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What is the difference between the opaque TAPPI Dirt Chart and the transparent TAPPI Dirt Chart?The opaque TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart is a photographic print of the original chart developed for use with TAPPI T 213 “Dirt in Pulp” and T 437 “Dirt in Paper and Paperboard.” The basis for these two tests is to determine the numerical or visual estimation of dirt in paper, paperboard, or pulp in terms of equivalent black area (EBA). EBA of a dirt speck is defined as the area of a round black spot on a white background on the Dirt Chart which makes the same visual impression on its background as does the dirt speck on the particular background in which it is embedded. Reflected light is the proper basis of comparison. Only the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart, printed on the opaque, white background can properly be used in the tests. Photocopies, transparencies, plastic-covered cards, or printed reproductions of the chart (including the reproductions of the charts printed in the Test Methods for informational purposes) will not give equivalent results and must not be used in order to run the tests as specified in the Test Methods. The official Dirt Estimation Chart for use with T 213 and T 437 must be ordered and purchased separately from the Test Method.

Another method, T 537 “Dirt Count in Paper and Paperboard (Optical Character Recognition – OCR),” was developed in 1981 and is intended for the numerical estimation of cleanliness for OCR purposes of paper and paperboard in terms of the frequency of dirt, specks, or marks. This method may be used in applications where the number of specks per unit area rather than the equivalent black area is required. In this method, each dirt speck is counted individually regardless of size, shape, or color. Reflected light is also the basis for this method, so the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart is used, although the information on the chart relates to its use in T 437 and should be ignored when used with T 537. As with the use of the chart with T 213 and T 437, photocopies, transparencies, plastic-covered cards, or printed reproductions of the chart (including the reproductions of the charts printed in the Test Method for informational purposes) will not give equivalent results and must not be used in order to run the tests as specified in T 537. The official Dirt Estimation Chart for use with T 537 must be ordered and purchased separately from the Test Method.

Over the years, a transparent version of the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart was produced by request from industry segments that wanted only to have a size estimation method for determining size of spots, defects, or inclusions in paper or other industrial materials such as textiles or plastics. Using the transparent chart for T 213, T 437, or T 537 is NOT acceptable, because those methods are based on reflected, not transmitted, light. In 1996, a method, T 564 “Transparent Chart for the Estimation of Defect Size,” was developed for use with a transparent version of the Dirt Chart. The transparent Size Estimation Chart (ordered and purchased separately from the TAPPI Test Method) should only be used in accordance with the procedure described in T 564. The transparent chart has also been adopted for use with an International Standard, ISO 5350-3 “Pulps – Estimation of Dirt and Shives. Part 3 – Inspection by Reflected Light.”

Does TAPPI recommend suppliers of testing equipment or calibration standards for TAPPI Test Methods?TAPPI does not endorse or certify any supplier’s products or services. However, TAPPI does maintain a list of test equipment suppliers (click here to see the list) and a list of reference material suppliers (click here to see the list). Accompanying these two lists is another list – the Supplier Directory (click here to see the directory), which provides the contact information for vendors listed on either of the lists. Companies are listed on the Supplier List when they notify TAPPI that they provide some or all of the equipment or materials needed to run the test. Companies may be listed on the Reference Materials List when they claim to provide calibration services or reference materials for specific TAPPI Test Methods, and they complete a form indicating that they adhere to the general criteria for acceptance as a provider of calibration services or reference material as defined in TAPPI T 1211 "Acceptance Procedures for Calibration Laboratories." Companies who wish to be added to either list should contact the Standards Department at TAPPI.

What are the different brightness methods for pulp, paper, and paperboard?Often one will find references to "GE Brightness," which is a directional brightness measurement utilizing essentially parallel beams of light to illuminate the paper surface at an angle of 45° . This brightness measurement is most common in the United States, and is the one described in TAPPI T 452 "Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard (Directional Reflectance at 457 nm)."

In Canada, Europe, and South America, Elrepho or ISO brightness is more commonly used. ISO Standards 2469 "Paper, board, and pulps – Measurement of diffuse reflectance factor," 2470 "Paper and Board – Measurement of Diffuse Blue Reflectance Factor (ISO Brightness)" and 3688 "Pulps -- Measurement of Diffuse Blue Reflectance Factor (ISO Brightness)" are the appropriate standards for this measurement. Diffuse brightness of pulp may also be measured using TAPPI T 525 "Diffuse Brightness of Pulp (d/0° )," which uses an integrating sphere to provide diffuse illumination and perpendicular observation geometry. The illumination from the lamps strikes the inner wall of a sphere, which is coated with a high reflectance white material, and multiple reflections from this surface diffuse the light before it strikes the sample. The reflected light is viewed by a photocell positioned to view the sample perpendicularly.

Because the instrument geometry of T 452 is different from that of T 525, ISO 2469, ISO 2470, and ISO 3688, there is no simple relationship between the two brightness scales. Instruments employing different geometries cannot be expected to agree with each other unless the sample being measured embodies ideal optical properties. The randomness of the disagreement between the different instruments makes it impossible to derive a correction equation or table to achieve correlation between the directional and diffuse brightness values.

A good resource with more detailed technical information on brightness measurements is Technical Bulletin No. 101 "Diffuse vs. Directional Brightness Measurement," published by Technidyne Corporation (100 Quality Avenue, New Albany, IN 47150, or on the web at www.technidyne.com, or email to spectrum@technidyne.com.

What is the relationship between Gurley stiffness units and Taber stiffness units?Up until the late 1960’s there was little information available about the precision statement for

the Taber stiffness tester. In June 1969, an article was published in TAPPI Journal which summarized interlaboratory evaluation involving 24 Taber stiffness testers in 15 laboratories (Verseput, H.W., “Precision of the Taber Stiffness Test,” Tappi 52 (6):1136 (1969). He further continued his study to develop an empirical correlation between the Taber and Gurley stiffness testers, based upon 183 paired tests on paperboard in a single laboratory. The Taber 100 and 500 g-cm scales were used.

The following paragraphs in quotes and Equations 1 and 2 are excerpts from that article:

"Although the instruments differ considerably in construction and operation, they appear to measure the same property of the specimen, and thus should correlate reasonably well, subject to the limitations found by the Institute of Paper Chemistry. These include the likelihood of error in Gurley results on specimens cut shorter than 2 ½ inches, and the error introduced by the sample weight in both instruments. In paperboard work, however, the latter is inconsequential."

“The task committee was provided with the results from 183 pairs of Taber-Gurley comparisons. A simple least-squares regression was performed, resulting in two lines so nearly congruent that they are shown as one in Fig. 2, which also shows the 95% confidence limits. The correlation coefficient of 0.985, and the regression equations are: G = 233 + 68.35 T (1)T = 0.01419 G – 0.935 (2)where G = Gurley stiffness value, and T = Taber stiffness value.”

The range of the correlation tests between Taber and Gurley were from 20 – 150 g-cm units on the Taber. This roughly corresponds with 2,000 to 10,000 mgf Gurley stiffness units.

In TAPPI Test Method T 543 om-00 (Gurley), paragraph 4.1.5 describes the working range as 1.39 to 56,888 Gurley units.

In TAPPI Test Method T 489 om-99 (Taber), paragraph 6.1.1.4 describes the maximum working range as 5000 g-cm. Further, paragraph 1.3 makes reference to a modification of the Taber instrument for measurements in the 0 – 10 Taber stiffness range.

Please note that in TAPPI Test Method T 543 om-00 paragraph 9.3, there is a reference to Equation 2, above. One should be cautioned that this study was based on paperboard samples, which fall within a narrow working range of these instruments. The following tables show examples of the calculated differences between Equations 1 and 2:

Taber Value Conversion to Gurley using Equation 1

10 * 916.5 *

20 1600

150 10,486

300 * 20,738 *

806.3 * 55,344 *

Gurley Value Conversion to Taber using Equation 2

1.39 * lowest possible -0.915 (not meaningful)

916.5 12.07

1600 21.77

10,486 147.85

20,738 293.3

56,888 * highest possible 806.3 *

* designates conversion examples beyond the range of the study

The above examples of Taber-to-Gurley and Gurley-to-Taber conversions will help the user assess the suitability of the use of these equations for their purposes. The techniques used to provide linear regressions (Equation 1 and Equation 2) did not give us equations that were mathematically equal. At the low end of the experimental data (20 Taber units), the error between the two equations is 21.77 Taber / 20 Taber = 1.0885, or almost 9% different, in the 1600 Gurley range. At the high end, the error is less, being about 1.5 %. These errors are solely due to the selection of which regression equation one chooses to use; it does not take into account any instrumental or other grade-specific differences that may occur in testing products that are different from those studied. Keep in mind that this study was probably performed using only one Gurley stiffness tester.

In summary, one might state that there is a reasonable correlation between Gurley and Taber stiffness for paperboard grades in the range from 20 to 150 g-cm (Taber), which approximately corresponds to a range of 2000 to 10,000 Gurley.

What is the difference between bending resistance, bending moment, Taber stiffness and bending stiffness?Bending resistance is the force or bending moment needed to deflect a test piece under specified conditions.

Bending moment = Taber stiffness (see TAPPI T 566 and T 489)

Bending stiffness is a paper property independent of specimen size, deflection angle, etc. Often the term "bending stiffness" is used in the industry instead of the correct term "bending resistance."

Bending moment (Taber) = bending force (L&W-type instrument) X bending length.

The theoretical relationship between Taber and L&W, according to ISO 2493 (taking into account that L&W has 50 mm bendinug length and Taber (model 150-B) has 51.8:

Bending resistance L&W (mN) = Taber scale reading (gcm) = 2.03

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Paper Standards

Following are the Standards used for Paper testing

Paper: Various Types 

Alkali resistant paper                                                                                          IS            3673-1966

 Backing sheets for stencils                                                                               IS             3302-1965  Base paper for carbon paper                                                                            IS             3413-1966  

Base paper for sensitized paper                                                                      IS            1775-1961 

Bitumen impregnated paper &board                                                               IS            5134-1969 

Base paper for waxed paper                                                                             IS            2991-1965 

Blotting paper                                                                                                       IS             1396-1960 

Coated paper &board (art &Chrome)                                                              IS            4658-1968 

Cover paper                                                                                                          IS            6956-1973 

Greaseproof paper                                                                                             IS            6622-1972 

Hand made drawing paper                                                                               IS            3064-1964 

Kraft paper                                                                                                            IS            1397-1967 

Packing paper, waterproof bitumen laminated                                             IS             1398-1968

 Paper for match boxes                                                                                       IS              3303-1965  

Paper for permanent records                                                                           IS            1774-1961 

Writing and printing papers                                                                              IS             2848-1961   

 

Paper boards  

Bitumen impregnated paper and board                                                         IS            5134-1969 

Folding box board, uncoated                                                                            IS            5134-1969 

Millboard, graybeard and strawboard                                                             IS            2617-1967 

Pulp board-                                                                                                           IS            4664-1968 

Solid pressboard for electrical purposes                                                       IS            1576-1967 

Tickets boards                                                                                                     IS            2483-1963

  

  Other Aspects  

Glossary of term relating to natural and synthetic perfumery materials   IS            6597-1972 

Packaging of paper boards, code of practice for                                          IS            6211-1971 

Paper sizes                                                                                                          IS            1064-1961 

Storage of paper code of practice for                                                              IS            4645-1968  Glossary of terms relating to paper and pulp based

packaging materials                                                                                           IS            4261-1967 

Specification for substances of paper and pulp board                                IS            1763-1961 

Glossary of terms used in paper trade and industry                                    IS            4661-1968 

Specification for waxed paper for confectionery                                            IS            3263-1965 

Specification for cellulose film                                                                          IS            5012-1968 

Specification for waxed paper for general packaging                                  IS            3962-1967 

Specification for corrugated fiberboard boxes                                               IS            2771-1965 

Specification for paper cuttings                                                                        IS            4356-1967 

Methods of test for paper and pulp based                                                     IS             

Packaging materials part1                                                                                IS            4006 (part 1)-1966   

Paper Products 

Paper stationery items for schools                                                                  IS            5195-1969 

Sizes of correspondence envelopes                                                               IS            3338-1965 

Sizes of folders and files                                                                                   IS            5457-1969 

Sizes of photographic paper for general use                                                IS            6139-1971

   

Testing  

Fiber analysis of paper and board, methods of tests for                            IS            5285-1969 

Methods of sampling and tests for paper and allied products                  IS             

Part I                                                                                                                       IS            1060(part I) -1966 

Part II                                                                                                                      IS            1060(part II) -1960 

Part III                                                                                                                     IS            1060(part III)-1960 

Paper for electrical purposes, methods of test for                                       IS            2188-1962  

Pulp methods, of test for :                                                                                  IS             

Part I water solubility of pulp                                                                             IS            6213 (part I) -1971 

Part II Determination of freeness of pulp                                                        IS            6213 (part II)-1971 

Part III Determination of alpha, beta and gamma cellulose in pulp          IS            6213 (part III)-1971 

Part IV Determination of viscosity of pulp                                                       IS            6213 (part IV)-1971 

Part V Solubility of pulp in one percent caustic soda                                   IS            6213 (part V)-1971 

Part VI Copper number of pulp                                                                         IS            6213 (part VI)-1971 

Part VII Ash content in pulp                                                                                IS            6213 (part VII)-1971 

Part VIII beating sheet making preparation of hand sheets and testing  IS            6213 (part VIII)-1973 

Part IX Bleach requirements and preparation of                                           IS            6213 (part IX)-1973

hand sheets for optical tests of pulp                

Glossary Paper Glossary

 

A4: A common ISO A-size of 21.0 x 29.7 centimeters.

