØ; rjhdk gSA Nk=ksa dk lewgksa esa cSBuk gh

dkQh ugha gksrk gSA lewgdk;Z esa Li"V mís'; ds lkFk lh[kus ds fy, lkFk feydj dke djuk vkSj mlesa

;ksxnku nsuk 'kkfey gksrk gSA bl rjg lewg dk;Z dks lqfu;ksftr vkSj iz;kstuiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A

lewg dk;Z dks fu;ksftr djuk

lewg dk;Z dk mi;ksx dc vkSj dSls djuk pkfg, bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd v/;k; ds var rd

vki dkSu lh lh[kus dh izfØ;k iwjh djuk pkgrs gSaA lewg dk;Z dks v/;;u ds vkjaHk] var ;k chp esa 'kkfey

dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu blds fy, i;kZIr le; dk izko/kku djuk gksxkA Nk= dkSu ls dke dks lewg esa fdl

le; esa loksZRre rjhds ls iwjk dj ldrs gSa bldk fu.kZ; f'k{kd dks ysuk gksxkA ,d f'k{kd ds :i esa fuEu

ds ckjs esa igys ls ;kstuk cukdj vki lewg dk;Z dh lQyrk lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSaA

¼1½ lkewfgd xfrfof/k ds y{; vkSj visf{kr ifj.kkeA

¼2½ xfrfof/k ds fy, vkcafVr le;] ftlls dksbZ Hkh izfrfØ;k ;k lkjka'k dk;Z 'kkfey gSA

¼3½ lewgksa dks dSls ck¡Vsa ¼fdrus lewg] izR;sd lewg esa fdrus Nk=] lewgksa ds fy, ekinaM½


98

¼4½ lewgksa dks dSls laxfBr djsa ¼lewg ds fofHkUu lnL;ksa dh Hkwfedk] vko';d le;] lkefxz;k¡] fjdkMZ

djuk vkSj fjiksVZ djuk½A

¼5½ dksbZ Hkh vkdyu dSls fd;k vkSj fjdkMZ fd;k tk,xk ¼O;fDrxr vkdyuksa dks lkewfgd vkdyuksa ls

vyx igpkuus dk /;ku j[ksa½

¼6½ lewgksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij dSls fuxjkuh j[ksaxsA

lewg dk;Z ds dke

og dke tks Nk=ksa dks djus dks dgk tkrk gS bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ge mUgsa D;k fl[kkuk

pkgrs gSaA lewg dk;Z esa Hkkx ysdj] os ,d&nwljs dks lquus] vius fopkjksa dks le>kus vkSj vkilh lg;ksx

ls dke djus tSls dkS'ky lh[krs gSaA lewg dk;Z ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼1 ½ izLrqfrdj.k & Nk= lewgksa esa dke djds 'ks"k d{kk ds fy, izLrqfrdj.k rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA ;g rc

lcls cf<+;k dke djrk gS tc izR;sd lewg ds ikl vyx&vyx igyw gksrk gS] rkfd mUgsa ,d gh

fo"k; dks dbZ ckj lquus dh ctk; ,d&nwljs dh ckr lquus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk ldsA izLrqfrdj.k

djus ds fy, izR;sd lewg dks fn, x, le; dk ikyu djsa vkSj izLrqfrdj.k ds fy, ekinaM r; djsaA

¼2 ½ leL;k dk gy djuk & Nk= fdlh leL;k ;k leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy, lewgksa esa dke

djrs gSaA blesa foKku esa iz;ksx djuk] xf.kr esa leL;kvksa dks gy djuk] vaxzsth esa fdlh dgkuh ;k

dfork dk fo'ys"k.k djuk] ;k bfrgkl esa izek.k dk fo'ys"k.k djuk 'kkfey gks ldrk gSA

¼3 ½ fdlh f'kYi—fr ;k mRikn dk l`tu djuk & Nk= fdlh dgkuh] ukVd ds va'k] laxhr ds va'k]

fdlh vo/kkj.kk dks le>us ds fy, iksLVj ;k ekWMy dks fodflr djuk] fdlh eqís ij lekpkj fjiksVZ

;k tkudkjh dk lkjka'k cukus ;k fdlh vo/kkj.kk dks le>us ds fy, iksLVj dks fodflr djus ds

fy, lewgksa esa dke djrs gSaA

¼4 ½ fofHkUu izdkj ds dke & lewg dk;Z vyx&vyx vk;q ;k n{krk Lrj okys Nk=ksa dks fdlh mi;qDr

dke ij feydj dke djus dk volj iznku djrk gSA blls cPps ,d&nwljs esa T;knk vklkuh ls

lh[k ysrs gSaA

¼5 ½ ppkZ & Nk= fdlh eqís ij fopkj djrs gSa vkSj ,d fu"d"kZ ij ig¡qprs gSaA

lewg dk;Z dks izHkkoh cuus ds fy,] f'k{k.k ds ifj.kke fdruh gn rd iwjs gq, vkSj Nk=ksa us fdruh

vPNh rjg ls izfrfØ;k dh] bu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA lewg ds dke] lalk/kuksa] le;&lkjf.k;ksa

;k lewgksa dh jpuk esa fdlh Hkh lek;kstu ij fopkj dj vkSj lko/kuhiwoZd mudh ;kstuk cukuh pkfg,A

5-3-1 fo|ky; izca/ku esa lewg dk;Z (Team Work in School Administration)

fo|ky; izca/ku ¼iz/kkuk/;kid½ dk Lo;a dk Hkh ,d dk;Z {ks= ,oa lewg gksrk gSA iz/kku dh gSfl;r

ls og usrk rks gS] ijUrq mlds fy, ;g vko';d ugha fd og gj {ks= esa usr`Ro ns ldsA mls fofHkUu {ks=ksa

esa QaD'kuy yhMj (Functional Leader) tkuus] igpkuus o ekuus gksaxs rFkk mUgsa mi;qZDr dk;Z Hkkj lkSaius

gksaxsA fo|ky; i;kZoj.k dks vius O;ogkj ls izHkkfor djuk gh mlds lQy usr`Ro dk ifjpk;d gSA lewg

dh Hkkoukvksa ds vuq:i usrRo dks ewrZ :i nsuk ;k O;ogkj o vkpj.k esa mrkjuk vko';d gSA bldk vfHkizk;

;g gS fd gj lewg dh viuh Hkkouk,¡ gksrh gSaA vr% lewg dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, usr`Ro dks vius


99

fØ;kdykiksa rFkk lewg esa ijLij O;ogkj ij Hkh /;ku dsfUnzr djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd mlds fØ;kdyki rFkk

lewg ds lkFk O;ogkj gh mlds usr`Ro dk ewY;kadu djsaxsA

10-4 ikjnf'kZrk (Transparency)

fo|ky; ds iz'kklu dks lgh <ax ls pykus dk eq[; nkf;Ro dsoy iz/kkuk/;kid dk gh gksrk gSA

okLro esa iwjk fo|ky; laxBu dks lqpk: :i ls pykus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro fo|ky; iz'kklu dk gksrk gSA

izèkkuk/;kid ,oa f'k{kd fo|ky; iz'kklu ds izeq[k vax gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

esa tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk cqfu;knh ewY; gSaA ikjnf'kZrk dk vFkZ gS & [kqykiu] lwpuk dh vklkuh ls izkfIr

vkSj mÙkjnkf;RoA fdlh Hkh fo|ky; dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mlesa dk;Z djus okys

O;fDr laxBu ds izfr ,oa ,d&nwljs ds izfr tokcnsg vkSj ikjn'khZ gksaA ikjnf'kZrk dks viukdj ;kstukvksa

o dk;ZØeksa dk izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA okLrfod :i esa ikjnf'kZrk] iz'kklu dks

vf/kd ljyrk o lgtrk iznku djrh gSA

vkj Vh bZ (R T E) dk izko/kku fo|ky; esa ikjnf'kZrk dh rjQ ,d ldkjkRed igy gSA bl izkoèkku

esa ;g lkQ dgk x;k gS fd futh fo|ky; ikjnf'kZrk ds lkFk detksj ,oa oafpr oxZ ds cPpksa dk nkf[kyk

25 izfr'kr dksVs ds rgr ysxhA fo|ky; esa nkf[kys ds le; ysus okys 'kqYd esa Hkh iz'kklu dks ikjnf'kZrk

fn[kkuh pkfg,A fodkl 'kqYd] fofo/k 'kqYd] okf"kZd 'kqYd] fctyh] iqLrdky;] ikB~;iqLrd] ;wfuQkWeZ]

twrk&ekstk] VkbZ] csYV] vkbZ dkMZ] V~;w'ku] dksfpax lfgr fofHkUu rjg ds 'kqYd ds tfj, vfHkHkkodksa ls tks

jkf'k olwyh tkrh gS mldk ys[kk&tks[kk fo|ky; iz'kklu dks vfHkHkkodksa dk lkQ rkSj ij crk nsuk pkfg,A

10-5 vkRe lEeku (Self Esteem)

tSls&tSls cPpksa esa fodkl dh izfØ;k vkxs c<+rh gS] oSls&oSls muds ewY;kadu (Evaluation) dh

;ksX;rk esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA os dsoy viuk gh fp=.k (Portrayal) ugha djrs gSa] vfirq vius xq.kksa] fo'ks"krkvksa

,oa ;ksX;rkvksa vkfn dk ewY;kadu Hkh djuk izkjEHk dj nsrs gSaA vr% vkRe&lEeku vkRe dk gh ,d i{k gSA

;g ,d egRoiw.kZ i{k gS D;ksafd O;fDr ds O;fDrRo] O;ogkj ,oa lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bldk izHkko

Li"Vr% ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

'kSQj ,oa fdi (Shaffer and Kipp, 2007) ds vuqlkj] ÞvkRe&lEeku dk vk'k; fdlh O;fDr esa

mlds vkRe ls lEcfU/kr xq.kksa ds ekiu ij vk/kkfjr mldh ;ksX;rk ds vkRe&ewY;kadu ls gSAß

"Self-esteem is one's evaluation of one's worth as a person based on an assessment of the qualities

that make the self-concept."

dwu ,oa feêjj (Coon and Mitterer, 2007) ds vuqlkj] ÞvkRe&lEeku dk vk'k; Lo;a dks ,d mi;ksxh

O;fDr ekuus( Lo;a dk vuqdwy ewY;kadu djus ls gSAß

" Self-esteem means regarding oneself as a worthwhile person; a positive evaluation of oneself."

mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kvksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vkRe&lEeku fdlh O;fDr }kjk Lo;a dh ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa

ds ckjs esa ewY;kadukRed O;ogkj ls gSA la{ksi esa dg ldrs gSa fd &

(i) vkRe&lEeku] vkRek dk gh ,d i{k gSA


100

(ii) ;g vkRe&lEeku dk ewY;kadukRed i{k gSA

(iii) bldk rkRi;Z Lo;a dh ;ksX;rkvksa ds ckjs esa fufeZr /kkj.kk ls gSA(iv) vkRe&lEeku O;fDr ds Lo;a dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds ewY;kadu ij vk/kkfjr gSA(v) yksx izk;% ?kukRed (Positive) vkRe&ewY;kadu djrs gSaA

vkRe&lEeku ds Lrj (Levels of Self-Esteem) - lkekU;r% vkRe&lEeku dh Hkkouk dks oLrqijd(Objective) cuk;s j[kuk pkfg,A vkRe&lEeku dh Hkkouk dh n`f"V ls cPpksa ;k o;Ldksa dks nks oxksZa esa foHkDrfd;k tk ldrk gSA bUgsa mPp (High) ,oa fuEu (Low) vkRe&lEeku Lrj dgk tkrk gSAmPp vkRe&lEeku (High Self-Esteem) - mPp vkRe&lEeku okys cPpksa esa larqf"V Lrj mPp gksrk gSAmUgsa viuh vPNkbZ;ksa dk Kku jgrk gSA os dfe;ksa dks Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa nwj djus ds izfr vk'oLrgksrs gSaA os viuh fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk {kerkvksa ds izfr ?kukRed n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaAfuEu vkRe&lEeku (Low Self-Esteem) - fuEu vkRe&lEeku ds cPpksa esa larqf"V Lrj fuEu gksrk gSA osviuh dfe;k¡ de gh ekurs gSa vkSj mUgsa nwj djus dh bPNk Hkh muesa de gksrh gSA muesa tks {kerk ;k dkS'kygksrk Hkh gS] mldk izn'kZu de gh dj ikrs gSaA os Lo;a ds ckjs esa ldkjkRed Hkko j[krs gSaA

lgt] lkFkZd ,oa lkeatL;iw.kZ thou O;rhr djus ds fy, O;fDr dks viuh fo'ks"krkvksa] ;ksX;rkvksa]xq.kksa ,oa nks"kksa dk lgh ewY;kadu djuk pkfg,A vius ckjs esa vuko';d vPNh /kkj.kk,¡ cuk ysuk ;kudkjkRed èkkj.kk,¡ gh cuk ysuk] nksuksa gh LoLFk thou ,oa LofLr&cks/k (Subjective Well Being) dh n`f"Vls vkoafNr gSA ;gh ckr cPpksa ds Hkh fo"k; esa ykxw gksrh gSA vr% cPpksa dks leqfpr vkRe&lEeku ds fodkl

ds fy, gh izsfjr] izf'kf{kr rFkk funsZf'kr djuk pkfg,A

10-6 fo|ky; iz'kklu esa leUo; (Co-ordination in School Administration)

fdlh Hkh laxBu esa fuf'pr mís'; ds fy, vusd O;fDr layXu gksrs gSaA izR;sd O;fDr bl mís';

dh izkfIr ds fy, ,d&nwljs dk lg;ksx djrk gSA ijUrq ;g lg;ksx rHkh laHko gS] tc dksbZ O;fDr laxBu

ds mís'; iwfÙkZ ds fy, mUgsa fofo/k dk;Zdykiksa esa ,d lkFk feykdj yxkrk gS] dÙkZO; fuf'pr djrk gS vkSj

funsZ'ku nsrk gS rkfd os laxBu dks viuh vf/kdkf/kd nsu ns ldsaA bl izdkj og laxBu ds ekuoh; vkSj

HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dks laxBu ds y{; dh izkfIr esa yxkrk gSA

,d izHkko'kkyh fo|ky; dh lQyrk vkSj mldk dk;Z cgqr cM+h ek=k esa f'k{kdksa ds gkfnZd lg;ksx

ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA blfy, iz/kkuk/;kid dks f'k{kdksa dk vf/kdkf/kd lg;ksx izkIr djus dk iz;kl djuk

pkfg,A tc izkIr gks tkrk gS rks lc feydj ,d ny (Team) ds :i esa fey&tqydj fo|ky; ds egku

mís';ksa dks izkIr djus ds lQy iz;kl djrs gSaA fdUrq lHkh f'k{kdksa dk iw.kZ lg;ksx izkIr djuk dksbZ ljy

dk;Z ugha gSA D;ksafd f'k{kd oxZ esa fofHkUu LoHkkoksa] ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk O;fDrRoksa okys f'k{kd gksrs gSaA muds

ijLij fgr fdUgha u fdUgha voljksa ij Vdjk tkrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa mu lHkh dk lg;ksx izkIr djuk cM+k

gh dfBu gks tkrk gSA bl dfBukbZ ds ckotwn Hkh iz/kkuk/;kid cgqr dqN ek=k esa lg;ksx izkIr dj ldrk

gSA

vU; f'k{kd rFkk deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk Hkh izkpk;Z dk O;ogkj iztkrkaf=d gksuk pkfg,A muls ;g vis{kk

ugha djuh pkfg, fd tks izpk;Z mUgsa vkns'k nsxk mlesa og iz'u ugha djsaxs vfirq mldk vuqikyu djsaxsA

;fn dksbZ iz'u djrk gS rks izkpk;Z dks ml ij /;ku nsuk pkfg, vkSj ml ij fopkj djds vius vkns'k esa


101

ifjorZu dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ds vkpj.k ls izkpk;Z lHkh ls vPNs lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA f'k{kdksa

dh dfBukbZ ls izkpk;Z viuh dfBukbZ le>sA bl rjg ds lEcU/k vkSj O;ogkj ls fo|ky; dk lkekftd

vkSj HkkokRed okrkoj.k ltho gksxk vkSj dk;Z ds izfr lgh n`f"Vdks.k ,oa :fp dk fodkl gksxkA


fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k ds fuekZ.k esa eq[; :i ls iz/kkuk/;kid] mudk f'k{kdksa ds izfr O;ogkj]

fo|ky; dh uhfr;k¡ ,oa f'k{kdksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA budk vkilh leUo; gh ,d

vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA fo|ky; esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg dk;Z bl leUo; dks l'kDr cukrk

gSA blfy, uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u esa Hkh ikjnf'kZrk vko';d gSA ;fn ;g lc mPp Lrj ds gSa rks fo|ky;

Hkh mPp Lrjh; gks tkrk gSA


1- lewg dk;Z ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bldk D;k egRo gS\What do you understand by team work? What is its importance?

2- fo|ky; ds okrkoj.k dks vuqdwy cukus ds fy, iz/kkukpk;Z ,oa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk djsaA

Analyse the role of headmaster and teachers in making conducive school

environment.


1. Tomar, Dr. Gajendra Singh (2012) : 'kSf{kd iz'kklu ,oa izcU/k] R. Lal Book Depot,

Merutt.

2. Mishra, D.P. (2012) : 'kSf{kd laxBu] LokLF; f'k{kk ,oa f'k{k.k rduhdh, Agrawal

Publications, Agra.

3. Singh Rampal, Sharma Ramesh Chandra, Sevani Ashok, (2012-13) : 'kSf{kd O;oLFkk

,oa fo|ky; laxBu] Agrawal Publications, Agra.


102




11-2 fo|ky; esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk (Role of Teacher in School)

11-3 iz/kkuk/;kid dh fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh

(Accountability of Principal in School Education)

11-4 fo|ky; f'k{kk esa jk"Vª rFkk jkT; Lrjh; vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk fo'ks"kKksadh tokcnsgh (Accountability of State and Central Authoritiesand Experts in School Education)

11-5 fo|ky;h f'k{kk es a tokcnsgh dk vkdyu (Assessment ofAccountability in School Education)




bdkbZ % 11 f'k{kdksa dh tokcnsgh ,oa vkReewY;kaduUnit : 11 Accountability and Self assessment of the Teacher


bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k % fo|ky; esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks le> ldsaxsA f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh dks le> mlds vk/kkjksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA tokcnsgh lkSius ds ?kVdksa dks le> ik,xsaA tokcnsgh ds LoewY;kadu f'k{kd izfrfØ;k ra= ds vk'k; dks tku ik,xsaA


103


f'k{kdksa vkSj izfrfØ;k ra= dh tokcnsgh dh LoewY;kadu ds bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tokcnsgh

ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh nh tk,xhA bldh ifjHkk"kk] vFkZ vkSj fo'ks"krk D;k gS bldh foLrkj ls ppkZ

dh xbZ gSA fo|ky; iz/kkuk/;kid dh tokcnsgh D;k gS\ f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa tokcnsgh lkSius ds eq[; vk/kkjksa

dks foLrkjiwoZd m)r fd;k x;k gSA

tokcnsgh vkdyu ds eq[; vk/kkjksa vkSj mldks lkSius lEcU/kh vf/kfu;eksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA fdlh

Hkh izfØ;k esa cxSj vÙkjknkf;Ro ck¡V dj dk;Z dk lapkyu vdsys laHko ugha gSA oSls gha f'k{k.k izfØ;k iwjs

djus ds fy, tokcnsgh dh vfuok;Zrk Lohdkj dh xbZ gSA vr% bl bdkbZ esa bUgha fcUnqvksa ij foLrkj ls

ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

11-2 fo|ky; esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk (Role of Teacher in School)

fo|ky; ,d vkSipkfjd f'k{k.k laLFkku gS tgk¡ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds HkkX; x<+s tkrs gSA fo|ky; f'k{kkiz.kkyh dh ewy bdkbZ gksrh gSA f'k{kk }kjk gha Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh lqj{kk ds vfrfjDr Hkfo"; ds fodkl dkiz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dk mís'; fo|kFkhZ dk lokZaxh.k fodkl djuk gS tgk¡cPpksa dks lgh fn'kk funsZ'k nsdj ,d lgh fn'kk iznku dh tk ldsA

fo|ky; :ih 'kjhj esa f'k{kd gha og izk.k gS ftlds LiUnu ls f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo fodklizLQqfVr gksrs gSA

ekrk&firk ds i'pkr~ xq: dh ekU;rk dks osn] mifu"kn rFkk i[krhZ lkfgR; esa ,d er ls Lohdkjfd;k x;k gSA ekrk dk egRo blfy, loksZifj gS fd os izFke xq: gksrh gSa] xq: esa xq:rk] egUr] ifo=vkRek&vlkèkkj.k ;ksX;rk lHkh dqN n`"VO; gksrk gSA vkb, tkus f'k{kd dk D;k vFkZ gSA

11-2-1 f'k{kd dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Teacher) -

ÞMkWñ loZiYyh jk/kk—".kuß us fy[kk gS fd Þlekt esa v/;kid dk LFkku mRiUr egRoiw.kZ gSA og ,d

ih<h ls nwljs ih<h dks ckSf)d ijEijk,¡ vkSj rduhdh dkS'ky ig¡qpkus dk dsUnz gS vkSj lH;rk ds izdk'k dks

izTtofyr j[kus esa lgk;rk nsrk gSAß ,d lPpk v/;kid thoui;ZUr fo|kFkhZ cuk jgrk gSA ÞjfoUnzukFk

VSxksjß ds 'kCnksa esa Þ,d v/;kid dHkh Hkh okLrfod vFkksZa esa ugha i<+k ldrk] tc rd og Lo;a vHkh lh[k

u jgk gksA ,d nhid nwljs nhid dks dHkh izTtofyr ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd mldh viuh T;ksfr

tyrh u jgsA f'k{kk laL—fr ds gLrkUrj.k] laj{k.k ,oa laoèkZu dk izeq[k lk/ku gSA vr% fdlh Hkh ns'k dh

f'k{kk ogk¡ dh laL—fr ds lanHkZ esa gha le>h tk ldrh gSA f'k{kk dh izfØ;k esa v/;kid ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ

dM+h gS vkSj oLrqr% ogh gekjh laL—fr ds Hkfo"; ds laj{kd gSaA

Nk= ds vKku :ih va/kdkj dks feVkus okyk ,d Kku :ih izdk'k fn[kkdj ekuork ds iFk dks

vkyksfdr djusokyk dgk x;k gSA dksBkjh deh'ku ¼1967&1966½ us Hkh v/;kid dks jk"Vª&fuekZrk dh laKk

nh gSA vk'k; ;g gS fd f'k{kd lkekU; lkekftd O;fDr ls vf/kd pfj=oku] v{kj] lfg".kq] n;kyq rFkk

e;kZfnr gksrk gSA

vr% f'k{kd fo|ky; laxBu dk ân; ekuk tkrk gSA fo|ky; esa i;kZIr la[;k esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ,oa

izo`fr;ksa ds n{k ,oa lq;ksX; f'k{kdksa dk gksuk ,d vfuok;Z vko';drk gSA 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dh lQyrk

vè;kid ds O;ogkj] ;ksX;rk] ,oa dk;Z&iz.kkyh ij gha fuHkZj djrh gSA oÙkZeku le; esa v/;kid dk

f'k{kdksa dh tokcnsgh ,oa vkReewY;kadu

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fo|ky; esa izeq[k LFkku ekuk tkrk gSA 'kSf{kd 'kks/k ,oa euksoSKkfud 'kks/k us ;g fl) dj fn;k gS fd

f'k{kd&Nk= vuqfØ;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gSA f'k{kk dk rkRi;Z ckyd ds lEiw.kZ O;fDrRo

ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ls gS ftlds vUrxZr v/;kid dk dk;Z u dsoy ckyd dk ekufld fodkl djuk gS]

oju~ mlds 'kkjhfjd] uSfrd] lkaosfxd] v/;kfRed ,oa jkxkRed fodkl esa Hkh ;ksxnku djuk gSA

vkb, vkxs ge i<sxsa fd f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk fo|ky; esa D;k gS\

f'k{kd dh fo|ky; esa Hkwfedk (Role of Teacher in the School) - d{kk izcU/ku dk f'k{kd ,d eq[;

?kVd gksrk gS] tks f'k{k.k O;oLFkk esa vusd Hkwfedkvksa dks fuoZgu djrk gSA f'k{kd ds mÙkjnkf;Ro] Hkwfedk,¡]

tokcnsgh rFkk vf/kdkj vusd gksrs gSaA rHkh og lQyrkiwoZd d{kk dh fØ;kvksa dk lEiknu dj ldrk gSA

f'k{kd dks vius f'k{k.k dk;ksZa ds izcU/ku dh iw.kZ Lora=rk gksrh gS vkSj mlesa lq/kkj ,oa fodkl djus dk

vfèkdkj Hkh f'k{kd dks gh gksrk gS] D;ksafd og vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij vius f'k{k.k dh vuqns'ku iz.kkyh

esa leqfpr ifjorZu dj ldrk gS] vuqns'ku iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu f'k{kd ds vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA

euksoSKkfud nk'kZfudksa rFkk lekt'kkfL=;ksa us f'k{kd dh dbZ :iks esa Hkwfedk dk mYys[k fd;k gS og bl

izdkj gS&

(i) f'k{kd ,d nk'kZfud

(ii) f'k{kd ,d funsZ'kd

(iii) f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds fe=

(iv) f'k{kd ,d izcU/kd

(v) f'k{kd ,d usrk rFkk

(vi) f'k{kd ,d 'kks/kdrkZ

(i) f'k{kd ,d nk'kZfud (Teacher As Philosopher) - f'k{kd ,d nk'kZfud ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd

f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; ij iw.kZ LokfeRo gksuk pkfg,A vFkkZr~ vk/kqfudre Kku ls voxr gksuk vko';d gSA

f'k{kd dk vkpj.k vkn'kZ f'k{kd tSlk oL= vkSj os'k Hkw"kk Hkh f'k{kd tSlk gksuk pkfg,A

(ii) f'k{kd ,d funsZ'kd (Teacher As a Guide) - f'k{kd dks viuh ikB~;oLrq ds f'k{k.k ds lkFk ;g

Hkh vko';d gksrk gS fd og Nk=ksa dh lh[kus dh dfBukbZ;ksa dks le>s ,oa mudk leqfpr mipkj gsrq funsZ'ku

iznku djsA f'k{kd] Nk=ksa ds vf/kxe dh dfBukbZ;ksa dk oLrqfu"B rFkk oSKkfud <ax ls lek/kku djus dk

iz;kl djsA blds fy, Nk=ksa dh dfBukbZ;ksa dk funku djuk vko';d gSA vFkkZr~ f'k{kd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds

O;fDrxr fofHkUurk dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa fn'kk funsZ'ku iznku djsA

(iii) f'k{kd Nk=ksa ds fe= (Teacher As a Student Friend) - f'k{kd dks d{kk esa Nk=ksa ds izfr

lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj djuk pkfg, ftlls Nk= f'k{kd dks viuk fgrS"kh le>s vkSj viuh dfBukbZ;ksa dks

fcuk fdlh ladksp ds f'k{kd dks le>k lds] ftudk fujkdj.k f'k{kd lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ <ax ls djsA Nk= viuh

vf/kxe dfBukbZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk viuh O;fDrxr leL;kvksa dks Hkh f'k{kd ds le> j[k lds vkSj f'k{kd

mUgsa lgh fn'kk funsZ'ku iznku dj ldsA

(iv) f'k{kd ,d izcU/kd (Teacher As Manager) - ÞvkbZñ dsñ Msohtß us f'k{kd dks ,d izca/kd dh Hkh

laKk nh gSa D;ksafd d{kk dh vuqns'kukRed izfØ;k izcUèku f'k{kd gh djrk gS vkSj ;g f'k{kd dk gh

mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk vf/kdkj Hkh gksrk gSA d{kk dh vuqns'ku izfØ;k dks izR;sd f'k{kd vius <ax ls fodflr

dj mldk izLrqrhdj.k djrk gSA bruk gha ugha f'k{kd vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij vuqns'ku izfØ;k esa


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lq/kkj Hkh djrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa Msoht us f'k{kd dks ,d izcU/kd ds :i esa pkj dk;Z ¼1½ fu;kstu ¼2½

O;oLFkk ¼3½ vxzlj.k ¼4½ fu;=a.k dk mYys[kfd;k gSA

(v) f'k{kd ,d usrk (Teacher As a Leader) - f'k{kd viuh d{kk dk usrk Hkh gksrk gSA og lHkh Nk=ksa

dks 'kSf{kd {ks= esa usr`Ro iznku djrk gSA muds dk;ksZa esa lg;ksx vkSj leUo; djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA ,d

usrk dh Hkk¡fr Hkh muds fgrksa dk /;ku j[krk gSA vkSj Nk=ksa ds fodkl ds fy, lnso iz;Ru'khy jgrk gSA

(vi) f'k{kd ,d 'kks/kdÙkkZ (Teacher As a Researcher) - f'k{kd ,d vPNk 'kks/kdÙkkZ Hkh gksrk gSA ,d

'kks/kdrkZ dh rjg og d{kk dh leL;kvksa ds izfr vf/kd laosnu'khy gksrk gS vkSj leL;kvksa dh igpku Hkh

dj ysrk gSA rRi'pkr~ og leL;kvksa ds dkj.kksa dks tkuus dk Hkh iz;kl djrk gSA leL;kvksa ds dkj.kksa ds

fy, oSKkfud :i ls lek/kku dks fudkyus dk iz;kl djrk gSA f'k{kd dks pkfg, fd 'kks/kdrkZ ds :i esa

leL;k dk dkj.k Nk=ksa dks u cukdj ges'kk muds fujkdj.k ds fy, rRij jguk pkfg,A

f'k{kd vius dk;ksZa vkSj xq.kksa dh otg ls fo|ky; ds dk;ksZa dh tokcnsgh vius mij ysrs gSaA vkxs

ge bldh ppkZ foLrkj ls djsaxsA

11-3 iz/kkuk/;kid dh fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh (Accountability of Principal

in School Education)

tokcnsgh] mÙkjnkf;Ro] uSfrdrk vkSj 'kklu dh ,d ,slh ladYiuk gS] ftlds dbZ vFkZ gSaA bldk

bLrseky] vDlj ftEesnkjh] tokcnsgh] nks"kkjks"k.k] nkf;Ro tSlh ladYiukvksa rFkk tokcnsgh ls tqM+s vU; 'kCnksa

ds i;kZ;okph ds rkSj ij Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

'kklu ds igyw ds rkSj ij ;g ges'kk ls fcoknkLin jgk gSA usr`Ro dh Hkwfedk esa tokcnsgh dk egRo

'kq: ls jgk gSA usr`Ro dh Hkwfedk esa tckcnsgh ds vUrxZr QSlys dks Loh—fr nsuk] dk;Z dk tokcnsgh ysuk

vkSj mls ifj.kfr rd ig¡qpkuk gSA

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa tokcnsgh ls rkRi;Z gS iz/kkuk/;kid }kjk tokcnsgh f'k{kd vkSj fofHkUu vf/kdkfj;ksa

dks lkSiuk pwfd dksbZ dk;Z vdsys fdlh ds o'k esa ugha gksrk gS vkSj vyx&vyx yksx ,d dke ds

vyx&vyx Hkkx djus dh ftEesnkjh ysdj gha lEiUu dj ldrs gSaA

fo|ky; f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, tokcnsgh dh egRo vf/kd c< tkrh gS tokcnsgh dks

fofHkUu rjhsds ls ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSA fo|ky; dh f'k{kk esa izkpk;Z ,oa f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk

mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA fo|ky; ds lapkyu dh tokcnsgh izkpk;Z rFkk f'k{kdksa dh gksrh gSA tokcnsgh dk vFkZ

gksrk gS mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fuokZg djuk gSA

vkxs ge tokcnsgh dks fofHkUu ifjHkk"kk ls Li"V dj jgs gSa&

11-3-1 ifjHkk"kk (Definition) & ÞMsfolß (Davis) ds vuqlkj] Þtokcnsgh vFkok izfrc)rk fdlh vf/kdkjh

}kjk lkSis x, dk;Z dks xq.kkRed ,oa loksZÙke :i ls izf/kdkjh ds funsZ'ku ds vuq:i djus dk cU/ku ,oa dk;Z

gSAß


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" Accountability is an obligation and resposibility of an individual to perform assigned duties to best

of his ability and capacity according the direction of his executive."

Þgseuß (Haimann) ds vuqlkj] ÞmPpkf/kdkjh }kjk vius vf/kuLFkksa ls mudk dÙkZO;ksa dh leh{kk djuk gh

tokcnsgh dgykrk gSAß

"Accountability is reviewe of his subordinate to perform the duty as required his superior."

11-3-2 tokcnsgh ;k izfrc)rk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Accountability or Commitment)

mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij tokcnsgh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks fuEufyf[kr :i esa Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&

¼1½ tokcnsgh iz/kkukpk;Z ds dÙkZO; vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fuoZgu gS ;g vius vf/kdkj dks v/khuLFkdeZpkfj;ksa dks lkSi dj iwjk djkus ls lEcf/kr gS blesa iz/kkuk/;kid dks v/khuLFkksa ds dk;ksZa dhleh{kk djuh gksrh gSA

¼2½ fo|ky; dh leLr dk;Z iz.kkyh dh tokcnsgh iz/kkukpk;Z dh gksrh gSA og lEiw.kZ dk;Z Lo;a ughadj ldrk bl fy, vU; f'k{kdksa dks dk;Z lkSai ldrk gS fdUrq bldk fujh{k.k dj funsZ'kkuqlkjiw.kZ djkus dk nkf;Ro iz/kkukpk;Z dk gksrk gSA

¼3½ izcU/k lfefr vkSj jkT; ljdkj vFkok vU; mPp vf/k—r tokcnsgh ds fy, iz/kkukpk;Z dksmÙkjnk;h Lohdkj djrs gSa iz/kkukpk;Z gha fo|ky; dh leLr xfrfof/k;k¡ dk dsUnz gksrk gSA

¼4½ mfpr jhfr o uhfr ds vuq:i mPp vf/kdkjh ds funsZ'ku ds vuqlkj dk;Z iw.kZ djuk vkSj djkuktokcnsgh gS blesa dk;Z dq'kyrk dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA fo|ky; esa ;g /;ku iz/kkukpk;Zdks j[kuk gksrk gSA

¼5½ dk;ZHkkj lkSairs le; iz/kkukpk;Z f'k{kd dh :fp] mldh ;ksX;rk] {kerk vkSj vuqHko dks /;ku esaj[krk gS rkfd dk;Z lEiknu esa ck/kk mRiUu u gks rFkk dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZdeh u vk,A

11-3-3 tokcnsgh ds izeq[k ?kVd ¼rRo½ (Main Factors of Accountability) - tokcnsgh ds izeq[k?kVdksa ¼rRoksa½ dks ge fuEufyf[kr :i esa Li"V dj ldrs gSa&

¼1 ½ dÙkZO; ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro & iz/kkukpk;Z dk dsUnz fcUnq ds :i esa vusd dÙkZO; djus gksrs gS] mudsHkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gS vkSj vusd mÙkjnkf;Ro ogu djus gksrss gSaA dÙkZO; dk iw.kZ vkSjdq'kyrkiwoZd funsZ'kkuqlkj lEiUu djkuk vFkok djuk iz/kkuk/;kid dk nkf;Ro gSA

¼2 ½ dk;Z fuoZgu vkSj lEiknu & iz/kkuk/;kid dh tokcnsgh dk;Z ds fuoZgu vkSj bldk lEiknu djusds izfr gksrh gSA ;g lEiknu og vius v/khuLFk f'k{kdksa ds ek?;e ls iw.kZ djrk gS vkSj ;g /;kuj[krk gS fd dk;Z&dq'kyrk vkSj mldh xq.koÙkk esa dksbZ deh u gks rFkk fu/kkZfjr fu;ekuqlkj iw.kZ gksukpkfg,A

¼3 ½ dk;Z dh leh{kk & dk;Z dh leh{kk ls vfHkizk; gS fd f'k{kd dks tks dk;Z lkSaik x;k gS ogfunsZ'kkuqlkj iw.kZ gqvk gS vFkok ughaA iz/kkuk/;kid fujh{k.k }kjk dk;Z dh leh{kk djrk gS vkSjvko';drkuqlkj funsZ'k nsdj dk;Z dks iw.kZ djkrk gSA


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¼4 ½ dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk & iz/kkuk/;kid }kjk lkSaik x;k dk;Z f'k{kd }kjk iw.kZ fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq bldhxq.koÙkk esa fdlh izdkj dh deh ugha vkuh pkfg,A ;g /;ku iz/kkuk/;kid dks gha j[kuk gksrk gSA

¼5 ½ dk;Z ds izfr :fp o vuqHko & iz/kkuk/;kid }kjk iznr~ dk;Z f'k{kd dh :fp vkSj ;ksX;rk dsvuq:i gks] mlds muqHko ds vuq:i gks rks mlds lEiknu esa lqfo/kk gksxh vkSj eu yxkdj f'k{kd dk;ZdjsxkA blls mldh xq.koÙkk Hkh cuh jgsxh vkSj fu/kkZfjr ekud ds vuqlkj fu/kkZfjr le; ij lEiUudj ldsxkA iz/kkuk/;kid dks ;g /;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA

11-3-4 vf/kdkjksa dks lkSaiuk (Delegaion of Authorities) - iz/kkuk/;kid ds dk;ZHkkj dh leh{kk lsfofnr gksrk gS fd iz/kkuk/;kid ds fy, fo|ky; ds dk;ksZa dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls lapkyu djuk dfBu dk;ZgSA fo|ky; dh lEizs"k.k iz.kkyh dh lqfo/kk,¡ iz/kkuk/;kid dks mlds iz'kklu ,oa izcU/ku esa vf/kd lgk;rknsus esa yxh gS fQj Hkh iz/kkuk/;kid dks vius vf/kdkjksa dk dsUnzhdj.k djuk iM+rk gSA vk/kqfud le; esavf/kdkjksa dk dsUnzhdj.k vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA ,d iztkra= f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds iz'kklu esa vf/kdkjksa dksfodsUnzhdj.k vk;ke vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrk gS] ftlls tura= ds ewY;ksa dk vuqlj.k Hkh gksrk gSA fo|ky;ds ,d iz/kkuk/;kid dks vius vius vf/kdkjksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks lkSaiuk iM+rk gS] ftlls mUgsa Hkh iz'kkluds dk;ksZa esa Hkkxhnkj cuk fy;k tkrk gSA vf/kdkjksa dks lkSairs le; iz/kkuk/;kid f'k{kdksa ds :fp] ;ksX;rk]rFkk vuqHko dk Hkh /;ku j[krk gSA

vkxs ge i<+saxs ,d f'k{kd dks iz/kkuk/;kid }kjk dkSu&dkSu lh tokcnsgh lkSaih tkrh gS] tks bl izdkj gS&

1½ le; rkfydk izHkkjh

2½ fo|ky; ds vuq'kklu izHkkjh

3½ [ksydwn izHkkjh

4½ ijh{kk izHkkjh

5½ izos'k izHkkjh] ¼bl izHkkjh lgk;rk ds fy, izos'k dk xBu Hkh dj fn;k tkrk gSA½

6½ fo|ky; dks"k rFkk foÙkh; izHkkjh

7½ iqLrdky; izHkkjh

8½ ;fn fo|ky; esa —f"k QkeZ gS rks mlds fy, —f"k QkeZ izHkkjh fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA

9½ ,ñlhñlhñ dk izHkkjh ;k dek.Mksa rFkk

10½ LdkmfVax izHkkjh vkfnA

iz/kkuk/;kid blds fy, lora= :i ls f'k{kd dks lkSairk gS bu izHkkfj;ksa ds lg;ksx ls lfefr HkhxfBr dh tkrh gSA blds fy, dqN vf/kfu;e Hkh cus gSa ftldh ppkZ ge vkxs djsaxsA

11-3-5 vf/kdkjksa dks lkSaius gsrq fu;e (Principle of Delegation Authorities) - iz/kkuk/;kid dksfo|ky; ds mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks lkSairs le; fuEufyf[kr vf/kfu;eksa dh ppkZ foLrkj ls bl izdkj gSa&

1½ fo|ky; dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj vf/kdkjksa dks lkSaiuk pkfg,A

2½ vf/kdkjksa dks lkSairs le; tgk¡ rd laHko gks f'k{kdksa dh ojh;rk Js.kh dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A

3½ vf/kdkjksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks lkSairs le; f'k{kdksa dh :fp] ;ksX;rk rFkk vuqHkoksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk


108

pkfg,A ftu f'k{kdksa dks izHkkjh cuk;k tk, mUgsa bl {ks= ds fu;eksa] ifjfu;eksa] dk;Z iz.kkyh rFkkfØ;kvksa dk Hkh cks/k gksuk pkfg,A

4½ ftu f'k{kdksa dks dk;ZHkkj lkSaik tk, muesa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk rFkk Nk=ksa ds lkFk lgkuqHkwfr iw.kZO;ogkj dh izo`fÙk gksuh pkfg,A

5½ f'k{kdksa esa lg;ksx dh Hkkouk gks vkSj Nk=ksa ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr ugha pkfg,A

6½ f'k{kdksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh 'kfDr rFkk {kerk gksuh pkfg, ftlls og viuh leL;kvksa esa Lo;a Hkhfu.kZ; ys ldsA

7½ f'k{kd vius dÙkZO;ksa ds izfr fu"Bkoku gks vkSj dk;ksZa ds izfr ltx gks D;ksafd mls vius f'k{k.kdk;ksZa ds vfrfjDr le; nsuk iM+rk gSA

8½ iz/kkuk/;kid dh vf/kdkjksa dks lkSaius esa fu"i{krk cjruh pkfg, vkSj ojh;rk rFkk ;ksX;rk dksizkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A

11-3-6 'kq) :i ls vf/kdkjksa dks lkSaiuk (Right Delegation of Authorities) - 'kq) :i ls tokcnsghlkSaius ds fy, mi;qDr vf/kfu;eksa dk ikyu vfuok;Z gSA D;ksafd iz/kkuk/;kid viuh tokcnsgh viuslEcfUèkr v/khuLFk f'k{kdksa dks lkSairk gS rks izcU/ku lfefr dks mldk tokc iz/kkuk/;kid dks nsuk gksrk gSAmldh 'kq) tokcnsgh iz/kkuk/;kid dh gksxhA

blfy, tokcnsgh lkSairs le; vfuok;Z lko/kkuh cjruh pkfg,A fo|ky; dh tokcnsgh v/khuLFkvfèkdkfj;ksa dks lkSaius dk mís'; dk;ksZa dk lapkyu lgh rjhds ls lgh le; ij djuk vkSj vf/kdkjksa dkfodsUnzhdj.k fd;k tk ldsA

11-4 fo|ky; f'k{kk esa jk"Vª rFkk jkT; Lrjh; vf/kdkfj;ks a rFkk fo'ks"kKks a dhtokcnsgh (Accountability of State and Central Authorities Education

and Experts)

fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh tokcnsgh iz/kkuk/;kid] f'k{kdksa rFkk fo|ky; izcU/ku lfefr dh gha ugha gksrhcfYd jkT; vkSj dsUnzh; Lrj ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh Hkh tokcnsgh gksrh gSA fo|ky; esa ;fn fu;eksa] vkns'kksa]ikB~;Øe rFkk f'k{kk ds dk;ZØeksa dk vuqikyu ugha fd;k x;k gS] ,sls ifjfLFkfr esa tokcnsgh dk izk:i p<+ko

Øe esa gksrk gSAfo|ky;h f'k{kk dh tokcnsgh dk p<+koØe

(Hierarchy of Accountability of School Education)

f'k{kk leorhZ lwph esa gS ijUrq f'k{kk jkT; dk fo"k; vf/kd gSA blfy, izR;sd jkT; dks ;g Lora=rk gksrhgS fd og viuh f'k{kk dk Lo:i ,oa uhfr fu/kkZj.k Lo;a djsA ijUrq dsUnz ds f'k{kk ea=ky; }kjk tks vkns'k

1 fo|ky; Lrj ij iz/kkuk/;kid ,oa izca/k lfefr

2 ftyk Lrj ij mPp f'k{kk vf/kdkjh

3 {ks=h; Lrj ij mPp f'k{kk vf/kdkjh

4 jkT; Lrj ij mPp f'k{kk vf/kdkjh

5 dsUnz Lrj ij mPp f'k{kk vf/kdkjh


109

fn, tkrs gS mudk Hkh jkT; dks vuqikyu djuk gksrk gS ;fn jkT; mudk vuqikyu ugha djrk gS rks dsUnzh;

f'k{kk ea=h jkT; dh tokcnsgh dh leh{kk djrk gSA blh izdkj mPp vf/kdkjh vius v/khuLFk vf/kdkfj;ksa

dh tokcnsgh dh leh{kk Hkh djrk gSA

¼1½ fo|ky; f'k{kk dh tokcnsgh jkT; rFkk jk"Vªh; Lrj ds f'k{kk vf/kdkfj;ksa dh Hkh gksrh gSA fo|ky;h f'k{kk

lEcaf/kr fu/kkZj.k jkT; rFkk jk"Vª ij gha dh tkrh gSA Lora=rk ds ckn ls fo|ky; f'k{kk ds fy, dbZ vk;ksx

tSls eqnkfy;j vk;ksx] dksBkjh vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; f'k{kkuhfr vkfn cuk, x, bUgksaus fo|ky; f'k{kk dh ftEesnkjh

tokcnsgh dks fuokZg fd;kA

¼2½ fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk mÙkjnkf;Ro jkT; ljdkj dk gksrk gSA f'k{kk lEca/kh vk;ksxksa vkSj lfefr;ksa dh

laLrqfr;ksa dk dk;kZUo;u jkT; ljdkj dks djuk gksrk gSA mlds fy, jkT; ljdkjs uhfr fu/kkZj.k djrh

gSA bu uhfr;ksa dk vuqikyu iz/kkuk/;kid rFkk v/;kidksa dks djuk gksrk gSA fo|ky; f'k{kk dh tokcnsgh

dk {ks= fofHkUu fo|ky; f'k{kk dh tokcnsgh dk {ks= fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa dk i`Fkd&i`Fkd gksrk gS fo|ky;

f'k{kk ds eq[; :i gS

jktdh; fo/kky; f'k{kk esa iz/kkuk/;kid rFkk f'k{kdksa dh vf/kd tokcnsgh gksrh gSA izcU/ku dk

mÙkjnkf;Ro Hkh iz/kkuk/;kid dk gksrk gSA

vuqnku izkIr fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh&

izcU/ku lfefr dh gksrh gSA

iz/kkuk/;kid dh

v/;kidksa dh

vU; deZpkfj;ksa dh gksrh gSA

vkt vf/kdkjksa dh ppkZ vf/kd gS tokcnsgh ds fy, lHkh dks lfEefyr dj fy;k tkrk gSA i=

O;ogkj rFkk fu.kZ; dh fVIif.k;ksa ij lHkh ds gLrk{kj djk fy, tkrs gSa ftlls fdlh dh Hkh tokcnsgh ugha

gksrh D;ksafd mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k ugha gksrk gSA ;g tokcnsgh ls cpus dk mik; fudky fy;k gSA

vc ge fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh ds vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij ppkZ djsaxs&

11-4-1 fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh ds vkdyu ds vk/kkj (Basis of Assesment of Accountability

in School Education) - fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh ds vk/kkjksa dks ge fuEufyf[kr :i esa O;Dr dj ldrs

gSa&

¼1 ½ fo|ky; izca/ku dh ltxrk (Awareness)

izR;sd laLFkk dks vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djuk gS] ysfdu bu

laLFkkvksa }kjk viuh tokcnsgh dk fuoZgu esa ;s [kqn fdrus rRij gSA blfy, tokcnsgh eq[; ?kVd vkSj

vkèkkj ltxrk gS] rRijrk gS vkSj fujUrjrk gSA

¼2 ½ iz'kklu esa rRijrk ,oa :fp

tokcnsgh dk vk/kkj iz'kklfud rRijrk vkSj :fp gksrh gSA iz'kklu viuh Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg fdruh

rRijrk ls djrk gS vkSj vius dÙkZO;ksa dks lQyrkiwoZd djus esa fdruh :fp j[krk gSA iz'kklu fdlh dk;Z

dks fdruh xaEHkhjrk ls djrk gS] fdlh :fp vkSj rRijrk ls djrk gS] bl vk/kkj ij tokcnsgh dks tkuk

tk ldrk gSA


110

¼3 ½ f'k{kd vkSj muds ijh{kkQy

fo|ky; f'k{kk esa f'k{kd viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fdruh xgurk ls tkx:drk ls djrk gS vkSj vius f'k{k.k

fo"k;ksa ds ijh{kkQy ds izfr fdruh yxu ls dk;Z djrk gSA bu lc dk;ksZa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds fuokZg ls

tokcnsgh tkuh tkrh gSA

¼4 ½ vU; deZpkfj;ksa ds }kjk dÙkZO; dk fuokZg

tokcnsgh esa dsoy iz/kkuk/;kid f'k{kd] izcU/ku vkSj iz'kklu gha ugha cfYd fo|ky; esa dk;Zjr vU; deZpkjh

Hkh mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSA ;s deZpkjh fdrus dk;Z dq'ky gS vkSj vius dÙkZO; ds izfr fdrus fu"Bkoku gSA bl

vkèkkj ij tokcnsgh dh fLFkfr dks tkuk tk ldrk gSA

¼5 ½ fo|ky; lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx

fo|ky; esa lalk/kuksa dh fLFkfr dSlh gS] mudk mi;ksx leqfpr :i esa gksrk gS vFkok ugha] blizdkj lalkèkuksa

ds ek/;e ls tks mÙkjnkf;Ro dh iwfrZ gksrh gS og fdruh gks jgh gS ;s lc dÙkZO; dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA dÙkZO;

izHkkfor gksus ls tokcnsgh izHkkfor gksrh gSA tokcnsgh ds fuoZgu esa rRijrk] :fp vkSj tkx:drk gksuk

vko';d gSA

11-4-2 f'k{kd dh o`fÙkd izfrc)rk@mRlkg (Professional Commitment/Enthusiasm) - f'k{kd

dh viuh O;olk; ds izfr fu"Bk o izfrc)rk dks fuEufyf[kr ik¡p ckrksa ls fpfàr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

¼1½ ,d o`froku ds :i esa f'k{kd vius o`fÙkd fodkl dks lacks/k ojh;rk nsrk gSA

¼2½ og f'k{k.k o vf/kxe ds izfr mRlkgh ,oa izsfjr jgrk gSA

¼3½ og vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkoiw.kZ <ax ls tksM+ ysrk gSA mlds fo|kFkhZ mls vius 'kqHk fpUrd fe= vkSj

ekxZn'kd ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSA

¼4½ og vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds izfr ldkjkRed eukso`fr ,oa n`f"Vdks.k j[krk gS rFkk

¼5½ og vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh vko';drkvksa] egRodk{kkvksa y{;ksa] detksfj;ksa] vUrfuZfgr {kerkvksa vkSj

ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks le>rk gS vkSj rnu:i mudks Lo;a fodkl ds fy, ekxZn'ku nsrk gSA LoHkkfod gS

fd lHkh f'k{kd mijksDr dlkSfV;ksa ij leku :i ls [kjs ugha mrjrs muesa fHkUurk gksrh gSA vkt Kku

foLQksV (Knowledge Explosion) ds ;qx esa f'k{kd esa o`fÙkd gksuk vko';d gS fdUrq bldk vk'k;

;g ugha gS fd f'k{kd ,d Hkkoukvksa jfgr Kku dk izrhd cu tk,A mlds f'k{k.k esa KkukRed]

HkkoukRed ,oa fØ;kRed xq.kksa dk LoLFk leUo; gksuk pkfg,A

mijksDr fcUnqvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gS fd f'k{kd esa ofÙkd gksrh gS vkSj vxj ugha gS rks blesa bldk

o`f) dSls gks vFkkZr ljy :i ls dg ldrs gS blds o`f) ds ljy rjhds dkSu&dkSu viukus pkfg, ;g

/;ku nsus dh ckr gSA

vkxs ge tokcnsgh ds vkdyu vkSj mlds vk/kkj dh ppkZ djssaxsA

11-5 tckcnsgh rFkk izfrc)rk dk vkdyu (Assesment of Accountability

and Commitment in School Education)

fo|kFkhZ f'k{kk esa izfrc)rk ;k tokcnsgh dk vkdyu dbZ Lrjksa ij fd;k tkrk gS mlds izeq[k Lrj


111

fuEufyf[kr gSa&

¼1½ leqnk; rFkk LFkkuh; Lrj ij vkdyu gksrk gSA ekrk&firk rFkk vfHkHkkod vius ckydksa dks ,sls

fo|ky;ksa esa izos'k djkus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA ftl fo|ky; dh f'k{kk O;oLFkk izHkko'kkyh gks rFkk ml

fo|ky; dk ijh{kkQy Hkh mÙke jgrk gSA

¼2½ ftyk Lrj ij Hkh fo|ky;h f'k{kk dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fo|ky;ksa dk Lrjhdj.k fd;k tkrk

gS fd fo|ky; izFke Lrj dk gS ;k f}rh; Lrj dk gSA

¼3½ jkT; Lrj ij Hkh fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh izfrc)rk dk vkdyu ftyk Lrj ds mÙke fo|ky;ksa esa ls fd;k

tkrk gS vkSj jkT; Lrj ij loksZÙke fo|ky;ksa dh f'k{kk dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS ftlls vU; fo|ky;ksa

ds izèkkukè;kid dks izsj.kk feyrh gSA

¼4½ jk"Vªh; Lrj ij (CBSE) ds fo|ky; rFkk dsUnzh; fo|ky;ksa dh izfrc)rk dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk

gS vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij loksZÙke fo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA

11-5-1 fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh ds vkdyu ds vk/kkj (Basis of Assesment of Accountability

in School Education) - fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh ds vk/kkjksa dks ge fuEufyf[kr :i esa O;Dr dj ldrs

gSa&

¼1 ½ fo|ky; izca/ku dh ltxrk (Awareness)

izR;sd laLFkk dks vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djuk gksrk gSA mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fuokZg djuk gS] ysfdu bu

laLFkkvksa }kjk viuh tokcnsgh dk fuoZgu esa ;s [kqn fdrus rRij gSA blfy, tokcnsgh eq[; ?kVd vkSj

vkèkkj ltxrk] rRijrk vkSj fujUrjrk gSA

¼2 ½ iz'kklu esa rRijrk ,oa :fp

tokcnsgh dk vk/kkj iz'kklfud rRijrk vkSj :fp gksrh gSA iz'kklu viuh Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg fdruh

rRijrk ls djrk gS vkSj vius dÙkZO;ksa dks lQyrkiwoZd djus esa fdruh :fp j[krk gSA iz'kklu fdlh dk;Z

dks fdruh xaEHkhjrk ls djrk gS] fdlh :fp vkSj rRijrk ls djrk gS] bl vk/kkj ij tokcnsgh dks tkuk

tk ldrk gSA

¼3 ½ f'k{kd vkSj muds ijh{kkQy

fo|ky; f'k{kk esa f'k{kd viuh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fdruh xgurk ls tkx:drk ls djrk gS vkSj vius f'k{k.k

fo"k;ksa ds ijh{kkQy ds izfr fdruh yxu ls dk;Z djrk gS bu lc dk;ksZa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds fuokZg ls

tokcnsgh tkuh tkrh gSA

¼4 ½ vU; deZpkfj;ksa ds }kjk dÙkZO; dk fuokZg

tokcnsgh esa dsoy iz/kkuk/;kid f'k{kd] izcU/ku vkSj iz'kklu gha ugha cfYd fo|ky; esa dk;Zjr vU; deZpkjh

Hkh mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSA ;s deZpkjh fdrus dk;Z dq'ky gS vkSj vius dÙkZO; ds izfr fdrus fu"Bkoku gSA bl

vkèkkj ij tokcnsgh dh fLFkfr dks tkuk tk ldrk gSA

¼5 ½ fo|ky; lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx

fo|ky; esa lalk/kuksa dh fLFkfr dSlh gS] mudk mi;ksx leqfpr :i esa gksrk gS vFkok ugha] blizdkj lalkèkuksa

ds ek/;e ls tks mÙkjnkf;Ro dh iwfrZ gksrh gS og fdruh gks jgh gS ;s lc dÙkZO; dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA dÙkZO;

izHkkfor gksus ls tokcnsgh izHkkfor gksrh gSA tokcnsgh ds fuoZgu esa rRijrk] :fp vkSj tkx:drk gksuk

vko';d gSA


112

11-5-2 tokcnsgh f'k{kd LoewY;kadu vkSj izfrfØ;k ra=

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa f'k{kd dh tokcnsgh cgqr cM+h gS f'k{kd Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.kdrkZ gSA dksjh LysV ij jax Hkjus

dk dk;Z f'k{kd dk gksrk gS 'kS{kf.kd lq/kkj esa f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA

;g LoewY;kadu ds }kjk lq/kkj dj ldrk gSA tSls f'k{kd ,d d{kk esa Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fdrus Nk=ksa dks

i<k ldrk gS muds vuqikr f'k{kd Nk= vuqikr dks lq/kkjuk pkfg, vf/kd cPps gks rks vyx&vyx d{k

cukuh pkfg,A

Ldwyh f'k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy, f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa izf'k{k.k vkSj ijh{k.k dh fof/k;ksa esa lq/kkj djus dh

t:jr gSA vPNs izf'k{k.k ds fy, izf'k{k.k dk nkf;Ro dÙkZO;fu"B] ;ksX; vkSj {kerkoku izf'k{kdksa dh lkSaik

tkuk pkfg,A f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k dks izHkkoh cukus] f'k{k.k esa uokpkjh i)fr;ksa fodflr djus lfgr ijh{k.k

¼ewY;kadu½ dh ?kVd izfof/k;k¡ r; dj mUgsa O;ogkfjd Lo:i esa ykxw djus dh fn'kk esa dkj.k dne mBkus

dh n`f"V ls ;g vko';d gS fd gj izns'k esa ,d 'kSf{kd lanHkZ ,oa Jksr dsUnz fodflr fd;k tk,A Lo;a

leh{kk ¼ewY;kadu½ esa fo|ky; izeq[k vkSj f'k{kd vius vkils ogh iz'u iwNrs gSa tks dksbZ ckgjh leh{kd muls

iwNrk gSA tc mUgsa ,sls fdlh ckr dk irk pyrk gS tks oSlk ugha gksuh pkfg, tSls fd fiNys lky ds

mifLFkfr ds eqdkcys [kjkc gS ;k ijh{kkQy [kjkc gS] vuq'kklu fxj jgk gS vkfnA os Nkuchu dj blij

dk;ZokbZ dj ldrs gSaA fo|ky; }kjk D;k vPNk dk;Z fd;k x;k vf/kdkfjd rkSj ij ckgjh leh{kk gksus ls

igys D;k lq/kkj dh vko';drk gS blds ckjs esa irk yxkuk LoewY;kadu djuk gSA


fo|ky; esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gS ikajifjd f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa vfHkHkkod o ekrk&firk vius

cPpksa dks f'k{kd ;k xq: ds fo'okl ij mUgsa lkSairs gSa fd os bUgsa ,d Kkuh balku ds :i esa ns[krs gSa ,sls

balku ds gkFk esa mudk cPpk LoHkkfod :i ls ,d ;ksX; O;fDr cusxk vr% vkt ;g cgqr vko';d gS fd

f'k{kk iznku djus okyk xq: ,slk balku gks tks vis{kk—r vf/kd [kq'kfetkt] izse djus okyk] d:.kke; vkSj

psru Hkh gksuk pkfg,A f'k{k.k izfØ;k esa tokcnsgh ysuk cgqr cM+h ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds vkèkkj

ij tokcnsgh lkSairs gS ftlls f'k{k.k izfØ;k fujUrj xfr ls vkxs c<s vyx&vyx lEcf/kr O;fDr;ksa dks

lkSaidj dk;Z lapkfyr fd, tkrs gSaA fofHkUu tokcnsgh ds Lovkdyu vkSj izfrfØ;k ds ckn f'k{kd dh Lo

ftEesnkjh gksrh gS mu lHkh tokcnsgh esa vkusokyh deh dks fujh{k.kksa ls iwoZ dk;Z djs cPpksa ds fodkl ds

fy, vk/kkjHkwr lajpukvksa dks lwfu;ksftr rjhds ls rS;kj fd;k tk; tgk¡ HkkSfrd lqfo/kk, esa fnDdr ls cPpksa

dh :fp] ftKklk] bPNk vkSj mudh {kerk ds vuqlkj O;fDrxr fofHkUurk dks /;ku esa j[kdj muds fy,

f'k{k.k O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr djsA

iz/kkuk/;kid dks ekuoh; lEca/kksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, Nk=ksa esa ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds lanHkZ esa ewY;kadu

djuk pkfg, vkSj ;g irk yxkuk pkfg, fd Nk=ksa esa lg;ksx] lgk;rk] cU/kqRo vkSj ,d nwljs ds izfrmfpr

O;ogkj vkfn xq.kksa dk fodkl gks jgk gS fd ughaA ewY;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa ;fn dgh dksbZ deh gS rks blds dkj.kksa

dk irk yxkdj mlesa lq/kkj dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ewY;kadu mUufr

dk vkèkkj gSA mfpr izfrfØ;k vkSj muds vuqlkj laHko dk;ZokbZ dj f'k{k.k xfrfof/k;ksa esa vokafNr O;ogkj

dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA


113


1- fo|ky; esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk dks le>k,¡A fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh ds leizk; D;k gS\Explain the role of the teacher in the school. What is the connotation of accountability in

school education?

2- tokcnsgh ds izeq[k ?kVd dkSu&dkSu gS\ blesa vk/kkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

What are the main components of accountability? Describe its.

3- fo|ky; f'k{kk esa tokcnsgh ds vkdyu ds vk/kkj D;k gS\ Li"V :i ls fyf[k,A

What is the basis for accountability assesment in school education? Explain.

4- f'k{kd LoewY;kadu ds izfrfØ;k ra= dks le>k,¡A

Explain the process mechanism of teacher self assessment.


1. vkjñ yky ifCyds'ku % fo|ky; izcU/ku rFkk f'k{k.k'kkL=

vkjñ ,lñ 'kekZ

2. vkjñ yky ifCyds'ku % 'kSf{kd iz'kklu ,oa izca/ku

MkWñ xtsUnz flag rksej


114




12-2 usrk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Leader)

12-3 usrk dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of a Leader)

12-4 usrk dk Lo:i (Nature of a Leader)

12-5 usrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Charateristics of a Leader)




bdkbZ % 12 usrk dh vo/kkj.kkUnit : 12 Concept of a Leader


bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k % usrk ds vFkZ dks le> ldsaxsA usrk dh vo/kkj.kk dks le> ldsaxsA usrk ds Lo:i dks le> ldsaxsA usrk ds pfj= dks le> ldsaxsA usrk ds dÙkZO; ,oa xq.kksa dks le> ldsaxsA



usrk uked bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks usrk ds laca/k esa foLrr tkudkjh gsrq usrk D;k gS] bldk vFkZ]

ifjHkk"kk] vo/kkj.kk] iz—fr ,oa pfj= D;k gS\ dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ;gh ugha bl ikB esa usrk ds

mu lHkh xq.kksa dk Hkh foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu fd;k gS ftlds dkj.k ,d usrk mR—"V usrk lkfcr gksrk gSA bl

v/;;u esa ;g cryk;k x;k gS fd ,d usrk dks lgh <ax ls usr`Ro djus ds fy, dkSu&dkSu lh dlkSfV;ksa

ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA

115

12-2 usrk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Leader)

vkt ge dgha Hkh pysa tk,¡ gj txg ek¡x gksrh gS ml laLFkk ds usrk dh ftlesa usrk dk xq.k gksA

usrk fdlh Hkh {ks= dk gks ldrk gSA ;g lewg ds O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA ;g O;fDrRo

dk ,d 'khyxq.k gSA usrk vius usr`Ro xq.k ds dkj.k lewg ds O;ogkjksa dks bl lhek rd izHkkfor djrk

gS ftl lhek rd lewg usrk dks izHkkfor ugha dj ikrsa gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa usrk vius usr`Ro ds xq.k ds dkj.k

lewg ds O;ogkjksa dks vf/kd ek=k esa izHkkfor djrk gS] tcfd lewg ml O;fDr ds O;ogkjksa dks mruh ek=k

esa izHkkfor ugha dj ikrsa gSaA

vkaXy Hkk"kk esa Leader dk vFkZ gS&

One who leads vFkkZr tks ekxZn'kZd cuus dh {kerk j[ks ogh usrk gSA ftlesa lkewfgd bPNk

dks iz'kklu ds le{k izLrqr djus dh dyk gS ogh usrk gSA

laL—r Hkk"kk esa usrk dk vFkZ &

Þuh;rs ;% vusu~ß vFkkZr tks nwljksa dks vkxs ys tkus dh {kerk j[krk gksA tks O;fDr dks mlds

y{; ,oa vkn'kksZ dh vksj vxzlj djus esa l{ke gks] ogh usrk gSA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa usrk dk vFkZ O;fDr ds xq.k ls yxk;k tkrk gS] ftlds }kjk og O;fDr;ksa dk

ekxZn'kZu djrk gS ,oa mudh fØ;kvksa dk lapkyu djrs gq, lgh funsZ'ku ,oa izsj.kk iznku djrk gSA

vr% usrk ,d uohu lajpuk ds tud ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA

ifjHkk"kk (Definition) -

1- yqbZl ,yu (Louis Allen) ds 'kCnksa esa] Þusrk og gS tks nwljksa dks ekxZn'kZu nsrk gSA ,d usrk vU;

O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djds mUgs ,d fuf'pr fn'kk rFkk mís'; iznku djrk gSAß

"A leader is one who guides and directs other people. A leader gives the efforts of his followers a

direction and purpose by influencing their behaviour."

2- jkstY;~Uu dkVZj (Rosalynn Carter) ds vuqlkj] Þ,d usrk yksxksa dks ogk¡ ys tkrk gS tgk¡ os tkuk

pkgrs gSa] ,d egku usrk yksxksa dks ogk¡ ys tkrk gS tgk¡ oks tkuk rks ugha pkgrs ysfdu okLro esa mUgs tkuk

pkfg,Aß

"A leader takes people where they want to go. A great leader takes people where they don't necessarily

want to go, but ought to be."

3- ekfVZu yqFksj fdax (Martin Luther King) ds vuqlkj] ÞbZekunkj usrk oks ugha tks lkeUtL; dh [kkst

djsa] cfYd oks gS tks lkeUtL; LFkkfir dj ldsaAß

"An honnest leader is not a searcher for consensus but a moulder of consensus."

12-3 usrk dh vo/kkj.kk (Concept of Leader)

euq"; ,d foosd'khy izk.kh gS vkSj og bl foosd ds vk/kkj ij gh ,d dq'ky usrk cu ikrk gSA

Ýk;M ds vuqlkj Þvgaß vkn'kZ gh usr`Ro dk tUe gSA D;ksafd vga dh Hkkouk gh fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus

usrk dh vo/kkj.kk

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ds fy, izsfjr djrh gSA usr`Ro fdlh Hkh {ks= rFkk fn'kk esa gks ldrk gSA ;g lewg ds O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor

djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA ,d usrk vU; O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dks izHkkfor dj mUgsa ,d fuf'pr fn'kk rFkk mís';

iznku djrk gSA usrk rFkk vuq;kf;;ksa dk ,d nwljs ij leku izHkko ugha gksrk gSA usrk dk vius vuq;kf;;ksa

ij vf/kd izHkko gksrk gSA yqbl ,ysu ds vuqlkj] "A leader is one who guides and directs other people.

A leader gives the efforts of his followers a direction and purpose by influencing their behaviours."

la{ksi esa] vius vuq;kf;;ksa ds dk;ksZa rFkk fopkjksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dks izHkkfor dj mUgsa ubZ fn'kk rFkk mís'; iznku

djus dk xq.k gha usr`Ro dgykrk gSA

12-4 usrk dk Lo:i (Nature of Leadership)

,d vPNs usrk esa vkRefo'okl] bZekunkjh] izfrc)rk] v[ka.Mrk] /kS;Z] ikjnf'kZrk] jpukRed nf"Vdks.k]

[kqyk fnekx] ftEesnkjh dks fuHkkus dh {kerk vkSj izHkkoh laokn dh {kerk vkfn vusd izdkj ds xq.kksa dk gksuk

vfr vko';d gSA usrk gh cnyko ykus dk vfHkdrkZ gSA ,d usrk 'kkjhfjd :i ls etcwr gks ;k u gks ijUrq

fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, mls ekufld :i ls etcwr ,oa n`< gksuk vfr vko';d gSA ,d usrk dk Lo:i dqN

bl izdkj dk gksuk pkfg,&

L - Lead by example fe'kky izLrqr djuk

E - Enthusiastic mRlkfgr jguk

A - Ambitious egRokdka{kh gksuk

D - Determine ¼,dkxz gksuk½ n`< fu'p; gksuk

E - Encourage Others nwljksa dks izksRlkfgr djuk

R - Ready to learn and teach lh[kus vkSj lh[kkus dks rS;kj jgukA

12-5 usrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Leader)

;ksX; usrk ogh gks ldrk gS] tks leLr turk ds le{k viuh ,oa nwljksa dh ckrksa dks j[kus esa l{ke

gks rFkk mls izf'kf{kr gksuk Hkh vfr vko';d gS] D;ksafd ,d usrk dh xq.kkRedrk gha mls mÙke ,oa ;ksX;

usrk cukrh gSA vr% ,d vPNs ,oa ;ksX; usrk esa fuEu izdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gksuh vko';d gS] tSls&

1- fØ;k'khy lEcU/k (Active Relationship) - ,d vPNs usr`Ro ds fy, usrk rFkk vuq;kf;;ksa ds chp

fØ;k'khy lEca/k gksus pkfg, rHkh os fdlh dk;Z esa lQy gks ldsaxsA usrk dks viuk dk;Z vius vuq;kf;;ksa

ds lkFk feydj bl izdkj djuh pkfg, fd dk;Z esa fØ;k'khyrk Hkh cuh jgs vkSj fdlh izdkj dk O;o/kku

Hkh ugha iM+sA usrk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z djrk gS rks mldk izHkko vU; yksxksa ij Hkh iM+rk gS] ftlls izHkkfor gksdj

vU; yksxksa dk /;ku usrk dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrk gSA vr% usrk esa fØ;k'khyrk dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA

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2- izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo (Effective Personality) - fdlh Hkh laxBu ds eq[; O;fDr] pkgs og

izèkkukè;kid] fujh{kd ;k funsZ'kd gks] rks gekjh n`f"V loZizFke mlds ckgjh O;fDrRo ij iM+rh gS] tSls

ckrphr djuk] Hkk"k.k nsuk] jgu&lgu] O;ogkj vkfn ds vk/kkj ij ge ;g irk djrs gSa fd ml O;fDr esa

usr`Ro dk xq.k gS ;k ughaA ekufld LokLFk ds fy, 'kkjhfjd LokLF; dk gksuk vko';d gS] vr% ,d usrk

ds lgh usr`Ro ds fy, izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA

3- vkn'kZ pfj= dk gksuk (Effective Personality) - vkn'kZ pfj= eq[; :i ls LoHkkoksa rFkk ekuoh;

xq.kksa dk HkaMkj gksrk gSA blds varxZr lR;okfnrk] uSfrdrk] ln~Hkkouk] bZekunkjh] U;k;fiz;rk] fu"i{krk vkfn

xq.kksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA pfj=oku usrk dk usr`Ro vf/kd izHkko'kkyh gksrk gS] D;ksafd mlds lg;ksxh

rFkk deZpkjh Hkh vPNs pfj= ds gksrs gSaA vr% izHkko'kkyh usrk ds fy, mPp dksfV dk pfj= vko';d gSA

4- lEizs"k.k dh ;ksX;rk (Ability of Communication) - izHkko'kkyh usrk ds usr`Ro ds fy, izHkkoh lEizs"k.k

;ksX;rk dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA ,d usrk esa funsZ'kksa] fopkjksa ,oa vkns'kksa dks vU; O;fDr;ksa rd izsf"kr djus

dh {kerk gksuh pkfg, rFkk lEizs"k.k ds QyLo:i gksus okyh izfrfØ;k dks Hkh le>us dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A

,d usrk dk Hkk"k.k 'kq)] Li"V rFkk izHkkoh gksuk pkfg,A

5- lR;fu"Brk (Truthfulness) - ,d vPNs usrk esa lR;fu"Brk dk xq.k mlds pfj= dks n'kkZrk gSA ,d

usrk esa lnHkkouk] fu"i{krk ,oa uSfrdrk dk xq.k gksuk vfr vko';d gS] D;ksafd ;gh mlds usr`Ro dk vkèkkj

gksrk gSA

6- rduhdh ,oa 'kSf{kd Kku (Technical and Educational Knowledge) - dq'ky usr`Ro gsrq ,d usrk

dks laLFkku ls lEca/kh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, rFkk laLFkk esa fo|eku fdlh Hkh leL;k ds fujkdj.k

dh iw.kZ {kerk gksuh pkfg,A laLFkk ds mUufr gsrq lq{kko ysus pkfg, ,oa mudk fu;kstu laxBu dj

vko';drkuqlkj ml /ku dk O;; djuk pkfg,A uohu f'k{k.k] fof/k] fo"k;] midj.k ,oa f'k{k.k lkexzh dh

O;oLFkk esa 'kSf{kd usrk dks :fp vo'; ysuk pkfg,A

7- lfg".kqrk ,oa lek;kstu (Tolerance and Adjustment) - ,d laLFkk esa fHkUu&fHkUu izo`fr;ksa okys

O;fDr jgrs gSA vr% usrk esa lek;kstu dh djus dh {kerk dk Kku vo'; gksuk pkfg,A laLFkk esa dksbZ Hkh

fojks/kh O;fDr vuq'kklu ghurk dk okrkoj.k mRiUu dj ldrk gSA ,sls esa ,d usrk dks lfg".kqrk ,oa e`nqy

Hkk"kk esa okrkZ }kjk leL;k dks lqy>kus esa /kS;Z ls dke ysuk pkfg,A

8- ckSf)d {kerk (Intellectual Capacity) - ,d vPNs usrk ds vUnj usr`Ro ds fy, lkspus o le>us dh

ckSf)d {kerk gksuh pkfg,A ckSf)d {kerk ds lkFk&lkFk ckSf)d dq'kkxzrk dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA tc

usrk vkanksyu ij cSBrs gSa rks budh dqN u dqN ek¡xsa dk mfpr ,oa ;ksX; ewY;kadu mudh ckSf)d {kerk }kjk

gha gksrk gSA

9- fu.kkZ;drk ,oa nwjnf'kZrk (Decision Maker and Foresight) - ,d ;ksX; usrk esa fu.kZ; ysus dh

{kerk gksuh pkfg, rkfd og dfBu ls dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh fu.kZ; ys ldsA pqukSfriw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

,d usrk gha laxBu ;k laLFkk dk ekxZn'kZu dj mUgsa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lkeuk djus dh {kerk nsrk gSA ijUrq

ml usrk dk fu.kZ; loZlEer ,oa lcds fgr esa gksuk pkfg,A mlds }kjk fy, x, fu.kZ; ls Hkfo"; esa dksbZ

leL;k mRiUu ugha gksuh pkfg,A vr% usrk dks nwjn'khZ gksuk vko';d gSA

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10- mÙkjnkf;Ro dk fuokZg (Discharge of Responsibility) - ,d dq'ky usrk esa vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk

fuokZg djus dh ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg, vkSj tc rd mldks vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk Kku gha ugha gksxk rc rd

og vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks iw.kZ djus esa l{ke ugha gks ldrkA vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu dh {kerk]

dq'kyrk] n`< ladYi] vius dk;Z dh vuqHkwfr vkfn gksuk vfr vko';d gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij og vius

mÙkjnkf;Ro dks 'khèkzrkiwoZd iwjk dj ldrk gSA ,d usrk dks vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu Øec) ,oa

fu;ksftr :i esa iwjk djuk pkfg,A

11- vkRefuHkZjrk (Self Sufficiency) - usr`Ro var% izsj.kkRed dkS'ky gS vkSj blds fodkl ds fy, fdlh

fo'ks"k Kku ds fodkl djus dh vko';drk ugha gS] vkRefuHkZjrk gha mldk fo'ks"k xq.k gksrk gSA D;ksafd

vkRefuHkZj usrk gh lekt ds fgr ds fy, fu.kZ; ys ldrk gSA ,d usrk dks fu.kZ; Lo;a ysuk pkfg,A fu.kZ;

ysus ds fy, nwljs ds funsZ'kksa dk vuqlj.k ugha djuk pkfg,A usrk dks lkjs dk;Z Lo;a ds ftEesokjh ij djokuk

pkfg,A

12- HkkokRed LFkkf;Ro ,oa vuqHkwfr (Affective Stability and Cognition) - ,d usrk esa HkkokRedrk

dk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA mlesa vU; O;fDr;ksa ds Hkkoukvksa] ftKklkvksa] muds fgrksa rFkk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks

le>us rFkk vuqHko djus dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,A vPNk usrk ogh gksrk gS tks v/khuLFkksa ds vuqdwy dk;Z

djrk gSA yksx ,sls gha usrk dks ekurs gSa tks mudh Hkkoukvksa dks le>s] muds nq%[k esa nq%[k ,oa lq[k esa lq[k

dk vuqHkwfr djrk gks] ,sls usrk ds fy, muds vuq;k;h muds funsZ'kkuqlkj LosPNk ls dk;Z djus ds fy, rRij

jgrsa gSaA vr% ,d usrk esa HkkokRed LFkkf;Ro ,oa vuqHkwfr dk viuk gha ,d egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA

13- nqcZyrkvksa dk Kku (Knowledge of Weaknesses) - ,d usrk dks viuh ;k vius lewg dh

nqcZyrkvksa ls vufHkK ugha gksuk pkfg,A mls Lo;a rFkk vius lewg ds leLr dfe;ksa rFkk nqcZyrkvksa dk Kku

gksuk vko';d gSA rHkh og fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks lQyrkiwoZd dj ik,xk rFkk vius lewg ds detksj i{k dks

etcwr dj ldsxkA vr% mls vius laxBu ;k lewg ds ckjs esa lEiw.kZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A

14- izHkkokRed 'kkjhfjd xBu (Affective Physical Frame, Build) - ,d usrk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk

mldk 'kkjhfjd xBu Hkh gksrk gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i] vxj fdlh usrk dk dn NksVk rFkk 'kjhj detksj gS

rks og fdlh Hkh lewg dks izHkkfor ugha dj ik,xkA vr% ,d usrk dk 'kkjhfjd xBu izHkkokRed] lqUnj rFkk

LoLFk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA

15- tulEidZ ,oa yksdfiz;rk (Public Relation and Popularity) - ,d usrk ds vPNs usr`Ro ds fy,

yksdfiz;rk dk gksuk vfr vko';d gS] vkSj blds fy, mls ges'kk tulEidZ esa jguk pkfg, rkfd oks laLFkk

ds dk;Z dks ljyrk ls dj ldsA yksdfiz;rk ds fy, tulEidZ] lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ O;ogkj rFkk le>nkjh ls dke

ysrs gq, lHkh ds fgrksa ds ckjs esa lgh fu.kZ; ysuk pkfg, rHkh yksdfiz;rk gkfly gks ldrk gSA

16- izsj.kk ,oa ladYi (Motivation and Inspire) - ,d dq'ky usrk esa vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks izsfjr djus

dh fo'ks"krk vo'; gksuh pkfg, fd og vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks djus ds fy, izsfjr vo';

dj ldsA izHkko'kkyh o lQy usrk ogh gS tks laxBu esa ,slk okrkoj.k mRiUu dj lds ftlesa lHkh dk;ZdrkZ

lgt :i ls] fcuk fdlh ncko ;k ruko ds vius y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, iz;Ru'khy gks ldsa] blds fy,

mlesa ladYic)rk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

17- la;e ,oa lkgl (Patience and Courage) - usrk dks la;eh rFkk lkglh gksuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh

usrk dh vo/kkj.kk

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ifjfLFkfr esa /kS;Z ,oa lkgl dks [kksuk ugha pkfg, cfYd mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk pkfg,A lkgl

ds }kjk gha rks ,d usrk lewg dh leL;kvksa dks iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh ds le{k Li"V :i ls izdV djrk gS

rFkk mu leL;kvksa ds fuokj.k gsrw iz;Ru'khy jgrk gSA

mi;ZqDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd ,d usrk esa bu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa dk gksuk vko';d gSA

ftlds ek?;e~ ls og ,d lQy usr`RodrkZ cu ldrk gSA

vU; fo'ks"krk,¡ (Other Characteristics)

1- vk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k (Optimistic Approach)

2- iz'kklfud ;ksX;rk (Administrative Skill)

3- nwjnf'kZrk (Foresight)

4- izsj.kk ds L=ksr (Source of Inspiration)

5- dk;Z ds izfr vkLFkk (Faith in Work)

6- turkaf=d O;ogkj (Democratic Behaviour)

7- euksfoKku dk Kku (Knowledge of Psychology)

8- fouksnh LoHkko (Sportive Nature)

9- feyulkj izo`fr (Affable Behaviour)

vkyiksVZ (Alport) ds vuqlkj & la;e] xgurk] mPp cqf)] mRlkgh] e`nqok.kh pfj=] izsj.kk'kkyh] lkgl]

n`<rkA

gkfEQy (Hamfil) ds vuqlkj & uSfrd xq.k] vkRe fo'okl] fu"i{krk] /kzqfodj.k] fu;a=.k 'kfDr] ?kfu"Brk]

fu.kZ; 'kfDrA

cukMZ (Bernard) ds vuqlkj & fu.kZ;kRedrk] le>nkjh] Kku] ckSf)d {kerk] fLFkjrk] lkgl] bPNk 'kfDr]

mRlkg] mfpr HkkoukA


usrk dk vFkZ gksrk gS fdlh laLFkk ;k laxBu dk ekxZn'kZd ;k usr`RodrkZA vr% ;ksX; usrk ogh gks

ldrk gS tks leLr turk ds le{k viuh ,oa nwljksa dh ckrksa dks j[kus esa l{ke gksA ,d usrk ds vUnj

xq.kkRedrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA ,d usrk dks fØ;k'khy] izHkko'kkyh] pfj=oku] lR;fu"B] lfg".kq] ckSf)d

Kku] vkRefuHkZj] fu.kZ; 'kfDr] la;e] lkgl] vkRefuHkZj rFkk yksdfiz; gksuk vfr vko';d gSA bu lHkh xq.kksa

dk lekos'k ftl Hkh O;fDr esa gksxk og ,d lQy usrk cusxkA


1- usrk dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blds fo'ks"krkvksa dh foospuk djsaAExplain the features of the leader while explaining its meaning.