Absorbency: The ability of a porous material, particularly paper or board to take up and retain liquid, gas or solids, so that one substance disappears.

Accelerated Aging: Simulated aging of paper by exposure of paper to a hostile environment, such as some types of radiation, elevated temperature (in dry or moist air) or chemical attach over a period of hours, days. Or weeks.

Acid Free Paper: Paper that does not contain any free acid. Such papers may be used for archival purposes or for wrapping articles that would be adversely affected by contact with papers containing active acid

Adhesive:1.      Moisture –proof adhesive: An adhesive that forms a barrier to moisture or water when applied in a continuous film and that retains its strength in contact with water. 2.      Moisture-resistant adhesive: An adhesive, which forms a bond that retains its strength at high humidity or in contact with water. 3.      Pressure-Sensitive adhesive: An adhesive that requires only briefly applied pressure at

room temperature for adherence to a clean surface.

Air Dry Moisture Content (AD)

1.      The percentage loss in weight of paper specimen when dried to constant weight in a room or chamber whose ambient air is maintained at 23 C(73 F) ,50% RH 2.      Air Dry moisture content of a Wood Pulp: The "% air dry" equals the "% over-dry" divided by 0.90. Distinct from Oven-dry moisture contents.

Air Knife CoatingIR: A Method of coating using an air-knife which acts on the principle of a Doctor blade and uses a thin, flat jet of air for removing the excess coating from a wet, freshly coated web of paper.

Alkaline Paper: Paper having pH values greater than 7 made by an alkaline manufacturing process

Anti Rust Paper: Paper in which have incorporated certain substances, which give it the property of protecting the surfaces of ferrous metals against rust.

Antique Paper: Printing paper having good bulk and opacity with rough or matte surface.

Anti Tarnish Paper: Paper in which certain substances have been incorporated to make it capable of protecting bright metallic surfaces against tarnishing.

Art Paper/Board: Paper/ Pulp Board coated on both sides after manufacture with material containing adhesive, kaolin etc, to give a surface suitable for fine screen half tone work.

Azure Laid Paper: A laid paper usually blue in colour having a good writing surface.

Ash Content: The inorganic residue obtained by igniting a specimen of pulp, paper or other cellulosic material in such a way that the combustible and volatile compounds are removed. The ash content is usually expressed as the percentage of such residue based on the weight

of the test specimen. The test must be specified as air-dry or oven-dry ash.

 

Bagasse: The fibre left over after extracting sugar from sugarcane.

Bamboo: A grass yielding a fibre used for papermaking.

Barograph Paper: Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the needle of the barograph leaves a red line on a white ground, sold in rolls and coils and to suit the type of barograph.

Base Papers: A term covering a number of papers used as the base for abrasive plastics, coating, tracing and dyeline dry abrasives. Very strong manila base for glass paper and garnet while for wet abrasive, such as carborundum, high wet strength types are needed, often containing glycerine to help make the paper malleable. Papers for coating (in this sense china clay or mica-type coating) are usually wood-free, mechnical or esparto or straw, according to the nature of the finished material. Papers and boards known as photographic base papers are of very high quality, owing to the very fine limits of sensitization.

Bar Code: A binary code representing characters by sets of parallel bars of varying thickness, separation and vertical positions that are read optically by transverse scanning.

Basis Weight: The weight in pounds of a ream of paper. Its metric counterpart is GRAMMAGE, where mass per unit area is expressed in units of grams per square meter.

Bible Paper: Thin white opaque heavily loaded, used for printing bibles. Not suitable for pen and ink, because of its absorbency.

Binder Migration: Coated paper defect where specks give a grainy or textured appearance to the coated surface. Detectable by ink wipe, print test or light iodine burnout.

Biocide: A biological control chemical such as fungicide or a bactericide used in papermaking.

Blackening: See Calender blackening.

Blade Coating: A method of coating, which utilizes a flexible blade set at an adjustable angle against a web of paper supported by a soft, usually rubber covered, backing roll.

Blade Scratch (Blade Streak): Fine hair like indentation running along the MD in the coating surface, less than 3 mm wide and over a foot in length. It usually appears less opaque than the general coated area when viewed by transmitted light, lighter than UV light and darker after a K&N ink wipe.

Blister: Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human blister. It is due to Delamination of a limited portion of paper without breaking either surface1.      Coating blister (Heatset blister): Round or oval blister due to coating separating from its base stock. In Heatset offset, frequently occurs in heavily inked areas, due to the dryer heat. 2.      Ply separation blister: Ply or layer of paper or paperboard separating for short distances in an irregular manner. Most commonly found in

cylinder boards. 1.     

Bonding Strength: The strength of paper or board to withstand layer-to-layer separation It is the force with which a coating or film adheres to the surface of a sheet.

Bond Paper: Bond Paper is paper used for letterheads, many printing purposes and for plain paper photocopying. The name bond was originally given to a paper, which was used for printing bonds, stock certificates etc. Important characteristics are finish, strength, and freeness from fuzz, rigidity and traditionally good pen-and-ink writing characteristics.

Book: A set of paper pages bound into a volume, where the pages may be printed, written, blank or combination. The book comprises the body, a spine, a cover and inside each cover may be a flyleaf.1.Hard cover: A book, which has a stiff cover that may be reinforced with paperboard and covered with cloth.2.Soft cover: A book, which is covered with a protective and glossy coating over the cover, printing.

Book Paper: A general term used to define a class of papers used by the book publishing industry; most commonly used for the book text paper but also for book cover paper. Book bulk, Bulk index or inversely as Bulking number (pages per inch).

Breaking Length: A measurement of intrinsic Tensile strength of paper, i.e. the tensile strength of paper that is corrected for basis weight. It is the calculated limiting length of a strip of paperboard of any uniform width, beyond which, if such a strip were suspended by one end, it would break by its own weight. It is expressed in units of km, with the paper’s mass understood to be under terrestrial gravitation. Usually it is measured in both machine (MD) and cross (CD) directions.

Brightness: A measure of the amount of light reflected by a paper at a wavelength of 457 +/- 5 mm. Printers, publishers, sellers refer to brightness which may be approximately by various photometers such as Photovolt, Elrepho, GE Brightness, Hunter Lab. They all give somewhat different readings for brightness.Distinct from Whiteness for which a total spectro-photometric reflectance curve is required; whiteness is approximated by the CIE colour-value systems.

Bristol: A stiff heavy paper whose caliper ranges upwards from 0.006 and which includes bogus, folding, index, printing and wedding Bristol, Bristol covers, postcard and coated postcard.

Brittleness: That property of paper which causes it to break or fail when deformed such as by binding, converting, finishing, folding and handling. Factors, which contribute to brittleness, are composition, moisture, drying and aging.

Broke: Paper that is to be reprocessed from any part of a paper mill. The term originates, when the paper web broke on the paper machine and the resultant mess of scrap paper was gathered and repulped.

Brush Finish: An especially high polish given to paper. It is obtained by running the dried or partially dried coated paper over a revolving drum provided with six or more rapidly revolving cylinder brushes which contact the coated surface of the sheet.

Bulk: Volume per unit weight of a sheet of paper.1.Bulk index: Bulk index is bulk calculated from single sheet caliper and air-dry basis weight; metric units are cm3/g. The reciprocal of

Density.2.Book bulk: The overall thickness in mm of a given number of sheets; it is a term useful to book publishers for managing the paper thickness and number of pages in the book and the final thickness of the book.  

Burst: An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or package1.      Air Shear burst: Burst caused by air trapped in the winding roll producing rupture of the web along the machine direction. 2.      Caliper shear burst: Cross–Machine tension burst that generally occurs between an area or relatively high and low caliper extending for some distance in the machine direction; due to non uniform nip velocities between hard and soft sections of the roll. 3.      Core burst: Inter-layer slippage just above the core, often over the keyway, which terminates an Air Shear Burst. Core bursts are most often seen on core-supported unwinds and winders.

Burst Resistance: The resistance to bursting of a sheet of paper, paperboard of package when subject to impact or pressure normal to the surface. Burst may be measured by Burst factor (Burst index). The bursting strength in kPa divided by grammage, usually OD, in g/m2.

Bursting Strength (Mullen, Pop test): The resistance to burst of paper or package; expressed in lab force/in2 as read off a burst tester, in its metric equivalent kPa, expressed as points or as a percentage.

Business Forms Paper: Paper made for the manufacture of business forms; used for business forms and data processing such as computer printout.

C1S: Coated on one side of the paper.

C2S: Coated on two sides of the paper.

Calender: A device for smoothening, glazing, caliper, reduction, and caliper leveling of the surface of the paper to improve the finish and reduce the printing roughness of the paper.a) Machine Calender: A set of highly polished cast-iron rolls-resting one of the other in a vertical bank at the dry end of the paper machine.b) Supercalender: A set of alternating polished steel and composition rolls resting one on the other in a vertical bank, capable of producing a more uniform smoothness and gloss than a machine Calender; thus used to produce a smoother, glossier and denser sheet; usually off-machine.c) Soft nip Calender: An one-machine device consisting of two or more pairs of steel and composition rolls; it is designed to achieve much of the quality of a Supercalender, with much of the production advantage of being on machine, but without the severe operating difficulties of an on-machine Supercalender.

Calender Barring (Calender marks): Dull irregularly shaped bands across the web imparted at the Calender, seen when viewed by low angle light. 

Calender Blackening: Coverage of the web or streaks of the web with glazed translucent spots. Due to excessive Calender roll heat, Calender pressure, poor or excessive and uneven moisture.

Caliper (Thickness): The average thickness of a single sheet as determined by measuring the thickness of different sheets and averaging the results.

Carbon Paper: Dense tissue papers coated usually with formulas of oils, dye (pigment) and wax. a.                   Double -coated carbon (Full Carbon): A carbon paper that is coated on both sides. b.       One-time carbon: A carbon paper intended to be used only once as opposed to many time or multiple-use carbon

 

paper. c.       Processed Carbon: Carbon paper which has been sprocket hole punched and perforated before being collated in to the form sets.  

Carbonless Paper: Paper stock specially treated or coated to provide copies without the use of interleaved carbon. The copy process requires mechanical pressure such as from writing or typing and sometimes a chemical reaction. 1.        Transfer carbonless: Carbonless requiring the contact of two chemically interactive surfaces. Three grades of carbonless paper are made: a.       CB - Coated back b.    CF - Coated front c     CFB - Coated front and back 1.      Self-contained carbonless: Carbonless with both chemically interactive coatings (CB & CF) on one sheet.

Cast - Coated Paper: A coated paper with high gloss and absorptivity in which the coating has been allowed to harden or set while in contact with a mirror-like polished chrome surface.

Chalking (Powdering): A condition where in rubs off a print, as would chalk, after the normal drying period, It usually occurs on coated paper and when normal drying period.

Chemical Pulp: Pulp obtained by cooking the fibre source such as wood with solutions of various chemicals. The traditional chemical processes are the sulphite, sulphate (Kraft) and soda processes. The cooking removes most of the non-fibrous lignin, and reduce the yield from the raw material; but paper made from chemical wood pulp is generally stronger than paper from Mechanical pulp.

Chlorine Free: A term to describe a type of bleached pulp or paper and the type of process for bleaching such pulp.1. Elemental chlorine-Free (ECF): Bleaching with chlorine dioxide but not with elemental chlorine. ECF paper is made with ECF pulp and ECF recycled paper.2.TotallyChlorineFree (TCF): Bleaching without using chlorine or chlorine compounds. TCF paper is made with TCF pulp and recycled TCF paper.

CIE Colour-Value: A set of three colour values (CIE or Hunter) used to designate colour of paper, especially of white and near-white paper. Provision is made for reporting results in one of two scales:-Hunter L, a, b, colour scale (LAB-values) initiated in 1958;-CIE L*, a*, b * colour scale (CIELAB or LAB star-values) initiated in 1976;Where a,a* are measures of redness (+) to greenness (-); b,b* of yellowness (+)to blueness(-); and L ,L * is the magnitude upwards on the black (0%) to white (100%) scale.

Coated Paper: Any paper which has been coated with pigment and its binder with a coat weight of 7.5 g/m2 or higher.1.      Coated categories: There are five categories of coated paper from the brightest  

(No.1) to the dullest(No.5) 2.      Coated Cover: Coated paper with weights above 148 g/m2. 3.     

Conversion coated paper: Off machine coated paper. 4.      Functionally coated paper: Paper Coated with a functional coating. 5.      Lickcoated paper: Filmed, Surface-treated.

Papers of coating weights below 7.5g/m2 per side. 6.      Machine-coated paper: On –machine coated paper.

Coating Defect:1.      Applicator roll streaks (Films split pattern): Defective coating pattern left in a coated surface by cavitation from film splitting during roll coating. 2.      Orange peel: When the film-split pattern is uniform over the surface, the roughness of the pattern is somewhat like the outer surface of an orange peel. 3.      Coating Band: Heavily coated region of 3 mm or more width extending in machine direction. May be associated with a wet streak at the coater. 4.      Coating colour variation: Non-uniformity of the coating due to variation in the composition or to a non-uniform layer of the coating colour applied to the paper. 5.      Coating colour spot: Small area incompletely coated. May be

caused by undispersed components of coating. 6.      Coating lump(Clay lump, Colour lump) a.       Uncalendered coating lump: Coating excess or extraneous coating in a localized area. b.       Calendered coating lump: A translucent, discoloured, shiny, hard, brittle spot in the web caused by calendering or super-calendering an un-calendered coating lump.

1.      Coating mottle: A small-scale variation of gloss of a coated Calender sheet, which can be detected by viewing the surface in specular reflection. A good-coated sheet has relatively uniform gloss after calendering. However , if by reason of a poorly formed base sheet or other variables the coated sheet is not uniform the high spots are compressed much more than the low spots in calendering and hence develop a mottle

2.      Coating Pick: The lifting of coating particles from the base sheet during calendering or printing.

3.      Coating piling: Blanket piling caused by loose particle partially bonded, coating loosened by the dampening solution due to insufficient water resistance.

4.      Coating pits (pinholes, Micro-pits): Microscopic holes in the coating. Due to micro air bubbles in the coating colour.

5.      Coating skip: Irregularly shaped areas, devoid of coating.

6.      Coating splash: Random spots of excess coating on the coated surface.

7.      Coating streak: Broad indentations to the coating surface 3-6 mm wider.

8.      Colour Lump: Impressed mark on paper caused by a defect, which appears on the Calender rolls.

Coating Weight: The grammage of a coating layer, expressed in g/m2 coating per side.

Cockle (Crinkle): The formation of ripples, bulges or warped spots out of the plane of the sheet caused by uneven moisture, tension during drying.

Colour Copiers: see Digital print.

Colour Match: Colour quality when there is no significant difference in colour hue between two samples when viewed under standard illumination.

Conditioning of Paper

1.      Laboratory conditioning: The exposure or seasoning of paper to accurately controlled and specified atmospheric conditions in the test laboratory, so that its moisture content is in equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere. 2.      Pressroom conditioning: It is now common to condition pressrooms to45% RH in order to have the pressroom RH in equilibrium with the paper RH and hence to minimize Curl and associated defects. CONSECUTIVE NUMBERING: Numbers printed in sequence on business forms to act as a reference or control over their use.

Continuous Forms: Forms in continuous lengths ("endless" web), which can be fed automatically through the machine on which they are processed; they may be separated by perforations and usually have feed holes.

Copier (Copy Machine): Equipment for automatically making separate copies of graphic matter from plain paper originals.

Copy Papers: Class of papers normally used for office copiers, e.g., Xerox, bond and stencil duplicating (mimeograph); a number of more specialized papers are blueprint & diazo.

Core: Rigid tubes used as a spool for winding a paper web into a paper roll.

Core Damage; Coreburn Out: Mechanical damage to the end or ends of a core which has resulted from the core chucks tearing into the core ends or to slippage of the chucks inside the ends of the core.

Core Plug: Thick disc placed inside a core to prevent core crushing during handling.

Core Slippage: Displacement of the core from its intended position relative to the rolled paper. Axial displacement gives a Telescoped roll. Rotational displacement may cause a loose core.

Core Waste: The amount of paper left on the core or stub roll after printing the paper.

Corrugated Board: A composite paper product made by adhering Linerboard to both sides of a web of corrugated medium on a Corrugator.

Corrugating Medium: A paperboard made usually from semichemical wood pulp or reclaimed fibre on a cylinder or Fourdrinier paper machine; it is corrugated to form corrugated medium which is used as is, but mainly for the fluted part of corrugated board and singlefacer.

Corrugation Mark: Defective pattern of lighter and darker inking on printed on the liner correspond to the pattern of the underlying fluting.

Corrugator (Corrugating Machine):A process machine that is continuously fed webs of corrugating medium and linerboard, which flutes the medium and pastes the liner to it in order to make corrugated products.

Cover Paper: A general term applied to a great variety of papers used for outside covers of catalogues, brochures, booklets and similar pieces.  

Crack (Cracking)

1.      A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation of the coating layer on the formation of fissures in the surface of the coating due to printing or other converting process. 2.      Crack at fold: Fissures in the crease when any paper is folded along a fold line. May be due to separation of coating or separation of fibers. More prevalent when the paper has been over-dried. I n boards it may occur along score-folds even though the scoring has been done to minimize cracking at the fold. The term is also applied when coatings crack without fibre failure during a folding operation.

Crease: 1.      Deformation remaining from a fold over.

2.      CD wrinkles( Washboard): Fold over of a web in the cross machine direction, giving a crease running in the machine direction.

3.      Blade crease: A crease essentially in the machine direction devoid of coating in the creased area.

4.      Calender Crease: Usually a sharp crease caused by passage through the Calender of a crease or

of a fold generated at the Calender; often cut through when it is preferable to call it a Calender out.

5.      Smoothed crease: A flattened-out crease running mainly in the machine direction. Can occur at the wet press section, dryer (dryer wrinkles), size press, winder or sheeter.  

Creping: The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase its stretch and softness.

Cross-Machine Direction: That direction in the plane of a web or sheet of paper at right angles to the machine direction.

Crushed Core (Collapsed Core): A core within a roll of paper, which has collapsed radially, or the end is crushed axially from excessive thrust loads. Damage is due to hard impact received during handling, transit, or excessive squeeze in lift clamps.

CTMP: Acronym for chemi thermo mechanical pulp.  

CURL:1. Deformation of sheet of paper which tends to roll into the form of a cylinder. The axis may be either in the machine direction, cross direction or diagonal. The paper may be curled towards the wire-like or the felt side.

2.Wet Curl: Curl resulting from the application of water to the paper surface.

3. Atmospheric curl (Dry curl): Curl that is the result of the exchange of water vapour between paper and air of higher or lower relative humidity.

4.Mechanical Curl: Curl that is the result of mechanical stresses in the paper, other than that of swelling or shrinkage due to moisture changes.

Cut: Rupture of sheet in a defined region, not extending to sever the sheet into two pieces.a.                   Blade cut: A straight sharp cut parallel to the direction of web travel. b.       Blister cut: A cut caused by a fold-over of a blistered paper or board, which is creased and cut in the Calender stack. c.      

Calender cut: A straight sharp ’Blister cut’ with a glazed edge, running for a short distance at an angle to the direction of web travel, induced at the Calender stack. d.       Cockle cut: A Blister cut caused by severe cockles. e.       Dry cut: A Calender cut which is 90-120 cm (3-4 Ft) in length with no evidence of pucker-wrinkles. f.        Fibre Cut: A short, straight, fairly smooth randomly located cut caused by passage through the Calender of an oversized fibre or shive imbedded in the web of paper. g.       Hair cut: A sharp, smooth, curved cut having no definite length or direction, caused by an animal hair or synthetic fibre. h.       Shive cut: Similar to a Fibre cut’ but caused by a shive. i.         Slitter cut: ‘Blade cut’ caused by a raised slitter working loose and riding on the web. j.        Sliver cut: Similar to a ‘fibre cut’ but caused by wood silver. k.       Winder cut: A cut caused by a winder crack  

Cutter Dust: Small loose particles of paper which chip out of the edges of a sheet of papers as it is cut by the chopping blade on a sheeter.

Cyan: One of the subtractive primary colours, the hue of which is used for cyan process ink, one of the four-colour process inks. Cyan reflects blue and green light and absorbs red light.

Daisy Wheel Printing: Impact relief printing usually used for office typing, either a direct mounting on a typewriter or a separate printer for use from word processor input.

Dampening: The process of keeping the non-image areas of lithographic plates to be ink

repellent by applying aqueous Fountain solution to the plate from the Dampening system.

Dandy Roll: A skeleton cylinder covered with a woven wire cloth, or with an arrangement of fine longitudinal wires, crossed at close intervals by heavier circumferential wires. The former structure produces wove and the latter, laid paper. The dandy roll is one method of applying watermarks to paper while wet.

Deckle:

1.      The straps or boards on the wet end of a paper machine which prevent the fibre suspension from over-flowing the sides and which determine the width of the web of paper that can be made on any given machine. 2.      The actual width of the web between the deckle edges. 3.      The total width of rolls being deckled together in one parent reel of paper on the paper machine.

Deckle Edge: The untrimmed featheredge of a sheet of paper formed where the pulp flows against the deckle.  

Defoamer: Chemical added to a liquid to reduce or eliminate tendencies for the liquid to foam.

De-Inked Pulp: A paper pulp prepared by a combination of mechanical disintegration and chemical treatment of the recycled paper, which makes possible the removal of most of the ink.

De-Inking: The process of ink removal during paper recycling.

Delamination: A rupture of a sheet of paper through the plane of the sheet, not necessarily breaking either surface.

Dennison Wax: (See Wax Pick)

Densitometer: A user-friendly photometer that measures print density directly. It also measures tone values in terms of print density.

Density:

1.      Mass density: Weight per unit volume of paper, obtained by dividing basis weight by caliper, in g/cm2.

2.      Print density: The colour depth (optical density) of a printed image. It may be measured directly by a user-friendly optical density meter. Die-Cut: A cut made with a special punching blade instead of with a conventional rotary knife.