2- usr`Ro dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, blds Lo:i dk o.kZu djsaA

Define leadership and describe its nature.

3- usrk ds vo/kkj.kk dks Li"V djsaA usr`Ro ds fdUgh ik¡p fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Explain the concept of leader. Describe any of the five characteristics of leadership.

usrk dh vo/kkj.kk

120


1. Agrawal, J. C. (2012): Ldwy izca/ku] lwpuk ,oa lEizs"k.k rduhdh] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk & 2

2. Sahu, Surendra Kumar (2010): 'kSf{kd iz'kklu ,oa izcU/k] usgk ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZ]ubZ fnYyh & 110002-

3. Yadav, K. K. (2014-15): fo|ky; iz'kklu] laxBu] i;Zos{k.k rFkk izcU/ku vxzoky ifCyds'ku]vkxjkA

usrk dh vo/kkj.kk

121




13-2 usr`Ro dk vFkZ (Meaning of Leadership)

13-3 usr`Ro dh vko;;drk (Need of Leadership)

13-4 usr`Ro ds izdkj (Types of Leadership)

13-5 usrk ds lkekU; xq.k (General Attributes of Leadership)




bdkbZ % 13 usr`Ro ds izdkjUnit : 13 Types of Leadership



usr`Ro ds vFkZ dks le> ldsaxsA

usr`Ro ds vo/kkj.k dks le> ldsaxsA

usr`Ro ds izdkj dks le> ldsaxsA

usr`Ro ds lekU; xq.k dks le> ldsaxsA



usr`Ro ds izdkj uked bl bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks usr`Ro ds lEca/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh gsrq usr`Ro D;k

gS] bldk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk] vko';drk] izdkj ,oa fl)kar D;k gS] dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ;gh ugha

122

bl ikB esa usr`Ro ds mu lHkh xq.kksa dk Hkh foLrkj iwoZd o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] ftlds dkj.k ,d usrk mRd`"V

usrk lkfcr gksrk gSA bl v/;;u esa ;g cryk;k x;k gS fd ,d usrk dks lgh <ax ls usr`Ro djus ds fy,

dkSu&dkSu lh dlkSfV;ksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA

13-2 usr`Ro dk vFkZ (Meaning of Leadership)

usr`Ro ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh dyk gS] tks lkekU; O;fDr ds vanj ugha gksrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh dyk gS

ftlds ek/;e ls vlEHko dk;ksZa dks Hkh ljyrk ls fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls& Þ;fn lgh usr`Ro izkIr gks

rks lsuk dh ,d NksVh lh VqdM+h ds }kjk Hkh ;q) thrk tk ldrk gSAß usr`Ro fdlh Hkh {ks= rFkk

fn'kk esa gks ldrk gSA ;g lewg ds O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk gSA ;g O;fDrRo dk ,d 'khyxq.k

gSA usrk vius usr`Ro xq.k ds dkj.k lewg ds O;ogkjksa dks bl lhek rd izHkkfor djrk gS ftl lhek rd

lewg usrk dks izHkkfor ugha dj ikrsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] usrk vius dq'ky usr`Ro ds dkj.k lewg ds O;ogkjksa dks

vf/kd ek=k esa izHkkfor dj ikrk gSA ykih;j rFkk QUloFkZ (La Piere and Frans worth) us blh rF;

dks Lohdkj djrs gq, fy[kk gS&

"Leadership is behaviour that affects the behaviour of other people more than their behaviour effects

that of the leader."

psLVj cukZMZ (Chester Barnard) ds vuqlkj & Þusr`Ro og O;ogkjxr xq.k gS ftlls og vU; O;fDr;ksa

;k mudh fØ;kvksa dks funsZf'kr djrk gSAß

(Leadership is the quality of the behaviour of the individuals whereby they guide people of their

activities in organizing efforts.)

usr`Ro dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Leadership)

1- cukZMZ lh0 vkbz (Bernard C.I.) ds vuqlkj & Þusr`Ro dk vk'k; O;fDr ds ml xq.k ls gksrk

gS ftlds }kjk og vU; yksxksa ds laxfBr iz;kl ls lEcaf/kr dk;Z djus esa ekxZn'kZd dk dk;Z djrk

gSAß

2- tktZ vkj0 Vsjh (George R. Terry) ds vuqlkj & Þusr`Ro ikjLifjd mís';ksa gsrw yksxksa dks

izHkkfor djus dh ;ksX;rk gSAß

3- vksjMh VsM (Ordy Tead) ds vuqlkj & Þusr`Ro xq.kksa ds ml lek;kstu dk uke gS ftlds gksus

ls ,d O;fDr nwljs ls dke ysus ds ;ksX; gks tkrk gS] D;ksafd mlds izHkko ds dkj.k os dk;Z djus dks

rRij gks tkrk gSAß

4- yhohax ,LVsu vkj0 Vh0 (Leving Stan R.T.) ds vuqlkj & Þusr`Ro nwljs O;fDr;ksa esa fdlh

lkekU; mís';ksa dks izkIr djus dh bPNk tkx`r djus dh ;ksX;rk gSAß

usr`Ro ds izdkj

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5- csjkWu vkSj ckbZjku (Baron and Byrne) ds vuqlkj & Þusr`Ro og xq.k gS ftlds }kjk LosPNk

iwoZd rFkk fcuk ncko ds lewg ls dksbZ okafNr dk;Z djok;k tkrk gSAß

13-3 usr`Ro dh vko';drk (Need of Leadership)

usr`Ro ds dk;Z gh usr`Ro ds egRo ,oa vko';drk dks Li"V djrs gSA usr`Ro ds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gksrs

gS] tSls&

1- mís'; fu/kkZj.k (Objective Assessment) -

usr`Ro dk lcls izFke dk;Z gS vius lewg rFkk lewg ds dk;ksZ dk fu/kkZj.k djukA mís'; gha lewgds O;ogkj rFkk dk;ksZ dks fn'kk iznku djrs gSaA d{kk dk usr`Ro f'k{kd djrk gS] blfy, d{kk esad{kk fØ;kvksa dk fu/kkZj.k Hkh ogh djrk gSA

2- laxBu djuk (Organize) -

usr`Ro dk nwljk dk;Z lEiw.kZ dk;Z iz.kkyh dk laxBu djuk gSA blds fy, og lHkh izdkj dhlalkèkuksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh djrk gSA

3- uhfr fu/kkZj.k (Policy Formulation) -

usr`Ro ;k usrk dk ,d dk;Z uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk Hkh gSA usrk lewg ds fy, vkn'kZ] dk;Ziz.kkyh] nkf;Ro rFkk uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSa mlds vuq;k;h bUgha vkn'kksZa rFkk uhfr;ksa dkikyu djrs gq, dk;Z djrs gSaA

4- leUo; djuk (Co-ordinate) -

usr`Ro dk gh ;g drZO; gS fd og fofHkUu fØ;kvksa laxBuksa] iz.kkfy;ksa rFkk mís';ksa esa ijLijleUo; LFkkfir djsaA

5- izsj.kk iznku djuk (To Inspire) -

usrk vius lewg ds lnL;ksa dks le;≤ ij izsj.kk iznku djrk gSA ;g izsj.kk lekU;r;k ,dfof'k"V fn'kk esa O;ogkj djus ;k okafNr mís';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, nh tkrh gSA f'k{kd ,dusrk ds :i esa vius Nk=ksa dks v/;;u djus gsrq izsj.kk iznku djrs gSaA

6- izfrfuf/kRo djuk (To Represent) -

usrk vius lewg ds lnL;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA og vius lewg ds lnL;ksa ds fgrksa dk è;kuj[krk gSA usrk vius lewg ds dY;k.k dk /;ku j[krk gS rFkk muds fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrkgSA

7- fu;U=.k djuk (To Control) -

usrk vius lewg ds lnL;ksa ds dk;ksZa rFkk O;ogkjksa ij fu;a=.k dj ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd

lewg ds dk;Z rFkk O;ogkj fu/kkZfjr uhfr;ksa ,oa mís';ksa ds vuq:i gksA og bl ckr ij Hkh fu;a=.k

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djrk gS fd lewg ds lnL;ksa dk vkarfjd lEcU/k lewg ds vkn'kksZa ds vuq:i gks rkfd lnL;ksa

ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dk rkuk&ckuk VwVus u ik,A

8- fØ;kUo;u djuk (Implement) -

usr`Ro dk ,d dk;Z lewg ds mís';] vkn'kZ rFkk uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u djuk Hkh gSA blds fy,

og lewg ds lnL;ksa ds fy;s dk;Z iz.kkyh fu/kkZfjr djrk gS] fn'kk funsZ'k nsrk gS] mÙkjnkf;Roksa

dk foHkktu djrk gS rFkk vU; os lHkh dk;Z djrk gS tks bl gsrq vko';d gksrs gSaA

9- iqjLdkj ,oa n.M dh O;oLFkk djuk (Arrange Award and Punishment) -

usrk ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd og vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks vko';drk iMus ij n.M rFkk iqjLdkj

nsA mls lewg }kjk ,slk djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gksrh gSA

10- firk dk LFkku xzg.k djuk (Take the place of father) -

,d usrk dks lewg esa firk rqY; LFkku izkIr gS] blfy, ,d usrk dks Hkh lewg ds lnL;ksa ds dY;k.k

dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gksrk gSA rHkh mls lnL;ksa ls okafNr lEeku ,oa J)k izkIr gksrh gSA

mls lewg dk vkn'kZ ,oa izrhd cuuk iM+rk gS ,oa mlds vuq:i mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu Hkh djuk

gksrk gSA

mi;qZDr laf{kIr fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd d{kk&d{k v/;kid ,d usrk gksrk gS vkSj

mls ;g lHkh dk;Z ,oa mÙkjnkf;Ro iwjk djuk gksrk gSA

13-4 usr`Ro ds izdkj (Types of Leadership)

izeq[k lekt'kkfL=;ksa us usr`Ro dk oxhZdj.k vyx&vyx izdkj ls fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]fdEcy ;ax us usr`Ro dks lkr oxksZ esa foHkDr fd;k gS( tSls&

1- jktuSfrd usrk

2- iztkra=kRed usrk

3- ukSdj'kkgh usrk

4- dwVuhfrK usrk

5- lq/kkjd usrk

6- vkanksyudkjh usrk

7- fl)karoknh usrk

cksxkM~Zl (Bogards) us usrk dks fuEufyf[kr ik¡p Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS&

1- izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k usrk

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125

2- li{kh; ,oa oSKkfud usrk

3- lekftd] vf/k'kklh rFkk ekufld usrk

4- iSxEcj] lar] fo'ks"kK rFkk ekfyd usrk

5- LosPNkpkjh] dfj'ekbZ] iSr`d rFkk iztkrkaf=d usrkA

ekU;rk ds vk/kkj ij usr`Ro dks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS&

1- Lor% fu;qDr 2- lewg }kjk fu;qDr 3- dk;Zdkfj.kh }kjk fu;qDrA

blh izdkj vU; n`f"V;ksa ls Hkh usr`Ro dks fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gSA usr`Ro ds vU; lHkh

izdkjksa dks Øe'k% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS&

1- iztkrkfU=d usr`Ro (Democratic Leadership)

2- jktrkfU=d ;k fujadq'k usr`Ro (Monarchic/Authoritarian Leadership)

vxkeh ifDr;ksa esa usr`Ro dh bUgha izdkjksa dh dqN izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS&

1- iztkrkfU=d usr`Ro (Democratic Leadership) -

iztkrkfU=d usr`Ro ds varxZr usrk viuk fu.kZ; vf/kdka'k lnL;ksa ds ijke'kZ ls ysrk gSA bl izdkj ds

usr`Ro esa lHkh lnL;ksa ds fopkjksa rFkk lq>koksa dks okafNr egRo fn;k tkrk gSA blds varxZr lHkh O;fDr;ksa

dks viuh ckr dgus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds usr`Ro esa lrk dk fodsUnzhdj.k (Decentralisation)

gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds usr`Ro esa usrk lHkh lnL;ksa ds lkFk lekUrk dk O;ogkj djrk gSA blds lHkh lnL;

leku Hkkxhnkjh ls dk;Z djrs gSaA

2- jktrkfU=d ;k fujadq'k usr`Ro (Authoritarian Leadership) -

iztkrkfU=d usr`Ro ds Bhd foijhr fujadq'koknh usr`Ro gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds usr`Ro esa lEiw.kZ lrk ,d

gh O;fDr esa fufgr gksrh gSaA vU; lnL;ksa dh jk; ;k lgefr nsus dk vf/kdkj ugha gksrk gSA usrk lHkh ds

lkFk lekurk dk O;ogkj ugha djrk gSA lrk dk Hkh fodsUnzhdj.k u gksdj lrk dqN gh gkFkksa esa fleV dj

jg tkrh gSA ogha usrk gh lewg dh leLr uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gS vkSj mu uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u

dSls gks] ;g Hkh og Lo;a fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA usrk vdsyk gh losZlokZ gksrk gSA og Lo;a loksZPp in ij jgrk

gSA Lo;a gh U;k;èkh'k rFkk dk;Zekfyd gksrk gS rFkk ogha izR;sd ds HkkX; dk fu.kZ; djrk gSA

iztkrkfU=d rFkk fujadq'koknh usr`Ro esa varj

(Difference between Democratic and Authoritarian Leadership)

iztkrkaf=d rFkk fujadq'koknh usr`Ro esa lkekU;r;k fuEufyf[kr vUrj ik, tkrs gS&

usr`Ro ds izdkj

126

dqN fo}kuksa us usr`Ro dk rhljk izdkj Hkh crk;k gSA muds vuqlkj dqN vgLr{ksih; (Laissez Faire)

;g okLrfod :i ls ns[ks tkrs gS] ijUrq ;g dksbZ usr`Ro ugha gSA ;g okLrfod :i esa ns[ks tkrs gS ijUrq;g dksbZ usr`Ro ugha gSA dqN O;fDr dqN fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa usrk cu tkrs gS] muesa usrk cuus dk xq.kugha gksrk gSA tSls& izkphudky esa mRrjkf/kdkj fu;e ds dkj.k fdlh jktk dk cM+k iq= v;ksX; gksus dsckn Hkh jktk ¼usrk½ cuk fn;k tkrk FkkA bl izdkj dk usrk lewg dk lgh usr`Ro dks vU; dk;ksZa esa brukO;Lr dj ysrs gS fd mUgs usr`Ro lEcU/kh dk;Z djus dk le; gha ugha fey ikrk ftlds dkj.k ml jktkds lkFk&lkFk mlds jkT; dk Hkh iru gks tkrk gSA

13-5 usrk dk lkekU; xq.k (General Qualities of Leader)

,d izHkkoh usrk esa dkSu&dkSu ls xq.k gksus pkfg,] bl lEcU/k esa Hkh fo}kuksa esa erSD; ugha gSAvyx&vyx fo}kuksa us blds fy, vyx&vyx ek=k esa xq.kksa dh la[;k crkrs gSaA tSls] vkyiksVZ us 18 rFkk

cukZMZ us 28 xq.kksa dh ckr dgh gS blh izdkj vkSj Hkh vusd fo}kuksa us budh la[;k i`Fkd&i`Fkd leLr lewg

iztkrkfU=d usr`Ro (Democratic Leadership)

1- loksZPp lrk ,d gkFk esa u gksdj mldkfodsUnzhdj.k gksrk gSA

2- fu.kZ; loZlEefr ls fy, tkrs gSaA3- usrk dks 'kfDr;k¡ Lo;a lewg ds vanj ls izkIr

gksrh gSA4- lHkh ds lkFk leku O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA5- ;gk¡ 'kks"k.k ds volj ugha gksrs] rFkk lewg

fdlh ij fuHkZj u gksdj LorU=rk ds lkFk dk;Zdjrk gSA

6- vf/kdre lnL;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk ls dke gksrkgSA

7- y{;&iwfrZ ds fy;s dkSu&dkSu lh fof/k;k¡ viukbZ

tk,A

8- iz'kalk o fuank dk Bksl vk/kkj gksrk gSA9- usrk dh vuqifLFkfr esa Hkh lHkh dk;Z O;ofLFkr

rFkk lqpk: :i ls ijLij lg;ksx ds vk/kkj ijpyrs gSA

10- blesa lnL;ksa ds chp lg;ksx] izse rFkk ln~Hkkouk,oa esytksy vf/kd ik;k tkrk gSA

11- vlQyrkvksa ds fy, lHkh vius dks nks"kh ekursgSA

12- usrk ij vf/kd fuHkZjrk ugha gksrh gSA13- O;fDr laxBu ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA14- ln~Hkkouk ij v/kkfjr gSA

jktrkfU=d ;k fujadq'k usr`Ro (Democratic

Leadership)

1- loksZPp lrk ,d gha gkFk esa jgrh gSA

2- usrk vdsyk gha Lo;a ysrk gSA3- usrk 'kfDr;k¡ cká 'kfDr ds vk/kkj ij vftZr

djrk gSA4- ;gk¡ i{kikriw.kZ O;ogkj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA5- ;gk¡ 'kks"k.k dh lEHkkouk,¡ gksrh gSa rFkk usrk

lewg dks vius Åij vkfJr dj ysrk gSA

6- usrk vius bPNk ls dk;Z djrk gSA7- y{;&iwfrZ dh uhfr;k¡ rFkk fof/k;ksa dks fu/kkZj.k

usrk djrk gSA8- iz'kalk o fuank dk dksbZ Bksl vk/kkj ugha gksrk

gSA9- usrk dh vuqifLFkfr esa vjktdrk QSyrh gS

rFkk dksbZ Hkh lnL; dk;Z djus dk nkf;Rovius Åij ugha ysrk gSA

10- ;gk¡ lnL;ksa esa yM+kbZ&>xM+k] "kM~;U=] pqxyckthns[kus dks feyrh gSA pkiywlh dh izo`fr Hkh [kwcik;h tkrh gSA

11- vlerkvksa ds fy, usrk dks ;k ,d nwljs dks

nks"kh ekuk tkrk gSA

12- usrk ij fuHkZjrk cgqr vf/kd gksrh gSA13- O;fDr dk dksbZ egRo ugha gSA14- lRrk ij v/kkfjr gSA

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127

esa ls mHkjdj vkrk gSA tks O;fDr lewg dh vko';drkvksa rFkk leL;kvksa dks rqf"V iznku dj nsrk gS] lewg

mlh dks viuk usrk eku ysrk gSA

1- 'kkjhfjd xq.k (Physical Qualities) -

,d izHkkoh usrk esa dqN 'kkjhfjd xq.kksa dk gksuk okaNuh; gSA mls 'kkjhfjd :i ls LoLF;] vkd"kZd

,oa tks'khyk gksuk pkfg,] ftl usrk esa LQwfrZ] mRlkg rFkk tks'k u gks og lewg dk usr`Ro lgh <ax ls ugha

dj ik,xkA

2- cqf) (Intelligent) -

,d usrk ds vanj mPp ckSf)d ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg,A cqf) ds vk/kkj ij gh og lewg dh fofHkUu

leL;kvksa dk lkek/kku dj ldrk gSA cso rFkk ghfyaxoFkZ vkfn us usrk ds fy, mPp ckSf)d {kerkvksa dk

gksuk vfuok;Z crk;k gSA

3- izlUufpr] fØ;k'khy (Pleasant, Active) -

usr`RodrkZ esa LQwfrZ] izlUufprrk] Li"Vrk] rRijrk rFkk le; dh ikcUnh tSls xq.kksa dk gksuk furkUr

vfuok;Z gSA dksbZ Hkh lewg ,sls usrk dks ilan ugha djrk gS tks vkylh] fuLrst] <hyk&<kyk] ykikjokg rFkk

ges'kk nq[kh jgus okyk gksA

4- nwjnf'kZrk (Foresightedness) -

usr`RodrkZ ,slk gks tks nwj dh lksps] Hkfo"; dh lksps] orZeku dk lkeuk djs rFkk Hkwrdky ls lh[ksA

;fn usrk esa nwjnf'kZrk dk vHkko gS rks og vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh Hkkoh dY;k.k dh ;kstuk ugha cuk ldrk

gSA mlesa bruh ;ksX;rk gks fd og dk;Z&dkj.k esa lEcU/k LFkkfir dj ldsA

5- vkRe&fo'okl (Self-Confidence) -

usrk esa vkRefo'okl gksuk vfr vko';d gSA ftl usrk esa vkRefo'okl gksrk gS og mfpr fu.kZ; ys

ldrk gSA vkRefo'okl ds vHkkoa esa og fu.kZ; ysus esa ladksp djsxkA tks O;fDr Lo;a ij fo'okl ugha djsxk]

og nwljksa ij D;k fo'okl djsxkA

6- lkekftdrk (Sociability) -

usr`RodrkZ esa lekftdrk dk xq.k vfuok;Z gSaA lekftdrk ds vHkko esa og uk rks lekftd lEcUèkksa

dks le> ik,xk vkSj u gh lekftd fØ;kvksa ;k izfrfØ;kvksa dks ghA lekftdrk LFkk;h usr`Ro ds fy, Hkh

vko';d gSA

7- ladYi&'kfDr (Will-Power) -

izR;sd usrk ds lkeus dHkh u dHkh dfBu leL;k,¡ vk tkrh gS] ftuds fo"k; esa mls dBksj fu.kZ,

ysus gksrs gSaA usrk esa tc rd n`< bPNk 'kfDr ugha gS rc rd og bu xEHkhj leL;kvksa ls yM+ ugha ldrkA

usrk esa vkRe&la;e] mÙkjnkf;Ro ogu djus dh {kerk rFkk ladYi 'kfDr dk gksuk vR;ar vko';d gSA

8- yphykiu (Flexibility) -

usrRodrkZ dks yphyk gksuk vfr vko';d gSA mlesa cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk cnyus dk xq.k

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128

gksuk pkfg,A ftl usrk esa u, fopkjksa dks viukus dk xq.k u gks og vius lewg dks mUufr dh vksj ugha ys

tk ldrk gSA mlesa izR;sd ubZ leL;k ij u, n`f"Vdks.k ls fopkj djus dh {kerk gksA ;fn gj leL;k dk

gy ,d gh fof/k ls fudkyuk pkgsxk rks ;g mldh Hkwy gksxhA


mi;qZDr o.kZu ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd usrk cuus ds fy, izk;% lHkh fl)kar lgh gSA dc] dkSu] dSlsusrk cus ;g i`Fkd&i`Fkd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA okLrfod :i ls usrk cuuk fdlh ,d rRo ;kdkjd ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA blds fy, nks rRo izeq[k :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa & O;fDr ds O;fDrxrlEcU/kh xq.k rFkk ifjfLFkfr;k¡A bUgsa ge oa'kkuqxr dkjd rFkk okrkoj.kh; dkjd Hkh dg ldrs gSA oa'kkuqxrdkjd ls O;fDrRo xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gS rFkk okrkoj.kh; dkjd usrk cuus ds fy, mi;qZDr ifjfLFkfr;k¡mRiUu djrh gSaA bu nksuksa dkjdksa esa var%fØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh dksbZ O;fDr usrk cuk ldrk gSA mnkgj.kds fy,] fgVyj vius ns'k esa usrk cu x;k] D;ksafd ogk¡ dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mlds vuqdwy Fkh] ;fn fgVyjvesfjdk esa tUek gksrk rks dHkh Hkh usrk ugha cu ldrk FkkA usr`Ro dk vFkZ gksrk gS fdlh laLFkk ;k laxBudk ekxZn'kZd ;k usr`Ro djus okykA vr% ;ksX; usr`RodrkZ ogh gks ldrk gS tks leLr turk ds le{k viuh,oa nwljksa dh ckrksa dks j[kus esa l{ke gksA ,d usr`RodrkZ ds vanj xq.kkRedrk dk gksuk vko';d gSA ,dusrk dks fØ;k'khy] izHkko'kkyh] pfj=oku] lR;fu"B] lfg".kq] ckSf)d Kku] vkRefuHkZj] fu.kZ; 'kfDr] la;e]lkgl rFkk yksdfiz; gksuk vfr vko';d gSA bu lHkh xq.kksa dk lekos'k ftl Hkh O;fDr esa gksxk og ,dlQy usr`RodrkZ cusxkA


1- usr`Ro dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, blds izdkjksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the types of leadership while explaining the meaning of leadership.

2- usr`Ro dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mlds vko';drkvksa dks Li"V djsaA

Define leadership and clarify its needs.

3- iztkrkfU=d o fujadq'k usr`Ro esa vUrj Li"V djsaA

Explain the difference between democratic and autocratic leadership.


1. Agrawal, J. C. (2012), Ldwy izca/ku] lwpuk ,oa lEizs"k.k rduhdh] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&2

2. Sahu, Surendra Kumar (2010): 'kSf{kd iz'kklu ,oa izcU/k] usgk ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ

fnYyh&110002

3. Yadav, K. K. (2014-15): fo|ky; iz'kklu] laxBu] i;Zos{k.k rFkk izcU/ku] vxzoky ifCyds'ku]

vkxjkA

usr`Ro ds izdkj

129




14-2 usr`Ro {kerk (Leadership Capacity)

14-3 usr`Ro ds fofHkUu xq.k (Characteristics of Leadership)

14-4 usr`Ro xq.k fodkl ds fy, dk;Z&;kstuk

(Strategies for Development of Leadership Qualities)

14-5 dk;Z ;kstuk esa vkus okyh dfBukbZ;k¡

(Difficulties in Work Plan)

14-6 usr`Ro xq.k ls ykHk (Advantages from Leadership)




bdkbZ % 14 usr`Ro&xq.k fodkl ds fy, dk;Z&;kstukUnit : 14 Strategies to Develope Leadership Qualities



usr`Ro ds vFkZ dks le> ldsaxsA

usr`Ro xq.k ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA

usr`Ro fodkl ds fy, fofHkUu dk;Z ;kstuk dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsaxsA

dk;Z&;kstuk dh dfBukbZ;ksa dks tku ldsaxsA

usr`Ro {kerk ds ykHk ls voxr gks ldsxsaA


130


blesa ,d usrk ds :i esa f'k{kd ds fofHkUu usr`Ro xq.k dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA usr`Ro&{kerk

dh vo/kkj.kk ds ckjs esa Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl ikB esa f'k{kd esa usr`Ro xq.k fodkl ds fy, fofHkUu

dk;Z&;kstuk ,oa mlds izHkko ij Hkh fo'ks"k izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA bl v/;;u esa ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd

dk;Z ;kstuk dks ykxw djus esa dkSu&dkSu lh dfBukbZ;k¡ vk ldrh gSA blesa bl ckr ij ppkZ dh x;h gS

fd usrk ds :i esa f'k{kd dh dk;Z 'kSyh dk f'k{k.k&vf/kxe dh izfØ;k ij dkQh izHkko iM+rk gSA mlds

usr`Ro {kerk dh xq.kork ij 'kSf{kd xq.kork fuHkZj djrh gSA f'k{kdksa esa dk;Z laL—fr dk fodkl mlds usr`Ro

{kerk dk egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSA bl fy, muesa dq'ky usr`Ro {kerk fodkl ds fy, dSlk dk;Z uhfr cuuk

pkfg, vkSj mldk dk;kZUo;u dSls gksuk pkfg,\ vr% blesa bUgha fcUnqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

14-2 usr`Ro {kerk (Leadership Capacity)

usr`Ro {kerk dk vFkZ ;g gS fd f'k{kd esa Nk=ksa] vfHkHkkodksa] ,oa vU; 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa dks dk;Z :i

nsus] lQy lapkyu ,oa mlds lHkh vaxksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djus dh dq'kyrk gksA dk;Z 'kSyh dk izHkko lcds

mij gksA lHkh yksx usr`Ro drkZ dks vius vkn'kZ ds :i esa (Role Model) ns[kus yxsA usr`Ro drkZ ds lkFk

jgus okys lHkh yksx mlds dq'kyrk ls izHkkfor gksdj gj dk;Z esa lkFk nsus yxrs gS ,oa dk;ZØe dks lQy

cukrs gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;g Hkh dg ldrs gS fd lHkh dks lkFk ysdj pyuk ,oa dq'kyrk ds lkFk lHkh dk

vxqokbZ djuk vkSj y{; dks izkIr djus esa lQyrk vftZr djuk gh usr`Ro {kerk gSA

14-3 usr`Ro ds fofHkUu xq.k (Characteristics of Leadership)

usr`Ro drkZ esa fuEufyf[kr xq.k gksuk pkfg, tks bl izdkj gSA

(i) izHkkoh O;fDrRo

(ii) fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk

(iii) ;ksX;rk

(iv) dk;Z dq'kyrk

(v) dk;Z {ks= esa miyfC/k

(vi) fo"k; fo'ks"kK

(vii) O;ogkj dq'ky

(viii) le lkef;d

(ix) ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk lekos'ku

(x) lkglh ,oa /kS;Zoku

(xi) nwjn'khZ] cky euksoSKkfud

usr`Ro&xq.k fodkl ds fy, dk;Z&;kstuk

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(xii) fofHkUu f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk fodkl

(xiii) lekt ds lkFk yxko

14-4 usr`Ro xq.k fodkl ds fy, dk;Z ;kstuk (Strategies for Developmentof Leadership Qualities)

ge lHkh dk;Z&uhfr ;k dk;Z&;kstuk 'kCn ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gSaA bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx izk;% lSfud

dk;Zokgh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk lk/kkj.k vFkZ ml ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k ls gS ftlds }kjk fo'ks"k y{;

vFkok ifj.kkeksa dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA blh vFkZ cks/k ds lkFk tc 'kCn dk iz;ksx usr`Ro xq.k dk fodkl

lh[kus ,oa lh[kkus ds lanHkZ esa djrs gS rks mls usr`Ro xq.k fodkl ds fy, dk;Z&;kstuk dgrs gSA bl ;kstuk

esa mu lHkh dk;Z&uhfr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS ftlds dk;kZUo;u ,oa vuqikyu ls f'k{kdks esa usr`Ro

xq.k dk fodkl gks ldsA

f'k{kd dks lekt esa fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k tkrk gS D;ksafd mlds ikl og Kku rFkk dkS'ky gksrs gSa tks

vke vkneh esa ugha gksrs gSA f'k{kd esa fujarj O;fDrRo ,oa vf/kxe fodkl ds izfr leiZ.k Hkko gksuk pkfg,A

vr% vkils vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd vkids ikl fof'k"V f'k{k.k dkS'ky] n{krk rkfd lekt esa viuk vyx

LFkku cuk ldsA v/;kid f'k{kk ,oa izf'k{k.k dk;Z&;kstuk f'k{kd dh bu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrk gS

rkfd muesa dq'ky usr`Ro dk fodkl gks ldsA bl fy, fofHkUu izf'k{k.k dk;Z uhfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kdksa

esa f'k{k.k ifjfLFkfr dh iw.kZrk dk iqokZuqeku yxkus] fofHkUu dkS'kyksa dks okafNr Øe esa laxfBr ,oa p;fur

djus dh ;ksX;rk ,oa dq'kyrk fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls mUgsa 'kSf{kd mís';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq

izHkko'kkyh okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k dj ldrs gSA vr% f'k{kdksa esa fofHkUu usr`Ro xq.k ,oa f'k{k.k dkS'ky fodkl

djus gsrq fofHkUu izdkj dh izf'k{k.k&mUeq[k dk;Zuhfr;k¡ gS ftldk mi;ksx mi;ksxh <ax ls vyx&vyx

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa djuk pkfg,A

fofHkUu izdkj dh izf'k{k.k dk;Zuhfr;k¡ (Different Kinds of Training Strategies)&

(i) fun'kZu (Sampling or Directive)

(ii) vfHkØfer vuqns'k (Programed Instruction)

(iii) var%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k (Interactive Analysis)

(iv) vuq:i.k (Simulation)

(v) lw{e&f'k{k.k (Microteaching)

mijksDr izf'k{k.k dk;Z uhfr;k¡ fofHkUu v/;kid f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa }kjk viukbZ tkrh gSA blds vykok

lsok esa jgus ij lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k] usr`Ro ,oa {kerk lao}Zu izf'k{k.k] mUueq[khdj.k] vkfn dk;Zuhfr;k¡ Hkh

mi;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gS ftlls mudk fodkl gksrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;Zuhfr;ksa esa vf/kd ifjorZu'khy

vkSj mRiknd fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dk;Z&;kstuk ds lQy dk;kZUo;u ds fy, izf'k{k.k nsrs le;


132

izfriqf"V O;oLFkk ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS rkfd f'k{kdksa dks viuh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa lhekvksa dk Kku gks ldsA

izfriqf"V O;ogkj dks fu;af=r ,oa leaftr djrh gSA izfriqf"V etcqr fcUnqvksa dks vkSj etcwrh iznku djrk

gS vkSj detksfj;ksa dks nwj djrk gSA

lHkh dk;Zuhfr;ksa dh ppkZ Øeokj uhps dh tk jgh gS tks izfriqf"V O;oLFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA

1- fun'kZu (Directive) -

bls uewuk rduhd iz;ksx dk;Zuhfr Hkh dgrs gSA ;g dk;Zuhfr ikjaifjd v/;kid f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa

esa vR;f/kd yksdfiz; gS blesa v/;kid&f'k{kd fuf'pr f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa dks vuq:i.k }kjk ;k okLrfod

d{kk&d{k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa funsZf'kr djrk gS vkSj Nk=&v/;kid izs{k.k ,oa vuqdj.k ds }kjk bu dkS'kyksa dks

izkIr djrk gSA

bl dk;Zuhfr ds vk/kkj ij O;ogkj esa ifjorZu ykuk vuqdj.kh; vf/kxe ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr

gSA fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj vuqdj.k vyx&vyx izdkj dk O;ogkj fodflr djus rFkk mls fu;fer djus esa

vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gS fd nwljksa ds vkn'kZ O;ogkj dk vuqdj.k djds u;k

O;ogkj lh[kk tk ldrk gSA

fun'kZu dk;Zuhfr dk iz;ksx rhu rjg ls fd;k tkrk gSA

¼d½ izR;{k fun'kZu (Direct Sampling)- vkeus&lkeus ;k eq[kkfHkeq[k fLFkfr esa v/;kid f'k{kd izR;{k

izn'kZu izLrqr djrk gS rkfd Nk= v/;kid lko/kkuh iwoZd voyksdu ,oa vuqdj.k djds lh[k ldsA izR;{k

fun'kZu le;] fo"k;oLrq vkSj LFkku vkfn dh n`f"V ls okLrfod gksus ds dkj.k vR;f/kd vfHkizsjd gksrk gSA

;g dk;Zuhfr mlh le; lQy gks ldrh gS tc lh[kus okyk ,oa lh[kkus okyk ,d gh LFkku ij miyCèk

gksA

¼[k½ ohfM;ksa fun'kZu (Vediosampling)- blesa fuf'pr dk;ZØe dh ohfM;ksa fjdkfMZax dj yh tkrh gSA