Digital Printing:1.      Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging information as digital date from pre-press systems. 2.      Computer – to - plate Systems, which use printing plates, or other images carriers that do not require intermediate films. 3.      Computer-to-print(Plateless): Systems that produce reproductions directly on the substrate without the need for intermediate films or plates a.                   Electronic printers: Electrophotographic printers, for black or single colour, used for short-run variable information and on-demand book publishing. b.       Colour copiers: Usually Electrophotographic printers, for spot or four colour process printing, used for making one or several copies of spot or four colour process subjects. c.       Electronic printing systems:

Electrophotographic, magnetographic, monographic, field effect, ink jet or thermal transfers printing. For

One-colour, four colour process or upto six-colour printing. Used for some degree of variable information, on-demand. Examples of use are direct mail, temporary product labels for trade shows, billboard posters and the like.

Dimensional Stability: Ability of a paper or board to retain its dimensions and its shape despite changes in its moisture or mechanical stressing. Moisture changes are caused by differences in ambient relative humidity from the internal relative humidity of the paper.

Dirt: Small flecks of foreign material which have a colour in contrast to that of the paper, and a combined size and contrast that is large enough to be aesthetically displeasing under normal viewing conditions.

Doctor Blade: A blade running across the surface of a roll in order to scrap the surface free of ink, coating or papermaking debris.

Document: A carrier containing a representation of stored information, such as a form, punched card, magnetic tape, computer disc/diskette or compact disc.

Dot Matrix Printing: Impact printing where each character is made up by a pattern of dots, usually made dot by dot, synchronised by computer control. The print head strikes against a ribbon against the paper.

Dobling: The unintentional printing of two images slightly out of register.

Dpi: Acronym for dots per inch

Duplicating Stencil Paper: Paper for the preparation of a Stencil duplicating master. It is a thin, strong, lightweight paper made from long-fibred stock, suitably impregnated or coated such as with oil.

Duplicator: Machine for making copies with the aid of a specially prepared duplicating master. Includes machines for Spirit duplicating, stencil duplicating.

Dust: Small loose particles of paper, coating or foreign material may arise at calendering, slitting and sheeting trimming.

ECF: Acronym for elemental chlorine-free.

Ele Ctrophotography (Electrostatic Copying): A process (such as xerography) which uses either an intermediate photosensitive plate or drum or a coated take-off sheet which can be electrically charged to attract an imaging agent (toner) to only the charged areas of the intermediary or to the take-off copy. The image may be fused by heat, pressure or by use of binders in a liquid toner.

Embossed Finish: Paper with a raised or depressed surface resembling wood, cloth, leather or other pattern.

Enamel Paper: A glossy coated paper.

Exposure: The steps in photographic processes during which light produces the image on the

light sensitive coating.

Fascimile:1.      Exact copy or likeness; perfect reproduction. 2.      The transmission of graphics including pictures by wire or radio and its duplication.

FDA: Acronym for Food and Drug Administration, USA.

Feeder: The section of a press, which separates the sheets and feeds them into position for printing.

Felt: A continuous broad porous belt used on the papermachine, traditionally made of wool but frequently of a combination of two or more of the fibres like wool, cotton, and synthetic fibres.

Felt Mark: A formation – type mark or pattern on paper or paperboard produced by the impression of the press or drier felt; most often appearing as a light area or and dark areas when viewed by transmitted light; in extreme cases showing through the web as holes surrounded by alternate light and dark areas.

Felt Side: The topside of the sheet in traditional Fourdrinier paper manufacturing, when this is the smoother side of the paper for printing.

Fine Paper: A broad term including printing, writing, copy, and cover papers, as distinguished from newsprint, ground wood specialties, paper board and functional papers.

Finish: The finish of a sheet of paper denotes the condition of its surface. A high finish refers to a smooth, hard, surface. A low finish refers to a relatively rough, toothy surface.

Finishing of Paper: The off-machine operation on paper that prepare it for shipping to the customer especially, slitting, cutting, trimming, sorting, counting, and wrapping of paper.

Fish Eye: Round, transparent spot in the coated surface of coated paper or board, which may be caused by excess defoamer of an oil-base type.

Flexography (Flexo): A method of rotary Relief printing using flexible plates and fast drying inks. The use of resilient rubber or photopolymer relief plates for letter plates for letterpress printing and special inks carried by an Anilox roll that dry mainly by absorption and evaporation.

Fluff: European term for both of lint & Dust. It consists mainly of individual fibres, particles of fillers, particles of sizing agents.

Fluting: Corrugated sheet forming the cushioning layer in corrugated fiberboard.

Fluorescence: A property of fluorescent dyes, also called optical brightness which often are added to paper to enhance paper’s whiteness or brightness to the eye in normal lighting.

Fold: Term used to describe how sheets are folded; single fold, double fold, centerfold, and gatefold.

Folding Boxboard: Thin board between 0.25 and 1.1 mm thick suitable for making cartons.

It is also known as ‘Carton Board’.

Folding Endurance: The resistance of paper to multiple folding; a measure of paper durability.

Format: The size, shape and general arrangement of printed work.

Formation:1.      A property of paper which is determined by the degree of uniformity of distribution of the solid components of the sheet, particularly of the fibres. 2.      Visual formation: The subjective visual appearance of the distribution, size and contract of light and dark areas. Good visual formation often has direct aesthetic sales appeal.

Fountain Solution (Dampening Solution): In lithography, water based chemical solution used to dampen the place and keep non-image areas from accepting ink. Traditionally contained gum Arabic, acid and defoamer.

Free (Wood-Free): Description for pulp or paper that contains nil or minimal mechanical wood pulp.

Freeness:1.      The rate at which water drains from the slurry of pulp on the forming section of a paper machine. 2.      Canadian standard freeness (CSF): The rate, at which water drains from a pad of pulp, measured under exacting test conditions.

Furnish: The mixture of various materials that are blended in the stock suspension from which paper or board is made. The chief constituents are the fibrous material (pulp), wet-strength additives & fillers.  

Ghosting (Ghost image): A secondly unwanted image in a print. It has variations in ink density.

Glassine: Paper obtained by dampening and supercalendering paper, which is made from highly hydration-beaten pulp. It is very smooth and glossy on both sides and has resistance to the passage of oils grease, and odours.

Glazed: Paper with high gloss or polish, applied to the surface either during the process of manufacture or after the paper is produced, by various methods such as friction glazing, calendering, plating or drying on a Yankee drier.

Glazed Imitation Parchment: A strong glazed paper made from cellulose pulp. The term, particularly its abbreviation (GIP) is normally used for paper made from bleached pulp only.

Gloss: The property of a surface which causes it to reflect light specularly, e.g. like a mirror, and which is responsible for its shiny or lustrous appearance. For most printing papers, specular gloss is usually measures at 75* which is the angle between a line normal to the surface of the specimen and the direction of reflected and incident light. Instruments used to measure this property are called glarimeters or gloss meters.

Gloss Mottle: Mottle that is characterized by variation in gloss over a paper or over a print surface.

G/m2: Abbreviation for grams per metre square; units of grammage; metric unit alternative to Basis weight.

Grain: Grain, as applied to paper, refers to the machine direction in which the sheet was made on the paper machine.

Grain Long:1.      Grain-long paper: Paper cut with the grain parallel to the long side of the sheet. 2.     

Grain-long printing: Printing of paper in a sheet-fed press with the grain parallel to the axis of the press cylinder.  

Grain Short: 1.      Grain–short paper: Paper cut with the grain parallel to the short side of the sheet. 2.      Grain–short printing: Printing of paper in a sheet-fed press or copies with the grain or machine direction perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder.

Grammage: The mass of a unit area of paper or board determined by the standard method of test; it is expressed in g/m2.

Graphic Arts: The fine and applied arts of representation, decoration, and writing or printing on flat surfaces together with the techniques and crafts associated with them.

Gravure:1. Gravure Printing: A intaglio printing process in which a low viscosity ink is transferred from recessed image cells in the printing plate onto Gravure paper.a.       Sheet-Fed Gravure: Direct Gravure printing using a flat plate and flatbed press. b.       Rotogravure (Roto): Direct rotary gravure with the cells engraved or etched in to the curved surface of a cylindric printing plate; or the cells may be formed in the outer surface of a wrap-around plate or tubular shell that is positioned over a cylindric core. c.       Offset Gravure – Indirect gravure

Gravure Paper: Paper for gravure printing that has very low print roughness and good wettability of gravure inks.  

Grease Resistant Paper: Any paper having good to very high resistance to penetration by grease or fats.

Grey Board: A homogeneous board made usually of mixed waste papers with or without screenings and mechanical pulp on a continuous board machine, in thickness less then 1 mm.

Groundwood Printing Papers: A printing paper having groundwood or mechanical refiner pulp as part of its fibre furnish. The use of such mechanical pulp instead of all chemical wood pulps produces characteristics such as higher bulk, higher opacity for equivalent basis weight & greater softness.

Groundwood Pulp:1.      Stone groundwood pulp: The traditional mechanical wood pulp, mechanically prepared typically by grinding wood away from 4ft. Logs; used in the manufacture of newsprint, publication papers and Groundwood printing papers. 2.      Pressurized stone ground wood:

A strong pulp than "stone groundwood pulp" requiring less reinforcement with softwood chemical pulp, prepared in a pressure-sealed chamber.

Guillotine (Ream cutter, Trimmer): International term for a machine equipped with a long heavy removable knife for trimming paper sheets with a downward slicing action.Gum: A gum Arabic solution used to coat a lithographic plate at the end of its preparation, also before storage or during a stoppage on the press. The protective coating helps to prevent scumming.

Gumming: The application of gum to paper as glue for various applications.

Handling Damage: Any physical damage to package or paper structure, which occurs during storage or movement of paper.

Hard-Sized: High water-resistance in paper from size added to make the paper resist moisture penetration.

Hard Wrinkle: A wrinkle defined by hard creases in the paper. In roll stock wrinkles, which were present in the roll of paper as shipped from the mill. 

Heat Transfer Paper: The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation printing).

High–Bulk Book Paper: A book paper which has a bulking number of 440 to 344 pages per 25mm (1") for a weight of 67 g/m2.

Holes:1.      Holes of about pin-size in paper. 2.      Wire holes: Clean edged holes without any contamination or foreign material 3.      Pitch holes: Holes caused by pitch plugging the wire; sometimes pitch is evident at hole edges.

Humidity: 1.      A moderate degree of wetness, especially of the atmosphere. 2.      A papermaking term to describe the equilibrium relative humidity of the ambient air next to paper such as in the middle of a pile or roll of paper.

Hydration Refining: Mechanical treatment of papermaking pulp in a beater or refiner to achieve fibre flexibility and fibrillation preferentialy over fibre cutting.

Hygrometer (Hygroscope): An instrument used for measuring relative humidity.

Impression Cylinder: The backing cylinder of a web printing press supports the printing of a paper when the image is being pressed down on the paper from a printing plate or an offset blanket.

Index Card: A rigid paper or board of appropriate quality and size used for recording data in library type of filing index systems.

Ink:

1.      Writing ink: A liquid, of whatever colour, used to write. 2.      Printing ink: A liquid or paste of whatever colour used to print.

Ink Jet Printing: Printing process of an image or text by small ink particles projected onto the paper surface.

Intaglio: Method of printings in which special ink is doctored into recessed cells that are engraved or Etched into the printing plate, and the ink is transferred to paper while pressed into the plate surface in the printing nip.

Interleaving: The insertion of sheets of one kind of paper between sheets of another kind of paper or material.

Internal Bonding: The force with which fibres are bonded to each other within a sheet of paper.  

Internal Sizing: The process of adding various sizes internally to slurry of stock. The process of internal sizing with water-resistance sizes like rosin neutral sizes or alkaline sizes.

International Paper Size: Also known as ISO sizes are widely used in metric countries. ISO standards are based on a rectangle whose sides have a ratio of one to the square root of 2 (1.414). No matter how many times a sheet of these proportions is halved, each will retain the same constant proportions. There are three ISO series A, B, and C.

The A Series: The A series is for general printed matter including stationary and publications.

SIZE Millimeters

4AO 1682 x 2378

2AO 1189 x 1682

AO 841 x 1189

A1 594 x 841

A2 420 x 594

A3 297 x 420

A4 210 x 297

A5 148 x 210

A6 105 x 148

A7 74 x 105

A8 52 x 74

The B series: The B series is about half way between two A sizes. It is intended as an alternative to the A series, used primarily for posters and wall charts.

SIZE Millimeter

B0 1000 x 1414

B1 707 x 1000

B2 500 x 707

B3 353 x 500

B4 250 X 353

B5 176 x 250

B6 125 x 176

B7 88 x 125

B8 62 x 88

B9 44 x 44

B10 31 x 44

The C series: The C series is used for folders, post cards and envelopes. C series envelope is suitable to insert A series sizes.

SIZE Millimeter

C0 917 x 1297

C1 648 x 917

C2 458 x 648

C3 324 x 458

C4 229 x 324

C5 162 x 229

C6 114 x 162

C7 81 x 114

C8 57 x 81

ISO: Acronym for the International Standards Organization.

ISO 9000: Set of worldwide quality standards developed by ISO.

ISO 14000: Set of worldwide environmental standards developed by ISO.

ISO SIZE: Standard metric paper sizes recommended by ISO.

Jog: To align sheets of paper into a compact pile.

Jumbo Roll: A roll of paper, direct from the paper machine, wound on a machine winder spool as distinct from rolls that have been slit and rewound on cores.

Knife Coating: A coating process in which a doctor blade, knife, or a straight edge is employed to spread and control the amount of coating on the paper, includes Air Knife coating, Blade coating.

Kraft Paper: Paper made substantially from any kind of sulphate (Kraft) pulp.

Kraft Pulp (Sulphate pulp): Any pulp made by the sulphate process, whose cooking liquor is mainly a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide.

Label: A slip of paper or other material to be affixed to a container or article, and on which static data is pre-printed as a means of identification or to convey information (e.g. size, weight, price, bar code)Laid Lines: A continuous watermark consisting of very close parallel lines, generally associated with spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles to these.

Lamination

1. Laminated paper: Paper formed by bonding a layer of paper to an another layer, which may be of paper, metal or plastic.2. A plastic film bonded by heat and pressure to its substrate for protection or appearance of the substrate surface.

Laser Printing (Laser Printing): Xerographic printing where a modulated laser ray is projected on to a photoconductive cylinder or belt by a rotating mirror. The laser serves to product the electrostatic latent image, which is developed with toners.

Ledger Paper: A grade of business paper generally used for keeping records.

Letterhead: Printed heading on letter, stating name and other particulars of a person, company institution, authority, organization etc.

Letterpress: Method of printing from a raised, relief surfaces, by direct contact between the inked place and the paper surface.

Lightweight Paper: Papers having a grammage (basis weight) normally less than 40 g/m2.

Lint: The material removed from paper due to linting,

Lithography (Litho, Lithographic Printing)

1.      Any person in which the printing is done from a plane (planographic) surface. Conventional Litho has the image photochemically reproduced onto the plate whose image areas carry ink and the non-image areas carry water and stay clean of ink. 2.      Offset (Offset lithography): Lithography involving transferring the printing from plate to blanket to paper, the most popular printing process today. 3.     

Dilitho: Lithography without using an offset blankets i.e. printing direct from plate to paper, has also been used commercially.

Lot Number: A number frequently used by manufacturers and customers to identify a specific product or shipment; number for any group of rolls or packages in an order that is to be marked separately for the

customer’s convenience.  

Machine Direction: That direction in a paper corresponding to the direction of the flow of the stock on the paper machine. Fibres tend to be oriented mainly in the machine direction.

Machine Finished: Paper treated mechanically on the paper making machine, with a device such as a Calender stack, to improve the smoothness and uniformity of appearance on both side.

Machine Glazed (MG): The glossy finish produced on a Yankee machine. There the paper is pressed against a large steam-heated, highly polished revolving Yankee cylinder, which dries the sheet and imparts a highly glazed surface on the side next to the cylinder, usually leaving the other side rough.

Magnetic Ink Character Recongnition (Micr): Fourteen stylized characters which must be imprinted to close tolerance-using ink with magnetic metal content. Used primarily in the banking industry for the encoding of checks and other documents used in that industry.

Matte (Matt, Mat): Dull finish of coated paper. The coating is a special formulation and there is little, if any, calendering.

Mechanical Pulp: Pulp which has been prepared from wood primarily by mechanical rather than chemical means of separating fibres or fibre agglomerates from each other.1.      Groundwood Pulp: Pulps made from carefully cleaned and debarked logs which are pressed against the face of a rapidly revolving grindstone, the abrasive action of which tears the fibres from their setting in the wood.a.       Stone ground wood pulp (SG): Traditional ground wood pulp. b.       Pressure groundwood Pulp (PG): A newer variation of groundwood pulp prepared by grinding against a log at much higher pressured and temperature under pressure, sealed conditions. This gives a stronger pulp.

Refiner wood Pulp: The making of mechanical pulp by mechanically reducing wood from chips to pulp in a refiner between two metal plates. a) Refiner Mechanical Pulp (RMP): The simplest refined groundwood is made when the chips are preheated before refining, without further hear input except from the refining energy. b) Thermomechanical pulp (TMP): TMP is made at higher temperatures that ‘RMP’.c) Chemimechanical pulp (CMP): RMP made in conjunction with the assistance of Chemical.d) Alphabet pulps: There are so many variations of these ‘RMP’ process and acronyms for them such as CTMP that they have become known as alphabet pulps. 

Millboard: A homogeneous board made usually of mixed waste papers with or without screenings and mechanical pulp on an intermittent board machine, in thickness not less than 0.5 mm.

Mottler Finish: A paper appearance, which is characterized by high and low spots or by glossy and dull spots.

Mullen: This term for burst comes from the name of the Mullen tester, a popular instrument used in the test.

Newsprint:1.      Uncoated printing paper of the kind normally found in newspaper the finish is largely mechanical woodpulp or deinked pulp, traditionally with some softwood chemical pulp. The term includes standard newsprint and also paper generally similar to it and used for the same purpose but which may exceed to slight degrees in the limitation of weight, finish, sizing, and ash applicable to

standard newsprint. It does not include printing paper of types generally used for purpose other than newspapers even though such papers may to some extent be used by newspapers 2.      Standard newsprint: Newsprint, which has, been defined for trade and customs purposes. The paper is machine finished, generally has up to 3% mineral loading. It is made in weights varying from 36- 57 g/m2 with the great preponderance being 48.8 g/m2 (30lb) 3.      High-filled newsprint: Newsprint In some European countries, may have filler levels as high as 25% 4.      Rotogravure newsprint (Rotonews): A grade of higher finish than regular North American newsprint for printing by rotogravure and which generally contains about 5% clay, or tale filler.

Offset:1.      Offset Printing (Indirect Printing): Printing method used especially in lithography; the ink is first transferred from the printing plate to a Blanket and then from the blanket to paper. However, the offset mode is also used commercially for printing letterpress( Dry offset) or gravure (Offset gravure) 2.      Offset paper: A grade of paper, such as offset book, designed to be printed by offset lithography, particularly to have higher surface strength to withstand the high ink tack forces from offset inks.

Offset Gravure: Indirect gravure printing using an offset blanket.

On-Machine: The operation of a process unit like a Calender or coater as an integral part of the paper machine.

Optical Brightener: Fluorescent dyes added to paper to enhance the visual brightness; the dye absorbs ultraviolet light and re-emits it in the visual spectrum.

Oven Dry Moisture Content (Od): The percentage loss in weight of a paper specimen when dried to constant weight in an oven maintained at the temperature of 105 +/- 2 C.

Pallet: A low platform to hold a load of paper or prints, which is easily moved by a lift truck. It is fabricated of two separated layers of wood, paperboard or plastic.

Paper: A name for a range of fibrous materials in the form of a coherent sheet or web used for writing, printing, wrapping, packaging, decorating, wiping etc.

Paperboard: Paper of heavier grammage than 170.

Paper Foil: A paper laminated with metal foil.

Paper Micrometer: An instrument used for measuring the Caliper of paper or paperboard.

Parent Roll: A roll from the paper machine put into inventory, which is later slit into small rolls.

Penetration:1.      Ink strike-through: The appearance of dark specks on the reverse side of a print due to ink penetration through the sheet, sometimes because of pinholes. 2.      The act or process of penetration of printing ink, writing ink or coating colour into paper.

PERFORATIONS: Intermittent cutting of slits along a line in paper or carbon. Intact paper bridges the spaces between the cuts.

Permanent Paper: A paper that can resist large chemical and physical changes over and extended time (several hundred years). This paper is generally acid-free with alkaline reserve and a reasonably high initial strength.

pH: A measure of the acidity, neutrality, or alkalinity of materials such as paper and offset

lithographic fountain solutions. This is a measure of the effective hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution. A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral; acids have pH value below 7(down to 0); alkali’s have pH value above 7 (upto 14).

Pick (picking):a.        The rupture of a fragment of paper from its surface during papermaking or printing; leaving the fragment clinging or released; fragments may be flakes, fibres, fines or coating. b.        Coating pick (Flaking): The removal or lifting of coating particles or flakes from the base sheet or from another coating layer during calendering or printing, so that voids or craters are visible at the coating failure. c.        Wet pick: d.       Resistance to picking of wet or dampened paper. e.       Pick occurring when the paper surface is wetted by Litho fountain solution and is subject to surface absorption of that aqueous solution and to associated weakening of the surface strength. f.        Vessel segment pickout: Pickout of vessel segments, which are difficult to bond into the paper surface. Large vessels occur in the ring porous hardwoods and break into rectilinear segments during cooking.

Pigments: Substance that has been manufactured for ease of colloidal dispersion in inks coatings or papermaking stock to impart colour, opacity and/or control or rheological characteristics.

Pinholes:1.      Any small holes through paper or coating extending mainly through the stock; they are of pinpoint-size to pin-size, in Uncoated paper are visible when looking through the sheet. 2.      Pinholes caused by fine particles of sand, clay, slum etc, are crushed and fall out, leaving holes.  

Pitch: Resinous material (usually dark) which originates from the wood and/or internal sizing resins.

Ply: Each separate web, which makes up the sheet formed on a multi-layer machine. Each layer adds one web or ply, which is pressed to the other, the plies adhering firmly upon drying.

Point/ Mil: A unit of thickness measurement, one thousands of an inch (0.001"), used to measure the thickness of paper.

Porosity of Base Stock: The ability of base stock to pass air under controlled conditions as defined under Porosity. The control of base stock porosity is an important indicator to make the base stock suitable for the subsequent coating.

Postcard: A card on which a message may be sent without an envelope. They may be pre-stamped.

Post-Consumer Fibre: Fibre derived from a finished product that has been collected after it passed through its life as a consumer item and would otherwise be discarded as solid waste. Examples are old newspapers, office waste, and computer printouts, tabulating cards, milk cartons and rags.

Pre-Press: All printing operations prior to presswork; pre-press include design and layout, typesetting, graphics arts photography, image assembly and plate-making.

Printability: The ability of paper to give the most faithful reproduction of the original image at the maximum efficiency.

Print Gloss: The Property of a printed surface to reflect light specularly (i.e. like a mirror) and which is responsible for its shiny or lustrous appearance.