;s ohfM;ksa dk;ZØe ;k rks izlkfjr fd;s tk ldrs gS ;k ohfM;ksa dSlsV Iysvj (VCP) ij fn[kk, tk ldrs

gSA blls (VCP) ij ns[kdj dkS'kyksa dk vH;kl dj ldrs gSA

¼x½ n`';&JO; fun'kZu ( Audio-Vediosampling)- ;g fof/k Hkkjr tSls xjhc ns'k esa fuf'pr dkS'kyksa ds

fodkl ds fy, cM+k mi;ksxh gSA bl izk:i esa dksbZ fo'ks"k dk;Z ;k izf'k{k.k dk;Zuhfr dks ikB ds :i esa izLrqr

fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa n`';] fp=] iqfLrdk xkbM vkfn 'kkfey gSA blesa JO; dSlsV dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk

gSA blesa lqurs&lqurs Hkh lh[kus dh fØ;k pyrh gSAd

2- vfHkØfer vuqns'k (Programmed Instruction) -

;g O;fDrxr izf'k{k.k dk rjhdk gS ftlesa lh[kus okyk vius vf/kxe ds xfr ds vuq:i lh[krk


133

gSA bl izdkj mlesa xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA ;g dk;Zuhfr fu;af=r ifjfLFkfr esa fofHkUu izdkj ds ckSf)d

,oa 'kkjhfjd vuqHko iznku djrk gSA bl dk;Zuhfr ds lQyrk ds f'k{k.k e'khu] Nih gqbZ ikB~;&lkexzh]

jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu ,oa daI;qVj vkfn vusd izdkj ds ;a=ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;Zuhfr xq.kksa ds

fodkl esa xgjh varkZn`f"V iznku djrk gSA bl ;kstuk ls ifj.kkeksa dks igpkuus ,oa mís';ksa dks O;ogkjxr

'kCnkoyh esa O;Dr djus ds xq.k fodflr gksrs gSA blls vf/kd ferC;;h :i esa okafNr mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds

fy, ifjfLFkfr;k¡ fodflr djus dk Hkh dkS'ky izkIr gksrk gSA

3- var%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k (Interactive Analysis) -

blesa f'k{kd ds O;ogkj dk izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k izHkko dk izs{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dk;Zuhfr O;ogkj

dks fodlfr djus] lq/kkjus vkSj fu[kkj ykus dk izHkkoh rjhdk gSA ;g fØ;k Hkh f'k{kd ds O;ogkj esa fu[kkj

ykus ds fy, izfriqf"V iznku djus gsrq ,d lk/ku ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 'kks/k ifj.kkeksa ls ;g

Li"V gS fd v/;kid O;ogkj dks fodflr djus dh n`f"V ls var%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k dks ,d izHkko'kkyh izf'k{k.k

uhfr ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g O;ogkj dks ifjofrZr djus dk yksdrkaf=d rjhdk gSA vr%

fo'ys"k.k fØ;k ds }kjk vkidks vius f'k{k.k dh 'kfDr ,oa detksfj;ksa ds fo"k; esa vko';d lwpuk izkIr gksrh

gS blls vki vius O;ogkj esa ifjofrZr djds vius O;fDrRo dks izHkkoh cuk ldrs gSA

4- vuq:i.k (Simulation) -

bls vusd ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gS tSls& Hkwfedk vnk djuk] —f=e f'k{k.k@ik;yV izf'k{k.k]

uSnkfud fof/k] vkxukRed oSKkfud fof/kA bl dk;Zuhfr esa Nk=&v/;kid dks dqN fuf'pr O;ogkj fodflr

djuk iM+rk gSA Nk=&v/;kid dks f'k{k.k ls lEcaf/kr dqN Hkwfedk vnk djuh iM+rh gSA ;g fuEufyf[kr

fl)karksa ij vkèkkfjr ,d ukVdh; dk;Zuhfr gS&

¼d½ djds lh[kuk

¼[k½ rqjar izfriqf"V ,oa iqucZyu iznku djuk

¼x½ okLrfod d{kk f'k{k.k ls igys fjglZy djuk

;g dk;Zuhfr fl)kar ,oa vH;kl ds chp ,d dM+h dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA Nk=&f'k{kd dks

vkykspukRed f'k{k.k leL;kvksa dk v/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k djus dk volj feyrk gSA og vuq:i.k rduhd

ds ek/;e ls d{kk f'k{k.k O;ogkj lh[k ldrk gSA v/;kid fcuk d{kk esa tk, f'k{k.k&dkS'kyksa dks xzg.k

dj ldrk gSA ble dk;Zuhfr esa izR;sd Nk= dks izs{k.k] izfriqf"V izkIr djus] fu.kZ; djus ,oa d{kk O;ogkj

dks Øec) djus ds dkS'kyksa dks fodflr djus dk volj feyrk gSA bles vkidks v/;kid dh Hkwfedk vnk

djuh iM+rh gSA vr% ;g dk;Z&;kstuk cM+h vklku gSA blesa izR;sd Nk= dks f'k{kd&Nk= ,oa i;Zos{kd cuus

dk volj feyrk gSA


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5- lw{e f'k{k.k (Microteaching) -

lw{ke&f'k{k.k fofHkUu dkS'kyksa dks fodflr djus esa vuq:i.k tSlk gh gSA bl mikxe dk iz;ksx

izHkko'kkyh iqucZyu O;oLFkk ds vk/kkj ij v/;kid ds O;ogkj dks vkdkj iznku djus esa gksrk gSA

lw{e&f'k{k.k tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS og NksVk f'k{k.k ftlesa v/;kid FkksM+s le; ds fy, de Nk=ksa

dks NksVk lk ikB i<krk gSA ,d le; esa ,d gh f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk vH;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ge

dg ldrs gS fd lw{e&f'k{k.k f'k{k.k dk og y/kq :i gS ftlesa f'k{k.k dks fof'k"V f'k{k.k dkS'ky fodkl

dh n`f"V ls d{kk dk vkdkj] le; vkSj tfVyrk ds fglkc ls NksVk dj fn;k tkrk gSA ;g fu;af=r

iz;ksx'kkyk ;k uSnkfud fLFkfr ds varxZr gh fd;k tkrk gSA

lw{e&f'k{k.k Nk= v/;kidksa dks fof'k"V dkS'ky i<+kus vkSj blds fun'kZu dh rRdky izfriqf"V iznku

djus dk volj iznku djrk gSA Nk= v/;kid igys fuf'pr O;ogkj dk izn'kZu ¼i<+krk gS½ djrk gS vkSj

fQj bl ckr dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gS fd og f'k{k.k&dkS'ky xzg.k djus esa fdruk lQy jgkA lw{e&f'k{k.k

pØ ml le; rd pyrk jgrk gS tc rd O;olk; ds fy, vko';d dkS'ky iw.kZ :is.k izkIr u gks tk,A

vr% lw{e f'k{k.k og izHkkoh mikxe gS tks lekU; :i ls ekuo vf/kxe dh izfØ;k vkSj fo'ks"k :i

ls f'k{k.k&dkS'kyksa ds vf/kxe ds v/;;u dh vksj vxzlj djrk gSA ;g ekuo vf/kxe dks izHkkfor djus

okys pjksa dh Nkuchu djus ds fy, vPNs volj iznku djrk gSA

lw{e f'k{k.k foU;kl & Hkkjr esa fd, x, vusd 'kks/k v/;;uksa ds ifj.kke ds vk/kkj ij ekud

fof/k ds rgr lw{e f'k{k.k rduhd ds izHkko'kkyh iz;ksx ds fy, fuEufyf[kr foU;kl lq>k;k x;k gSA

le; vkcaVu

i<kuk 60 feuV

izfriqf"V 60 feuV

iqufuZ;kstu 12 feuV

iquf'kZ{k.k 06 feuV

iqu% izfriqf"V 06 feuV

dqy 36 feuV

lewg esa Nk= v/;kidksa dh la[;k 10

okLrfod f'k";ksa ds :i esa Nk=&v/;kid

,d ;k nks i;Zos{kd

led{kksa ;k i;Zos{kdksa }kjk izfriqf"V

blds vykok lsokdky esa Hkh fofHkUu usr`Ro dkS'ky fodflr djus ds fuEufyf[kr dk;Zuhfr;k¡mi;ksxh ,oa izHkkodkjh gksrh gSA


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(i) lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k (Inservice Training) -

le;≤ ij lsokjr f'k{kdksa dks lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA ;g izf'k{k.k nsus ds fy,igys ,d izk:i rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mlesa lHkh eqíksa dk lkeos'k gksrk gS tks f'k{kd ds fofHkUu dkS'kyksadks lelkef;d cukus ,oa fodkl djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA bl izdkj ds izf'k{k.k ls Hkh f'k{kdksa esa usr`RodkS'ky dk fodkl gksrk gSA

(ii) {kerk lao/kZu dk;ZØe (Capacity Building Work) -

{kerk laoZ/ku dk;ZØe Hkh lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA bl dk;ZØe esa lsokjr f'k{kdksadks Kku foLrkj] fofHkUu izdkj ds dkS'ky dks uokpkj ;qDr ,oa xq.korkiwoZ f'k{kk ds fy, izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrkgSA blesa uokpkjh f'k{k.k ls lEcfU/kr vk/kqfud rjhdksa ls Hkh voxr djk;k tkrk gSA blds vykokle;≤ dq'ky usr`Ro esa u;kiu ykus ds fy, mUueq[khdj.k dk;ZØe Hkh pyk tkrk gSA blesa cnyrslkekftd ifjos'k esa f'k{kd dSls vius dks lek;ksftr djds dq'ky usr`Ro ns ldsxs] bldk izf'k{k.k fn;ktkrk gSA

14-5 dk;Z&;kstuk esa vkus okyh dfBukbZ;k¡ (Difficulties in Working Plan)

dq'ky usr`Ro xq.k fodkl ds fy, cukbZ xbZ dk;Z&;kstuk dks dk;kZUo;u djus esa rjg&rjg dhdfBukbzZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

dk;Z&;kstuk dk vuqikyu izHkkoh rjhds ls ugha gks ikrk gS lalk/ku dh deh tSls dk;ZØe ds fy,vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk dh deh] ekuo lalk/ku dh deh Hkh dfBukbZ;k¡ mRiUu djrh gSA /ku dh deh Hkh ;kstukdks lQy cukus esa ck/kk mRiUu djrh gSA xq.kork iw.kZ izf'k{kd ugha jgus ds dkj.k dk;ZØe izHkkoh ,oa lQyugha gks ikrk gSA le;≤ dk;ZØe dk vkdyu ,oa izfriqf"V ugha feyus ds dkj.k Hkh dk;Zuhfr lQyugha gks ikrh gSA

14-6 usr`Ro xq.k ls ykHk (Advantages from Leadership)

dq'ky usr`Ro lssa fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSA

(i) 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;k¡ izHkkoh rjhds ls lapkfyr gksrh gSA

(ii) f'k{kd ds O;fDrRo dk cgqvk;keh fodkl gksrk gSA

(iii) Nk=ksa dks dq'ky ,oa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ ekxZn'kZu feyrk gSA

(iv) lHkh f'k{k.k dkS'ky ls f'k{kd ifjiw.kZ gks tkrs gSA

(v) dq'ky usr`Ro ls f'k{kdksa dk izHkko Nk=ksa ds chp ,oa lekt ij gksrk gSA


f'k{kdksa ds fy, usr`Ro dkS'ky dk fodkl vko';d ,oa vfr egÙoiw.kZ gSA usr`Ro xq.k ftruk gh izHkkoh

gksxk 'kSf{kd dk;ksZa esa mruk gh izHkkoh rjhdksa ls lQyrk izkIr gksxhA usr`Ro {kerk fodkl ds fy, t:jh

gS fd f'k{kdksa esa fofHkUu f'k{k.k dkS'ky dk Hkh fodkl gksA fofHkUu izdkj ds f'k{k.k dkS'ky Hkh usr`Ro xq.k dk

fgLlk gSA fcuk f'k{k.k dkS'ky fodkl ds usr`Ro {kerk dk fodkl v/kwjk gSA bl fy, f'k{kdksa esa c`frd xq.kdk fodkl Hkh t:jh gSA


136

v/;kidksa dks fofHkUu f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa dks fodflr djus gsrq fofHkUu izdkj ds dk;Zuhfr;k¡ gSA dqNdk;Zuhfr;ksa dk vuqikyu lsokdky ls igys fd;k tkrk gS rks dqN izf'k{k.k lsokdky esa fn;k tkrk gSA tSls&fun'kZu] ;kstukc) funsZ'k] var%fØ;k fo'ys"k.k] vuq:i.k] ,oa lw{e f'k{k.k vkfn lsokdky ls igys iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA dq'ky usr`Ro ds fodkl esa budh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA dq'ky usr`Ro ds cgqr egRoiw.kZ ?kVd dkfodkl Nk= v/;kidksa esa bl nkSjku gks tkrk gSA blds ckn cgqr lkjs ?kVdksa dk fodkl lsokdky ds le;gksrk gSA blds fy, lsokdkyhu izf'k{k.k tSlh dk;Zuhfr;ksa dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA {kerk lao/kZu]mUueq[khdj.k Hkh dq'ky usr`Ro fodkl ds fy, lsokdky esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blls f'k{k.k dkS'ky ,oausr`Ro xq.k dk uohuhdj.k gks tkrk gSA

dk;Zuhfr;ksa ds vuqikyu ,oa dk;kZUo;u cgqr lkjh dfBukbZ;k¡ Hkh mRiUu gksrh gSA tSls& vk/kkjHkwrlajpuk dk vHkko] ekuo lalk/ku dk vHkko] /ku dh deh] ;ksX; ,oa dq'ky izf'k{kd dk vHkko vkfnA

f'k{kdksa esa usrRo dq'kyrk dk ykHk f'k{kkFkhZ ,oa lekt nksuksa dks feyrk gSA vxj f'k{kdksa esa dq'ky usrRo,oa f'k{k.k dkS'ky gS rks lh[kus&lh[kkus dh izfØ;k vkd"kZd] izHkkoh ,oa xq.korkiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA

14-8 vH;kl ds iz'u (Question of Exercise)

1- usr`Ro {kerk D;k gS\ usr`Ro xq.k fodkl ds fy, fofHkUu dk;Zuhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsaAWhat is leadership capacity? Describe different stratagies for development of leadership

quality.

2- fofHkUu usr`Ro xq.k dkSu&dkSu gS\ usr`Ro fodkl ds fy, dk;Zuhfr;ksa ds vuqikyu esa vkus okyhdfBukbZ;ksa dk o.kZu djsaAMention different leadership features? Describe difficulties during implementation of

strategy for leadership development.

3- f'k{kdksa esa dq'ky usr`Ro xq.k ls D;k&D;k ykHk gS\ laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaAWhat is advantages from better leadership quality? Describe in short.


1. Maclure J.S : Curriculum Innovations in Practice, Oxford HMSO 1968.

2. National Policy of Education : Ministry of HRD, New Delhi, Govt. of India, 1986.

3. Pandey R.S (Ed) : Bhartiya Shiksha Ke Vibhinna Ayam (Hindi) Agra Vinod Pustak Mandir,

1990.

4. Sharma R.A : Teacher Education, Theory Practice, and Research, Meerut Loyal Book

Depot-1997.

5. Srinivas M.N : Social Change in Modern India, Bombay Allied Publishan, 1966.


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15-2 usr`Ro ds xq.k (Qualities of Leadership)

15-3 usr`Ro ds dk;Z (Function of Leadership)

15-4 usr`Ro ds fl)kar (Theory of Leadership)

15-5 usr`Ro dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd

(Factors Influencing of Leadership)






usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA

usr`Ro xq.k ds dk;Z tku ik,axsA

usr`Ro ds fl)kar ds ckjs esa tku ldsaxsA

usr`Ro mHkkj djus okys dkjd dks tku ldsaxsA



bl v/;k; esa usrRo ds xq.k ds ckjs esa foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl ikB esa usrRo ds dk;Z dks Hkh foLrkj

bdkbZ % 15 usr`Ro ds fl)kUrUnit : 15 Theory of Leadership

138

iwoZd mn~/k`r fd;k x;k gSA bl v/;k; esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd usr`Ro vuqxkeh vU;ksU; fØ;k,a ds fl)kar

D;k&D;k gSa\ blds lkFk&lkFk bl v/;k; esa usr`Ro dks mHkkj djus okys dkjd ds ckjs esa Hkh foLrkj iwoZd

crk;k x;k gSA pw¡fd f'k{kd esa usr`Ro {kerk dk gksuk Hkh vko';d gS] vr% bl bdkbZ esa bUgha fcanqvksa ij

foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

15-2 usr`Ro ds xq.k (Qualities of Leadership)

1- ckSf)d dq'kkxzrk 'kfDr (Intelligence) - usr`Ro ds fy, ÞckSf)d dq'kkxzrkß ,d vko';d xq.k

le>k tkrk gSA ckSf)d dq'kkxzrk ds varxZr lw{k] O;kid n`f"V] pkrq;Z] ifjiDo vuqHko] mPp fpUru

vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

2- dYiuk (Imagination) - dYiuk ds varxZr iwoZ fpUru] nwjnf'kZrk] O;kid :fp] ekSfydrk] larqfyr

voèkku] ckSf)d ,oa ekufld /kkjuk 'kfDr] izR;;ks dks l?ku vtZu bR;kfn fo'ks"krk,¡ lfEefyr gksrh

gSA

3- vkRe fuHkZjrk (Self-reliance) - vkRe fuHkZjrk] usr`Ro dk ,d egRoiw.kZ xq.k gSA vkRe fo'okl]

mÙkjnkf;Ro fuHkkus dh Hkkouk] y{; ,oa fn'kk dk Kku] vafre fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk] le;kuqdwy

Lokxr ;qfDr;ksa dks voyacu ysus dh izo`fr vkfn fo'ks"krk,¡ vkRe fuHkZjrk dk vax gSA

4- uSfrd tkx:drk (Moral Sensitivity) - usr`Ro ds bl xq.k esa Li"Vokfnrk] vkn'kZ fuokZg] lR;rk]

U;k;] uSfrd vkpj.k'khyrk] xaHkhj fu.kZ;] foLrh.kZ euksn'kk] tu fo'okl] dk;Z ifo=rk vkfn

fo'ks"krk,¡ lfEefyr gksrh gSA bu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;qDr usr`Ro mÙke gksrk gSA

5- la;e (Restraint) - usr`Ro dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, la;e Hkh ,d vko';d xq.k gSA la;e ds

varxZr vkRek la;e] vkRekuqHkwfr] vkRekuq'kklu] vkRefu;a=.k] neu vkfn fo'ks"krk,¡ vkrh gSA

6- mÙkjnkf;Ro fuokZg (Responsibility) - ÞmÙkjnkf;Ro fuokZgß ds fcuk usr`Ro dh lQyrk vlaHko

gSA mÙkjnkf;Ro fuokZg djus ds fy, LokoyEch] ifjiDork] drZO;&ijk;.krk] míe'khyrk] rYyhurk]

dk;Z&izse] 'kkyhurk] Li"Vrk] deZ&ifo=rk] pfj= vuq'khyrk vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa dk gksuk ijeko';d

gSA

7- vkn'kZ pfj= vkSj larqfyr LoHkko (Ideal Character and Balanced Nature) - usrk ds vkn'kZ

pfj= ,oa LFkkf;Ro esa larqyu gksus ij usr`Ro fu[kjrk gSA /kS;Z] Lo% fuekZ.k] vk'kkokfnrk] ekufld

xzafFk&foghurk] LokHkkfod izlUurk] ekufld larqyu vkSj ekufld larqf"V] vkRekuqHkwfriw.kZ vkn'kZ

O;ogkj] xaHkh;Z] lgu'khyrk vkfn fo'ks"krkvksa ls usrk dk pfj=] vkn'kZ ,oa O;ogkj larqfyr curk gSA

8- izsj.kk ,oa ladYi (Drive and Determination) - usr`Ro ds fy, izsj.kk ,oa ladYi dh vR;kf/kd

vko';drk gksrh gSA blds fy, usrk esa mRlkg] Je] xaHkh;Z] okDiVqrk] vkst] 'kkS;Z] xR;kRedrk] ;'k

usr`Ro ds fl)kUr

139

dh vkdka{kk] mís';ksa ,oa iz;kstuk dh ,dyrk vkfn fo'ks"krk,¡ gksuh pkfg,A

9- izHkkokRed 'kkjhfjd xBu (Impressive Physical Fitness) - vPNs usr`Ro ds fy, usrk dk

'kkjhfjd xBu izHkkoh gksuk vko';d gSA Å¡pkbZ] o.kZ] LokLF;] LQwfrZ] papyrk] fLFkjrk] lqn`<rk vkfn

fo'ks"krkvksa ls 'kkjhfjd xBu izHkkoh gksrk gSA

10- tu&laidZ ,oa yksdfiz;rk (Mass-contact and Popularity) - usrk esa tu&laidZ ,oa yksdfiz;rk

dk vHkko gksus ij usr`Ro dh lQyrk esa lansg gh cuk jgrk gSA lkekftd vko';drkvksa ,oa vkn'kksZa

dk Kku] lkekftd ijaijkvksa dk vuqikyu] va/kfo'okl dk lgkuqHkwfriw.kZ ,oa oSKkfud fujkdj.k] izse

lg;ksx dh Hkkouk] lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro xzg.k djus esa izkFkfedrk] lkekftd O;ogkj vkfn {kerk,a

usrk ds tu&laidZ dks c<+krh gS rFkk yksdfiz; cukrh gSA

15-3 usr`Ro ds dk;Z (Function of Leadership)

dqN ,sls fof'k"V dk;Z gSa ftUgsa djus ls 'kSf{kd usr`Ro {kerk esa vkSj vf/kd o`f) gksrh gSA la;qDr jkT;

vesfjdk esa 'kSf{kd usr`Ro ds ,sls dk;ksZa ds laca/k esa fopkj fd;k x;k gS ftudk laiknu djus ls 'kSf{kd usr`Ro

dh {kerk esa o`f) gksrh gSA bu dk;ksZa dk fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa o.kZu fd;k tk jgk gS%&

1- lqfuf'pr fu;kstu (Planning) - ;kstuk ftruh lqn`< rFkk lqfuf'pr gksxh dk;Z esa mruh gh

lQyrk feysxhA mís'; izkfIr ,oa lQyrk ds fy, usrk dk vR;ar dq'kyrk iwoZd ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k

djuk pkfg,A ;kstuk esa Øec)rk rFkk lS)kafrdrk gksuh pkfg,A 'kSf{kd usrk ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k bl

izdkj djrk gS ftlls f'k{kk dh xq.kkRedrk esa o`f) gksrh gS rFkk fo|ky;ksa dh lsok }kjk lekt dks

Hkh vf/kd ykHk feyrk gSA

2- foÙkh; dk;Z dq'kyrk (Financial Efficiency) - 'kSf{kd usr`Ro dk dk;Z foÙkh; leL;kvksa dks

lqy>kus dk Hkh gksrk gSA usrk dk ÞHkou fuekZ.k] iqLrdky;] ØhMk] laL—frdß dk;Z vkfn ij O;;

gksus okyh èkujkf'k dk Li"V Kku gksuk pkfg,A mls ctV cukus rFkk mls Hkyh izdkj le>us esa izoh.k

gksuk pkfg,A okLro esa fo|ky;&dks'k dks mfpr :i esa O;; djuk usrk dh dq'kyrk ij gh voyafcr

gksrk gSA okf"kZd vk; foÙkh;&fujh{k.k ds dk;Z dks Hkh Bhd izdkj ls le>uk vR;ar vko';d gSA

3- fodkl dk;ksZa esa fujarjrk (Continuity in Developing Programe) - usrk dks laiw.kZ jk"Vª ds

'kSf{kd fodkl] jk"Vªh; uhfr] LFkkuh; lgk;rk] L=ksr vkfn dk Li"V Kku gksuk pkfg,A 'kSf{kd usrk

ds dk;ksZa dh Hkh rHkh iz'kalk gksrh gS tc og fo|ky; dh fujarj mUufr ds fy, iz;Ru djrk gSA

fo|ky; dks vf/kd fnuksa rd lqIrkoLFkk esa j[kuk fdlh Hkh n'kk esa iz'kaluh; ugha dgk tk ldrk

gSA

4- laLFkkxr iz'kklu (Institutional Administration) - 'kSf{kd usrk dk lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ml

usr`Ro ds fl)kUr

140

laLFkk ds iz'kklu dks Bhd j[kuk gS] ftldk mÙkjnkf;Ro mlds da/kksa ij gksrk gSA fo|ky; dh vusd

xfrfof/k;k¡ gksrh gS] Þ'kSf{kd dk;Zß] dk;kZy; lEca/kh dk;Z] iqLrdky;] ØhMk dk;Z] f'k{kkf/kdkfj;ksa ds

dk;kZy;ksa ls lEcaf/kr dk;Z] lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ls laidZ j[kukß vkfn ,sls vusd dk;Z gSa ftuds lacaèk

esa usrk dks lnSo tkx:d jguk gksrk gSA bl dk;Z ds laca/k esa iw.kZ Kku rFkk bUgsa dk;kZfUor djkus

dk dkS'ky f'k{kd usrk esa iw.kZrk gksuk pkfg,A fo|ky; ds fofHkUu dk;ksZa esa f'k{kd] dkf.kZd rFkk vU;

deZpkjh Hkkx ysrs gSa] muds izfr usrk dks lnSo turkaf=d uhfr ;qDr O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A

5- p;u ,oa fu;qfDr (Selection and Recruitment) - laLFkk dk laiw.kZ dk;ZHkkj ;ksX; v/;kidksa dh

fu;qfDr ij gh vkfJr gksrk gS ;ksX; 'kSf{kd usrk dks ;g Li"V Kku gksuk pkfg, fd fdlh fo'ks"k rFkk

fdlh orZeku esa fdrus v/;kidksa ds LFkku fjDr gksus okys gSa rFkk fjDr iwfrZ gsrq dh ;ksX;rkvksa ls

ifjiw.kZ v/;kidksa dh fu;qfDr djuh gSA fu;qfDr izksUufr ds fu;eksa dk Hkh usrk dks iw.kZ Kku gksuk

pkfg,A fu;qfDr bl izdkj fof/kor dh tk, fd mudk vuqeksnu f'k{kkf/kdkjh&dk;kZy; ls vfoyac

izkIr gks tk,A

6- Nk=ksa ds izos'k dh ;kstuk (Planning for Student Admission) - la[;k dh lkeF;kZuqlkj Nk=ksa

dks izos'k nsus dh ;kstuk cukuk usrk dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gksrk gSA blds fy, v/;kidksa dh lfefr

dk fuekZ.k djuk izos'k ds fy, ijh{kk vkfn dh ;kstuk cukuk rFkk Nk=ksa ds iqjkus pkfjf=d rFkk

'kSf{kd izek.k i=ksa dk /;ku iwoZd voyksdu djuk vkfn izeq[k dk;Z le>s tkrk gSA

15-4 usr`Ro ds fl)kar (Theory of Leadership)

jkcVZ MCyw&tkWulu us usr`Ro ds lanHkZ esa ,d u;k izfreku fodflr fd;k tks usr`Ro o vuqdj.kdrkZvksa

ds ijLij O;ogkj ij vk/kkfjr gSA usrRo ds izdkj ds fuf'pr djus ds fy, mlus ,d midj.k dk Hkh fodkl

fd;k ftlesa usr`Ro O;ogkj] vuqdj.kdrkZvksa ds O;ogkj] dk;Z dh fLFkfr;ksa rFkk izHkko dk Kku tkuk tk

ldrk gSA ;g fl)kar fuEu dkj.kksa ls mi;ksxh gS%&

I. ;g usr`Ro ¼izca/ku½ dks viuh usr`Ro@izca/ku 'kSyh ls vkRe fo'ys"k.k djus dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA

II. ;g izca/ku ¼usr`Ro½ ds vuqdj.k i{k&vuqdrkZvksa dh 'kSyh ij /;ku dsafnzr djrk gS ftl ij usr`Ro

lkfgR; esa cgqr dh de /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

III. ;g izfreku usr`Ro o lewg vuqdj.kdrkZ ds O;ogkjksa dks ijLij le>us rFkk izHkkoh <ax ls mldk

fuokZg djus ij fopkj dk vk/kkj izLrqr djrk gSA

IV. ;g usr`Ro fl)kar ,d vuqdj.kdÙkkZ djrk dh vko';drk ds vuq:i mi;qDr usr`Ro 'kSyh viukus

esa ekxZn'kZu nsrk gSA

2- v;ksX;rk esa ;ksX;rk dk fl)kar (Theory of Ability in Disability) - bl fl)kar dh 'kk[kk ge

usr`Ro ds fl)kUr

141

euksfoKku ds {kfriwfrZ ds fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSa fd euq"; tc fdlh ,d {ks= esa v;ksX;rk j[krk

gS rks og viuh bl v;ksX;rk dh {kfriwfrZ Lo:i vU; {ks= esa mR—"V dk;Z djrk gS bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj

dqN O;fDr;ksa esa dqN dfe;k¡ gksrh gS Qyr% os viuh dfe;ksa dh {kfriwfrZ gsrq vU; {ks=ksa esa mÙke dk;Z dj

usrk cu tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, v/;;u esa detksj Nk= vPNk f[kykM+h cu dj Vhe dk usrk cu tkrk

gSA

3- la;ksx dk fl)kar (Theory of Conjunctive) - bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj dHkh&dHkh dksbZ O;fDr

lg;ksx ls gh usrk cu tkrk gSA fdlh O;fDr dks usrk cuus dk lg;ksx rHkh feyrk gS tc mlds fy,

fuEukafdr rhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,d lkFk mRiUu gksrh gSA

1½ O;fDr dh Js"B O;fDrxr ;ksX;rkA

2½ fdlh izdkj ds ladV ;k leL;k dk iSnk gksukA

3½ O;fDr dks leL;k&lek/kku ds fy, viuh ;ksX;rk izn'kZu dk volj feyukA

4- larqyu dk fl)kar (Theory of Balance) - bl fl)kar ds leFkZdksa dh ekU;rk gS fd usr`Ro dk

fodkl rHkh gksrk gS tc fdlh O;fDr esa leLr ;k vf/kdka'k usr`Ro&xq.kksa dk larqfyr fodkl gksrk gS] vFkkZr

dksbZ ,d nks xq.k cgqr vf/kd fodflr gksrs gSa rFkk vU; dqN vis{kk—r mrus gh fodflr ugha gks ikrs gSa

rks ml O;fDr dk usr`Ro ladV esa iM+ tkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn fdlh usrk esa 'kkjhfjd 'kfDr dk cgqr

vfèkd fodkl gks tk;s rks og Hkys&cqjs dh fpark fd, fcuk vdj.kh; dk;Z dj cSBrk gS Qyr% mldk usr`Ro

[krjs esa iM+ tkrk gSA

5- foy{k.krk dk fl)kar (Theory of Uniqueness) - dqN fo}kuksa dk fopkj gS fd usr`Ro O;fDr dh

foy{k.k izfrHkkvksa dk ifj.kke gSA blds vuqlkj dqN O;fDr;ksa esa dqN fof'k"V ;ksX;rk,¡ rFkk xq.k gksrs gSa tks

nwljksa esa ugha gksrs gSaA os vius fof'k"V xq.kksa ds dkj.k lewg ds vU; lnL;ksa dks viuk vuq;k;h cukdj mldk

usrk cu tkrs gSaA

6- lewg&izfØ;k fl)kar (Theory of Group-Process) - dqN fo}kuksa dk fopkj gS fd usr`Ro lewg

izfØ;k dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA lewg ds lnL;ksa esa ijLij varj fØ;k,¡ fopkj foe'kZ gksrs jgrs gSaA bUgha ds

vk/kkj ij dksbZ O;fDr leLr lewg esa ls usrk ds :i esa mHkj dj vkrk gSA tks O;fDr lewg dh vko';drk

gks rFkk leL;kvksa dks rqf"V iznku dj nsrk gS lewg mlh dks viuk usrk eku ysrk gSA

miZ;qDr o.kZu ls ;g Li"V gS fd usrk cuus ds fy, izk;% lHkh fl)kar Bhd yxrs gSaA dc dkSu dSls

usrk cus ;g i`Fkd&i`Fkd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA okLrfod :i ls usrk cuuk fdlh ,d rRo ;k

dkjd ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gS] blds fy, nks rRo izeq[k :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa& O;fDr ds O;fDrRo lacaèkh

xq.k rFkk ifjfLFkfr;k¡A bUgsa ge oa'kkuqxr dkjd rFkk okrkoj.kh; dkjd Hkh dg ldrs gSaA oa'kkuqxr dkjdksa

usr`Ro ds fl)kUr

142

ls O;fDrRo xq.kksa dk fodkl gksrk gS rFkk okrkoj.kh; dkjd usrk cuus ds fy, mi;qDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa iSnk

djrs gSaA bu nksuksa dkjdksa esa var% fØ;k ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh dksbZ O;fDr usrk cu ikrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS

fd i`Fkd&i`Fkd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls i`Fkd&i`Fkd xq.k okys O;fDr usrk cu tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, fgVyj

vius ns'k esa usrk cu x;k D;ksafd ogk¡ ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mlds vuqdwy Fkh] ;fn fgVyj vesfjdk esa tUek gksrk

rks dHkh Hkh usrk ugha cu ldrk FkkA

15-5 usr`Ro dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors Influencing Leadership)

1- lewg dh tfVyrk (Complexities of Group) - tc lewg cM+k gksrk gS rFkk dbZ rjg ds dk;Z dks

lEikfnr djrk gS rks usr`Ro inkuqØe mHkjrk gSA lcls mij izeq[k usrk] rc f}rh;d usrk ,oa mlds

ckn r`rh;d usrk] bR;kfn gksrk gSA lcls uhps vuq;k;h gksrs gSA bl inkuqØ esa usr`Ro dk izlkj ;k

mldk izfrèkkj.k ;k lqiqnZxh Hkh gksrs gSA tSls fd fo|ky; ds fØ;k&dykiksa] okf"kZd&lekjksg ;k [ksy

vkfn esa ns[krs gSA

2- ladV (Problem) - dHkh&dHkh lewg vius y{; dh izkfIr ds ekxZ esa dfBukbZ dk lkeuk dj ldrk

gS rFkk bldh lqj{kk dks [krjk gks ldrk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lEHkkyus ds fy, 'ks"k lnL;ksa }kjk

lewg dk dksbZ lnL; vius O;fDrxr xq.kksa] tSls & Kku] dkS'ky] fo'ks"krk] vkRefo'kokl vkfn ds dkj.k

vf/kd l{ke le>k tkrk gSA ,sls O;fDr ds usrk ds :i esa mHkjus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA bfrgkl esa

,sls vusd mnkgj.k feyrs gSA tc ladV fd ?kM+h esa ljdkj esa vpkud ifjorZu fd vko';drk iM+rh

gS vkSj rc rkuk'kkgh mHkjrh gSA

3- lewg dh fLFkjrk (Restlessness of the Group) - tc lewg ds lnL; y{; izkfIr ds mik, ds

ckjs esa vyx&vyx fopkj j[krs gS rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vukSipkfjd usrk dk mn; gksrk gSA ;g

ckr mu lewg esa ugha ikbZ tkrh ftuds lnL; lewg ds y{; ds izfr rFkk mls ikus ds mik;ksa ds ckjs

esa lger gksrs gSA cká ;k vkarfjd nksuksa izdkj ds [krjs usr`Ro dks mHkjus ds fy, volj nsrs gSA

4- vuqi;qDr usr`Ro (Incapable Leadership) - tc lewg dks vukSipkfjd usrk ;k eqf[k;k usr`Ro ;k

dk;Z djus esa v{k; gksrk gS rc u, usrk ds mHkjus dh lEHkkouk iSnk gksrh gSA vki ,sls dbZ ekSds dks

;kn dj ldrs gS fd tc detksj ;k vdeZ.; usrk ds dkj.k] ljdkj dks lÙkk ls ckgj dj fn;k x;k

gksA

5- futh vko';drk,¡ (Own Requirement) - ,d usrk lewg ds y{;ks ds iwfrZ ds lkFk 'kfDr rFkk

izfr"Bk bR;kfn dh pkg Hkh j[krk gSA vr% usrk dk izknqHkkZo rHkh gksxk tc lewg ds lnL; dks i;kZIr

ek=k esa bldh vko';drk gksA ml fLrfFk esa tc lewg esa ,sls yksx dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gS rks usrk

dh Hkwfedk nks ;k vf/kd yksxksa fd lk>snkjh esa fuHkkbZ tkrh gSA ;fn lewg esa ,slk dksbZ lnL; ugha

gksrk gS rks dksbZ Hkh O;fDr usrk ds :i esa ugha mHkjsxk vkSj lewg fNUu&fHkUu gks tk,xkA

usr`Ro ds fl)kUr

143


usr`Ro ,d izfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk lewg dk ,d O;fDr vU; lnL; dks lewg ds fof'k"V y{; ikus dh

fn'kk esa izHkkfor djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa usr`Ro izHkko ls tqM+k gqvk gSA usr`Ro yksxksa ds chp fof'k"V izdkj

ds lEcU/k dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA bldk Lo:i ikjLifjd gksrk gSA usrk vuq;kf;;ksa ls izHkkfor gksrs gS rFkk

mudks izHkkfor Hkh djrs gSA usr`Ro ,d lekftd izfØ;k gS tks lewg ds laca/kksa ds ckjs esa fuf'pr Hkwfedk

fuHkkus ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ge dg ldrs gS fd ;fn ge f'k{k.k&iz'kklu dks lq/kkjuk pkgrs gS rks gesa f'k{kk

iz'kklu lacaf/kr lHkh O;fDr;ksa esa usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk gksxk rHkh f'k{kk esa okafNr lq/kkj yk;k tk

ldrk gSA

15-7 vH;kl ds iz'u (Question of Exercise)

1- usr`Ro ds dk;ksZa rFkk xq.kksa dks crkb,AMention the function and qualities of leadership.

2- usr`Ro ds fofHkUu fl)karksa dk mYys[k djsaAMention the different principles of leadership.

3- usr`Ro mHkkj dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsaADescribe the factors influencing leadership.


1. Sharma, R. A. (2012) School Management and Educational Administration, R. Lal Book

Depo, Begum Bridge Road Merrut.

2. Sharma, R. A. (2012) Education Administration and Management R. Lal Book Depo,

Begum Bridge Road Merrut.

3. Singh R, Sharma R, Siwani A (2013) Educational Management and School Organisation,

Agrawal Publication Hospital Road, Agra - 2.

4. Agarwal, J. C (2012) School Management Information and Communication Technology,

Agrawal Publication, Hospital Road Agra - 2.