Printing Ink: An ink containing pigments and/or dyes to produce print images. Printing inks

are:1.      EB-curing ink: Ink made for in line curing by electron beam radiation for high gloss and high scuff resistance; using highly reactive cross-linking vehicles which cure and dry under electron beam radiation. 2.      Flexographic Ink: liquid ink of either water or organic solvent base for flexographic printing. 3.      Gravure Ink: liquid ink, usually solvent based, sometimes waterbased, for gravure printing. 4.      Heatset Ink: Ink used in Heatset printing, using hydrocarbon solvents, hard soluble resins, drying varnishes and plastisizers. 5.      Letterpress ink: An oil ink used for sheet fed letterpress or webfed. 6.      News ink: Letterpress oil ink of high fluidity; using low cost mineral oil and carbon black. 7.      Quick set Ink: Ink, which sets quickly. Useful for coated paper and board. 8.      Thermal curing ink: Ink made for thermal in line curing; using reactive crosslinking vehicles, little or no solvent. 9.      UV curing ink: Ink made for inline curing by ultra violet radiation, for high gloss and high scuff resistance. 10.  Water base Ink: Ink whose ink components have been dispersed or dissolved in water. Printing Paper: Any paper suitable for printing, such as w/p paper, newsprint & coated paper.

Print Mottle: A type of Print Roughness. A random uneven appearance in the print density, colors or gloss of a print.

Print Quality: The degree to which a print’s appearance and other properties approach the standard or the desired result.

Print Tester: Devices made to simulate press-printing variables for the assessment of papers and inks under controlled conditions. Those in common use are IGT print tester, Proof press, Prufbau print tester, RNA print tester, Vandercook proof press.

Profile (Web Profile): The varying values of a property of paper or print with respect to a specified distance in a specified direction.a.       CMD profile: Profile in the cross-machine direction. b.       MD profile: Profile in the machine direction.

c.       Diagonal profile: Profile in the diagonal direction. Prufbau Print Tester: A Print tester, first developed by Prufbau that simulates multicolour printing.

Pulp: 1.      Pulp slurry: A slurry made from fibrous material where the fibres, fibre clusters and fibre fragments have been dispersed and where they can be formed into pulp webs, pulp sheets, other fibrous products. 2.      A sheet or web made from pulp slurry, which can be readily dispersed in order to make fibrous products like paper.

Punched Paper Tape: Traditionally used in automatic date processing to perpetuate the typewritten or punched card date without recopying.

Punching: Holes punched or drilled in the parts and carbons of a form set.

Quality Control: The process of testing representative samples to check the consistency or quality.

Rag Content: The proportion of natural fibre rag like cotton in a paper furnish.

Rattle (Snap): That combination of properties such as stiffness, density etc. which is responsible for noise when the sheet is shaken or flexed.

Ream: A number of sheets of paper, commonly either 480 or 500 according to grade.

Ream Size: Area of paper in a ream, as indicated by (inches width) x (inches length) x

 

(number of sheets / ream).

Recyclable Paper: Paper that can be easily recovered to make new paper.

Recycled Paper: Paper made from recycled fibre.

Reflectance: The amount of light reflected by a paper.

Relative Humidity (RH): The ratio of the amount of moisture in the air at any temperature to the amount required at that temperature to saturate the air, expressed in percentage.

Retention: The amount of filler or other material which remain in the finished paper expressed as a percentage that added to the furnish before sheet formation.

Rewinder: A device for slitting and re-rolling jumbo rolls into shipping rolls of various smaller sizes.

Ridges: Roll defect where there are raised bands or rings of material around the circumference of the roll.

Ring Crush Test: A test, which measures the stiffness or rigidity of paper.

Roll Coating: A process in which the coating is applied by roll and subsequently smoothed by means of reverse rolls contacting the freshly coated surface.

Roughness: The characteristic of high and low physical areas of paper deviating from the plane of its surface, the roughness being of visual to microscopic proportion.

Rub-Off (Ink Rub-Off): The degree to which ink can be removed from the printed surface by rubbing.

Sampling: Technique for obtaining representative samples of paper or pulp.

Satin Finish: A smooth, satin-like, semi-glossy finish of paper or Bristol.

S c: Acronym for Supercalendered finish.

Screening: The process of creating a Halftone print, i.e. a print with areas of lower optical density than that of the ink film, by the use of a fine pattern of ink dots.

Scuff Resistance: The resistance to scuffing of paper or paperboard, usually measured in terms of the number of cycles required to produce a specified degree of scuffing on a specified area with a designated abrasive object of specified size and weight rotating or reciprocating at specified speeds.

Security Paper: Paper which incorporates identification features to deter counterfeiting and forging.

Semichemical Pulp: A pulp produced from the raw material by middling chemical treatment between that of chemical pulping and chemi mechanical pulping, followed by a

mechanical defibration operation.

Shade: In ink and paper, a synonym for Hue.

Sheet: A rectangular piece of paper or board.

Sheeter: In printing, a knife, usually rotary, at the delivery end of a press or collator that cuts off web press lengths into individual sheets, usually followed by a stacking or piling device.

Shive: A bundle of incompletely separated wood fibres, which may appear in the finished sheet as an imperfection. Commonly found in papers from mechanical pulps.

Side-Run: A roll differing in width from that of the rest of the rolls being made at the time on the slitter.

Size:1.      Dimensions: Of a sheet or ream of paper, the planar dimensions expressed in the following order, width, length; i.e. where the width is the smaller dimension. 2.      Sizing additive: Any material used in the internal sizing of paper/board. Typical agents are rosin, alum, alkaline size & starch.

Sizing Process: The addition of materials to a papermaking furnish or the application of materials to the surface of paper and board to provide special qualities to the paper.

Slime Hole: A hole in paper, characterized by brownish translucent material around the edges. Caused by a lump of slime which has formed in stock system from the growth microorganisms, then becoming detached and flowing onto the paper machine wire with the fibre to form a non-fibrous area.

Slitter: A machine direction web cutting device which is mounted on a rewinder for transforming large parent rolls into rolls having narrower widths. a.                   Shear Cut Slitter: Slitting done by circular flat faced female knives in slight edge contact with and positioned directly below interacting male knives, the paper running between the two. b.       Score cut slitter: Slitting done by circular knives having V- shaped cutting edges, driven by contact with a platten roll or drum around which the paper web travels. c.       Razor blade slitter: A slitter using a blade to cut a taut web; mainly for film and paper.

Smudge: A blurry spot or streak of printing ink on a print, caused by ink on that or another print when the ink has not yet fully dried.

Soda Pulping: An alkaline pulping process that uses a simple, sulphur- free cooking liquor of sodium hydroxide.

Soft Spot: Spot along the length of a roll that is flabby compared to the adjacent parts of the roll.

Speck: A small defect of foreign substance with contrasting appearance to the surrounding paper.

Starch: Starch is generally converted from the raw starch thermally, chemically or by enzymes to have better retention in the paper stock as it is being formed.

Static Electricity: The electrical charge which sometimes collect on paper owing to contact

with dryer drums, Calender stack and in printing.

Stencil-Duplicating Paper: An oil-absorbent paper with a toothy surface.

Stiffness: That property of paper by which it resists deflection from an external source.

Straw Pulp: Pulp that is made from the straw of grains such as rice straw. It is cooked by soda process.

Strawboard: Board made from partially cooked straw, bagasse or grass or a mixture of these.

Stretch: Elongation of paper under tension .The elongation is expressed as a percentage of the original length when stressed at a stated load.

Substrate: Material such as paper or plastic, generally in sheet or web form.

Sulphate Process: Alkaline process of cooking pulp.

Sulphite Process: Acid process of cooking pulp.

Supercalendered Finish: Finish obtained by passing paper between the rolls of a Supercalender under pressure. The Supercalender consists of alternate chilled cast iron and paper/ cotton rolls.

Surface Strength Test: The method consists of printing a strip of paper in a print tester at an accelerating rate. The method is preferable to Wax Pick.

TAPPI: Acronym for the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Tearing Resistance: The force required to tear a specimen under standardized conditions.

Telescoped Roll: A defective paper roll with one end concave, the other convex instead of square; usually caused by slippage of the inner layers of the web.

Tensile Strength: The force, parallel with the plane of the paper, required to produce failure in a specimen of specified conditions of loading; expressed as load per unit with, e.g. kilo-Newton per meter ((kN/m) or pounds force per inch.

Thermal Paper: Any paper with a heat-sensitive coating on which an image can be produced by the application of heat.

Thermal Transfer Printing (Sublimation printing): Printing whereby a design image is first printed on heat transfer paper using inks with sublimable dispersed dyes.

Thermomechanical Pulp (TMP): Mechanical pulp made by steaming wood chips under pressure prior to and during refining, producing a higher yield and stronger pulp than regular stone groundwood or regular refiner wood pulp.

Thickness: See Caliper.

Tissue Paper: Thin, soft paper made from strong cellulose fibrous materials and of a substance usually between 12 and 25 gsm.

TMP: Acronym for thermo-mechanical pulp.

Tone: The visual density of a printed area. Tone is the combined effect of the percentage of the image area covered with ink and the colour density of the ink in this area.

Toner: In ink making, organic dyes precipitated in an insoluble form as a pigment.In copiers, a powder or liquid of pigmented particles, used in electrostate processes like xerography, to form the copy’s image of the original.

Translucent Drawing Paper: A paper suitable for drawing office use; sufficiently translucent for an image on it to be reproduced by processes using transmitted light and for a design to be traced on it from an original placed beneath it. Such processes include blueprint and diazo.

Trim: To cut true to exact size, by cutting away the edges of paper in the web or sheet.

Twin-Wire Machine: A paper machine, distinct form a single wire "Fourdrinier" machine, has two wires which sandwich the pulp slurry and permit faster drainage since drainage is from both sides; it can produce paper with less two-sidedness at higher speeds.

Two Sidedness: The difference in shade, finish or texture between the two sides of paper or paperboard.Unsized: Descriptor for paper to which no sizing has been added.

Varnish (OPV): A thin, protective coating applied to a printed sheet for protection and appearance, providing a dull or high gloss product.

Vegetable Parchment: Paper that has acquired, by the action of sulphuric acid, a continuous texture. It offers high resistance to disintegration by water and grease.

Vellum Finish: A toothy finish, which is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.

Viscometer: An instrument used to measure the viscosity of fluids.

Viscosity: 1.      Resistance of a fluid to flow. 2.      In printing inks, a broad term encompassing the properties of tack and flow.

Viscosity Cup: For thin printing inks, viscosity is measured using a viscosity cup such as Zahn cup or a shell cup. The others are B4 cup.

Watermark: Localised modification of the formation and opacity of a sheet of paper while it is still quite wet, so that a pattern, design, or word group can be seen in the dried sheet when held upto the light.

Water Resistance: The resistance of paper to water absorption into paper. It is typically provided by Internal Sizing with rosin.

Water Vapour Permability: Rate at which water vapour passes through a sheet.

Wavy Edge: The waviness of a paper skid’s periphery. The effect is caused by the more rapid increase in moisture content of the edges of the sheets in a pile as compared with the center.

Wax Paper: Sulphite or sulphate papers impregnated or surface coated with wax after paper is made.

Wax Pick: A pick resistance test using wax. It uses a series of hard resins, non oily waxes which are graded in adhesive powers and which are pulled from the surface of the test paper, the highest numbered wax in the series which does not disturb the surface of the paper is the numerical rating of pick resistance.

Web: Continuous sheet of paper coming from a paper machine; A thin layer of paper unwinding from a roll and threading through a rewinder, a printing press or other converting operation.

Wet Rub Resistance (WET RUB): Resistance of a print to rub-off when the print’s ink has not yet dried.

Wet Stregth: The strength of paper when re-wetted with water.

Whiteness: Ideal whiteness is whiteness obtained from a total spectrophotometric reflectance curve. L of the CIE color value system, is the magnitude upwards on the black (0%) to white (100%) scale.

Wire Mark: The impression left in the paper by the forming wire or dandy roll wire of the paper machine.

Wire Side: That side of the sheet of paper which was formed in contact with the wire of a Fourdrinier paper machine during the process of manufacture.

Wove Paper: Paper having a uniform unlined surface and a soft smooth finish.

Wrapper: The materials, consisting usually of paper or paperboard, sometimes with treatment for moisture barrier properties, which are used to protect the roll or pile form damage.

Wrapper Waste: The loss in weight of a roll represented by the weight of the wrapper.

Wrinkle: Blade Wrinkle: Blade coating defect, an irregular line on the coated surface, essentially in the machine direction.

Winder Wrinkle: Ridges at an angle to the machine direction, caused by hard sport in the reel.

Yellowing (REVERSION): A yellowing deterioration of the brightness of pulp and paper by the action of air, light or heat; papers made with Mechanical pulp such as newsprint, and with other lignin-containing pulps are particularly susceptible to light reversion.

Yellowness: Attribute by which an object’s colour is judged to depart from preferred white toward yellow. Sizes and Dimensions Get the exact sizes, ream weight and dimensions of Paper

PAPER

GSM.    17 18 20 22 25 28 30 32 34 36 38 40Standard Sizes                        Inches Cms.                        13 x 16 33.0 x 41.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.713¼ x 16½ 33.5 x 42.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.813½ x 17 34.5 x 43.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.015 x 25 38.0 x 63.5 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.815¾ x 25½ 40.0 x 65.0 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.216 x 26 41.0 x 66.0 2.3 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.416½ x 26½ 42.0 x 67.5 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.4 5.717 x 27 43.0 x 69.0 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.917½ x 22½ 44.5 x 57.0 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.118 x 22 45.5 x 56.0 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.118 x 23 45.5 x 58.5 2.3 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.322½ x 28 56.0 x 71.0 3.4 3.6 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.6 8.020 x 30 51.0 x 76.0 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.4 7.822 x 35 57.0 x 89.0 4.3 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.3 7.1 7.6 8.1 8.6 9.1 9.6 10.122 x 36 56.0 x 91.0 4.3 4.6 5.1 5.6 6.4 7.1 7.6 8.2 8.7 9.2 9.7 10.225 x 30 63.5 x 76.0 4.1 4.3 4.8 5.3 6.0 6.8 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.7 9.2 9.725½ x 31½ 65.0 x 80.0 4.4 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.5 7.3 7.8 8.3 8.8 9.4 9.9 10.426 x 32 66.0 x 82.0 4.6 4.9 5.4 6.0 6.8 7.6 8.1 8.7 9.2 9.7 10.3 10.827 x 34 68.5 x 86.5 5.0 5.3 5.9 6.5 7.4 8.3 8.9 9.5 10.1 10.7 11.3 11.930 x 40 76.0 x 102.0 6.6 7.0 7.8 8.5 9.7 10.9 11.6 12.4 13.2 14.0 14.7 15.5PAPER

GSM.  44 45 47 48 49 50 52 54 56 60 70 75Standard Sizes                        Inches Cms.                        13 x 16 33.0 x 41.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.7 5.113¼ x 16½

33.5 x 42.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.2 4.9 5.3

13½ x 17 34.5 x 43.0 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.5 5.2 5.615 x 25 38.0 x 63.5 5.3 5.4 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.5 6.8 7.2 8.4 9.015¾ x 25½

40.0 x 65.0 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.8 9.1 9.8

16 x 26 41.0 x 66.0 6.0 6.1 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.3 7.6 8.1 9.5 10.116½ x 26½

42.0 x 67.5 6.2 6.3 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.9 8.4 9.8 10.6

17 x 27 43.0 x 69.0 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.7 8.0 8.3 8.9 10.4 11.117½ x 44.5 x 57.0 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.6 8.9 9.5

22½18 x 22 45.5 x 56.0 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.6 8.9 9.618 x 23 45.5 x 58.5 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.5 8.0 9.3 10.122½ x 28 56.0 x 71.0 8.7 8.9 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.3 10.7 11.1 11.9 13.9 14.920 x 30 51.0 x 76.0 8.5 8.7 9.1 9.3 9.5 9.7 10.1 10.5 10.9 11.6 13.6 14.522 x 35 57.0 x 89.0 11.2 11.4 11.9 12.2 12.4 12.7 13.2 13.7 14.2 15.2 17.8 19.022 x 36 56.0 x 91.0 11.2 11.5 12.1 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.2 13.8 14.3 15.3 17.8 19.125 x 30 63.5 x 76.0 10.6 10.9 11.3 11.6 11.8 12.1 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.5 16.9 18.125½ x 31½

65.0 x 80.0 11.4 11.7 12.2 12.5 12.7 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.6 15.6 18.2 19.5

26 x 32 66.0 x 82.0 11.9 12.2 12.7 13.0 13.3 13.5 14.1 14.6 15.2 16.2 18.9 20.327 x 34 68.5 x 86.5 13.1 13.4 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.8 15.4 16.0 16.6 17.8 20.8 22.330 x 40 76.0 x 102.0 17.1 17.4 18.2 18.6 19.0 19.4 20.2 20.9 21.7 23.3 27.1 29.1PAPER

 GSM.  80 85 90 95 100 115 120 130 140 150 160Standard Sizes                      Inches Cms.                      

13 x 16 33.0 x 41.0

5.4 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.8 7.8 8.1 8.8 9.5 10.1 10.8

13¼ x 16½

33.5 x 42.0

5.6 6.0 6.3 6.7 7.0 8.1 8.4 9.1 9.8 10.6 11.3

13½ x 17

34.5 x 43.0

5.9 6.3 6.7 7.0 7.4 8.5 8.9 9.6 10.4 11.1 11.9

15 x 25 38.0 x 63.5

9.7 10.3 10.9 11.5 12.1 13.9 14.5 15.7 16.9 18.1 19.3

15¾ x 25½

40.0 x 65.0

10.4 11.1 11.7 12.4 13.0 15.1 15.6 16.9 18.2 19.5 20.8

16 x 26 41.0 x 66.0

10.8 11.5 12.2 12.9 13.5 15.6 16.2 17.6 18.9 20.3 21.6

16½ x 26½

42.0 x 67.5

11.3 12.1 12.7 13.4 14.1 16.2 16.9 18.3 19.7 21.1 22.5

17 x 27 43.0 x 69.0

11.9 12.6 13.3 14.1 14.8 17.1 17.8 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.7

17½ x 22½

44.5 x 57.0

10.1 10.8 11.4 12.0 12.7 14.6 15.2 16.5 17.8 19.0 20.3

18 x 22 45.5 x 56.0

10.2 10.8 11.5 12.1 12.7 14.7 15.3 16.6 17.8 19.1 20.4

18 x 23 45.5 x 58.5

10.6 11.3 12.1 12.6 11.3 15.3 8.1* 8.7* 9.3* 10.1* 10.6*

22½ x 28

56.0 x 71.0

15.9 16.9 17.9 18.9 19.9 22.9 23.9 25.8 27.8 14.9* 15.9*

20 x 30 51.0 x 76.0

15.5 16.5 17.4 18.4 19.4 22.3 23.3 25.2 27.1 29.1 15.5*

22 x 35 57.0 x 89.0

20.3 21.6 22.8 24.1 25.4 29.2 15.2* 16.5* 17.8* 19.0* 20.3*

22 x 36 56.0 x 91.0

20.4 21.7 22.9 24.2 25.5 29.3 15.3* 16.6* 17.8* 19.1* 20.4*

25 x 30 63.5 x 76.0

19.3 20.5 21.7 22.9 24.1 27.7 29.1 15.7* 16.9* 18.1* 19.3*

25½ x 31½

65.0 x 80.0

20.8 22.1 23.4 24.7 26.0 115.1* 15.6* 16.9* 18.2* 19.5* 25.8*

26 x 32 66.0 x 82.0

21.6 23.0 24.4 25.7 27.1 15.6* 16.2* 17.6* 18.9* 20.3* 21.6*

27 x 34 68.5 x 86.5

23.7 25.2 26.7 28.2 14.8* 17.1* 17.8* 19.3* 20.8* 22.3* 23.7*

30 x 40 76.0 x 102.0

15.5* 16.5* 17.4* 18.4* 19.4* 22.3* 23.3* 25.2* 27.1* 29.1* 31.0*

PAPERBOARDS 

 GSM.  180 190 200 220 230 245 250 265 270 280 290 300 320 340Standard Sizes                            Inches Cms.                            31½ x 41½

80 x 105.5 15.2 16.0 16.9 18.6 19.4 20.7 21.1 22.4 22.8 23.6 24.5 25.3 27.0 28.7

25 x 30

63.5 x 76 8.7 9.2 9.7 10.6 11.1 11.8 12.1 12.8 13.0 13.5 14.1 14.5 15.4 16.4

22 x 28

56 x 71 7.2 7.6 8.0 8.7 9.1 9.7 9.9 10.5 10.7 11.1 11.5 11.9 12.7 13.5

30½ x 40

77.5 x 101.5 14.2 14.9 15.7 17.3 18.1 19.3 19.7 20.8 21.2 22.0 22.8 23.6 25.2 26.7

Notes : * Based on 250 sheets per ream; while others are 500 sheets per ream in papers.Paperboard packet weights based on 100 sheets per packet. Calculations are theoretical.

 

 

                  CALCULATION FOR REAM WEIGHT OF PAPER/PAPERBOARD IN

SHEETS

1.  To find the weight (in kilograms) of a ream containing 500 sheets of a given size      and gram weight.

                                   Length (in Inches) x Width ( in Inches) x  Gram Weight                                    _____________________________________________                                                                           3100

2.   To find the weight (in Kilograms) of a ream containing 500 sheets of a given size       in Centimeters and Gram Weight.

                                    Length (In Centimeters) x Width (in Centimeters) x Gram weight

                                    ____________________________________________________                                                                           20000

3.   To find the gram weight of a ream containing 500 sheets of given size in inches and weight in kilogram

                                                     Weight (in Kgs.) per ream x 3100                                                    _____________________________                                                   Length (in inches) x Width (in inches)

4.   To find the gram weight of a ream containing 500 sheets of a given size in Centimeters and weight in kilogram.

                                                      Weight (in Kgs.) per ream x 20000                                                      ____________________________                                                       Length (in cms.) x Width (in cms.)

5. To find the total weight (in kilograms) of a reel of a given size, length and gram weight.

                                         Gram Weight x Width (in cms) of reel x Length in meter                                         _______________________________________________                                                                               100000

6. To find the length in meter of a reel of a given size, gram weight and total weight in kilograms.

                                                            Weight of reel (in Kgs.) x 100000                                                            ___________________________                                                              Gram weight x width (in cms)

7. To find the weight per ream of 480 sheets if the weight per ream in given for 500 sheets.                                                          Multiply the given weight by 0.96

 

 

CALCULATION FOR PAPER/PAPER BOARD IN REELS

1. To calculate the total length of paper in a reel in meters where the net weight of the paper in Kilograms, the reel width in centimeters and the substance of the paper in grams per square meter is known.

                                                                                   Weight of reel in Kgs. x 100000                          Length of paper in meters =      ________________________________                                                                            Reel width in cms x grams per sq. meter

FOR EXAMPLE:

The Length of paper of substance 100 gsm in a reel of 75 cms width and weighing 150 Kgs.

                                                                  150 x 100000                                                                   ___________      = 2000 meters                                                                     75 x 100

2. To calculate the weight of a reel of paper in kilograms where the substance of the paper in grams per square meter, the total length of the paper in meter and the reel width is known.

                                                                          Weight of reel in kgs. x 100000                       Substance in gsm      =        __________________________________                                                                  Length of paper in meter x reel width in cms.

FOR EXAMPLE:

The substance of paper in a reel of 250 cm width and which weighs 200 kgs and contain a total length of 1000 meters of paper.

                                                                       200              x           100000                                                                       ______________________               = 80 gsm                                                                         1000            x            250

4. To calculate the approximate number of sheets of a particular size which may be obtained from a reel of paper, the net weight of the reel and the substance of the paper being knowm and the width of the reel also being equal to or exact multiple of the dimension of one side of the sheet.

                                  No. of sheets   =      Weight of reel in ks x 10000000                                                                _________________________________________                                                            gsm x Breadth of the sheet in cms x Length of sheet in cms.

FOR EXAMPLE:

Approximate number of sheets of size 51 x 76 cms to be obtained from a reel of paper in 60 gsm substance and having a reel width of 255 cms and weighing 175 kgs.