5. Sharma, M (2008) Principles of Educational Administration and Management, Asit Sinha,

Nalanda Open University.

usr`Ro ds fl)kUr

144




16-2 f'k{kd dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teacher)

16-3 f'k{kd ds vko';d xq.k (Important Qualities of a Teacher)

16-4 d{kk xfr'khyrk (Classroom Dynamics)

16-5 usr`Ro dh vko';drk ,oa egRo

(Need & Importance of Leadership)

16-6 usrk ds :i esa d{kk xfrfof/k;ksa ds izca/ku es v/;kid dhHkwfedk (Role of Teachers a Leader in Managing

Classroom Dynamics)




bdkbZ % 16 f'k{kd ,d usrk ds :i esaUnit : 16 Teacher as a Leader



f'k{kd ds vFkZ dks tku ldsaxsA

f'k{kd ds vko';d xq.kksa dks tku ldsaxsA

d{kk xfr'khyrk D;k dks le> ldsaxsA

usr`Ro dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo dks le> dj mldh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA

d{kk esa v/;kid dk usrk ds :i esa gksus dh foLr`r O;k[;kdj ldsaxsA


145


usrk ds :i esa d{kk xfrfof/k;ksa ds izca/ku esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks usr`Ro ds

lEcUèk esa foLr`r tkudkjh gqrs usr`Ro dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo] d{kk esa v/;kid dk usrk ds :i esa gksuk

ij foLr`r ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ;gh ugha bl ikB esa f'k{kd dkSu gS\ f'k{kd ds vko';d xq.k dks foLrkj iwoZd

m)r fd;k x;k gSA

bl v/;;u esa ;g crk;k x; gS fd d{kk esa v/;kid dk usrk ds :i esa gksuk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokZaxh.k

fodkl ds fy, vko';d gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ,oa d{kk izca/ku ds fy, f'k{kd dk dq'ky usr`Ro

xq.k ls lEiUu gksuk vR;ko';d gSA f'k{kd dkSu gS\ f'k{kd ds vko';d xq.k ,oa mu xq.kksa esa usr`Ro dk gksuk

vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA O;fDr thou i;ZUr fuR; u, vuqHko izkIr djrk gS rFkk mlds vk/kkj ij og

O;ogkj vFkok buds O;ogkjksa esa ifjorZu esa ,d f'k{kd ,oa mldk dq'ky usr`Ro egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa

ds fodkl esa d{kk izca/ku cgqr egÙo j[krk vkSj blesa f'k{kd usr`Ro dh Hkwfedk cgqr vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gSA

d{kk xfr'khyrk D;k gS\ ;g d{kk&d{k dks dSls izHkkfor djrk gS dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vr% bl bdkbZ

esa bUgh fcUnqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

16-2 f'k{kd dk vFkZ (Meaning of Teacher)

"It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression & knowledge."

- Albert Einstein.

ÞjpukRed vfHkO;fDr vkSj Kku esa izlUurk txkuk f'k{kd dh loksZPp dyk gSAß

&,sYcVZ vkbUlVhu

"A good teacher can inspire hope ignite the imagination & instill a love of learning."

- Brad Henry

Þ,d vPNk f'k{kd vk'kk dks izsfjr dj ldrk gS] dYiuk dks izTofyr dj ldrk gS]

vkSj lh[kus ds izfr izse iSnk dj ldrk gSAß

&czSM gsujh

f'k{kd dk vFkZ

f'k & f'k[kj rd ys tkus okyk

{k & {kek dh Hkkouk j[kus okyk

d & detksjh nwj djus okyk

vFkkZr~

f'k{kd ,d usrk ds :i esa

146

tks fo|kFkhZ dh gj xyrh dks {kek djus dh Hkkouk j[krk gS vkSj mldh gj detksjh nwj dj mldks f'k[kj

¼lQyrk½ rd ys tkrk gS ogh lPpk f'k{kd dgykrk gSA

fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dk vkfFkZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd fodkl ml ns'k dh f'k{kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA f'k{kk ds

vusd vk;ke gS] tks jk"Vªh; fodkl esa f'k{kk ds egÙo dks js[kkafdr djrs gSaA okLrfod :i esa f'k{kk dk

vk'k; gS Kku] Kku dh vkdka{kk gS & f'k{kkFkhZ vkSj f'k{kd bls miyC/k djrk gS f'k{kdA

16-3 f'k{kd ds vko';d xq.k (Important Qualities of a Teacher)

f'k{kd ds vko';d xq.k&

,d vPNsa f'k{kd ds lksgy xq.k (Sixteen Qualities of A Good Teacher by Dong Eikermann)

fo"k; dk Kku (Knowledge of the Subjectmatter)

la;e (Patience)

ckSf)d ftKklk (Intellectual Curiosity)

vkRefo'okl (Confidence)

lgkuqHkwfr (Compassion) -

lQyrk (Achievement) -

;kstukdkj (Planning) -

tkx:drk (Awareness) -

ijkeZ'knkrk (Mentorship) -

ifjiDork (Maturity)

lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh (Community Involvement)

laxBu (Organization)

nwjnf'kZrk (Vision)

lanHkZ (Context)

y{; (Mission)

mRlqdrk (Enthusiasm )

Nine Charecteristics of a Great Teacher

by Maria Orlando Ed.D. (Dr. Maria Orlando is a core faculty member in doctoral Educational

Leadership & Management Specialization at Cepella University).


147

1. A great teacher respects students.

2. A great teacher creates a sense of community & belonging in the classroom.

3. A great teacher is warm, accesible, enthusisatic & caring.

4. A great teacher sets high expectation for all students.

5. A great teacher has his own love of learning.

6. A great teacher is a skilled leader.

7. A great teacher can "Shift-gears."

8. A great teacher collaborates with colleagues on an on going basis.

9. A great teacher maintaind professionalism in all areas.

16-4 d{kk xfr'khyrk (Classroom Dynamics)

d{kk dh xfr'khyrk esa ,d d{kk leqnk; ds Nk=ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds chp ckrphr 'kkfey gSA d{kk dh

xfr'khyrk dk v/;;u djus dk mís'; ;g gS fd ,d ldkjkRed d{kksa dk okrkoj.k dSls cuk;k tk;] tgka

Nk= vU; Nk=ksa ds lkFk vkSj f'k{kd ds lkFk lgt lh[kus vkSj laokn djus dk vuqHko djsaA d{kk esa gj

fdlh dh O;oLFkk esa vPNh d{kk dh xfr'khyrk 'kkfey gksrh gSA ;g iwjh rjg ls izk—frd fLFkfr ugha gS]

blfy, bls ,d ;kstuk ds vuqlkj LFkkfir fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

vuq'kklu %& vkns'k dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, izR;sd d{kk dks ,d O;ogkj dksM dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

fcuk fu;eksa ds d{kk esa [kqn dks vfHkO;Dr djus esa Nk= dHkh lgt eglwl ugha djsaxsA f'k{kdksa dks d{kk

dh 'kq:vkr ls gh Nk=ksa dks lwfpr djuk pkfg, fd muds fy, mudh O;ogkfjd mis{kk,¡ D;k gSA ;g enn

djrk gS ;fn muds ikl Nk=ksa ls fu;eksa ds ckjs esa izfrfØ;k izkIr djus vkSj fdlh Hkh Hkze dks Li"V djus

ds fy, ppkZ gksrh gSA tc ,d Nk= ,d fu;e rksM+rk gS] rks ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd f'k{kd iwoZfu/kkZfjr ifj.kkeksa

ls xqtjsaA

izsj.kk %& dqN Nk=ksa dks LoHkkfod :i ls ,d d{kk dh ck/kkvksa ds Hkhrj lh[kus ds fy, izsfjr ugha fd;k

tkrk gSA gj d{kk ls ckgj gksuk pkfg, FkksM+k vyx xfr'khyrk gS D;ksafd os lHkh vyx Nk=ksa ls feydj

curk gSA izR;sd Nk= dh viuh :fp vkSj izfrHkk gksrh gS] bl fy, izR;sd d{kk dks vius Nk=ksa dh O;fDrRo

dks lek;ksftr djus ds fy, i;kZIr yphyk gksuk pkfg,A Nk=ksa dks vf/kd izsfjr fd;k tkrk gSA tc mUgsa

yxrk gS fd d{kk dh xfr'khyrk muds y{;ksa vkSj fgrksa ij /;ku dsfnzr djrh gSA

fyax %& dqN oxZ xfrfof/k;ksa ls ;k ppkZvksa ls fdlh fo'ks"k fyax dks d{kk ls vyx] 'kfeZank ;k cfg"—r djrs

gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, twyh fLoRtj uke dh ,d esfMdy Nk=k xHkkZ'k; ds ekalisf'k;ksa ds ladqpu ij ,d

O;k[;ku lqu jgh Fkh vkSj fQj ,d d{kk dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, dgk] Þvki bls dHkh eglwl ugha dj ldrs

gS] ysfdu vkidh iRuh djsaxhAß f'k{kd viuh d{kk ds vk/ks yksxksa dks vyx dj jgk Fkk] tks d{kk esa iq:"kksa


148

dks lacksfèkr djds efgyk,a FkhA iq:"k fyax dks leku :i ls i`Fkd ;k d{kkvksa esa j[kk x;k gSA mfpr d{kk

dh xfr'khyrk esa nksuksa fyax 'kkfey gksxsa vkSj viuh fofHkUu vko';drkvksa ds izfr ltx gksaxsA

Hkkx ysuk %& vPNh d{kk dh xfr'khyrk esa bldh xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj ppkZvksa esa lHkh Nk= 'kkfey gksaxsA

f'k{kdksa dks izR;sd O;fDrRo Nk= esa :fp fn[kkuh pkfg, vkSj mls d{kk esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksR;kfgr djuk

pkfg,A d{kk dh Hkkxhnkjh] gkykafd] dsoy Nk=ksa ds ckjs esa ugha gSA f'k{kd dks thoar vkSj xfr'khy d{kk

dh xfr'khyrk cukus ds fy, d{kk ppkZ vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa esa iwjh rjg ls Hkkx ysus ds fy, rS;kj jguk gksxkA

,d f'k{kd tk dsoy ;g ns[krs gq, fd D;k Nk= bls le> jgs gS] d{kk dh xfr'khyrk ds lkFk ,d cM+h

leL;k gS] lkexzh dks i<+kus ds fy, tkrk gSA

16-5 usr`Ro dh vko';drk ,oa egRo (Need & Importance of Leadership)

usr`Ro dh vko';drk thou ds gj {ks= esa iM+rh gSA dksbZ Hkh NksVk vFkok cM+k lewg] usrk ds fcuk ugha

jg ldrkA dksbZ Hkh lewg vius dk;ksZa dk lEiknu usrk ds ek/;e ls gh djuk pkgrk gSA usr`Ro ;qDr lewg

xkSjo dk vuqHko Hkh djrk gSA ftl lewg vFkok lekt dk dksbZ usrk ugha gksrk og lewg fn'kkghu rFkk

mís';ghu gksrk gSA ikfjokfjd thou Hkh rHkh lq[ke; gks ldrk gS tc mldk usr`Ro dq'ky gksA lkekftd

rFkk jktuSfrd thou dq'ky usr`Ro ls gh mUufr dj ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh laxBu dk dk;Z lapkyu djus

ds fy;s usr`Ro 'kfDr dh mi;ksfxrk dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA usrk viuh lw>&cw> ls vusd dk;ksZa dks

lEikfnr djrk gSA blh izdkj f'k{kk ds gj Lrj ij izHkkoh usr`Ro pkfg,A usr`Ro esa fuEufyf[kr dk;Z gksrs

gS&

mís';&fu/kkZj.k (To Determine the Objectives)& usr`Ro dk lcls izFke dk;Z gS vius lewg

rFkk lewg ds dk;ksZa ds mís';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djukA mís'; gh lewg ds O;ogkj rFkk dk;ksZa dks fn'kk iznku

djrs gSaaA d{kk esa f'k{kd usr`Ro djrk gS blfy, d{kk esa og d{kk fØ;kvksa usr`Ro djrk gS blfy, d{kk esa

og d{kk fØ;kvksa dk mís'; fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

laxBu djuk (To Organise)& usr`Ro dk nwljk dk;Z leLr dk;Z&iz.kkyh dk laxBu djuk gSA

blds fy, og lHkh izdkj ds lalk/kuksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh djrk gSA

uhfr fu/kkZj.k (To Determine the Policy)& usr`Ro ;k usrk dk ,d dk;Z uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k

djuk Hkh gSA usrk lewg ds fy, vkn'kZ dk;Z uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk Hkh gSA usrk lewg ds fy, vkn'kZ

dk;Z iz.kkyh] nkf;Ro rFkk uhfr fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA mlds vuq;k;h bUgha vkn'kksZa rFkk uhfr;ksa dk ikyu djrs

gq, dk;Z djrs gSaA

leUo; djuk (To Integrate)& usr`Ro dk gh ;g dÙkZO; gS fd og fofHkUu fØ;kvksa] laxBuksa]

iz.kkfy;ksa rFkk mís';ksa esa ijLij leUo; LFkkfir djsaA

izsj.kk iznku djuk (To Motivate)& usrk vius lewg ds lnL;ksa dks le;≤ ij izsj.kk iznku

djrk gSA ;g izsj.kk lkekU;r;k ,d fof'k"V fn'kk esa O;ogkj djus ;k okafNr mís';ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,

nh tkrh gSA f'k{kd ,d usrk ds :i esa vius Nk=ksa dk v/;;u djus gsrq izsj.kk iznku djrk gSA


149

izfrfuf/kRo djuk (To Repesent)& usrk vius lewg dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA og vius lewg dsfgrksa dk /;ku j[krk gS] muds dY;k.k ds fy, dk;Z djrk gS rFkk muds fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrk gSA

fu;a=.k djuk (To Control)& usrk vius lewg ds lnL;ksa ds dk;ksZa rFkk O;ogkjksa ij fu;a=.k dj;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd lewg ds dk;ksZa rFkk O;ogkj fu/kkZfjr uhfr;ksa ,oa mís';ksa ds vuq:i gksA og blckr ij Hkh fu;a=.k djrk gS fd lewg ds lnL;ksa ds vkUrfjd lEcU/k lewg ds vkn'kksZa ds vuqlkj gks rkfdlnL;ksa ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dk rkuk&ckuk VwV u ik;sA

fØ;kUo;u djuk (To Implement)& usr`Ro dk ,d dk;Z lewg ds mís';] vkn'kZ rFkk uhfr;ksa dkfØ;kUo;u djrk Hkh gSA blds fy, og lewg ds lnL;ksa ds fy, dk;Z iz.kkyh fu/kkZfjr djrk gS] fn'kk&funsZ'knsrk gS mÙkj nkf;Roksa dk foHkktu djrk gS rFkk vU; os lHkh dk;Z djrk gS tks bl gsrq vko';d gksrs gSA

iqjLdkj ,oa n.M dh O;oLFkk djuk (To Arrange for Reward and Punishment)& usr ;gHkh lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd og vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks vko';drk iM+us ij n.M rFkk iqjLdkj nsA mls lewg}kjk ,slk djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA

v/;kid d{kk dk ,d Loh—r usrk ekuk tkrk gSA mlds Kku] ;ksX;rk] ifj.kke] 'kfDr cqf)eÙkk vkfn dsfodflr gksus ls mls fcuk fdlh fojks/k ds usrk eku fy;k tkrk gSA fdUrq cgqr ls v/;kid vius nqcZyO;fDrRo] 'kehZys LoHkko vkSj vkRe&la;eh u gksus ds dkj.k] viuk ;g mi;ksxh vf/kdkj NksM+ cSBrs gSA rcd{kk ds vU; 'kkspuh; ,oa mtZfLor ckyd usrk cuus dk iz;kl djrs gSA ;g vR;Ur ghu vkSj 'kkspuh;fLFkfr gksrh gS rFkk v/;kid dks cgqr d"V igq¡pkrh gSA tks v/;kid viuh d{kk esa usr`Ro dks [kks cSBrs gS]og d{kk dk lkeuk fo'okliwoZd vkSj n`<+rk ls ugha dj ldrkA QyLo:i] mldh d{kk esa vuq'kklu ghurkQSyrh gS vkSj f'k{kk dk /;s; Hkh lekIr gks ldrk gSA

v/;kidksa dks vius usr`Ro ds ckjs esa vR;Ur lko/kku gksuk pkfg,A mUgsa vuq'kklughurk dh ifjfLFkfrdks nwj djus ds fy, vFkok mls u vkus nsus ds fy, vxzfyf[kr mik;ksa dks viukuk pkfg,&

(i) v/;kidksa dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ?kVuk vFkok ifjfLFkfr ds fy, igys ls rS;kj jguk pkfg,] ftllsdksbZ Hkh ?kVuk vlko/kkuh ds dkj.k u gks( vkSj ;fn gksxh Hkh rks mls vR;Ur euksoSKkfud <ax lslqy>kuk pkfg, vkdqyrk vkSj my>u ds fpUg mlds psgjs ij fn[kkbZ ugha nsuk pkfg,A

(ii) d{kk dk LokHkkfod :i ls ,d usrk gksrk gS] tks v/;kid dks gksuk pkfg,A mls ckydksa dks lg;ksxvkSj fodkl izkjEHk ls gh izkIr dj ysuk pkfg,A igys mls vuq'kklughu ckydksa ds izfrfujadq'k Hkh gksukpkfg,A blds ckn mls eS=h vkSj lkgp;Z dh Hkkouk dks viukuk pkfg,] ftlls ckydksa dh v/;kidesa J)k c<+sA

(iii) v/;kid dks lnSo bl ckr ds fy, lko/kku jguk pkfg, fd ckydksa ls lkgp;Z tSlk Hkko iznf'kZr djrsgq, Hkh mldk O;ogkj ,d v/;kid dh rjg gh gks mls ckydksa dh rjg O;ogkj ugha djuk pkfg, tSlkfd ckyd ckydksa esa djrs gSaA ,slk djus ls mldk lEeku de gks tkrk gSA mls ckydksa esa jgrs gq,Hkh muls vyx jguk pkfg,A tks v/;kid ,slk ugha djrs gSa] ckyd mUgsa usrk Hkys gh Lohdkj dj ysafdUrq mudk lEeku ugha djrsA ,sls O;ogkj ds }kjk v/;kid Lo;a izkS<+ lekt ds fy, vuqi;qDr fl)

gksrk gSA


150

(iv) v/;kid dks ,sls ckydksa dks tks usrk cuus dh {kerk j[krs gS] mi;qDr volj iznku djuk pkfg,]

ftlls os viuh bl 'kfDr dk mfpr mi;ksx vkSj fodkl dj ldsa rFkk Hkfo"; esa lekt ds fy, vPNs

usrk cu ldsaA v/;kid dks pkfg, ,sls ckydksa dks cgqeq[kh dk;ksZa esa yxk;saA fdlh ,sls dk;Z dk usr`Ro

mls lkSaik tk, ftlds fy, og loZFkk ;ksX; gks( tSls & gk¡dh ;k QqVcky ds ny dk uk;d cuukA blh

izdkj ls tks ckyd lkfgfR;d :fp j[krk gS vkSj dq'ky usrk cuus dh mlesa ;ksX;rk gS rks mls

lkfgfR;d ifj"kn~ dk iz/kku vFkok okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrkvksa dk la;kstd cukuk pkfg,A dHkh&dHkh

vè;kid dks usrk ds LFkku ij vuq;k;h dk Hkh dk;Z djuk iM+rk gS vkSj usrk dk dk;ZHkkj ckyd

lEHkkyrk gSA

(v) v/;kid dks ckyd ds lq>koksa dk Lokxr djuk pkfg, vkSj mu ij iwjk&iwjk /;ku nsuk pkfg,A izk;%

os lq>ko Bhd Hkh gksrs gSa] vr ,oa v/;kidksa dks rnuqdwy gh dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

okLro esa] ,d vPNk v/;kid ogh gksrk gS tks d{kk dk usr`Ro rks lnSo vius gkFk esa j[krk gS] fdUrq

le;kuqewy mls leFkZ ckydksa dks lkSai nsrk gS vkSj vius lEeku ,oa in esa jgrs gq;s mUgsa ¼fo|kfFkZ;ksa½

dks dq'ky usrk cuus dk izf'k{k.k ,oa ekxZn'kZu Hkh djrs gSA

16-6 usrk ds :i esa d{kk xfrfof/k;ksa ds izca/ku esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk (Roleof A Teacher as a Leader in Managing Classroom Dynamics)

d{kk dk izca/ku djuk f'k{kd ds fy;s pqukSrh Hkjk dk;Z gSA f'k{kd dk izkFkfed mís'; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk

iw.kZ fodkl djuk gSA iw.kZ fodkl rHkh laHko gS tc f'k{kd vius izca/ku ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk /;ku viuh

vksj vkdf"kZr dj ldsxkA

vkt ds nkSj esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s ,dkxzfpÙk gksuk d{kk esa gh ugha vfirq thou esa Hkh dfBu gksrk tk

jgk gSA ;g dk;Z mi;qDr d{kk izcU/ku }kjk gh lEHko gSA d{kk izcU/ku dkS'ky esa fuiq.krk v/;kid dh usr`Ro

{kerk dk ifjpk;d gSA f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa esa ikjaxrrk ds lkFk&lkFk ikB~;Øe ls lEcfU/kr leLr fØ;k

dykiksa ds lEiknu esa dq'ky usr`Ro dh vis{kk gksrh gSA pw¡fd v/;kid d{kk dk usr`Ro djrk gS vr% mlesa

vPNs usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dk gksuk vko';d gh ugha okaNuh; gSA

;ksX; usrk }kjk dk;Z lQyrk gsrq O;oLFkk ij vR;f/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA v/;kidksa ,oa Nk=ksa }kjk

fd;s x;s vk;kstu esa mBus cSBus rFkk lH;rk iw.kZ O;ogkj djus dh lqf'k{kk nh tkrh gSA dqN ofj"B v/;kidksa

dks vuq'kklu ds izfr ltx jgus ds fy;s igys ls gh rS;kj dj fy;k tkrk gSA rks lEiw.kZ mRlo ,oa

vk;kstuksa esa iw.kZ lQyrk feyrh gS rFkk fo|ky; ds iz/kkukpk;Z dks Hkh viwoZ vkRexkSjo dh vuqHkwfr gksrk

gSA

Hkkjr ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr MkW loZiYyh jk/kk—".ku1 ds bl dFku dks m)fjr djuk ;gk¡ lehphu gksxk tks

mUgksaus f'k{kd ds lEcU/k esa dgk gS & fd Þos jk"Vª ds dY;k.k o Hkfo"; dh /kjksgj ds j{kd gSaAß gw¡ek;w¡ dchj

ds 'kCnksa esa Þos jk"Vª ds HkkX; ds fu.kkZ;d gSAß2 ;g dFku izR;{k :i ls lR; izrhr gksrk gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk

vk;ksx ¼1962&64½ us Hkh bl rF; dk leFkZu djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd *jk"Vª ds HkkX; dk fuekZ.k d{kkvksa esa

gks jgk gSA^ vr% ;g fufoZokfnr gS fd dk;Zdq'kyrk] yksdfiz; O;ogkj rFkk ln~Hkkouk vkfn f'k{kd ds


151

O;fDrRo esa 'kkfey gksrk gS tks fd dq'ky usrk dk ifjpk;d gSA usr`Ro ds vUrxZr ifjoÙkZu dks gh eq[; dk;Z

le{kk tkrk gS tks ifjoÙkZu u dj lds mls usrk gh ugha dgk tkrkA f'k{kd ifjoÙkZu dk nwr gS] mlesa usr`Ro

dh 'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj ml 'kfDr ds ek/;e ls f'k{kd d{kk xfrfof/k;ksa ds izca/ku {kerk esa fulUnsg o`f)

dj nsrk gSA


mi;qZDr dk;ksZa dk lEiknu djus esa 'kSf{kd usr`Ro&'kfDr dh ijh{kk gksrh gSA 'kSf{kd usrk f'k{k.k&laLFkk

ds fy;s ltx izgjh gksrk gSA f'k{kd lekt dh tks ckrsa vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS] mudk ykHk Nk=ksa }kjk

mBkus esa iwjh 'kfDr yxk nsrs gSA la{ksi esa ,d v/;kid ds d{kk ds usr`Ro djus ds dkj.k fu.kZ; ysuk] ;kstuk

cukuk] O;oLFkk djuk] fopkj fofu;e djuk] izHkko Mkyuk] leUo; djuk] ewY;kadu djuk vkfnA misf{kr

xq.k gS ftl ij mi;qDr usr`Ro {kerk fuHkZj gksrh gSA


1- ,d f'k{kd esa d{kk izca/ku xfrfof/k;ksa esa usr`Ro dh vko';drk ,oa egÙo ij ppkZ djsaA

Discuss need & importance of leadership of a teacher in managing classroom dynamics.

2- usrk ds :i esa d{kk xfrfof/k;ksa ds izca/ku esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA

Role of a teacher as a leader in managing classroom dynamics. Discuss.

3- d{kk xfr'khyrk D;k gS\ d{kk xfr'khyrk esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA

What is Classroom dynamics? Discuss the role of a teacher in classroom dynamics.


(i) Sharma, R.A (2012) School Management and Educational Administration, R. Lal Book Depo,

Begum Bridge Road Merrut.

(ii) Sharma, R.A. (2012) Education Administration and Management R. Lal Book Depo, Begum

Bridge Road Merrut.

(iii) Singh R, Sharma R, Siwani A (2013) Educational Management and School Organisation,

Agrawal Publication Hospital Road Agra - 2.

(iv) Agarwal, J.C (2012) School Management Information and Communication Technology, Agrawal

Publication, Hospital Road Agra - 2.

(v) Sharma, M (2008) Principles of Educational Administration and Management, Asit

Sinha,Nalanda Open University.

(vi) educationmirror.org.

(vii) http://www.cambridgetoafsical.org/images/leadingp1.jpg.

(viii) Duck Eikermann article.


152




17-2 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk vFkZ

(Meaning of School Development)

17-3 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds rRo

(Elements of School Development Plan)

17-4 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh izfØ;k

(Process of School Development Plan)

17-5 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds pj.k

(Steps of School Development Plan)




bdkbZ % 17 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstukUnit : 17 School Development Plan


bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZx.k % fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds vFkZ dks le> ldsaxsA fo|ky; esa vko';d lq/kkj dh vko';drk dh fpfUgr dj ldsaxsA fo|ky; lq/kkj ,oa y{;ksa dh izkIr djus ,oa blds egRo dh le> dj bldh O;k[;k dj ldsaxsA fo|ky; dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ,oa vko';drkvksa dh le> fodflr dj ldsaxsA fo|ky; lq/kkj esa ck/kd vkSj lgk;d ?kVdksa ds chp varj Li"V dj ldsaxsA fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk rS;kj djus dh vko';drk dk egRo le> ldsaxsA fo|ky; fodkl ds fy, vko';d lqfo/kk,¡ iznku djus vkSj lrr ifjorZu ds fy, dk;Z ;kstuk cuk

ldsaxsAmi;qZDr rF;ksa ls voxr djkuk gh bl ikB dk mís'; gS A

153


fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ,d nh/kkZof/k ;kstuk gS ftldk eq[; mís'; f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe esa lq/kkjykuk gSA fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa f'k{kd] vfHkHkkod] lekt ds lnL; rFkk izca/kd layXu jgrs gSA ;gbdkbZ bl ikB dh lrjgoha bdkbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk vFkZ ,oa rRo dh foLrkjiwoZdppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh izfØ;k rFkk pj.k dh Hkh foLrkjiwoZd ppkZ dhxbZ gSA

17-2 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk vFkZ (Meaning of School Development

fo|ky; esa xR;kRed okrkoj.k ds izfr viuh lajpuk] O;oLFkk] leqnk; ,oa laL—fr ds izHkkoh mipkjds lkFk&lkFk izca/ku ds ek/;e ls vuqfØ;k djus esa lg;ksx iznku djus okys lokZaxh.k ;kstukc) ifjorZufo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dgykrk gSA fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ,oa nh?kZdkfyd ;kstuk gS ftldk mís';fo|ky; esa f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe esa lq/kkj ykuk gSA

fo|ky; fodkl dbZ voLFkkvksa esa fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk ,oa fofHkUu dlkSfV;k¡ }kjk uhfr;ksa vkSj;kstukvksa ds vFkZiw.kZ ,oa izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u dh fufnZ"V djrk gSA fo|ky; ,oa lkeqnkf;d nksuksa gha Lrjksa ijmi;qDr lsokvksa ds fodkl ds fy, fo|ky; laxBu ls lacaf/kr Hkkxhnkjksa ds izfr vuqfØ;k djuk vkSj mudslkFk dke djuk bl fodkl izfØ;k dk ,d vko';d vax gSA

fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk ds vUrxZr dfBu ,oa ljy nksuksa gh fo"k; gSaA dfBu fo"k; ds vUrxZrgS dk;Zuhfr;k]¡ ;kstuk,¡] lajpuk,¡ ,oa O;oLFkk,¡A nwljh vksj ljy fo"k;ksa ds vUrxZr vkrk gS mfpr dkS'kydks c<kok nsuk] O;ogkj ,oa n`f"Vdks.k] laLd`fr ,oa usr`Ro dk izdkj dh laxBu ds vf/kxe fu"iknu dh izkIrdjus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds fy, dfBu ,oa ljy nksuksa gh fo"k;ksa dh igpku furkarvko';d gksrh gS ftlls y{; vkSj vko';drk ds chp ds fojks/k dh [kRe fd;k tk ldsA

dfBu fo"k;ksa ds vUrxZr lkekU;r% ikB~;p;kZ esa ifjorZu oÙkZeku O;olkf;d Lrj dk iqufuZek.kf'k{kdksa dk f'k{k.k ,oa vkdyu i)fr;ksa dk iqufuZjh{k.k ,oa iqujh{k; f'k{kdksa ds mUur funsZ'kkRed lgk;rk]lalk/kuksa vf/kxe iz;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk lalk/kuksa ds vkoaVu laca/kh vkadMs+ ,df=r djus dh i)fr dk fodkllekfgr gSA

17-3 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds rRo (Elements of School Development

Plan)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ,d nh?kkZof/k ;kstuk gS ftldk eq[; mís'; f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe esa lq/kkjykuk gSA bl ;kstuk esa mu ?kVdksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gS ftuesa fo|ky; lq/kkj djuk pkgrk gS vkSj ;gHkh Li"V :i ls mYysf[kr gksrk gS fd lq/kkj fdl izdkj gksxk \ fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk fodklf'k{kdksa&vfHkHkkodksa lekt ds lnL;ksa vkSj izca/kdksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g lkeU;r;k rhu o"kZ dhvofèk rd ds fy, gksrk gSA bl rhu o"kZ dh vof/k ds vUrxZr fd;s tkus dk;Z] ifjorZu ,oa y{; dh /;kuesa j[krs gq, fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa lkekU;r% fuEufyf[kr ?kVdksa dk lekos'k gksrk gS%

1- i`"BHkwfe & fo|ky; ,oa mlds mís'; dk laf{kIr fooj.kA

2- fo|ky; fo'ys"k.k & 'kfDr;ksa] lhekvksa ,oa pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.kA

3- fo|ky; fo'ys"k.k ij vk/kkfjr izkFkfedrk,¡A

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

154

4- fo|ky; fodkl ds fy, nks ls rhu o"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk lkjka'kA

5- vkxkeh o"kksZa ds fy, dk;Z&;kstukA

6- fØ;kUo;u dk;Z esa vkus okyh laHkkfor leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ;k lek/kku laca/kh lq>koA

7- vuqoh{k.k ,oa ewY;kadu ;kstukA

1- i`"VHkwfe & fo|ky; dh i`"BHkwfe esa fo|ky; dk uke] vkSlr ukekadu ds vkadMs+] deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k,oa muds dk;Z] HkkSxksfyd dk;Z{ks=] lqfo/kkvksa dk O;ksjk] lewg ,oa ifjf/k dk fooj.k lkFk vU; lac)tkudkjh dk gksuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa mís'; ij cy nsus dh vko';drk blfy,Hkh gS fd ;g fodkl ;kstuk dh fn'kk iznku djrk gS vkSj fo|ky; ds mís';ksa ,oa ewY;ksa dk ftlesafo|ky; ds leLr Hkkxhnkjksa dk ;ksxnku Li"V :i ls mYysf[kr gksrk gSA

2- fo|ky; fo'ys"k.k & fo|ky; fo'ys"k.k esa bl ckr dk mYys[k fd;k tkrk gS fd fo|ky; fofHkUu {ks=ksaesa dSlk dk;Z dj jgk gSA blesa fo|ky; esa f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ds igy dk lacaf/kr fu.kZ; gksrk gS lkFkgh eq[; vkSj egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k;ksa ,oa lhekvksa dk Li"V mYys[k gksrk gSA

3- fo|ky; fo'ys"k.k ij vk/kkfjr izkFkfedrk,¡ & blesa mu vfr egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa dh lfEefyr fd;k tkrkftl ij /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSa vkSj ftu ij ;kstuk dh dk;Zfof/k esa fo|ky; esa miyC/k lalk/kuksads iz;ksx }kjk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA

4- fo|ky; fodkl ds fy, nks ls rhu o"khZ; ;kstukvksa dk lkjka'k & laf{kIr :i esa of.kZr 2 ls 3 o"khZ; ;kstukyf{kr mís';ksa dh crkrh gS ftUgsa iwjk djus esa ,d o"kZ ls vf/kd le; yx ldrk gSA laHkkfor le; Hkh;kstuk esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA

5- vkxkeh o"kksZa ds fy, dk;Z ;kstuk & dk;Z ;kstuk ,d ,slk nLrkost gS ftlesa bl ckr dk o.kZu gksrkgS fd vkxkeh o"kZ esa fodkl ;kstuk dks ykxw djus ds fy, D;k djuk vko';d gS lkFk dgh dk;Z dks,d fn'kk iznku djrh gSA

6- fØ;kUo;u dk;Z esa vkus okyh laHkkfor leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ;k lek/kku laca/kh lq{kko & ;kstuk D;ksafdnh/kZdkfyd gksrh gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr tU; leL;k;sa laHkkfor gksrh gS blfy, fo|ky; fodkl dk;Z esa mRiUugksus okyh ck/kkvksa ds fujkdj.k lacaf/kr lq{kko Hkh ;kstuk esa 'kkfey gksrs gSA

7- vuqoh{k.k ,oa ewY;kadu ;kstuk & blesa ;g Li"V fd;k tkrk gS fd vkxkeh ;kstukc) xfrfof/k;ksa dkewY;kadu ,oa vuqoh{.k dSls fd;k tk;sxk\ ;kstuk dh v|ru fLFkfr D;k gS ,oa ;kstuk dh fØ;kUo;uesa gqbZ izxfr dk O;ksjk Hkh izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

17-4 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh izfØ;k (Process of School Development

Plan)

vc rd vkius fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk D;k gS\ ,oa ;kstuk ds rRo dh le>k vc vkb;s bldh

izfØ;k ij foLr`r ppkZ djrs gSa

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

155

vHkh rd ds v/;;u ls ;g Li"V gks pwdk gS fd fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls lrr~ lqèkkj

ds ekxZ ij fo|ky; vxzlj jgrk gS bl ;kstuk ls fo|ky; ds deZpkjh ,oa vfHkHkkod eq[; izkFkfedrkvksadks tkuus vkSj fo|ky; ds lq/kkj ds fy, mBk, tkus okys dneksa ls voxr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk lg;ksx iznkudjus esa l{ke cu ikrs gSaA

vc vkb;s ;kstuk izfØ;k dk usr`Ro djus ds fy, mBk;s tkus okys izR;sd dne dk iwokZuqeku yxkusesa leFkZ cuus gsrq pj.kc) izfØ;k dks le>sa%&

pj.k&1% izkjaHk djuk & ;kstuk fuekZ.k izfØ;k izkjaHk djus ls iwoZ izeq[k Hkkxhnkjksa dh ,d ls nks cSBds cqykukvfuok;Z :i ls lqfuf'pr djsaA fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh ifjdYiuk rFkk izfØ;k dh tkudkjh cksMZ]fo|ky; izca/ku vfHkHkkodksa rFkk f'k{kdksa dks nsaA fo|ky; fodkl lfefr dk p;u djsa ftlesa ekrk&firk ,oafo|ky; ds deZpkjh gksaA

pj.k&2% fo|ky; fo'ys"k.k djsa & fo|ky; dh tkusA blesa vfHkHkkodksa] f'k{kdksa ,oa vU; lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksadh lgk;rk ysaA

pj.k&3% vko';drkvksa dh izkFkfedrk fuf'pr djsa ,oa mís'; fu/kkZfjr djsa & fpfUgr dfe;ksa ds vk/kkjij fo|ky; lq/kkj dh vko';drkvksa dh tkusA vf/kxe ij iM+us okys lh/ks izHkko ds vk/kkj ij vko';drkvksadh izkFkfedrk,¡ fu/kkZfjr djsaA lkFk gh izkFkfed vko';drkvksa ds vk/kkj ij mís'; fuf'pr djsaA

pj.k&4% dk;Z ;kstuk cuk,¡ & vko';drkuqlkj mi&lfefr;k¡ cuk,¡ vkSj ;kstuk {ks=ksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dkvkoaVu djsaA izR;sd izkFkfedrk {ks= ds fy, dk;Zfof/k pkVZ cuk,¡A dk;Zfof/k pkVZ dh dqy 2&3 o"kZ dsfo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa lesfdr djsa vkSj izFke o"kZ ds fy, dk;Z ;kstuk cuk,¡A

pj.k&5% Hkkxhnkjksa ls Loh—fr ysa & lEiw.kZ fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh ,d lkFk j[ks ,oa fo|ky; cksMZdeZpkfj;ksa vkSj vfHkHkkodksa ds le{k bls izLrqr djsa vkSj mudh Loh—fr izkIr djsaA

pj.k&6% fØ;kUo;u rFkk vuqoh{k.k djsa & f'k{kdksa] vfHkHkkodksa vkfn dh ;kstuk ykxw djus ds fy, izsfjrdj lger djsaA blds fØ;kUo;u dk vuqoh{k.k djsaA tks leL;k;sa vk,¡ mudk lek/kku djsa vkSj ;kstukdh lQyrk dh lqfuf'pr djsaA ;kstuk dks ykxw djus ds fy, vko';d fuf/k;ksa dh O;oLFkk djsaA

pj.k&7% okf"kZd ewY;kadu djsa & ;kstuk ds fØ;kUo;u vkSj ifj.kkeksa dk ewY;kadu djsaA lac) O;fDr;ksa}kjk Lo vkdyu Hkh lqfuf'pr djsaA

pj.k&8% vkxs ds fodkl ds fy, ;kstuk cuk,¡ & f}rh; o"kZ esa fo|ky; fo'ys"k.k ds vUrxZr fu/kkZfjrizkFkfedrkvksa rFkk y{;ksa dk iqujh{k.k rFkk mUu;u djsaA vxys o"kZ dh dk;Z ;kstuk cuk,¡A pj.k 3 ls 9rd dk ,d ckj iqu% voyksdu djsaA bls izR;sd o"kZ djsa rFkk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k ¼pj.k&2½ izR;sd rhu o"kZ esadjsaA

pj.k&9% izxfr dh lwpuk nsa rFkk lQyrk dk mRlo euk,¡ & deZpkfj;ksa vkSj vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk cSBdesa gqbZ izxfr dh lwpuk fo|ky; cksMZ dks nsaA viuh lQyrk dk mRlo euk,¡ ,oa mls foKkfir djsaA

fo|ky; fodkl dh ;kstuk cukuk] mls ykxw djuk rFkk mldk ewY;kadu djuk vR;ko';d xfrfof/k gSAbldh lQyrk fu"iknu ladsrdks ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

156

17-4-1 fu"iknu ladsrd ds vFkZ & fu"iknu ladsrd os ftuds ckjs esa igys gh lgefr gks pqdh gksrhgS vkSj tks fdlh laxBu dh lQyrk ds dkjdks dh izfrfcafcr djrs gSaA izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd laxBukRedy{;ksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA fo|ky; ,d laxBu gS vkSj ,d laxBu ftldk y{; uxj dk lqizfl) fo|ky; cuukgS] ,sls izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd j[ksxk tks tkusekus vkSj mÙke ekidks ij [kjk mrjsaxsA muesa ls mldsfo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus dk izfr'kr ,oa mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfCèk;ksadk Lrj rFkk Lukrd gksus ds ckn izkIr lQyrk,¡ vkfn lfEefyr gksaxhA

17-4-2 izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd xq.kkRed gksus pkfg, & ;fn fdlh izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd ds iklfo|ky; dh yksdfiz;rk ekius dk ;k fQj fdlh vU; fo|ky; ls rqyuk djus dk dksbZ jkLrk lqfuf'pr ughagS rks mls fu"iknu ladsrd ds :i esa Lohdkj ugha djuk pkfg,A izeq[k fu"iknd ladsrd fdlh fo'ks"k egRodk gksxk rHkh lgh <ax ls ekiu dk rjhdk Li"V gks ik;sxkA izR;{k ,oa ijks{k nksuks gh izdkj ds izHkkoh rRoksadh igpku fd, fcuk csap ekdZ cukuk ladsrd ds fy, fujFkZd gksxkA

izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrdks dh ifjHkkf"kr dj mlds lkFk yEcs le; rd cus jguk Hkh dkQh egRoiw.kZgSA miyfC/k Lrj ds c<kus y{; dh gkfly djus esa izeq[k ladsrd ds fy, vkidks bl ij Hkh fopkj djusdh vko';drk gksxhA lkFk gh fo|kFkhZ }kjk izkIr fd, x, izfr'kr dh ekid cuk;k tk, ;k fdrus izfr'krfo|kfFkZ;ksa us miyfC/k izkIr dh gS mls ekid cuk;k tk;s bldks lqfuf'pr djuk Hkh vko';d gSA

17-4-3 izeq[k fu"iknu ladsr laxBu dh lQyrk dh dqath gksuh pkfg, & izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrdksdk p;u djrs le; mUgsa mu dkjdks rd gh lhfer djuk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ gS tks laxBu dks vius y{;ksard igq¡pkus vkSj mUgsa izkIr djus ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA lkFk gh ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ gS fd izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrdksdh la[;k de j[kh tk, ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr mu dh izkIr djus ij /;ku dsfUnzr dj ldsA D;ksafdcgqr&lh oLrq,¡ ekius ;ksX; rks gksrh gS ysfdu flQZ brus ls gh os laxBu dh lQyrk dh dqath ugha culdrhA mnkgj.k ds fy, dsoy rhu ;k pkj izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd gh ugha j[kuk gS] cfYd fo|ky; dsfy, rhu ;k pkj izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd gksaxs vkSj izR;sd bdkbZ esa rhu] pkj ;k ik¡p KPI (Key

Performance Indicator) gksaxs] tks fo|ky; ds leLr y{;ksa dk leFkZu djrs gksaxs bUgsa muesa lekfgr fd;ktk ldrk gSA

17-4-4 fu"iknu ladsrd dh rqyuk ¼vPNs cuke [kjkc½ & fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds fu"iknuladsrd ds mij ;kstuk dh lQyrk ;k foQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA bl fy, vc vkb;s vPNs fu"iknu ladsrd,oa [kjkc fu"iknu ladsrd ij foLr`r :i ls ppkZ djsaA

[kjkc fu"iknu ladsrd

izeq[k fu"iknu dk 'kh"kZd % miyfC/k;k¡ c<kuk

ifjHkkf"kr % izR;sd ladsrd esa miyfC/k Lrj es ifjoÙkZu

ekfir % o"kZ esa dqy miyfC/k iwjs ;kstuk dky rd ds fy,

y{; % izR;sd l= esa o`f)

Åij of.kZr lHkh fu"iknu ladsrd dks /;ku iwoZd ns[kk tk, rks ;g miyfC/k dks izfr'kr esa ekirk gS ;k fQj

vadks esa\ ;fn izfr'kr esa rks D;k ;s ekfld ijh{k.kksa dh ekirk gS ;k l= dh ijh{kkvksa dh\ D;k xq.koÙkk

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157

nj fopkj fd;k tkrk gS\ vkSj ;fn gk¡ rks D;k os izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd ds lkFk ekfld ijh{k.kksa esa fn[kkbZnsrs gSa ;k mudh x.kuk dsoy l= ijh{kkvksa esa dh tkrh gS\ ;g dSls lqfuf'pr fd;k tk;sxk fd izR;sdijh{k.k dh miyfC/k dh ,d o"kZ esa fxuk tk,xk\ fdrus izfr'kr ;k vadksa esa ge izfr l= miyfC/k c<kukpkgrs gSaA

vPNs fu"iknu ladsrd

izeq[k fu"iknu ladsrd dk 'kh"kZd % v/;kid dk;Z (Turnover)

ifjHkkf"kr % fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls R;kxi= nsus okys v/;kidks dh dqy la[;k rFkk fu"iknulacaèkh dkj.kksa ls lsokeqDr fd, x, v/;kidks dh dqy la[;k vkSj buds ;ksx dh o"kkZjaHk esadqy vè;kidks ls foHkkftr djukA

ekfir % ekuo lalk/ku izR;sd f'k{kd dk vfHkys[k j[krk gSA foyxko vuqHkkx izR;sd f'k{kdds foyxko ds dkj.kksa dh lwph cukrk gSA ekfld ;k tc Hkh izkpk;Z pkgsa] HRIS (Human

Resource Indicator System) lewg vkadM+k lap; dh tk;sxk vkSj foHkkxk/;{kksa dks fd;sx;s dk;Z vfHkys[k ls voxr djk,xkA ekuo lalk/ku vuqHkkx baVjusV ij izR;sd v/;kiddk xzkQ Mky nsxkA

y{; % f'k{kd ds iwjs o"kZ Hkj ds dk;Z (Turnover) izfr o"kZ 5 izfr'kr rd de djukA

17-4-5- izHkko'khyrk (Effectiveness) & izHkko'khyrk dk vFkZ gS ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk ftlesa n{k] lq/kkj]xq.koÙkk] fodkl] ewY;kadu] izca/ku] iqujh{k.k] O;kolkf;d] mi;qDrk] mÙkjnkf;Ro] fu"iknu vkfn cgqr ls invkSj ladYiuk,¡ lfEefyr gSaA blls gesa ;g irk pyrk gS fd izHkko'khyrk dh ladYiuk mís'; ij fuHkZj gSvkSj cgqr O;kid gSA ekiu dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu blesa xq.kkRed lanHkZ esa fu.kZ; fufgr gSAfu/kkZjd rRo vusd gSA bl izdkj f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds ckgjh ijh{kk esa fu"iknu dks fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk le>ktk ldrk gSA ekrk&firk fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk dh f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gks ldrs gSa] ijUrqlkekU;% izHkkoh ekxZn'kZu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vfuok;Z gSa&

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lacaf/kr iw.kZ tkudkjhA

mi;qDr xksiuh;rk cuk, j[kukA

laØe.k (Transaction) o;% lfU/k ds le; esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dh vUNh lykg ,oavk'okluA

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk fu;fer :i ls lykg nsukA

ladV esa Rofjr vuqfØ;kA

vfHkys[kksa ,oa vfHkys[k j[kus ds fy, mi;qDr izi=A

,d ,slh ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k ftlls f'k{kd ,oa izksUur deZpkjh lwpuk ,oa fo|ky; dh uhfr;ksads iqujh{k.k esa lgHkkxh gksaA

izHkkoh vf/kxe ,oa f'k{k.k (Effective Learning and Teaching) & izHkkoh f'k{k.k ds fy, vko';d

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gS vfèkxe ,oa f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk dh cuk;s j[kukA vf/kxe ,oa f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk ds vk/kkj ij fo|ky;dh izHkko'khyrk ds vU; dkjdks ij ojh;rk Hkh feyuh pkfg,A ,slk blfy, D;ksafd tks Hkh vkids fo|ky;dh xq.koÙkk esa lg;ksx iznku djrk gS ;k :fp cuk;s j[krk gS mlesa le> dk fu/kkZj.k izHkkoh vf/kxe ,oaf'k{k.k ls gh gksrk gSA tc izHkkoh vf/kxe ,oa f'k{k.k dk izkjaHk d{kk ls gh gksrk gS] blfy, vkbZ;s ns[ksa fdNk= fdlh d{kk dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izHkkoh rjhds ls dSls lh[krs gSaA Nk= izHkkoh rjhds ls rHkh lh[krs gS tcos&

vfHkizsfjr gksrs gSaA

vius dk;Z ds mís'; ,oa mldh izklafxdrk dh le>rs gSA

miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djus esa leFkZ gksa vkSj tkurs gksa fd dc vkSj dgk¡ mUgsa lgk;rkdh vko';drk gSA

vius dk;Z ls lacaf/kr O;ofLFkr tkudkjh gksA

f'k{kd ds funsZ'k ,oa lq>ko ds izfr tkx:d gksaA

dk;Z djus dh pqukSfr;ksa ds izfr ltx vkSj izfrc) gksaA

voyksdu] ekiu] vuqeku] vfHkys[k] laxzg] oxhZdj.k rFkk O;k[;k djus dh {kerk gksaA

eq[; tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsa vkSj u, lanHkksZa ds lkFk lacaf/kr dj ldsA

vius vf/kxe@lh[kus dh ;kstuk cuk,¡ vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro xzg.k djsaA

v/;;u dkS'ky izkIr dj lalk/kuksa dk vPNh rjg iz;ksx dj ldsA

fu"iknu esa lq/kkj ds fy, iqfujko`fÙk dj vH;kl djsaA

f'k{kdksa rFkk vU; f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ls viuh izxfr ls lacaf/kr izfriqf"V (Feed Back) izkIr djsaA

vPNs dk;Z djsa ftls ns[kdj nwljs izHkkfor gha ldsA

fo|ky; vof/k ds ckn [kkyh le; esa jpukRed dk;Z dj ldsaA

}kjk /kj ij fd, tkus okys O;ogkj ls vkad ldrs gSaA lekt cPpksa ds vPNs O;ogkj ,oa uSfrdrkds vk/kkj ij fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk dh le> ldrk gSA

vc vkbZ;s dqN fo'ks"k ladsrdksa dh lwph dh vksj /;ku dsfUnzr dj ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k djsa ,oabu ladsrdks ij vius fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk dk vkdyu djsaA

izeq[k }kjk deZpkfj;ksa dk mís';iw.kZ usr`RoA

foHkkxk/;{kksa dk ;ksxnku

vU; f'k{kdksa dk ;ksxnku

fuZfer ikB

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159

ckSf)d :i ls pqukSrhiw.kZ f'k{k.k

f'k{kdksa o Nk=ksa ds chp vf/kdre laokn

izHkkoh rFkk lVhd vfHkys[k j[kuk

vfHkHkkod ,oa lekt dk ;ksxnku

ldkjkRed okrkoj.k

f'k{kdksa ds chp lkeatL;

f'k{kdksa ds chp mRikndrk foHkktu

vfHkHkkod ,oa Nk=ksa dh ldkjkRedrk

17-4-6 izHkkoh laxBukRed <k¡pk (Effective Organisational Structure) & f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk ijfo|ky; ds laxBukRed <k¡pk ,oa izfØ;k dk dkQh egRoiw.kZ izHkko iM+rk gSA blfy, fo|ky; dklaxBukRed <k¡pk ,oa izfØ;k;s ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftuls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izHkkoh ns[kHkky dh lqfuf'pr fd;ktk ldsA ;s fHkUu&fHkUu fo|ky;ksa esa dqN

lewg esa fey&twydj dk;Z djsaA

ikB~;Øe ls ckgj ds lanHkksZa dks Hkh i<+s&lqus vkSj ppkZ djsaA

O;fDrxr fo"k;ksa esa jpukRed voLFkkvksa dk vuqHko djsaA

17-4-7 fo|ky; dh iz—fr (Nature of the School) & vc rd geyksxksa us izHkkoh f'k{kd ,oa izHkkohlaxBukRed <k¡pk ls lacaf/kr le{k fodflr fd;k vc vkb;s fo|ky; dh iz—fr ls lacaf/kr le{k fodflrdjsaA

lkekU;r;k fo|ky; esa dk;Z{kerk izHkko'khyrk ,oa xq.koÙkk dh vfuok;Zrk gksrh gS tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;ogkj]ifjèkku] Hkk"kk] cksypky ,oa vuq'kklu ds lkFk&lkFk fo|ky; ds vkn'kZ esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA fdlh Hkhifjokj esa tc cPps ds fo|ky; dh iz—fr ds vk/kkj ij fdlh fo'ks"k fo|ky; dk p;u djrs gSa tks fdf'k{kdksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k] f'k{kdksa dk Nk=ksa ds lkFk laca/k ij izeq[krk nsrs gSaA ,sls esa ,d vPNsfo|ky; dh iz—fr ;k igpku ls tqMs+ dbZ egRoiw.kZ dkjd gS ftUgsa fpfUgr djuk vko';d gS]

Nk= ghr dh Hkkouk

f'k{kdks dh izfrc)rk ,oa euksn'kk

f'k{kdks dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds izfr lkdkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k

izsjd ,oa iz'kalk ds izHkko dk Kku

fo|ky; dh vfLerk ,oa ml ij xoZ dk Hkko

mi;qDr :i ls 'kSf{kd izxfr ,oa O;ogkj ds ckjs esa mPp vkdka{kk,¡

f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk

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160

izca/ku }kjk deZpkfj;ksa ds leFkZu dk rjhdk

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh muds vius vf/kxe esa lfØ; lg;ksx ds volj

lg&ikB~;Øe xfrfof/k;ksa dh xq.koÙkk rFkk mÙkjnkf;Ro ysus ds volj

lg;ksx ,oa LoLFk izfr;ksfxrk dh Hkkouk

vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk vPNs laca/k cukus esa :fp rFkk fo|ky; ds y{; rFkk ewY;ksa ds izfr deZpkfj;ksadh O;kid lkeqnkf;d lgefr

vf/kxe dh fLFkfr vkuannk;d

tqM+ko dh Hkkouk

f'k"Vkpkj

d{kk dk mfpr izca/k

fo|ky; Hkou dh cukoV fu;ekuqlkj

iwoZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ,d lfØ; ,oa lg;ksxh laxBu

ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.k ds rjhds] fu/kkZj.k] ekxZn'kZu rFkk lykg] fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, dfBukbZ;k ds lkFklh[kus dk izko/kku] vuq'kklu] lalk/ku izca/ku] izca/ku <k¡pk ,oa izfØ;k;s] x`gdk;Z rFkkdeZpkfj;ksa ds fodkl tSls {ks=ksa ds laca/k esa fo|ky; dh vPNh uhfr;k¡A

mi;qZDr fo|ky; uhfr;ksa ds ijh{k.k ls fo|ky; dh iz—fr ,oa orZeku fLFkfr dk irk pyrk gSA

17-5 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds pj.k (Steps of School Development Plan)

lfEefyr :i ls dh fØ;kfUor dh xbZ fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk ,oa fodkldks c<kus dk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku gSA csgrj iBu&ikBu dk okrkoj.k djus rFkk vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,lokZf/kd mi;qDr ikB~;ppkZ dks fodflr ,oa fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, fo|ky; fujUrj lfØ; :i lsfo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dks ykxw dj jgs gSA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk lHkh fo|ky;ksa ds fy, ,d vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ izfØ;k gS ftlesa uhfrvkSj ;kstuk,¡ fo|ky; dh vko';drk ,oa ifjfLFkfr ds vuq:i fudydj lkeus vkrh gSA D;ksafd izR;sdfo|ky; esa deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k] Hkou] lalk/ku] fo|kFkhZ ,oa rduhd lHkh vyx&vyx gksrs gS blfy,fodkl ;kstuk ykxw djus dk rjhdk Hkh fo|ky;ksa esa fHkUu gks ldrk gSA tcfd lHkh fo|ky;ksa esa fodkl;kstuk ykxw djus dk mís'; fo|ky; dh izHkko'khyrk ,oa lkFkZdrk dks c<kuk gSA fo|ky; fodkl ;kstukdk fuekZ.k ,oa ykxw djus dh izfØ;k dbZ pj.kksa esa dh tkuh gSA17-5-1 izFke pj.k % izkjaHk djuk - fdlh Hkh dke dk izkjaHk ml fØ;k dks y{; rd igq¡pkus ds fy,egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ;fn ;kstuk izfØ;k dk vkjaHk gh ugha gksxk rks fo|ky; dk fodkl laHko ugha gks ldsxkA

blfy, fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk izfØ;k dh izkjaHk djus esa iz/kkuk/;kid dh Hkwfedk lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA ;fn

iz/kkuk/;kid }kjk dk;Z dk izkjaHk ugha fd;k x;k rks izfØ;k vkjaHk gh ugha gks ik;sxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa iz/kku

v/;kid dks fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds mís';ksa dh le>uk ,oa blds mís'; ds lkFk&lkFk izfØ;k dh nwljks

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161

dh crkus esa Hkh l{ke gksuk pkfg,A lkFk gh fo|ky; ds vU; lnL; ;k deZpkfj;ksa dks funsZ'k ,oa muijfu;a=.k dk /;ku j[kuk ije vko';d gSA

;fn fdlh fo|ky; ds deZpkjh fcuk fdlh vU; lnL;ksa ds lg;ksx ls dk;Z djrk gS rks ,slh fLFkfresa fo|ky; lqpk: :i ls dk;Z ugha dj ldsxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa iz/kku v/;kid vdsys ;kstuk dk fodkldj ldrk gS ysfdu izfrQy cgqr gn rd ldkjkRed ugha gksxkA vr% iz/kku v/;kid dh u dsoy fo|ky;fodkl ;kstuk ds mís';ksa dh le>us dh vko';drk gksrh gS cfYd blds fuekZ.k esa f'k{kdks] vfHkHkkodksa vkSjleqnk; ds lnL;ksa dk ,d cM+k Hkkx bl izfØ;k esa lfEefyr fd;k tk;sA fo|ky; laxBu ls lacaf/kr lHkhlnL;ksa dh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr dj ;kstuk dks ykxw djus ls mudh izfrc)rk c< tkrh gSA

;kstuk fuekZ.k ds le; izca/kd dh bl ckr dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd Hkkxhnkjksa dh lgHkkfxrkvfèkd ls vf/kd gh rkfd dk;Z lEiknu ljyrk ,oa lqxerk ls laHko gks ldsA Hkkxhnkjh gsrq lewg fuekZ.kds le; dksf'k'k gksuh pkfg, fd leku :fp okys O;fDr;ksa dks ,d lkFk dk;Z lEiknu dh ftEesnkjh nhtk;sAHkkxhnkjks a dh lEc)rk1- ftu fo|ky;ksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k de gS vkSj leqnk; vis{kk—r de gS vkSj lHkh rd lqxerk ls

igq¡pk tk ldrk gS] ogk¡ lHkh f'k{kdksa ,oa vfHkHkkodksa dh lgHkkfxrk lHkh izfØ;k esa ,oa lHkh pj.kksa esalaHko gSA

2- fo|ky; ds leLr Hkkxhnkj lewgksa ds izfrfuf/k;ksa dks fuf'pr Lrjksa ij lfEefyr djus ij fopkj fd;ktk ldrk gS vkSj izR;sd lewg dh izfØ;k ds vaxksa dks fn'kk funsZf'kr Hkh dj ldrs gS] tSls &

f'k{k.k vkSj izca/ku f'k{k.k vkSj vf/kxe ds {ks=ksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr dj ldrk gSA iz/kku v/;kid] foHkkxk/;{k rFkk fo|ky; cksMZ izca/ku vkSj usr`Ro ds {ks=ksa ij ppkZ dj ldrs gSA vfHkHkkod fo|ky; dh xq.koÙkk HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa] vuq'kklu vkSj ,sls gh vU; fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djus

ds fy, ,d= gks ldrs gSaA3- ftl fdlh lUnHkZ esa fo|ky; us fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk izfØ;k (S D P) dh izkjaHk ugha fd;k gS vkSj

f'k{kdksa] vfHkHkkodksa rFkk leqnk; dks vHkh izfØ;k ds ckjs esa le>k;k ugha x;k gS] fofHkUu lewgksa ds lkFk,d cSBd dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj ds ekeys esa ;g egRoiw.kZ gS fd fo|ky; izeq[k ,d ,slk nf"Vdks.kfodflr djs ftlls fodkl ;kstuk dh le> fodflr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk fo|ky; fodkl ds izfrizfrc)rk fodflr gks ldsA

4- ;fn fo|ky; esa okf"kZd ;kstuk pØ (Annual Plan) gS rks fo|ky; cksMZ ds lnL;ksa ds pquko dks ,lMhihizfØ;k ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds :i esa vfHkHkkod&f'k{kd cSBd dk vk;kstu dj ldrs gSftlls dqN fo|ky; ds fodkl dh ;kstukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSA

fo|ky; izeq[k gsrq eq[; lq>ko%&1- SDP ls lacaf/kr cSBd vkgwr djus ls iwoZ lHkh Hkkxhnkjksa dks vkea=.k i= ds lkFk&lkFk dk;Zlwph igys

gh HkstsA2- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh vko';drk dk Li"V C;kSjk nsaA3- izHkkoh fodkl ;kstu ij ppkZ ds fy, vuqorhZ pj.kksa ls voxr djk;saA4- dk;Z lewg@fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk lfefr dk usr`Ro djsaA blesa fo|ky; ifjokj ds lkFk&lkFk

lacafèkr lHkh lnL;ksa dks lfEefyr djuk pkfg,A

5- lfefr ds izR;sd lnL; ds egRo] mudh Hkwfedk ,oa nkf;Ro dh crk,¡A lkFk gh ;g Hkh vko';d gS

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162

fd lfefr ds lHkh lnL; bu ckrksa dks le>sa&¼d½ fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh izfØ;k dh le>]¼[k½ leLr Hkkxhnkjksa dh lgHkkfxrk dh vko';drk dks le>sa rFkk¼x½ bl ckr ls voxr gks fd Hkys gh lgkuqHkwfr iw.kZ ;kstuk /kheh gks vkSj ;kstukxr izfØ;k;s lgh ykxw

dh xbZ gks vkSj ;kstuk dk fØ;kUo;u fuf'pr gksA/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckrsa&

lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ] lykgiw.kZ ,oa izcka/kd usr`Ro i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A yksdrkaf=d O;ogkj viuk;s ,oa Hkkxhnkjksa ds izLrkoksa vkSj muds }kjk izLrkfor fo"k;ksa ij viuh

futh izfrc)rk iznf'kZr u djsaA laokn lquus ,oa djus dh vksj /;ku dsfUnzr djsaA bl ckr ds fy, rS;kj jgsa fd tc Hkh dksbZ u;k fopkj izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] lewg fHkUu&fHkUu

izfØ;k;s nsrh gSA17-5-2- f}rh; pj.k % fo|ky; dk fo'ys"k.k - nwljs pj.k esa fo|ky; ds fo'ys"k.k dh vko';drk gksrhgSA ftlesa fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk lfefr (SDP) dks fo|ky; ds l'kDr fcUnqvksa ,oa lhekvksa ij /;kudsfUnzr djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ftlls ;g fu.kZ; fy;k tk lds fd fo|ky; vius y{;ksa dh izkIrdj jgk gS ;k ugha vkSj vfHkHkkodksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj LFkkuh; fo|ky;&izkf/kdkfj;ksa ds izfr vius nkf;Roksa dhiwjk dj jgk gS ;k ughaAfo|ky; fo'ys"k.k dk mís';&

1- xq.kksa dh igpku djuk ftlls mudk vuqj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk fodflr fd;k tk ldsA2- lhekvksa dh igpkuuk ftlls mUgsa lq/kkjk tk lds ,oa Bhd fd;k tk ldsA3- fodkl ds fy, izkFkfedrkvksa ds p;u ds vk/kkj fuf'pr djukA

lEiw.kZ iqujh{k.k ;k fo'ys"k.k lkekU;r% izR;sd rhu o"kZ esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fo'ys"k.k esa iqujh{k.k gksukpkfg, ftlls izkpk;Z] f'k{kd vkSj ekrk&firk mu {ks=ksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr djsa tks vf/kxe ,oa f'k{k.k dhxq.koÙkk ij izHkko Mkyrs gSaA fo'ys"k.k ds ifj.kke Lo:i ,d fo"k; lwph izkIr gksxh ftl ij ;kstuk esa fo'ks"k/;ku fn;k tk,xkA ,slk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy, izpk;Z dh] ;kstuk lfefr ,oa vU; Hkkxhnkjksa dks fo|ky;ds fuEufyf[kr 6 igyqvksa ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A

1½ vf/kxe ,oa ifj.kke ls lacaf/kr oLrq,¡] tSls& vf/kxe mís';ksa rFkk ewyHkwr lkeF;Z dh izkfIr lrr vf/kxe ,oa ijh{kk ifj.kkeA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lkekftd O;ogkj ,oa vuq'kklu vf/kxe ds izfr izfrc)rk2½ f'k{k.k tSls& ;kstuk ,oa rS;kjh dh xq.koÙkk i<k, x, fo"k; dh le> o ;ksX;rk f'k{k.k i)fr dh xq.koÙkk vf/kxe dk fu/kkZj.k lg&ikB~;Øeh; ,oa vfrfjDr ikB~;Øeh; xfrfof/k;ka3½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lg;ksx ekxZn'kZu ,oa mudh HkykbZ laca/kh&

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk LokLF; ,oa fodkl

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

163

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ns[kHkky] lykg ,oa ekxZn'kZu

i<kbZ NksM+us okyksa dk izfr'kr vkokfl;ksa dks fn, tkus okys leFkZu4½ fo|ky;h n`f"Vdks.k rFkk lekt ds lkFk laidZ tSls& deZpkfj;ksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh euksn'kk ,oa izfrc)rk vfHkHkkodksa ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk laokn vfHkHkkodksa dh lgHkkfxrk lekt ds lkFk laidZ ,oa laca/k5½ lalk/ku fodkl ,oa izac/ku tSls& Hkou] lqfo/kk,¡ ,oa vkokl vf/kxe lalk/ku tSls ikB~;iqLrds] iqLrdky; dh iqLrds] f'k{k.k lkexzh] deZpkfj;ksa dk fodkl ,oa iz;ksx izca/ku ,oa fo|ky; dks"k6½ izca/ku] usr`Ro rFkk xq.koÙkk lqfuf'prk tSls& ;kstuk izfØ;k,¡] fo"k; rFkk ;kstuk dh izklafxdrk usr`Ro o iz'kklu izca/ku {kerk dk fodkl Lo&ijkorZu rFkk f'k{kdksa ,oa izca/kdks }kjk vuqoh{k.k gky dh fujh{k.k fjiksV

17-5-3- r`rh; pj.k % vko';drkvksa dh izkFkfedrk fuf'pr djsa ,oa mís'; fu/kkZfjr djsa - r`rh;pj.k esa vko';drkvksa dh izkFkfedrk nsuk] y{; fu/kkZfjr djuk ,oa izkFkfed vko';drkvksa dks fu/kkZfjrdjuk vko';d gSA nwljs pj.k esa gh fo|ky; ds fo'ys"k.k esa gh l'kDr fcUnqvksa] dfe;ksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dhvksj /;ku vk—"V fd;k tk pwdk gSA bu fo"k;ksa ij dk;Z dh vko';drk ls tqM+s gj O;fDr dk viuk vyxer gksxkA tcfd igpkuh xbZ lHkh vko';drk;sa egRoiw.kZ gS rFkkfi fo|ky; ds ikl bu lHkh ij ,d lkFkdke djus ds lk/ku laHko ugha gksrs gSA ;g lp gS fd fo|ky; fodkl lfefr lnL; izR;sd dk;Z ugha djldrh] blfy, bls fo|ky; dh vko';drkvksa dh izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij O;ofLFkr djuk pkfg,Avko';drkuqlkj izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij ;g fuf'pr dj ysuk fdl dk;Z dh igys fd;k tkuk gSA vkxkeho"kZ esa fdu&fdu dk;ksZa ds igys iwjk fd;k tkuk gS vkSj fdu dk;ksZa dh ,d ;k nks o"kZ ds fy, yafcr j[kktk ldrk gSA

izkFkfedrk fu/kkZfjr djrs le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; ckrsa&1- vko';drk dh vfuok;Zrk

dk;Z lEiknu esa foyEc ls ifj.kke D;k gks ldrs gS\ D;k leL;k;s vkSj c< tk;sxh\ D;k blij dke dqN le; ds fy, jksdk tk ldrk gS\ ;fn fdlh vko';drk ij dk;ZokbZ ds fcukxaHkhj ifj.kke dks jksdk ugha tk ldrk gS\ ;fn gks rks bldh mPp izkFkfedrk D;k gksxhA

D;k vko';drk dh iwfÙkZ furkar vko';d gS\ mnkgj.k ds :i esa oS/kkfud ;k uhfrxr

vko';drk gS ftls lh/ks&lh/ks iwjk fd;k gh tkuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk gS rks mPprj izkFkfedrk

okyh vko';drk gS] ftlij dk;Z furkar vko';d gSA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

164

2- vko';drk dk egRo vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds ykHk fdrus gksaxs\ D;ksafd ftyk Qk;nk gksxk mruh gh vko';drk

gksxhAD;k vko';drk fo|ky; ds y{; izkfIr ij izHkko Mkyrh gS\ ;fn ,slk gS rks ;g ml vko';drk

ls dgh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS tks y{; izkfIr ls lacaf/kr ugha gSAD;k fdlh vko';drk dks iwjk djus ls fo|ky; ds vf/kxe Lrj esa lq/kkj vk,xk\ mnkgj.k ds

fy, lHkkxkj ds fuekZ.k ls dgha vf/kd vko';d ikB~;iqLrd miyC/k djkuk ;k f'k{kdksa dhmifLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykuk gSA

3- lqn`< uhaoD;k fo|ky; ds ikl vko';drkvksa dh iwjk djus ds lalk/ku gS\ ¼yksx] le; vkSj /ku½ D;k

D;k blls lalk/ku izkIr gks ldrs gSa\ D;k fo|ky; ds ckgj ls fdlh lgk;rk dh vko';drkgS vkSj D;k ;s miyC/k gks ik,xh\ D;k fu/kkZfjr le; esa ifj.kke izkIr gks ldsaxs\

D;k vko';drk fo|ky; esa igys ls fd, x;s dk;Z ls c<h gS\ D;k fo|ky; ds ikl bllsfuiVus ds mik, gS\

fo|ky; fodkl lfefr }kjk izkFkfedrkvksa ls lacaf/kr fu.kZ; ysus le; /;ku j[kus ;ksX; egRoiw.kZ ckrsa&lfefr ds lHkh izeq[k lnL;@Hkkxhnkj izkFkfedrkvksa dk fu.kZ; djus esa lgk;rk djus ds bPNqd

gSaAfodkl lacaf/kr izkFkfedrk,¡ fu/kkZfjr djus okys lnL;s ds fy, ,d Li"V vkSj [kqyk ikjnf'kZrkiw.kZ

rjhdk gksuk pkfg, ,oa fodYiksa dh Li"V :i ls iznf'kZr djuk pkfg,A bl dk;Z ds fy, lewgppkZ csgrj rjhdk lkfcr gksxkA

D;ksafd vko';drk ,oa izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij gh rhu of"kZ; ;kstuk rS;kj dh tkuh gSAfdu vko';drkvksa dqN le; ds fy, yafcr j[kk tk ldrk gS\ vkSj fdl vko';drk ij gesadc vkSj fdruk dke djuk gSA loZ lEefr ls fpfUgr vko';drk ,oa izeq[krk dh iznf'kZr fd;ktkuk Hkh vko';d gS ftls vkxkeh o"kksZa esa fdu&fdu dk;ksZa dh vkSj dc iwjk fd;k tkuk gSbldh foLr`r tkudkjh lHkh lacf/kr O;fDr;ksa dh fey ldsaA

fo|ky; dh izkFkfedrk,¡izFke o"kZ

iks"kd {ks= ds cPpksa dk fo|ky; esa ukekadu nj c<kukAizR;sd cPps ds fy, ikB~;iqLrdksa dh miyC/krk esa o`f) djukAe/;kgu Hkkstu dh lqO;oLFkkANk= vkSj f'k{kd mifLFkfr nj esa lq/kkj ykukA

fo|ky; ds iqLrdky; d{k ds fy, iw¡th esa o`f) djukA

f}rh; o"kZiks"kd {ks= ds cPpksa dk fo|ky; esa ukekadu nkj esa o`f) dh cuk, j[kukAe/;kà Hkkstu dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ,oa ikSf"Vd Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk dh cuk, j[kukAfo|ky; esa fodykaxrk tkx:drk vf/kxe ,oa lykg dk;ZØe fodflr djukA

vfHkHkkodksa dh f'k{kd ,oa fo|ky; dh vU; fØ;kdykiksa esa vf/kdkf/kd lfEefyr djukA

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165

r`rh; o"kZiqLrdky; fuekZ.k ds dk;Z dks iwjk djukAgj izdkj ds iBu&ikBu ds fy, vuqdwy iqLrds iqLrdky; esa miyC/k djkukAfodykaxrk tkx:drk dh tkuuk vkSj lykg dk;ZØe dh tkjh j[kukAdk;Zy; ds fy, dEI;qVj miyC/k djkukAiBu&ikBu dk;Z esa ICT (Information and Communication Technology) dh O;oLFkk djukA

17-5-4- prqFkZ pj.k % dk;Z ;kstuk cukuk (Action Plan) - pj.k & 3 esa fuf'pr fd, x, mís';ksa vkSjizkFkfedrkvksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d dk;Z ;kstuk rS;kj djuk gSA dk;Z ;kstuk esa eq[; :i ls D;k\ dkSu\ dSls\vkSj dc\ djsxk ,oa dkSu&dkSu ls lalk/ku iz;ksx esa yk;s tk;saxsA

;kstuk izk:imís';;kstuk cukus vkSj ykxw djus ds fy, izca/ku pØ

;kstuk cukuk& dk;Z fu/kkZj.k& dk;Z fo'ys"k.k& mÙkjnkf;Ro dk Lo:i& izfrfuf/kRo

ykxw djuk& usr`Ro (Leadership)

& laizs"k.k (Communication)

& izksRlkgu (Incentive)

dk;Z lewg fuekZ.k dj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk vkoaVufo|ky; ds vkdkj ,oa izdkj ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z ;kstuk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn fo|ky; NksVk gS rks iwjhdk;Z ;kstuk pj.k ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk lfefr }kjk fodflr dh tk ldrh gSA ;fnfo|ky; cM+k gS rks ,slh fLFkfr esa mi&lfefr;ksa dk dk;Z lewgksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:i fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk lfefr esa tks Hkh vfHkHkkod gS mUgsa CRCs (Cluster Resource Coordinators)

dyLVj lalkèku leUo;d ds ek/;e ls v/;kidksa ,oa eq[; v/;kidksa ds izf'k{k.k vko';drkvksa dk irk

yxk;k tkrk gS rFkk vko';drkuqlkj izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS ftlls muds Kku]

dkS'kyksa ,oa vkRefo'okl dk lao/kZu ds }kjk fo|ky; esa f'k{kdksa ds Lrj dh mUur fd;k tk ldsA blds

vfrfjDr vU; Lrjksa tSls& jkT;] ftyk ,oa iz[kaM ls izkIr lwpukvksa] fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ,oa f'k{k.k lkexzh tSls&

ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa vU; iwjd iqLrds vkfn fo|ky;ksa rd le; ij ig¡qpkuk rFkk fo|ky; ,oa v/;kidksa dh

leL;kvksa dh mijh Lrjksa rd ig¡qpkuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA blds vykck ladqy lalk/ku dsUnz fo|ky; esa f'k{kk

D;k\

(What)

dkSu\

(Who)

dSls\

(How)

dc\

(When)

lalk/ku\

(Resources)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

166

dh xq.koÙkk dh lq/kkj esa Hkh enn djrs gS&

1½ Nk=ksa dh miyfC/k i= cukus esa v/;kidksa ,oa fo|ky;ksa dh enn djukA

2½ xq.koÙkk fuxjkuh izk:iksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh lwpuk,¡ ,oa vkadM+s fo|ky;ksa ls izkIr djds viuh

fVIiuh ,oa fo'ys"k.kkRed fjiksVZ (Analytical Report) rS;kj djuk vkSj izR;sd l= dh fjiksVZ

iz[kaM Lrj ds vfèkdkfj;ksa ¼leUo;dksa½ dks HkstukA

3½ leqnk; ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds fy, izkf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vk;ksftr dj f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e 2009

,oa f'k{kk ds xq.koÙkk ijd lq/kkjksa esa mudh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh miyC/k djkdj mUgsa

fo|ky; ds izca/ku esa lfØ; Hkwfedk ds fy, izsfjr djukA

4½ ladwy Lrj ij fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa dk ,d lanHkZ lewg xfBr djuk ,oa le;≤ ij mudh lsokvksa

dk ykHk fo|ky;ksa ,oa v/;kidksa rd igq¡pkukA


lQy laiknu ,oa y{; izfIr ds fy, ;kstuk fuekZ.k ije vko';d gSA ;kstuk ftruh ljy ,oa

lqxe gksxh y{; izkfIr mruh gh vklkuh ,oa 'kh?kzrk ls laHko gks ikrh gSA fo|ky; ,d ,slh lkekftd

laLFkku gS tks ifjokj] lekt ,oa ns'k dh fodkl ds iFk ij vxzlj djrk gS vkSj Nk=ksa dh Hkfo"; fuekZ.k

dj lQy thou iznku djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA blfy, fo|ky; dk fodkl ,oa mlls lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksa

,oa lalk/kuksa dk vfèkdre mi;ksx dkQh egRoiw.kZ gSA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ,oa jpukRed] fØ;kRed ,oa ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k dks viukrs gq, fd;k

tkus okyk dk;Z gS tks miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk csgrj iz;ksx dj fu/kkZfjr y{; dh izkfIr djus dk ,d l'kDr

ek/;e gSA bl bdkbZ esa fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa ds lkFk&lkFk lQy la;kstu ,oa

funsZ'ku dh foLr`r tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA

izR;sd fo|ky; dh viuh dqN vko';drk;sa ,oa fo'ks"krk;sa gksrh gSA mls /;ku esa j[krs gq, lalkèkuks

dk fuekZ.k dj csgrj izn'kZu ds lkFk&lkFk fu/kkZfjr vof/k esa y{; izkIr djus dk izHkkoh ,oa mi;ksxh ekxZ

gS (SDP) fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk izR;sd fo|ky; dks viuh vko';drkuqlkj izR;sd 3 o"kksZa ds fy, SDP

dk fuekZ.k dj ykxw djuk pkfg,A


1- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds vFkZ ,oa fodkl ;kstuk ds rRo dk o.kZu djsaA

Explain the meaning of school development plan and elements of development.

2- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh izfØ;k D;k gS\ mnkgj.k lfgr o.kZu djsaA

What is the process of school development plan? Explain it with example.

3- izHkko'khyrk D;k gS\

What is effectiveness?

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

167

4- laxBu dh lQyrk dh dqath dSlh gksuh pkfg,\ o.kZu djsaA

Which types of success should be must key note for organizational sucess? Explain it .

5- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk D;ksa vko';d gS\ fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh pj.k dk foLr`r o.kZu djsaA

Why school development plan is essental? Describe the steps of school development

plan.


1- izkjafHkd fo|ky;ksa dk izca/ku & izkbejh ,twds'ku laoa/kZu dk;ZØe lkexzhA

2- fo|ky; iz'kklu ,oa laxBu & ,lñ ihñ lqf[k;k LokLF; f'k{kkA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

168




18-2 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk vFkZ o mís'; (Meaning and

Objectives of School Development Plan)

18-3 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk egRo ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (Importance

and Characteristics of a School Development Plan)

18-4 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds izeq[k uk;d (Main Actors of

School Development Plan)

18-5 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa iz/kkuk/;kid o v/;kid dh Hkwfedk(Role of Headmaster and Teacher in School Development

Plan)




bdkbZ % 18 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh rS;kjh esa uk;dksa dh HkwfedkUnit : 18 Actors and their Roles in the Preapration of SchoolDevelopment Plan



fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa uk;dksa dks igpku ldsaxsA

uk;dksa ,oa muds vFkZ dks le> ldsaxsA

uk;dksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa dk;ksZa o egRoksa dks le> ldsaxsA

uk;dksa ds lkFk fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u dks le> ldsaxsA


169


fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh rS;kjh esa uk;dksa dh Hkwfedk uked bdkbZ esa fo|kFkhZx.k dks fo|ky;

fodkl ;kstuk D;k gS\ mldk vFkZ] ;kstuk ds mís';] egRo] fo'ks"krk,¡] fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds uk;dksa

,oa muds ;ksxnku dh foLrkj iwoZd ppkZ dh xbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd vkt fo|ky;

fodkl ;kstuk o uk;dksa dh Hkwfedk ls vPNs lekt ,oa vPNs ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k gks ldsxk vkSj vPNs o

lq[kn ifj.kke izkIr gksaxsA vr% bl bdkbZ esa bUgha fcUnqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

18-2 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk vFkZ o mís'; (Meaning and Objectivesof School Development Plan)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ,d foLr`r cgqeq[kh dk;Z ;kstuk gSA laLFkkxr ;kstuk dk vk/kkj gS& ;kstuk

fdlh ,d dh ugha lHkh dh gSA ekuoh; lk/ku HkkSfrd lk/kuksa ls cM+k gSA ;fn bldk iwjk bLrseky fd;k

tk, rks mUufr dh xqatkb'k ges'kk jgrh gSA fdafpr ek= gh lgh dy dk vkt ls vkxs c<+uk gSA

izksñ ,eñ chñ cqp (M. B. Buch) us laLFkkxr fu;kstu dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS&

ÞlaLFkkxr ;kstuk mu dk;ZØeksa dk leqPp; gS ftudks laLFkk }kjk viuh vuqHkwr vko';drkvksa rFkk

fut ds miyC/k ,oa Hkfo"; esa miyC/k lalk/kuksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA laLFkk bu dk;ZØeksa dk

fu/kkZj.k fo|ky; ds Lrjksa rFkk O;ogkjksa dks mUur cukus rFkk laLFkk ds Hkkoh fodkl ds lanHkZ esa djrh gSAß

mi;qZDr foospu ls fuEufyf[kr ckrsa Li"V gksrh gSa&

laLFkkxr ;kstuk f'k{kk ds O;kid y{;ksa dks iwjk djus dk ,d lk/ku gSA

laLFkkxr ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ekuoh; rFkk HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa dk Kku vko';d gSA

miyC/k lalk/kuksa dk tks laLFkk o leqnk; esa miyC/k gS vf/kdre lhek rd iz;ksx gksA

;g ;kstuk nh?kZdkyhu Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj vYidkyhu HkhA ¼y/kqdkyhu½

18-2-1- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds mís'; (Objectives of School Development Plan)

v/;kid dh igy djus dh 'kfDr] Lora=rk rFkk l`tukRedrk dks c<+kok nsuk rFkk mudh leLr'kfDr;ksa dk vf/kdre ykHk mBkukA

LFkkuh; leqnk; dk fo|ky;&lq/kkj esa vf/kdre Hkkx ysukA

HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dh vis{kk ekuoh; lk/kuksa ij vf/kd cy nsdj fo|ky; dk lq/kkj djukA

leLr Ldwy leqnk; dks fo|ky; lq/kkj dk;Z esa tqVkuk@yxkukA

18-3 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk egRo o fo'ks"krk,¡ (Importance and

Characteristics of School Development Plan)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

170

laLFkkxr ;kstuk laLFkk }kjk vuqHko dh x;h vko';drkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA

;g ekuoh; lk/kuksa ds loksZre mi;ksx ij cy nsrh gSA

;g v/;kidksa dh igydneh dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSA

;g f'k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k dks izHkko cukrh gSA

;g fo|ky; esa fo|eku lk/kuksa ds vf/kdre mi;ksx ij cy nsrh gSA

v/;kidksa dks dk;Z djus esa i;kZIr Lora=rk iznku djrh gSA

;g lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djrh gSA

;g vkRefo'okl dks c<+kok nsrh gSA

;g vkRefuHkZjrk dk ikB i<+krh gSA

;g 'kSf{kd ;kstuk ds fy, mfpr fn'kk funsZ'ku iznku djrh gSA

;g 'kSf{kd ;kstuk dks yksdra=kRed cukrh gSA

;g jk"Vªh; fodkl dk vk/kkj cukrh gSA

18-3-1- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of a School Development

Plan)

Ldwy ;kstuk cukrs le; mldh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A

Ldwy ;kstuk esa LFkkuh; leqnk; ls miyC/k gksus okyh lkexzh rFkk lqfo/kkvksa dk lekos'k fd;ktkuk pkfg,A

;kstuk esa iz;Ruksa dk Hkh mYys[k gksuk pkfg, ftudh lgk;rk ls LFkkuh; leqnk; dk lg;ksx'kkyk&fodkl dk;ZØe ds fy, izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Ldwy ;kstuk cukrs le; bl rF; ij xaHkhjrk iwoZd fopkj dj ysuk pkfg, fd fdl izdkj 'kkykviuh lk/kuk&lqfo/kk ,oa lkexzh dk vf/kdre ykHk mBk ldrh gSA

,d lQy Ldwy ;kstuk dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd f'k{kd vius lhfer lk/kuksa }kjk f'k{kkds Lrj vkSj ckyd ds lokZxh.k fodkl dk;Z dks iw.kZ djrs gSaA

Ldwy ;kstuk cukrs le; mu izsjd rRoksa ij cy vf/kd fn;k tk;s ftuls v/;kidksa dh 'kfDrLdwy&mUu;u dk;ZØe esa yx ldsaA

Ldwy ;kstuk ds y{;ksa dks Li"V dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

Ldwy ;kstuk yksdrkaf=d i)fr ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg,A

Ldwy ;kstuk cukrs le; lHkh i{kksa ij cqf)erk ls fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

f'k{kdksa dks vius nSfud dk;ZØe esa bruh Lora=rk vo'; feys fd os viuh LoSfPNd fopkjksa ,oavfHkuo ifjorZuksa dks ,d ewrZ :i ns ldsaA

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171

Ldwy ;kstuk ds lQyrk ds fy, vko';d gS fd iz'kklu vFkok f'k{kk&foHkkx :f<+xr Ldwyfujh{k.k i)fr esa ifjorZu yk;sa fujh{k.k rFkk f'k{kdksa dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA

Ldwy ds f'k{kdksa dk 'kh?kz LFkkukarj.k u fd;k tk; rkfd os dqN le; ,d gh Ldwy esa jg djmlds fodkl dk;Z esa ;ksX;nku ns ldsaA

izR;sd fo|ky; dh viuh ;kstuk gks lHkh laLFkkvksa ds fy, ,d gh ;kstuk ugha cuk;h tk ldrhA

Ldwy ;kstuk rhu ;k ik¡p o"kZ dh gksuh pkfg,A vf/kd yEck le; Hkh j[kk tk ldrk gS] ijUrqblls dk;Z esa tM+rk mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA

bl rhu o"kZ dh ;kstuk dk ,d&,d o"khZ; ;kstuk esa foHkkftr dj fn;k tk;A

izR;sd o"kZ ds vUr esa dk;Z dk flagkoyksdu dj fy;k tk; vkSj viw.kZ dk;Z esa vxys o"kZ dh ;kstukesa vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij lalks/ku dj fy;k tk;A

18-4 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds izeq[k uk;d (Main Actors of SchoolDevelopment Plan)

fo|ky; ,d lkekftd laLFkk gS ftldk mís'; lekt ds vis{kk ds vuq:i ukxfjdksa dk lokZaxh.k

fodkl djuk gSA blfy, fo|ky; ds fujUrj izxfr ds fy, blls lacaf/kr lHkh yksxksa dh viuh vyx&vyx

Hkqfedk;sa gksrh gSaA ftudk fuoZgu djuk lHkh ds fy, misf{kr gksrk gSA vU;Fkk fo|ky; vius y{;ksa dks izkIr

djus esa iw.kZr% lQy ugha gksrk ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i lekt ds izxfr ,oa xfr'khyrk esa ck/kk mRiUu gksrh

gSA blfy, fo|ky; O;oLFkk dksa lapkfyr djus esa iz/kkuk/;kid] v/;kid] Nk= ,oa leqnk; dh eq[; Hkwfedk

gksrh gSA ftldk fuoZgu djuk lHkh ds fy, vko';d gh ugha vfuok;Z gSA

18-5 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa iz/kkuk/;kid o v/;kid dh Hkwfedk (Roleof Headmaster and Teacher in School Development Plan)

iz/kkuk/;kid dh Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk esa eq[; Hkwfedk gksrh gS os fo|ky; fodkl fu;kstu ,oa mldks

lQyrkiwoZd fØ;kUo;u djus esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

mudh ,d eq[; ftEesnkjh ;g Hkh fuf'pr djuk gS fd Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk muds Ldwy ,oa leqnk;

dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gksA

blds fy, uk;d@iz/kkuk/;kid dks vius Ldwy dh detksjh;ksa rFkk vPNkbZ;ksa dk iwjk tk;tk ysuk pkfg,

rFkk v/;kidksa dks fo|ky; lq/kkj ds fy, iszfjr djsa] ftlls dh Ldwy lq/kkj dh lqfu;ksftr ;kstuk rS;kj

djsaA blds fy, mldh Hkwfedk fuEuor~ gSA

d½ lEizs"k.k dk;Z (Communication Work)

[k½ O;kolkf;d fodkl (Professional Development)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

172

x½ usr`Ro (Leadership)

d½ lEizs"k.k dk;Z (Communication Work)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa loZizFke dk;Z lkekU; lwpukvksa dks fo|ky; ls lacaf/kr leLr i{kksa dks

laizsf"kr djuk gSA D;ksafd fcuk lHkh ds lg;ksx ds ;kstuk dh lQyrk dfBu dk;Z gSA

vr% uk;d dk ;g ije drZO; gS fd og laizs"k.k dk;Z ls lacaf/kr dk;Z dks ftEesnkjh ds lkFk laikfnr

djsaA D;ksafd fdlh dk;Z dh vPNh 'kq:vkr dk;Z dh lQyrk dks lqxe cukrh gSA laizs"k.k ls lacaf/kr dk;Z

fuEuor gS&

1½ fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dks LVkQ] fo|ky; ifj"kn] vfHkHkkod vkSj leqnk; ds vU; lnL;ksa dksLi"V :i ls le>kukA

2½ LVkQ] fo|ky; ifj"kn] vfHkHkkod vkSj leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dks fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa mudhHkwfedk le>kuk vkSj mUgsa izfrHkkfxrk ds fy, vkeaf=r djukA

3½ leqnk; dks fo|ky; ds iz—fr ,oa fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk fo|ky; ds yksd Nfo ls ifjfpr djukA

4½ fo|ky; dh ;kstuk esa lq/kkj ,oa mldh izxfr] izfØ;k dk fujarj oSpkfjd vknku&iznku ,oaizR;sd O;fDr dh lafyIrrk lqfuf'pr djukA

5½ vafre Ldwy ;kstuk dks Ldwyksa ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks laizsf"kr djukA

[k½ O;kolkf;d fodkl (Professional Development)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa laizs"k.k dk;Z ds mijkUr f}rh; egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk dks xfr'khyrk iznku

djuk gSA blds fy, uk;d dh Hkwfedk fuEuor~ gS&

LVkQ ds ;kstuk ds fodkl ,oa mldks fØ;kUo;u ds fy, ,oa usr`Ro djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr

djukA

LVkQ] fo|ky; ifj"kn ds lnL;ksa] vfHkHkkodksa ,oa vU; leqnk; ds lnL;ksa dks izfØ;k esa lafyIrrk

djus ,oa fodkl esa mudh lgk;rk djus ,oa ;kstuk dks dk;ZfUor djus ds fy, usr`Ro djus vkSj

O;kolkf;d fodkl ds volj iznku djukA

O;kolkf;d fodkl ds mís';ksa dks LVkQ ds lkFk LFkkfir djukA ftlls fd fo|ky; fodkl dh

O;wg jpuk ,oa Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk ds y{; ij fo'ks"k cy nsrk gSA

O;kolkf;d fodkl ds dk;Z dks lqfuf'pr djuk ls fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds y{;ksa ij cy nsrs

gksa vkSj leLr LVkQ ds Hkkx gksaA vFkkZr izR;sd ehfVax esa leLr LVkQ dh lgHkkfxrk gksA

x½ usr`Ro (Leadership)

fo|ky; dk iz/kkuk/;kid fuZfookn usrk Hkh gksrk gSA xksYM gsej o mlds lkfFk;ksa us lkS izHkkoh

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

173

fo|ky;ksa ij fd;s x, 'kks/k esa ;g ik;k fd tks fo|ky; cgqr Js"B gSaA muesa fuf'pr gh ,d vkØked]

O;ko;kf;d n`f"V ls lpsr o xfr'khy iz/kkuk/;kid FkkA tks ml izdkj ds dk;ZØeksa dks fØ;kfUor djus esa

n`<+ fu'p;h Fkk ftUgsa og le>rk Fkk fd fcuk bl fpUrk ds D;k gksxk\ vkFkkZr *tSlk iz/kkuk/;kid oSlk

Ldwy^

usr`Ro ds dqN eq[; dk;Z fuEuor~ gSa&

vfHkHkkodksa dk losZ djuk vkSj muds lkFk viuh Hkkoukvksa ds fo|ky; ds ckjs esa lk>k djukA

vkSj ;g Kkr djuk fd og fdl rjg vius ckydksa dh f'k{kk esa lfEefyr gksuk] ,oa ;g lqfuf'prdjuk fd os losZ ij izfrfØ;k nsus ds fy, le; fudky ldsaA

vfHkHkkodksa dks losZ ds ifj.kke dk lR;kiu djuk vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd os Ldwy fodkl;kstuk dh izfØ;k esa mlds y{; dks izkIr djus esa mudh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djus esa lgk;rkdjsaA

fu;fer :i ls Nk=ksa dh d{kk&d{k dh miyfC/k;k¡] v/;kidksa ds lkFk Nk=ksa ds laokn] f'k{k.k]

vkO;wg ds lq/kkj ,oa lek;kstu djuk vkSj bu lwpukvksa dks Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk ds izfØ;k ds

lq/kkj esa iz;ksx lqfuf'pr djukA

fo|ky; lq/kkj ;kstuk esa LVkQ dh ehfVax ¼cSBd½] fo|ky; ifj"kn~] vfHkHkkod ,oa leqnk; ds vU;lnL;ksa dk usr`Ro djukA

Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk dks ykxq djus esa LVkQ dh fu;fer :i ls leh{kk djukA

LVkQ ds lnL;ksa ds fu;fer :i ls O;kolkf;d fodkl esa lgk;rk djuk ftlls os yxkrkj Ldwyfodkl ;kstuk dks tkjh j[k ldsaA

;g lqfuf'pr djuk dh Ldwy ds ctV ;kstuk dk y{; ,oa vkO;wg dks izfrfcfEor djsaA

;kstuk dks ekWfuVfjax vkSj ewY;kadu izfØ;k ds :i esa fujUrj Nk=ksa dh miyfC/k;ksa dh lwpuk dks,df=r djuk vkSj fo|ky; leqnk; dks laizsf"kr djukA

lQyrk iwoZd fo|ky; lq/kkj ds y{;ksa vkSj miyfC/k;ksa dh leh{kk djus esa iz/kkuk/;kid dks Ldwy,oa fo|ky; leqnk; dk usr`Ro djuk pkfg,A

18-5-1- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk (Role of Teacher in School Development)

laLFkkxr ;kstuk cukus esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gSA v/;kid dks f}rh; uk;d ds uke ls Hkhtkuk tkrk gSA

v/;kid gh bu <+k¡ps ds vk/kkj LrEHk gSaA mUgsa gh Nk=ksa rFkk muds vfHkHkkodksa dk lg;ksx izkIr djuk

gS vkSj Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk ;k Ldwy lq/kkj ;kstuk esa mUgsa izsfjr djds mudh leLr 'kfDr;ksa dk vf/kdre

mi;ksx djuk gSA mUgsa Ldwy dh leL;kvksa ij O;fDrxr rFkk lkewfgd :i ls fpUru djuk gSA os Ldwy

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

174

dh rFkk viuh [kkfe;ksa ls Hkyh Hkk¡fr ifjfpr gksrs gSaA os tkurs gSa fd Nk=ksa dh detksfj;k¡ dkSu lh gSa vkSj

mUgsa dSls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gSA v/;kidksa dks bl dk;Z esa mRlkg fn[kkuk pkfg, vkSj fey&tqy dj dk;Z

djuk pkfg,A viuk n`f"Vdks.k fo'kky j[kuk visf{kr gS D;ksafd fdlh fo|ky; dh mR—"Vrk mldh izkd`fr

lalkèkuksa ij ugha cfYd ;ksX;] vuqHkoh] deZB ,oa mRlkg ;qDr v/;kidksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA vr% Ldwy

fodkl ;kstuk ds lQy dk;kZUo;u esa v/;kidksa dh Hkwfedk dks fdlh Hkh Lrj ls utj vankt ugha fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

vr% iz/kkuk/;kid ds fdlh Hkh fo|ky; dh izxfr ;k ;kstukvksa dh lQyrk dk Js; v/;kidksa dks

gh tkrk gSA

18-5-2- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa Nk=ksa dk ;ksxnku (Contribution of Students in School

Development Plan)

laLFkkxr ;kstuk ds vUrZxr dbZ ,sls dk;Z Hkh gSa ftuesa Nk=ksa dk lg;ksx vR;Ur okaNuh; gSA okLro

esa ;fn ns[kk tk; rks izR;sd dk;Z esa Nk= gkFk cVk ldrs gSaA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd lqfuf'pr dh tk;sA

D;ksafd os ns'k ds Hkkoh d.kZ/kkj gSaA vkSj mudh lØh; Hkkxhnkjh muds vuqHkoksa esa o`f) dj mUgsa lekt ds

fy, mi;ksxh ukxfjd cuus esa lgk;d fl) gksxhA vkSj os lekt ,oa jk"Vª ds fy, lalk/ku cudj jk"Vª dh

izxfr esa lgk;d fl) gksaxsA

18-5-3- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa LFkkuh; leqnk; dh Hkwfedk (Role of Community in School

Development Plan)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa LFkkuh; leqnk; viuk fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA fo|ky; esa cgqr lh lqfoèkk;saLFkkuh; leqnk; }kjk laikfnr dh tk ldrh gSaA rFkk leqnk; }kjk fo|ky; ds f'k{k.k dk;ksZa esa lgk;rknsukA

fo|ky; ds dejs ,oa Hkou fuekZ.k esa fofHkUu izdkj ls lgk;rk nsukA

fo|ky; Hkou dh ejEer vkfn esa lgk;rk nsukA

fo|ky; dh pgkjfnokjh cukukA

fo|kky; ds cxhps esa lgk;rk nsukA

nksigj ds fu%'kqYd Hkkstu esa lgk;rk nsukA

fo|ky; Hkou vFkok [ksy ds eSnku ds fy, Hkwfe nsukA

fo|ky; esa midj.k miyC/k esa lgk;rk nsukA

fu/kZu Nk=ksa ds fy, iqLrdksa] Ldwy Mªsl vkfn dk izca/ku djukA

ihus dh ikuh dh O;oLFkk esa lgk;rk nsukA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

175

jkf= esa i<+usa ds fy, fo|ky; esa izdk'k ds izca/k esa lgk;rk nsukA

euksjatu dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa lgk;rk nsukA

Nk=ksa dh O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku ds fy, leqnk; ds vuqHkoh O;fDr;ksa }kjk Hkk"k.k dh O;oLFkk djkukvkfnA


mijksDr fooj.k ls ;g Li"V gS fd fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa iz/kkuk/;kid] v/;kid] Nk= ,oa

leqnk; izeq[k :i ls usr`Ro djrs gSaA lkekftd laLFkk gksus ds dkj.k fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa mijksDr

lHkh dk ;ksxnku vyx&vyx n`f"V ls vfuok;Z gSA lcdh viuh&viuh vyx&vyx Hkwfedk,¡ gSaA ftudk

lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk ls fuoZgu djuk gh lQyrk dk ewy ea= gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i fo|ky; fujUrj

izxfr djrs gq, vius mrjnkf;Roksa dks iwjk dj ldrs gSaA vkSj lekt esa okafNr ,oa visf{kr Hkwfedk vnk dj

ldrs gSaA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i urhts lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa ifjektZu ds :i esa ifjyf{kr gksrs gSaA

vr% fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dh lQyrk esa mijksDr lHkh uk;dksa esa viuh Hkwfedk,¡ mRlkg iwoZd]

fu"BkiwoZd ,oa gkSlyk cqyUnh ds lkFk fuoZgu djuk visf{kr gSA


1- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk izeq[k uk;d dkSu gksrk gS\ mlds dk;ksZa dk mYys[k dhft,A

Who is the main actor of the school development plan? Discuss his function.

2- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa v/;kid dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V dhft,A

Discuss the role of teacher in school development plan.

3- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa Nk=ksa ds ;ksxnku dh ppkZ dhft,A

Discuss the contrivution of the students in school development plan.


vxzoky tsñlhñ ¼2011½ Ldwy izcU/ku lwpuk rFkk lEizs"k.k rduhdh ¼vxzoky ifCyds'kUl vkxjk½

cekZ tsñihñ ¼2011½ fo|ky; izca/ku ¼vkjñykyñ cqd fMiks esjB½

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

176




19-2 Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk ds izeq[k eqn~ns

(Important Issues of school development Plan)

19-3 fo|ky; ;kstuk ds pj.k

(Steps of School Development Plan)

19-4 dk;ZØe dh izxfr dk fu;fer ewY;kadu

(Regular Evaluation of the Programmes Progress)

19-5 fo|ky; ;kstuk izk:i (School Plan Model)






fo|kFkhZ fo|ky; laca/kh eqn~nksa dks igpku ldsaxsA

fo|kFkhZ Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk ds eqn~nksa dks izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij p;u dj ldsaxsA

p;fur ;kstuk ds eqn~ns ij mi;qDr ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaxsA

fo|kFkhZ Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk dks xfr iznku dj ldsaxsA



fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds izeq[k eqn~ns uked bdkbZ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk ds izeq[k

bdkbZ % 19 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds eqn~nsUnit : 19 Issues of School Development Plan

177

eqn~nksa ls ifjfpr djkuk] mlds vFkZ dks le>kuk] eqn~nksa dk lek/kku djkuk] lg'kSf{kd {ks= ds eqn~ns] Nk=ksa

ds O;fDrRo fodkl laca/kh eqn~ns] fo|ky; rFkk leqnk; ds eqn~ns] iz'kklfud ,oa funsZ'ku lEcU/kh eqn~ns]

fo|ky; ;kstuk ds fy, y{;ksa o vko';drkvksa esa izkFkfedrk r; djuk] laiknu ds fy, lalk/kuksa ij fopkj]

ck/kkvksa dk Kku o fuokj.k] dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u] dk;ZØe dh izxfr o ewY;kadu ,oa izxfr fooj.k vkfn

dh foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj ;kstuk dk izk:i lkj.khc) Hkh fd;k gSA

19-2 Ldwy fodkl ;kstuk ds izeq[k eqn~ns (Important Issues of SchoolDevelopment Plan)

fo|ky; ds lQy lapkyu vkSj lekt ds ekudksa ij viuh mi;qDrrk fl) djus ds fy, fo|ky;ksa

dks vusdksa fo|ky;h leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vkSj vxj bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fu;ksftr

<+ax ls u fd;k tk; rks fo|ky; vius y{;ksa dks izkIr djus esa mlh rjg vlQy gks tkrs gSaA ftl rjg

gekjh jk"Vªh;] fo'o fo|ky; Lrjh; ;k ftyk Lrjh; vkfn 'kSf{kd ;kstuk,¡ mi;qDr dk;kZUo;u ds vHkko

esa vlQy jg tkrh gSaA Lora=rk ds brus o"kksZa ckn Hkh gekjh ;kstuk,¡ yxHkx vlQy jgh gSaA lcls vfèkd

n;uh; fLFkfr fo|ky;h fodkl ;kstukvksa dh jgh gSA bl fy, fo|ky; fodkl ;kstukvksa dh lQyrk ds

fy, fo|ky; leL;kvksa dks izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij p;u dj izHkkoh fu;kstu ds }kjk leLr fo|ky;

fodkl ds eqn~nksa dk lek/kku fd;k tk ldrk gSA vko';drk ;g gS fd fo|ky; ds lHkh lnL; cqyUn

gkWlyksa ds lkFk O;ofLFkr fof/k ls leL;kvksa dk lek/kku [kkstsa vkSj ;kstuk ds vuq:i viuh Hkwfedk dk

fuoZgu djsaA Ldwy fodkl ;kstukvksa ds dk;kZUo;u esa lek/kku ds eqn~nksa dks fuEu {ks=ksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk

ldrk gSA

19-2-1- 'kSf{kd {ks= ds eqn~nsa (Educational Issues)

fo|ky; ds 'kSf{kd fodkl ds fy, Nk=ksa dks fo"k; oLrq laizs"k.k dh ;kstuk] Nk=ksa esa i<+us dh lksp

o vknrksa ds fuekZ.k dh ;kstuk] f'k{kdksa ds ijLij Kku ds vknku&iznku dh ;kstuk] Kku ds {ks= esa

l`tukRed ds fodkl dh ;kstuk,¡ vkfn viuk;h tk ldrh gSaA

'kSf{kd {ks=ksa esa Nk=ksa dh la[;k c<+kuk] 'kSf{kd {ks= esa viO;; o vojks/ku jksduk] fyf[kr dk;Z

la'kksèku] vfoHkDr bdkbZ }kjk v/;kiu] orZuh esa lq/kkj] dgkuh vfHkuohdj.k] esjk laxzg ladyu dk;Z] 'kCn

Hk.Mkj o`f)] fHkIrh if=dk] gLrfyf[kr if=dk] Jqfr ys[k] lekpkj okpu] iz;ksx fu"V foKku f'k{k.k] dgkuh

dFku] okpuky; dk lnqi;ksx] iqLrdky; dk mi;ksx] xf.kr f'k{k.k lq/kkj] xf.kr esa vH;kl] laxzgky;

fuekZ.k vkfnA

'kSf{kd dk;Z (Educational Work)

f'k{k.k iz.kkyh dks lq/kkjukA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

178

fo|ky; esa eUn xfr rFkk O;FkZrk dks jksdukA

fodkl:) Nk=ksa dh lgk;rk djukA

;ksX; Nk=ksa ij fo'ks"k /;ku nsukA

ikB~;p;kZ dks vf/kd le`) cukukA

ubZ dk;Z i)fr;ksa dk ijh{k.k djukA

Ldwy dk f'k{k.k dk;ZØe pykus ds mR—"V rjhds [kkstukA

Lok/;k; ds dk;ZØe ds tfj;s v/;kidksa dh o`fÙkd dq'kyrk dks c<+kukA

Nk=ksa dh mifLFkfr c<+kuk vkfnA

19-2-2- lg'kSf{kd {ks= ds eqís (Co-Educational Issues)

bu ;kstukvksa esa ikB~; izo`fr;ksa ;Fkk lkaL—frd] lkfgR;d izo`fr;ksa ds dq'ky lEiknu] izR;sd Nk=

dh lgHkkfxrk] Nk= laln dh izHkkoh Hkwfedk vkfn ;kstuk,¡ cuk;h tk ldrh gSaA

lg'kSf{kd {ks= ds vUrxZr fo|ky; dh ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lq/kkj] lkewfgd ihñVhñ] cky lHkk]

jk"Vªxhr vH;kl] le; dh ikcUnh] :fp dk;ksZa dk vk;kstu] LdkmfVax ,oa xkbfMax] LokLF;j{kk] 'kkyk

x.kos'k lq/kkj] Nk=ksa dh LokLF; ijh{kk] izkS<+ f'k{kk dk;ZØe] mRlo fnolksa dk vk;kstu] v/;kid&vfHkHkkod

la/k lapkyu] izkFkZuk lHkk lq/kkj vkfnA

19-2-3- Nk=ksa ds O;fDrRo fodkl laca/kh eqn~ns (Related to the Development of Personality of

Students)

'kkjhfjd fodkl laca/kh izo`fr;k¡ ;Fkk& [ksy dwnksa esa xq.kkRed vfHko`f) dh ;kstuk] HkkoukRed fodkl

ds fy, izo`fr;k¡] uSfrd ewY;ksa ds iks"k.k ds fy, izkFkZuk lHkk rFkk vU; vk;kstu] lkSaUn;kZuqHkwfr ds fy, ¼xhr]

laxhr] dyk] izfr;ksfxrk½ izo`fr;k¡ vkfnA

19-2-4- fo|ky; rFkk leqnk; ds eqn~ns (Issues Related to School and Community)

f'k{kd vfHkHkkod dk;ZØe] leqnk; ds lalk/kuksa dk fo|ky; ds fy, iz;ksx] fo|ky; ds lalk/kuksa dk

leqnk; ds fy, iz;ksx] lkeqnkf;d lsok dk;ZØe] leqnk; ds ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dk vfHkHkk"k.k] cky okfVdk]

Qwyokjh yxkuk] tu lg;ksx ls 'kkyk Hkou] d{kk lQkbZ] fo|ky; izkax.k esa o`{kkjksi.k] [ksydqn ds eSnku dk

lkSan;Zdj.k] leryh;dj.k] is;ty O;oLFkk] lqj{kk O;oLFkk vkfnA

19-2-5- iz'kklfud eqn~ns (Administrative Issues)

LVkQ dh cSBdksa dk izHkkoh lapkyu] i;Zos{k.k lq/kkj dk;ZØe] tura=h; ewY; fodkl dk;ZØe]

izèkkukè;kid ,oa f'k{kdksa ds e/; lEcU/kksa esa lq/kkj ds fy, vk;kstu] uokpkjksa dk vk;kstu vkfnA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

179

19-2-6- funsZ'ku laca/kh eqn~ns (Guidance Related Issues)

Nk=ksa ds fy, 'kSf{kd] O;kolkf;d] O;fDrxr] ikfjokfjd f'k{kk] miHkksDrk dh f'k{kk] [kkyh le; ds

mi;ksx ds fy, funsZ'ku vkfn dk;ZØeksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mi;qZDr dk;ZØe esa eq[;rk usr`Ro O;ogkj o f'k{kd O;ogkj gSA ;fn usr`Ro O;ogkj o f'k{kd O;ogkj

ijLij le>] lg;ksx] leFkZu rFkk mPp eukscy ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA rks fuf'pr :i ls fo|ky; ds

bl lqUnj i;kZoj.k esa dksbZ Hkh dk;Z lQyhHkwr gksxkA ifj.kke lq[kn gksaxsA fo|ky; fodkl dh vksj vxzlj

gksxkA fo|ky; i;kZoj.k eqDr vkSj Lok;Rr ds e/; dk gksxkA blds foijhr fLFkfr gksus ij ruko] la?k"kZ]

vlg;ksx o LVkQ ds {kh.k eukscy dk ifj.kke] dk;ZØe dh vlQyrk gksxhA ftlds ifj.kke fo|ky; dh

lkspuh; fLFkfr ds gksaxsA dksbZ Hkh dk;ZØe ;k ;kstuk lQy ugha gksxhA vr% dq'ky usr`Ro o f'k{kd

izèkkukè;kid lEcU/k fo|ky; ;kstuk ds fy, vko';d gSA

19-3 fo|ky; ;kstuk ds pj.k (Steps of School Development Plan)

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ,d fu;ksftr dk;Z gSA tks fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa esa iw.kZ dh tkrh gSA

19-3-1- fo|ky;&vko';drkvks a] y{;] funku ds fy, leL;kvks a dk losZ{k.k (A Survey of

Problems of School Needs and Aims and their Solutions)

fo|ky; fodkl ds fy, viuk;h tkus okyh fdlh Hkh ;kstuk dk ;g izkjfEHkd pj.k gksuk pkfg,A

bl losZ{k.k esa orZeku rFkk Hkkoh nksuksa vko';drkvksa dk izko/kku djuk pkfg,A blds varZxr ekuoh; i{kksa

dh vko';drk o leL;kvksa esa fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kd] iz'kkld] vfHkHkkod] LFkkuh; leqnk; ,oa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa esa

Hkou] iqLrdky;] [ksy ds eSnku] yscksjsVªht] midj.k vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl losZ{k.k

ds fy, vusd fof/k;k¡ viuk;h tk ldrh gSaA

;Fkk&

LVkQ ds lnL;ksa ls fopkj foe'kZ dj izR;sd {ks= dh leL;kvksa ij fopkjA

esjs fo|ky; ds fodkl dh leL;kvksa ij f'k{kd o fo|kfFkZ;ksa fucU/k fy[kok djA

vkSj izR;sd f'k{kd ,oa iz/kkuk/;kid }kjk mfpr ¼mR—"B½ iz'uksRrjh izfØ;k ls A

19-3-2- fo|ky; ;kstuk ds fy, y{;ks a@vko';drkvks a dk fu/kk Zj.k (Decision Making for

Implementation or the School Programmes to Achieve its Aims and Necessity)

mi;qZDr losZ{k.k ls izkIr ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij ;fn mudk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk;sxk rks vusd vko'drk,¡

fofHkUu Lrjksa ls mHkj dj vk;saxhA vr% pj.k esa bu vko'drkvksa dk funku dj lwph rS;kj djuk vko';d

gSA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

180

19-3-3- y{; vkSj vko';drkvksa esa izkFkfedrk r; djuk (Determinig Aims Needs for School

Development Plan)

;g fdlh Hkh laLFkku ds fy, laHko ugha gS fd ,d lkFk vusd vko'drkvksa ;k y{;ksa dh iwfrZ fo|ky;

;kstuk }kjk dj ldsA vr% uSnkfur vko'drkvksa dh lwph ls gesa izkFkfedrk r; djuh iM+rh gSA fd dkSu

lh vko';drk loZizFke iwjh dh tk;A ;g iz/kkuk/;kid LVkQ ds lkFk fopkj foe'kZ ds vk/kkj ij dj ldrk

gSA ;g gks ldrk gS fd dqN f'k{kdksa ds ncko lewg fdlh vko';drk fo'ks"k dh iwfrZ ij cy nsA ijUrq

izkFkfedrk gj vko';drk dh rRdkyhu iwfrZ mlls fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kdksa dks ykHk o gkfu xq.k nks"k ds vk/kkj ij

fopkj dj r; gh tk ldrh gSA

19-3-4- y{;@mns'; ds vuq:i dk;ZØe (Programme According to Chosen Aims and

Objectives)

,d ckj izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij y{;ksa dk p;u gks tkus ds ckn dk;ZØe r; fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

fd fdu&fdu dk;ZØeksa dks izo`fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ge veqd y{;ksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ;g /;ku j[ksa

fd ,d lkFk vius ekuoh; o HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ds iw.kZ nksgu dh {kerk ls vf/kd mís';ksa dks ugha ysuk pkfg,A

19-3-5- dk;ZØe ds laiknu ds fy, vko';d lalk/kuks a ij fopkj (An Over View of the

Required Resources for the Implementation of the Programmes)

fo|ky; ;kstuk dk ,d vko';d fl)kar ;g gS fd fo|ky; esa miyC/k HkkSfrd ,oa ekuoh; lalkèkuksa

dk vf/kdre mi;ksx gksA ijUrq okafNr y{; izkfIr ds fy, ;g laHko gks ldrk gS fd vko';d lalk/ku

fo|ky; esa miyC/k u gksaA vr% ;fn ekuoh; lalk/ku miyC/k u gks rks foLrkj vfHkdj.kksa dk ;ksx fy;k

tk ldrk gSA HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa esa foÙkh; lanHkZ] lkfgR;] midj.k vkfn gks ldrs gSaA vr% dk;ZØe izkjEHk

djus ls iw.kZ lalkèkuksa dh fLFkfr ij fopkj fd;k tkuk vko';d gS rFkk mudh iwfrZ Hkh vko';d gSA

19-3-6- dk;ZØe laiknu esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dk Kku ,oa fuokj.k ds fy, vko';d fodYiksa ijfopkj (Knowledge of the Obstacles in the Way of Implementation of Programmes and

Considering Important Alternatives)

izk;% O;fDr ;k laLFkk dk;ZØe rks 'kq: dj nsrs gSaA ijUrq vkxs D;k O;o/kku vk,xsa] bu ij fopkj ugha

djrsA vusd ncko leqg ¼vkarfjd ,oa oká½ ,sls gksrs gSa] tks dk;ZØe laink esa vusd ck/kk,¡ iSnk djrs gSaA

dk;ZØrkvksa ij dk;ZHkkj vfrfjDr le; Hkh c<+rk gSA vr% ,d dq'ky izca/kd bu ck/kkvksa dk fopkj rFkk

buls fuiVus ds fy, vko';d fodYi igys ls gh rS;kj j[krk gSA vU;Fkk ;s O;o/kku y{; izkIr gh ugha

djus nsaxsA

19-3-7- dk;ZØeksa dk fØ;kUo;u (Implementation of the Programmes)

tc mi;qDr pj.k iwjs gks tk;sa rks dk;ZØe dh fØ;kfUofr dh tkuh pkfg,A blesa dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

181

dks vko';d ekxZn'kZu mRizsj.kk rFkk vko';d lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh tk;saA

19-4 dk;ZØe dh izxfr dk fu;fer ewY;kadu (Regular Evaluation of theProgress of the Programme)

fos|ky; ;kstuk ds varxZr fy, tkus okys dk;ksZa dk fu;fer ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ;g

ewY;kadu ekfld] =Sekfld] "kVekfld gks ldrk gSA lp rks ;g gS fd ewY;kadu ftruk oS| ,oa fo'okluh;

gksxkA mruk gh dk;ZØe dh okLrfod fLFkfr dk irk py ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh fo|ky; esa ;fn fdlh

dk;ZØe dk fu;fer ewY;kadu ugha gksrk rks ml dk;ZØe dh lQyrk lafnX/k gSA gekjh vf/kdka'k ;kstuk,

ewY;kadu iz.kkyh ds vHkko esa gh vlQy gqbZ gSaA

19-4-1- ewY;kadu izxfr ds vk/kkj ij vko';d la'kks/ku (Required Rectification on the Basis

of Evaluation and Progress)

/;ku jgs dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk 'kr izfr'kr tSlh pkgs] oSlh ugha pyrhA ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij ftu dkj.kksa

ls vko';d izxfr esa ck/kk vkrh gks rks mUgsa nwj fd;k tkuk ;k ;kstukvksa esa vko';d la'kks/ku vko';d

gSA oLrqr% vPNh ;kstukvksa dk yphykiu xq.k gh gS] nks"k ughaA

19-4-2- izxfr fooj.k (Description of Progress)

fo|ky; ;kstuk ds varxZr fy, x, dk;ZØeksa] mudh miyfC/k;ksa dk vko';d foLr`r C;ksjk j[kk tkuk

vko';d gSA ;gh og vk/kkj gksxk ftlds vk/kkj ij orZeku dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadu o Hkkoh dk;ZØeksa ds

lEiknu ds fy, cy feysxkA f'k{kk foHkkx ds izdk'ku foHkkx us 'kSf{kd o lg'kSf{kd o HkkSfrd {ks=ksa esa lqèkkj

ds fy, dfri; {ks=ksa dh lwph izLrkfor dh gSA ftudk izko/kku fo|ky; ;kstuk esa j[kk tk ldrk gSA

bu lHkh eqn~nksa dks fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds lqjf{kr vkWdM+ksa dks fuEu lkj.kh izk:i esa j[kk tk

ldrk gSA

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

182

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o

vko'd

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dk fu/kkZj

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vko'd

rkvksa

dh i

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mís'

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vuq:i dk;ZØe

M-

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183

blh izdkj fo|ky; ;kstuk dk izk:i Hkkoh izca/kdks iz'kkldksa ds Kku ds fy, fn;k tk;s rks ;g fuEu

izdkj ls gksxkA

19-5 fo|ky; ;kstuk izk:i (School Plan Model)

fo|ky; dk uke&

fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk o"kZ o ifjp;&

fo|ky; xzkeh.k@'kgjh&

fo|ky; ljdkjh@v)Zljdkjh&

fo|ky; futh@vYila[;d&

fo|ky; ckyd@ckfydk&

fo|ky; dh orZeku Nk= la[;k&

fo|ky; ds xr o"kZ dk ijh{kk ifj.kke&

fo|ky; ds y{;&

fo|ky; ds mís';&

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

184

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kstuk d

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& 2

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4

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5

miy

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6

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7

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fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

185

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fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

186


mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd fo|ky; dh fujUrj izxfr ledkyhu fo|ky;h leL;k dks izkFkfedrk

ds vk/kkj ij p;u dj ;kstuk ds vuq:i ekuoh; ,oa HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dk vf/kdre iz;ksx dj mi;qDr pj.kksa

dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh iwfrZ ,oa mlds ifj.kke ,oa urhtksa dk ewY;kadu djuk ;kstuk dh

lQyrk dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA

mnkgj.k Lo:i fdlh fo|ky; dks xszM lh ls xszM ch ij ig¡qpuk gS] rks og y{; ds vuq:i ;fn vius

HkkSfrd o ekuoh; lalk/ku dk ;kstuk ds vuq:i iz;ksx dj ifj.kke dks izkIr djrk gS] rks fo|ky; ds izfr

lekt ds n`f"Vdks.k lEHkkfor ifjorZu ;kstuk dh lQyrk dk ifjpk;d gksxk ,oa uohu y{; fu/kkZfjr djus

,oa vuqHkoksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, lQy ,oa lq[kn urhtksa dks miyC/k djrs gq, fo|ky; dh izxfr fujUrj

pyrh jgsxhA

19-7 vH;kl ds iz'ku (Questions for Exercise)

1- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ blds egRo dks crkb;sA

What is the meaning of school development plan? Discuss its importance.

2- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds pj.kksa dk foLrkj iwoZd o.kZu dhft,A

Describe in detail the various stages of school development plan.

3- fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk ds eqn~nksa ds {ks=ksa dk lksnkgj.k mYys[k dhft,A

Discuss with examples the various issues related to different areas under school development

plan.


vxzoky tsñlhñ ¼2011½ Ldwy izcU/ku lwpuk rFkk lEizs"k.k rduhdh ¼vxzoky ifCyds'kUl vkxjk½

cekZ tsñihñ ¼2011½ fo|ky; izca/ku ¼vkjñykyñ cqd fMiks esjB½

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk

187




20-2 izkFkfed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr eq[; uhfr;k¡

(Important Policies Related to Primary Education)

20-3 ek/;fed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr eq[; uhfr;k¡

(Important Policies Related to Secondary Education)

20-4 mPpÙkj ek/;fed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr eq[; uhfr;k¡

(Important Policies Related to Senior Secondary

Education)




bdkbZ % 20 fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa jkT; dh uhfr;k¡Unit : 20 State Policies in School Development Plan



izkFkfed f'k{kk vUrxZr jkT; dh izeq[k ;kstukvksa ls ifjfpr gksaxsA

ek/;fed f'k{kk ds vUrxZr jkT; dh izeq[k ;kstukvksa dks tku ik,¡xsA

mPpÙkj ek/;fed f'k{kk ds vUrxZr jkT; dh izeq[k ;kstukvksa dks tku ik,¡xsA


188


Hkkstu] oLrq ,oa vkokl dh vko';drk ds ckn ge f'k{kk vkSj LokLFk dks izkFkferk nsrs gS( cfYd larqfyr

vkgkj] lqfo/kktud oLrq] vkokl ,oa vPNs LokLFk ds fy, Hkh f'k{kk vko';d gSA vk/kqfud le; esa f'k{kk

ds }kjk gh euq"; viuh {kerkvksa dk fodkl djrk gS vkSj ,d ftEesokj ukxfjd ds :i esa vius dks izfrf"Br

djrk gSA lkFkZd f'k{kk og gS tks gesa lEekutud thou thus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrh gS] l{ke vkSj

foosd'khy cukrh gSA lkFkZd f'k{kk dks lQy cukus gsrq ljdkj dh vusd uhfr;k¡ gksrh gSaA

;g bdkbZ bl ikB dh bDdhloha bdkbZ gSA bl bdkbZ esa izkFkfed f'k{kk ds vUrxZr jkT; dh uhfr;ksa

dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl bdkbZ esa ek/;fed ,oa mPpÙkj ek/;fed ds vUrxZr ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dh

ppkZ foLrkjiwoZd dh xbZ gSA

20-2 izkFkfed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr eq[; uhfr;k¡ (Important Polices Relatedto Primary Education)

izkFkfed f'k{kk ds vUrxZr jkT; dh izeq[k uhfr;k¡ gSa %&

¼1½ eq[;ea=h iks'kkd ;kstuk@eq[;ea=h ckfydk iks'kkd ;kstuk %& eq[;ea=h iks'kkd ;kstuk@eq[;ea=h

ckfydk iks'kkd ;kstuk ds vUrxZr jktdh;@jktdh;—r@lgk;rk izkIr ¼vYila[;d fo|ky; lfgr½

izkajfHkd fo|ky; ds oxZ I ,oa II ds ,0 ih0 ,y0 Nk= dks 400@& dh nj ls] oxZ III ,oa V eas Nk=@Nk=ksa

dks 500@& dh nj ,oa VI & VIII esa ukekafdr lkekU; @,0 ih0 ,y0 Nk=&Nk=ksa dks 700@& dh nj ls

,oa oxZ VI & VIII ds ,l0 lh0@,l0 Vh0@ch0 ih0 ,y0 Nk=ksa dks VkWi&vi jkf'k 300@& dh nj ls

3]71]17]48]800@& ¼rhu vjc ,dgÙkj djksM+ lrjg yk[k vM+rkyhl gtkj vkB lkS :i,½ dh jkf'k ftyksa

dks forj.k gsrq miyC/k djkbZ xbZ gSA bl jkf'k ls nks lsV Ldwy iks'kkd rFkk ,d tksM+h twrs ,oa jkf'k dh

cpr gksus dh fLFkfr esa LVs'kujh dk Ø; Nk=@Nk=kvksa@muds ekrk&firk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

¼2½ 'kS{kf.kd Hkze.k %& Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks vius jkT; esa ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfyd ,oa vU; egÙoiw.kZ LFkyksa]

èkjksgjksa ,oa fojklrksa dh tkudkjh ,oa tkx:drk iznku djus gsrq jkT; ljdkj us 'kS{kf.kd ifjHkze.k dh

O;oLFkk dh gSA ;g jkT; ds lHkh izkFkfed] e/; ,oa mPp fo|ky;ksa ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds izR;{k vuqHko ds

vk/kkj ij KkuktZu dh fn'kk esa ,d jpukRed euksoSKkfud iz;kl gSA

bl ;kstuk ds dk;ZUo;u gsrq izR;sd fo|ky; dh f'k{kk lfefr ds cSad [kkrs esa izfr o"kZ 20]000@&

dh nj ls dqy 29225 e/; fo|ky;ksa ds fy, 58]45]00]000@& ¼vUBkou djksM+ iSarkyhl yk[k :i, ek=½

dh jkf'k Loh—r dh xbZ gSA

¼3½ Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk %& foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa jktdh;] jktdh;—r] lgk;rk izkIr ¼vYila[;d

lfgr½ izkjafHkd fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk I ls VIII rd v/;;ujr lkekU; dksfV ds oSls Nk= ftudk ikfjokfjd

fo|ky; fodkl ;kstuk esa jkT; dh uhfr;k¡

189

vk; vfèkdre 1-50 yk[k izfr o"kZ gS ,oa ftudh mifLFkfr 75 izfr'kr ;k vf/kd gS] oSls Nk=ksa dks Nk=o`frnsus gsrq 1]19]96]31]000@& ¼,d vjc mUuhl djksM+ fN;kuos yk[k ,Drhl gtkj :i, ek=½ dh jkf'kLohd`fr dh xbZ gSA

¼4½ izkFkfed f'k{kk vUrxZr ¼dsUnz izk;ksftr ;kstuk½ lapkfyr eq[; ;kstuk %&

¼1½ loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku (SSA) %&

foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 gsrq Loh—r dqy 10558-58 djksM+ ctV ds fo:) Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa fcgkjljdkj }kjk va'knku ds :i esa fnlEcj] 2017 rd Øe'k% 6335-15 djksM+ ¼dqy ctV dk 60 izfr'kr½ds fo:) 2505-75 ¼40 izfr'kr½ ,oa 4223-23 djksM+ ¼dqy ctV dk 40 izfr'kr½ ds fo:) 4538-18djksM+ ¼107 izfr'kr½ miyC/k djk;k x;k gSA bl izdkj foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa fnlEcj] 2017 rd10558-58 djksM+ ds ctV ds fo:) dqy 7043-87 djksM+ ¼66-71 izfr'kr½ izkIr gqvk gSA

loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr vc rd dqy 21]420 izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds y{; ds fo:) 21-264 ¼99-27 izfr'kr½ izkFkfed fo|ky; [kksys x, gSaA

loZf'k{kk vfHk;ku ds vUrxZr 19]625 izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dks e/; fo|ky;ksa esa mRØfer fd;k x;kgSA

xq.koÙkkiw.kZ izkjafHkd f'k{kk ds fy, Þfe'ku xq.koÙkkß dk;ZØe izkjEHk fd;k x;k gS] tks jkT; esaxq.koÙkkiw.kZ izkjafHkd f'k{kk dks lqfuf'pr djkus dh fn'kk esa dkjxj lkfcr gqvk gSA fe'ku xq.koÙkkvUrxZr oxZ I ,oa II ds fy, ukfer f'k{kd dh O;oLFkk rFkk bu f'k{kdksa dk ÞQydß ekWM~;wy dsvk/kkj ij izf'k{k.k fn;k tk jgk gSA

jkT; }kjk fodflr ÞewY;kadu gLrd 2016ß ds vk/kkj ij oxZ II &VIII ds cPpksa dk ekfld v)Zokf"kZd,oa okf"kZd ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA

jkT; ds izkjafHkd fo|ky;ksa esa ukekafdr d{kk II ls VIII ds yxHkx 1]77]48]000 ¼yxHkx 87 izfr'kr½cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd ikB~; iqLrd miyC/k djk;k x;k gSA

ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa esa ukekafdr Nk=@Nk=kvksa dks Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) ds ek/;e lsizksRlkgu jkf'k dk gLrkarj.k ds fy, cPpksa ds [kkrk dk la/kkj.k fd;k tk jgk gS ,oa yxHkx 72 yk[kcPpksa dk cSd [kkrk [kksyk tk pqdk gSSA

jkT; ds Loh—r 535 dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; (KGBV) lapkfyr gSaA ftlesa lekt ds detksjoxZ dh /khtuxzLr ckfydk,¡ vkoklh; lqfo/kk ds lkFk lehiorhZ e/; fo|ky;ksa esa d{kk VI &VIII rddh f'k{kk izkIr dj jgh gSA

500 dLrwjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky; dh lHkh ckfydkvksa dks ek'kZy vkVZl dh rhu fo|kvksa;Fkk&djkVs] rkbDckaMks ,oa oq'kq esa izf'kf{kr fd;k x;kA

jkT; ds 37 Ms&ds;j lsUVj lHkh mi;qDr midj.kksa ds lkFk lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA

foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 dk Hkkoh dk;ZØe

1 f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj (RTE) vf/kfu;e dk vuqikyu lqfuf'pr djkukA

2 xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk dks izkIr djus ds fy, fo'ks"k xfrfof/k;k¡A


190

3 fo|ky; ls ckgj ds cPpksa dh igpku ,oa Tracking dj f'k{kk dh eq[; /kkjk esa ykus gsrq ,d

fo'ks"k dk;ZØe dh 'kq:vkr A

4 'kkyk flf) dk;ZØe ds rgr lHkh ljdkjh izkjafHkd fo|ky;ksa dk Lo&ewY;kadu ,oa oká ewY;kaduA

5 Mobile App "Bihar Easy School Tracking" (BEST) ds ek/;e ls izkajfHkd fo|ky;ksa dk vuqJj.kA

6 Student Data Management Information System (SDMIS) dks v|ru djuk ,oa Child Tracking

System (CTS) dk fØ;kUo;uA

¼2½ ek/;kà Hkkstu ;kstuk %&

e/;kà Hkkstu jkT; dh ,d egRokdka{kh ;kstuk gSA bl ;kstuk dk mís'; jkT; ds jktdh;]

jktdh;—r ,oa ljdkj }kjk vuqnkfur izkjafHkd fo|ky;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk rkfyeh ejdtksa] enjlksa]

laLÑr fo|ky;] jk"Vªh; cky Jfed fo'ks"k fo|ky;] dLrqjck xk¡/kh ckfydk fo|ky;k ,oa oSdfYid

,oa uokpkjh f'k{k.k dsUnzksa esa mifLFkr gksus okys I &VIII ds lHkh Nk=@Nk=ksa dks xjek xje ikSf"Vd

e/;kà Hkkstu miyC/k djk dj muds 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld fodkl dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA

2- foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa fu/kkZfjr HkkSfrd y{; rFkk miyfC/kA

3- foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa fu/kkZfjr foÙkh; y{; rFkk foÙkh; miyfC/kA

¼jkf'k yk[k esa½

oxZ

vkPNkfnr

fo|ky;ksa dh

la[;k

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk

fuèkkZfjr HkkSfrd y{;

¼Nk=@Nk=kvksa dh

la[;k½

miyfC/k vkSlr

izfrfnu ykHkkfUor

Nk=@Nk=kvksa dh

la[;k

izfr'kr

miyfCèk

izkFkfed fo|ky;(oxZ I-V)

e/; fo|ky;(oxZ VI-VIII)

42510 9030199 8849595

30447 3781988 3668528

98%

97%

dsUnzk a'k@jkT;k a'k Loh—r ctVHkkjr ljdkj }kjk

izkIr jkf'k

15 fnlEcj 2016 rd

O;; dh xbZ jkf'k

izfr'kr

miyfCèk

dsUnzka'k

jkT;ka'k

120621.98 97871.58 90466.48

59540.95 57247.59 52155.71

75%

75%


191

4- foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 ds fy;s foÙkh; ctV izkDdyuA

¼jkf'k yk[k esa½

fofHkUu enksa esa dsUnzka'k ,oa jkT;ka'k dk vuqikr 60%40 gSA

01 vizSy 2017 ls oxZ I&V ds cPpksa ds fy, ifjorZu ewY; dh u;h nj 4-13 :0 izfr Nk= izfrfnurFkk oxZ VI&VIII ds cPpksa ds fy, 6-18 :0 izfr Nk= izfrfnu fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa Hkkjrljdkj }kjk dsUnzka'k ds :i esa oxZ I&V ds cPpksa ds fy, 2-48 rFkk oxZ VI&VIII ds cPpksa ds fy,3-71 izfr Nk= izfrfnu fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA jkT; ljdkj }kjk Hkh oxZ I&V rFkk oxZ VI&VIII dscPpksa ds fy, Øe'k% 1-65 rFkk 2-47 izfr Nk= izfrfnu dh nj ls jkT;ka'k ds :i esa fu/kkZfjr gSA

oxZ I&V ds Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds fy, izfr Nk= izfrfnu 100 gm [kk|kUu rFkk oxZ VI&VIII dsNk=@Nk=kvksa ds fy, izfr Nk= izfrfnu 150 xzke [kk|kUu dh ek=k vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gSA

bl jkf'k ls oxZ I&V ds cPpksa dks Hkkstu esa izfrfnu 450 dSyksjh ,oa 12 xzke izksVhu izfr cPpkizfrfnu miyC/k djkuk gS tcfd oxZZ VI&VIII ds cPpksa dks Hkkstu esa 700 dSyksjh ,oa 20 xzke izksVhumiyC/k djk; tkuk gSA ekg uoEcj 2017 ls iwjd iks"kkgkj ds :i esa lIrkg esa ,d vaMk@ekSlehQy jkT; ljdkj }kjk viuh fuf/k ls fn;k tkrk gSA

fo|ky; esa e/;kà Hkkstu rS;kj djus okys izR;sd jlksbZ;k dks o"kZ ds 10 eghuksa ds fy, izfrekg1000@& dh nj ls ekuns; Hkqxnku fd;k tkrk gSA 01 vxLr 2015 ls 1250 ekuns; fn;k tkjgk gS ftlesa 250 jkT; ljdkj dh fuf/k ls fn;k tkrk gSA

lIrkg ds N% fnuksa ds fy, fnuksa ds Øekuqlkj e/;kà Hkkstu dk ehuw fu/kkZfjr gS tSls %&

(I) lkseokj & pkoy$fefJr nky$gjh lCthA

(II) eaxyokj & thjkpkoy$lks;chu vkyw lCthA

(III) cq/kokj & f[kpM+h ¼gjh lCth ;qDr½$pks[kk$dsyk@ekSleh QyA

(IV) o`gLifrokj & pkoy$fefJr nky$gjh lCthA

(V) 'kqØokj & iqyko$dkcqyh puk@yky puk dk Nksyk$lykn$ekSleh Qy@vaMkA

e/;kà Hkkstu ;kstuk ds dq'ky izca/ku ,oa vuqJo.k gsrq Management Information System (MIS)

ykxw fd;k x;k gSA

Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) ds }kjk e/;kà Hkkstu ;kstuk dk izfrfnu vuqJo.kdjus dh O;oLFkk gSA

¼3 ½ fcgkj cky&Hkou ^fdydkjh* %&

dsUnzk a'k@jkT;k a'k foÙkh; ctV izkDdyu

dsUnzka'k

jkT;ka'k

130287.00

86858.00


192

o"kZ 2008 esa ^fdydkjh* fcgkj cky&Hkou dh LFkkiuk gqbZA ;g laLFkk cPpksa ds l`tukRedfodkl ds fy, fofo/k dk;ZØe fØ;kdyki pykrh gSA 08 ls 16 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks 22 izdkj dhxfrfofèk;ksa dk fu%'kqYd izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA iVuk ds vykok rhu ize.My eq[;ky;ksa njHkaxk]Hkkxyiqj ,oa x;k esa Hkh fdydkjh dh xfrfof/k;k¡ lapkfyr dh tk jgh gSA

¼4 ½ tu f'k{kk %&

tu f'k{kk funs'kky; ds }kjk fuEukafdr dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd, tk jgs gSa %&

¼1½ o;Ld lk{kjrk ds dk;ZØe

egknfyr] nfyr ,oa vYila[;d vfrfiNM+k oxZ dh ekrkvksa ¼15 ls 35 vk;q oxZ½ dks lk{kj cukukA

egknfyr] nfyr ,oa vYila[;d vfrfiNM+ oxZ ds cPpksa dks fo|ky; ls tksM+us dk dk;ZA

lkekftd lq/kkj ,oa dqjhfr;ksa ds lekiu ds fy, tu tkxj.k ,oa okrkoj.k fuekZ.kA

jkT; ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr lekjksg] fnol] 'krkCnh] vfHk;ku dk vk;kstuA

lk{kjrk] f'k{kk ,oa fofHkUu vfHk;ku ls lacaf/kr lkfgR;ksa ,oa izpkj&izlkj lkefxz;ksa dk fuekZ.kA

¼2½ egknfyr] nfyr ,oa vYila[;d vfrfiNM+k oxZ v{kj vk¡py ;kstuk

;g ;kstuk nks egRoiw.kZ mís';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, lapkfyr dh tk jgh gS %&

1- 15&35 vk;qoxZ dh egknfyr] nfyr oxZ rFkk vYila[;d leqnk; dh vlk{kj efgykvksadks izfro"kZ cqfu;knh lk{kjrk ds lkFk fodklkRed ;kstukvksa dk ykHk fnyokukA

2- 06&14 vk;qoxZ ds lacaf/kr leqnk; ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk ls tksM+us ds fy, mudk fo|ky; esaukekadurFkk fu;fer mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djuk lkFk gh fo|ky; vof/k ds iwoZ@i'pkr~dksfpax fn;k tkukA

3- vlk{kj efgykvksa dh 20&20 Vksyh esa 6&6 ekg ds nks pj.k esa mUgsa cqfu;knh lk{kjrk iznkudh tkrh gSA izR;sd 6 ekg ckn mudk NIOS }kjk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk lQyf'kf'k{kqvksa dks izek.k&i= fn;k tkrk gSA

o"kZ 2017&18 esa Loh—r ;kstukdqyLoh—r jkf'k O;; dh xbZ jkf'k

28664-67 yk[k31863-84 yk[k

dsUnz y{; [kksys x, lk{kjrk dsUnz

mRFkku rkyhehdqy

mRFkku rkyhehdqy

20000 10000 30000 19276 8807 28083

f'kf'k{k q y{; f'kf'k{kq ukekadu

egknfyr

,oavYila[;d

dqyegknfyr

,oavYila[;d

dqy

800000 400000 1200000 772138 344274 1116412


193

¼3½ dsUnz izk;ksftr ;kstuk&lk{kj Hkkjr dk;ZØe

Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jkT; ljdkj ds lg;ksx ls fcgkj ds lHkh 38 ftyksa esa lk{kj Hkkjr fe'ku

dk;ZØe 15$ vk;q oxZ ds fuj{kjksa dks fo'ks"kdj efgyk fuj{kjksa dks lk{kj dju]s mUgsa tkx:d djus

ds mís'; ls lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSA blesa lEiw.kZ dk;ZØe O;; dk 60 izfr'kr Hkkjr ljdkj ,oa

40 izfr'kr jkT; ljdkj ogu djrh gSA bl dk;ZØe dk eq[; mís'; fcgkj esa fuj{kjrk nj dks de

djuk [kkldj efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk nj dks c<+kukA ftyk Lrj ij izR;sd ftyk esa ftyk yksd f'k{kk

lfefr] iz[k.M Lrj ij iz[k.M yksd f'k{kk lfefr ,oa iapk;r Lrj ij xfBr iapk;r yksd f'k{kk

lfefr }kjk dk;ZØe dk lapkyu ,oa vuqJo.kA

20-3 ek/;fed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr eq[; uhfr;k¡ (Important Policies Related

to Secondary Education)

ek/;fed f'k{kk ds foLrkj ds QyLo:i ek/;fed f'k{kk vUrxZr mPp ek/;fed fo|ky; foghu

iapk;rksa esa mPp ek/;fed fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh tk jgh gSA blds vfrfjDr vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vUrxZr

vfrfjDr oxZ d{kk dk [email protected])kj dk dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA ek/;fed f'k{kk vUrxZr eq[; ;kstuk,¡

fuEufyf[kr gSa %&

1- mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk %& dqy 8391 iapk;r ds rgr 5059 ek/;fed fo|ky;

foghu iapk;rksa ds fo:) 2200 mPp ek/;fed fo|ky; ls foghu iapk;rksa esa mPp ek/;fed

fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA jkT; ljdkj }kjk 2859 vukPNkfnr iapk;rksa esa mPp ek/;fed

fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk ds Øe esa 'kSpeqDr iapk;rksa esa mPp ek/;fed fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh

izkFkfedrk fn, tkus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA

2- f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr %& ek/;fed ,oa mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa visf{kr la[;k esa f'k{kdksa ds

inLFkkiu gsrq fu;kstu dh dkjZokbZ fofHkUu pj.kksa esa dh tkrh gSA ijUrq xf.kr] foKku ,oa vaxzsth

fo"k; esa vgrkZ/kkjh vH;fFkZ;ksa dh deh ds dkj.k bu fo"k;ksa esa f'k{kdksa dh vuqyC/krk cuh gqbZ gSA

bl fLFkfr dks /;ku esa j[kdj fo|ky; izca/ku lfefr dks ;g vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gS fd

vko';drkuqlkj Guest Faculty ¼vfrfFk f'k{kd½ dks vuqca/k ij fu;ksftr dj ldrs gSaA

3- fcgkj 'krkCnh eq[;ea=h ckfydk iks'kkd ;kstu %& foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa jkT; ;kstuk en

ls jkT; ds vaxhHkwr@lEc)rk izkIr egkfo|ky;ksa@jktdh;@jktdh;—r@izkstsDV ¼mRØfer

lfgr½@vYila[;d ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa ,oa vuqnkfur izLoh—r enjlk@ laL—r ,oa foÙk jfgr

ekè;fed@mPpÙkj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa@baVj egkfo|ky;ksa esa uoe~ ls ckjgoha d{kk ds 1621025

Nk=kvksa dks izfr Nk=k 1000@& dh nj ls fcgkj 'krkCnh eq[;ea=h ckfydk iks'kkd ;kstuk ds

vUrxZr lHkh ftyks dks jkf'k miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSA


194

4 - e q [;e a= h c kyd@ck fydk lkb Z fdy ;k stu k %& bl ;k stuk d s rgr ~

jktdh;@jktdh;d`r@izkstsDV@vYila[;d@vuqnkfur izLoh—r enjlk@laL—r ,oa foÙk

jfgr ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa 9oha d{kk ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks 2500@& dh nj ls jkf'k nh tkrh gSA

5- eq[;ea=h ckfydk izksRlkgu ;kstuk %& bl ;kstuk ds rgr~ fcgkj fo|ky; ijh{kk lfefr }kjk

vk;ksftr 10oha dh ijh{kk esa izFke Js.kh ls mÙkh.kZ lkekU; dksfV ,oa fiNM+k oxZ dksfV dh Nk=kvksa

10]000@& dh nj ls izksRlkgu jkf'k nh tkrh gSA lkekU; dksfV ,oa fiNM+k oxZ dksfV ds 50515

Nk=kvksa dks nh x;hA

6- eq[;ea=h ckyd izksRlkgu ;kstu %& bl ;kstuk ds rgr~ fcgkj fo|ky; ijh{kk lfefr }kjk

vk;ksftr 10oha dh ijh{kk esa izFke Js.kh ls mÙkh.kZ lkekU; dksfV ¼vYila[;d lfgr½ ds Nk=ksa dks

10]000@& dh jkf'k nh tkrh gSA

7- izh eSfVªd Nk=o`fÙk %& foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa jkT; ds jktdh;@jktdh;—r@izkstsDV

¼mRØfer lfgr½@vYila[;d@vuqnkfur izLoh—r enjlk@laL—r ,oa foÙk jfgr ek/;fed

fo|ky;ksa esa vè;;ujr lkekU; dksfV ds Nk=kvksa dks d{kk 9 ls 10 rd izh&eSfVªd Nk=o`fÙk nh

tkrh gSA vUrxZr dqy 2]54]595 Nk=kvksa dks izfrekg 150@& dh nj ls ftyksa dks jkf'k miyCèk

djkbZ xbZ gSA

8- izh eSfVªd Nk=o`fÙk %& oÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa jkT; ds jktdh;@jktdh;—r@izkstsDV

¼mRØfer lfgr½@vYila[;d@vuqnkfur izLoh—r enjlk@laL—r ,oa foÙk jfgr ek/;fed

fo|ky;ksa esa vè;;ujr lkekU; dksfV ¼vYila[;d lfgr½ ftudk ikfjokfjd vk; 1]50]000@&

gS] Nk=kvksa dks d{kk 9 ls 10 rd izh&eSfVªd Nk=o`fÙk vUrxZr dqy 2]28]616 Nk=ksa dks izfrekg

150@& dh nj ls ftyksa dks jkf'k miyC/k djk;h x;h gSA

9- lSusVjh uSidhu ;kstuk %& ek/;fed ,oa mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh fd'kksjh Nk=kvksa dks

lSusVjh uSidhu gsrq izfr Nk=k 150@& izfr o"kZ muds cSad [kkrksa esa RTGS ds ek/;e ls jkf'k

gLrkarfjr dh tkrh gSA

10- O;kolkf;d f'k{kk %& iwoZ ls 91 jktdh;@jktdh;—r mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa O;kolkf;d

f'k{kk dk v/;kiu dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gSA 'kSf{k.kd l= 2018&19 ls 38 jktdh;—r mPp

ekè;fed fo|ky;ksa esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk v/;kiu dk;Z izkjaHk djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA

11- —f"k f'k{kk %& 'kS{kf.kd l= 2015&17 ls jkT; ds 11 ftyksa ;Fkk x;k] iVuk] oS'kkyh] csfr;k]

eqt¶Qjiqj] njHkaxk] lqikSy] iwf.kZ;k] dfVgkj] teqbZ ,oa ewaxsj esa vofLFkr ,d&,d jktdh; mPp

fo|ky;ksa esa vkbZ0 ,l0 lh0 —f"k dk iBu&ikBu vkjaHk gSA 'ks"k 27 ftyksa esa vofLFkr ,d&,d


195

ljdkjh mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa vkbZ0 ,l0 lh0 ¼—f"k½ dk v/;kiu dk;Z 'kS{kf.kd l=

2018&20 ls izkjaHk fd, tkus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA

12- jk"Vªh; ek/;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku %&

jk"Vªh; ek/;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr~ jkT; ds 147 ftykLrjh; lk/kulsfo;ksa dks Induction

Training Module ij SCERT, Patna esa izf'k{k.k fn;k x;kA

iVuk ftys ds 70 'kkjhfjd f'k{kdksa dks Nk=ksa esa ;ksx izf'k{k.k nsus gsrq ik¡p fnolh; ;ksx izf'k{k.k]

fcgkj ;ksx fo|ky;] eqaxsj ds izf'k{kdksa }kjk izf'kf{kr fd;k x;kA

'kkyk flf) dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr fo|ky;ksa ds ewY;kadu ds fy, U;wik] ubZ fnYyh }kjk fodflr

osc iksVZy ij fo|ky;ksa ls lacaf/kr lwpukvksa dks viyksM djus gsrq 238 iz/kkuk/;kidksa dk rhu

fnolh; mUeq[khdj.k fd;k x;kA

13- fd'kksjh eap %& Nk=kvksa ds fo|ky; esa mifLFkr gksus rFkk fo|ky; ds 'kS{kf.kd ,oa lg 'kS{kf.kd

xfrfof/k;ksa esa mRlkgiwoZd viuh izfrHkkfxrk lqfuf'Pkr djus ds mís'; ls jkT; ds vYila[;d

ckgqY; 13 ftys ds 1524 ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa 200@& dh nj ls dqy 30-48 yk[k dh jkf'k

fd'kksjh eap ds xBu laca/kh xfrfof/k vuqeksfnr gS] bl gsrq izR;sd ek/;fed fo|ky; esa fd'kksjh

eap dk xBu fd;k x;k gS ,oa fo|ky;ksa esa xfrfof/k;k¡ lapkfyr dh xbZA

14- vkRe lqj{kk izf'k{k.k %& jk"Vªh; ek/;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds vUrxZr d{kk uoe~ ds Nk=kvksa

gsrq tqMks@djkVs izf'k{k.k dk lapkyu lHkh ftyksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA

15- thou dkS'ky izf'k{k.k %& ;wfulsQ ds lg;ksx ls fcgkj ek/;fed f'k{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk Life Skill

Counselling Project esa uoe~ oxZ ds Nk=kvksa gsrq Low GER District oS'kkyh] if'pe paikj.k]

iwf.kZ;k] e/kqcuh] njHkaxk ,oa iVuk ds 100 ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSA Life Skill

Communicative English, IT Skills & Career Counselling lEcU/kh ekWM~;wy fodflr fd;k

x;kA

Nk=ksa ds vfHk:fp ds vuq:i dSfj;j ds pquko gsrq lHkh dk Psychometric Test dh xbZ ,oa

,ukfyfll dj mUgs lgh ekxZn'kZu f'k{kdksa }kjk fn;k x;kA

jk"Vªh; ek/;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr~ Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk 38 fo|ky;ksa esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk

dh i<+kbZ 'kq: dh tk,xhA

fnO;kaxrk ds izfr ldkjkRed tkx:drk ykus ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk izR;sd iz[k.M esa

10]000@& Loh—r gSA


196

jk"Vªh; ek/;fed f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr~ lekos'kh f'k{kk vUrxZr foÙkh; o"kZ 2017&18 esa 383-

67 yk[k Hkkjr ljdkj ds }kjk Loh—r fd;k x;k gSA

16- iqLrd ,oa ikB~; lkexzh %& bl ;kstuk ds rgr 7389 fo'ks"k vko';drk okys 1000-00 izfr

Nk=@Nk=kvksa gsrq dqy jkf'k 73-89 yk[k Loh—r gSA

17- lgk¸; midj.k ,oa f'k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh %& fo'ks"k vko';drk okys Nk=@Nk=kvksa ds

lh[kus ds Lrj dks c<+kus ds fy, TLM dh vko';drk gks ldrh gSA bl gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk

lHkh ftyksa dks 10]000@& dh nj ls 3-8 yk[k Loh—r fd;k x;kA

18- fpfdRlh; ewY;kadu ,oa lgk¸; midj.k %& bl ;kstuk ds rgr~ fo'ks"k vko';drk okys

Nk=@Nk=kvksa dk fnO;kaxrk dh igpku gsrq fpfdRlk vkdyu f'kfoj dk vk;kstu lHkh ftyksa

ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

19- Nk=kvksa ds fy, Nk=o`fÙk %& fo'ks"k vko';drk okys Nk=kvksa ds fy, 200 izfrekg dh nj ls

Nk=o`fÙk nh tkrh gSA

20-4 mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr eq[; uhfr;k¡ (Important PoliciesRelated to Senior Secondary Education)

1- mPprj ek/;fed f'k{kk Hkou %& f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fofHkUu izdkj ds egRokdka{kh ;kstuk,¡ py

jgh gSA blesa ls ,d ;kstuk gS 'kS{kf.kd Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z@fofHkUu ftyksa esa 'kS{kf.kd Hkouksa

dk fuekZ.k fuxe }kjk djk;k tk jgk gSA

2- iqjLdkj jkf'k %& bl ;kstuk ds rgr~ baVjehfM,V ijh{kk esa izFke LFkku izkIr djus okys fo|kFkhZ

dks ,d yk[k :i,] f}rh; LFkku izkIr djus okys ijh{kkFkhZ dks ipgÙkj gtkj :i, ,oa rrh; LFkku

izkIr djus okys ijh{kkFkhZ dks ipkl gtkj :i, ds lkFk&lkFk ,d ySiVkWi ,oa ,d&,d Kindle

E-Reader fn, tkus dk izko/kku gSA

3- Nk=o`fÙk jkf'k %& baVjehfM,V ijh{kk ¼d{kk XII½ esa mÙkhZ.k rhuksa ladk; ¼dyk foKku ,oa okf.kT;

esa mÙkhZ.k ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa esa ls ik¡p 'kh"kZ LFkku izkIr djus okys Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks 1500 izfr ekg

Nk=o`fÙk ds :i esa fn, tkus dk izko/kku gSA ;g lkekU; Lukrd dkslZ esa v/;;ujr~ jgus dh

fLFkfr esa rhu o"kZ ,oa Lukrd rduhdh dkslZ esa v/;;ujr~ jgus ij pkj o"kZ ;k Integrated ik¡p

o"khZ; dkslZ ds fy, ik¡p o"kZ rd fn;k tk,xk] c'krsZ fd izfr o"kZ dh okf"kZd ijh{kkvksa esa vH;FkhZ

}kjk U;wure 60 izfr'kr vad izkIr fd, gksA


izkFkfed f'k{kk ds vUrxZr fcgkj ljdkj dh vusd ;kstuk,¡ gSa ftlesa fd eq[;r% iks'kkd ;kstuk@eq[;ea=h


197

ckfydk iks'kkd ;kstuk gSA bl ;kstuk ds izkjafHkd fo|ky; ds oxZ I ,oa II ds ,0 ih0 ,y0 Nk= dks 400@&

dh nj ls] oxZ III - V esa Nk=@Nk=kvksa dks 500@& ,oa oxZ VI - VIII esa ukekafdr lkekU;@,0 ih0 ,y0

Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks 700@& dh nj ls jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gSA 'kS{kf.kd ifjHkze.k ;kstuk ds rgr~ lHkh

Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks 'kS{kf.kd Hkze.k gsrq ys tk;k tkrk gSA Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk ds rgr~ Nk=o`fÙk jkf'k

Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks iznku dh tkrh gSA

ek/;fed f'k{kk vUrxZr ckfydk iks'kkd ;kstuk ds rgr~ ckfydkvksa dks iks'kkd ds fy, jkf'k iznku dh

tkrh gSA lkbZfdy ;kstuk ds rgr~ Nk=@Nk=kvksa dks 2500@& dh nj lkbZfdy Ø; gsrq jkf'k iznku dh

tkrh gSA

eq[;ea=h ckfydk izksRlkgu ;kstuk ds rgr~ izksRlkgu jkf'k ckfydkvksa dks nh tkrh gSA blh rjg

ckydksa dks Hkh eq[;ea=h ckyd izksRlkgu ;kstuk ds rgr~ 10oha esa izFke Js.kh izkIr djus okys dks 10]000@&

dh nj ls jkf'k iznku dh tkrh gSA

lSusVjh uSidhu ;kstuk ds rgr~ Nk=kvksa dks 150@& nj ls jkf'k nh tkrh gSA

20-6 vH;kl ds iz'ku (Questions for Exercise)

1- izkFkfed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr jkT; dh eq[; uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the important state policies related to primary education.

2- ek/;fed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr jkT; dh eq[; uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the important state policies related to secondary education.

3- mPpÙkj ek/;fed f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr eq[; uhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djsaA

Describe the important state policies related to senior secondary education.


1- vxzoky ts0 lh0 ¼2011½ Ldwy izcU/ku lwpuk rFkk lEizs"k.k rduhdh ¼vxzoky ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk½ cekZ

ts0 ih0 ¼2011½ fo|ky; izca/ku ¼vkj0 yky0 cqd fMiks] esjB½


paper - xi part 2/paper-xi.pdff'k { k k es a luk rd ¼ c h 0 , m0 ½ bachelor of education...

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