                                                        175           x        10000000                                                        _____________________           =  7524 sheets                                                                  60 x 51 x 76

5. To find the approximate number of sheets of two different sizes to be obtained from a reel, the sizes filling the complete Machine Deckle ( Trimmed).

 First the proportion of the deckle utilized to obtain the two different sizes is to be found out and consequently the proportion of the weights of the reel to get the two sizes equivalent to the above proportion of the reel utilized to get the two sizes is obtained and the approximate number of sheets for each side is then calculated from the previous formula no.4, the substance of the paper being known.

FOR EXAMPLE:

To fill a deckle of 188 cms of a reel of paper of 80 gsm substance cut in to proportion of 2 x 56 cms and 1 x 75 cms to obtain the paper of two different sizes of 56 x 91 cms and 76 x 102 cms. Find out the approximate number of sheets of the two sizes obtained by cutting the reels in to sheets, the weight of the reel being 376 kgs. Portions of the deckle utilized for the sizes 56 x 91 cms and 76 x 102 cms are respectively.

                                                                               2 x 56                                                   1 x 76                                                                              _____                     and                          _____                                                                                188                                                         188

Therefore weight of the portion of the reel utilized for size 56 x 91 cms is

                                                                                                    376  x  2  x  56                                                                                                    ____________            =  224 kgs.                                                                                                               188

and the weight of the portion of the reel utilized for the sie 76 x 102 is

                                                                 376   x 1  x   76                                                                _____________             =  152 kgs.                                                                          188

Approximate number of sheets for the size 56 x 91 cms

                                                                   224 x 10000000                                                                   _____________             = 5494 sheets                                                                      80 x 56 x 91

Approximate numner of sheets for size 76 x 102 cms.

                                                                    152 x 10000000                                                                   _____________               = 2450 sheets                                                                      80 x 76 x 102

N.B.  For any specifications given in inches, first we should convert in to cms by multiplying by 2.54 for getting the correct result.

Paper History What is Paper? How did this product come in to existance? What all changes did it see before coming to what you see today??

 Paper History  

Paper has a long history, beginning with the ancient Egyptians and continuing to the present day. For thousands of years, hand-made methods dominated and then, during the 19th century, paper production became industrialised. Originally intended purely for writing and printing purposes, a wide variety of paper grades and uses are now available to the consumer. 

3000BC 

Of all the writing and drawing materials that people have employed down the ages, paper is the most widely used around the world. Its name derives from papyrus the material used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Papyrus, however, is only one of the predecessors of paper that together are known by the generic term ‘tapa’ and are mostly made from the inner bark of paper mulberry, fig and daphne. Tapa has been found extensively in nearly all cultures along the Equatorial belt and is made by what is possibly the oldest papermaking technique – one still practised in some parts of the Himalayas and South East Asia. Indeed, recent archaeological excavations in China have revealed some of the oldest ‘tapa’ paper ever found which shows that paper was being produced in China before western records began. The tapa technique involves cooked bast, which is flattened with a wooden hammer to form a thin, fibrous layer and then dissolved in a vat with water to make a pulp. A screen consisting of a wooden frame with a fabric base is then laid in a puddle or big basin and floats with the fabric just under the surface of the water. The papermaker then pours the quantity of pulp needed to make one sheet into this ‘floating mould’ and spreads it evenly, by hand, across the surface. The screen is then carefully lifted out of the water, allowed to drain off and a sheet of paper forms on the wire. Once the water has dripped off, the screen is placed in the sun or near a fire to dry. When dry, the sheet easily peels off and, apart from possible smoothing, requires no further treatment. This technique has two basic drawbacks. Firstly, a separate screen is needed for each new sheet, and is only available for use again after the last sheet has dried. And secondly, an increase in production can soon lead to a shortage of raw material, since fresh bast is not always available everywhere in the required quantity. The fibers normally used for textiles, like flax and hemp, also served as substitutes for bast. In later times, the fabric was replaced by fine bamboo sticks, which freed the papermaker of the need to let the paper dry naturally in the mould, since the poured or ladled sheet could be ‘couched’ off. 

AD 105 

In AD 105, the Chinese court official, Ts'ai Lun, (if we are to believe the chronicle recording the claim) invented papermaking from textile waste using rags. This can be considered as the birth of paper as we know it today. Later, Chinese papermakers developed a number of specialities such as sized, coated and dyed paper, and paper protected against ravages by insects, but they had great problems satisfying the growing demand for paper for governmental administration. They also used a new fiber-yielding plant - bamboo - which they de-fiberd by cooking in lye. 

AD 610 

Chinese papermaking techniques reached Korea at an early date and were introduced to Japan in the year 610. In these two countries, paper is still made by hand on a large scale in the old tradition, preferably from the fresh bast fibers of the mulberry tree (kozo in Japanese). Following the cooking process, the long, uncut fibers are merely prepared by beating, which gives the paper its characteristic look and excellent quality. The latter is due, among other things, to multiple, rapid immersions of the mould, which results in a multi-layer fiber mat. Very soon, knowledge of papermaking spread to Central Asia and Tibet and then on to India. When the Arabs, in the course of their eastern expansion, neared Samarkan they too became acquainted with the production of paper and paper mills were subsequently set up in Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, and later in Morocco, Spain and Sicily. Owing to the lack of fresh fibers, the raw material used by the Arabs was made almost entirely from rags: however, their defective and poorly designed processing equipment (such as breaker mills) produced a rather inferior ground pulp. But, by using this method, with screens made of reeds, thin sheets were made and then ‘coated’ with starch paste. This gave Arabian paper its good writing properties and fine appearance. 

14th CENTURY 

In the course of the rapid expansion of trade in the late Middle Ages, more and more merchants dealt in the commodity called ‘paper’ that was growing in importance for public and intellectual life. The Nuremberg councillor Ulmann Stromer (Stromeir) mulled over the advantages of making his own paper and, with the help of skilled workers from Italy, transformed the ‘Gleismühle’ by the gates of his home town into a paper mill. The dates noted in his diary, 24 June 1390 (start of work on the waterwheel) and 7 and 11 August 1390 (oaths sworn by his Nuremberg foremen), are the first assured records of papermaking on German soil. The wording of Stromer's diary entries suggest that he regarded papermaking as a largely unknown and secret art, that he had to prevail against the clan of immigrant Italians, and that he had to overcome many technical difficulties. Stromer’s mill - illustrated in the world chronicle of Hartmann Schedel in 1493 - was initially designed with two waterwheels, 18 stamping hammers (i.e. six holes) and 12 workers using one or two vats. 

16th CENTURY 

The advantages of this mill-based papermaking technique, which spread throughout Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries far outweighed the disadvantage of considerable outlays of time and capital for building and fitting out with new machinery and equipment. However, the change in the production process, thanks to the division of labour, boosted output and improved quality. And it could certainly generate a profit, as some examples prove. On the other hand, there was a growing risk of an imbalance between costs and earnings, a state of affairs noted in the numerous reports of business failures among papermakers.      Later, many paper merchants took over the mills as owners, while the master papermakers practised their trade as lessees. This trend was stepped up by the special conditions prevailing in the book sector, where a book printer or publisher had to fund the production costs (paper, composition, printing) of a work before the sale of the print run generated revenue. The result was that he was often indebted to the paper suppliers. Work at the vat normally involved four people: the vatman, who made the sheet using a mould; the couch squirt, who worked in time with the vatman and placed the sheet on felt; the layman, who drew off the still moist sheets from the felt after pressing; and the apprentice, who had to feed material to the vat and provide for vat heating. The press was operated jointly by the team. Depending on format and basis weight, up to nine reams (4,500 sheets) of paper could

be made in the course of a working day of around 13 hours. 

17th CENTURY 

Technical progress continued in the 17th century. Smoothing the sheets by hand, using a creasing knife or ‘blood stone’, was supplemented by the use of a smoothing hammer (similar to a forging hammer). This led to a split in the craft between the tradition-conscious ‘smoothers’ and the modern ‘stampers’ who refused to recognise one another as fully-fledged papermakers. Towards the end of the 17th century, a new and much more efficient beater, called a ‘hollander’, was invented. This supplemented, or even replaced the stamping mill and further divided papermakers into two new camps.  The tremendous upsurge in papermaking during the Reformation in the 16th century, coupled with the introduction of printing with movable type, soon led to a serious shortage of raw materials and to regulations governing the trade in rags. The systematic search for substitute materials met with little immediate success. In the early 18th century straw was certainly used as a raw material but failed to make headway on quality grounds. Only the invention of groundwood pulp by Saxon Keller (1843) and of chemical pulp (first patented in 1854 by Mellier Watt) solved this problem. 

18th CENTURY 

During the 18th century there had been some concentration of craft activities in large operations, the ‘manufactories’, which were dependent on skilled papermakers organised into craft groups. The efforts made to step up production as much as possible and to have many of the jobs done by machine (partly to get round the constraining rules of papermakers' craft ‘usages’) culminated in the design and construction of paper making machines. The initial model was the vat that was used by J.N.L. Robert, who built the first flat-screen papermaking machine in 1798. This was further developed in England, mostly by Donking and the Fourdrinier brothers. Shortly afterwards other types appeared, like the Dickinson’s cylinder machine, and machines which filled wire moulds transported on an endless chain and couched the sheets on an continuous felt. Flat screen and cylinder machines, which were first seen in the 19th century, were continually improved and extended to include a dryer section. This soon led to a considerable widening of the paper web and to an increase in production speeds. It also heralded industrialisation. In this new era, the small operators who were unable or unwilling to afford machines sought to survive with piece-work or by producing special grades, but they were sooner or later compelled to discontinue their activities. Others had to adapt their existing buildings or set up new mills elsewhere 

19th & 20th CENTURY 

The history of the paper industry in the 19th and 20th centuries can be broken down into five partly overlapping periods, each marked by definite trends. In the first stage (from about 1800 to 1860), all work sequences previously performed by hand were mechanised. This included the rag preparation, the use of fillers, pulp beating, the paper machine with its various parts, and the machines required for finishing the paper (the headbox, wire section, press section, dryer section, units for reeling, smoothing and packaging). During the second stage (about 1840 to 1880), efforts were made to obtain rag substitutes on an industrial scale (groundwood pulp and chemical pulp) and appropriate industrial plants (groundwood and chemical pulp mills) were developed. The third stage (1860 to 1950) was marked by the enlargement of the web width, an increase in working speeds, the introduction of electric drive and further improvements to various machine parts. Machines designed specifically for the production of particular paper and board grades (for example the Yankee cylinder and

multi-cylinder machines) were also developed. The web working width grew from 85 cm (1830) to 770 cm (1930), while production speeds rose from 5 m/min. (1820) to over 500 m/min. (1930). The fourth stage (1950 to 1980), which was still dependent on the old methods as far as the mechanics were concerned, brought unprecedented changes in papermaking. Alongside further increases in web width and working speeds, there was the use of new materials (thermo-mechanical pulp, deinked recovered paper, new fillers, processed chemicals and dyes), new sheet forming options (e.g. by twin-wire formers), neutral sizing, greater stress on ecology (closed loops) and, most of all, automation. The operational impact of these changes was: specialisation in certain paper types; development of new paper grades (LWC - lightweight coated paper); corporate mergers; company groups with their own raw material supply and trading organisations; closure of unprofitable operations. 

1980 onwards 

The fifth stage leads into the future. The evolution of new sheet-forming principles (with fluid boundaries between paper and non-woven fabrics) and chemical pulp processes have been the main process improvements. However, the situation on the global market (increased demand, above all in the Third World, trends in chemical pulp prices, problems of location), are again raising capital intensity and encouraging the formation of big company groups with international operations. At the same time there are definite opportunities for smaller, local firms satisfying specific needs. 

2000 & BEYOND 

The new Millennium will be dominated by the tremendous progress that has been made in computer science, thus triggering a complete change in our commercial and private communication and information behavior. Does this mean that the paper era will come to an end? The answer is most definitely "No". Clearly there will be a huge amount of data being generated electronically, but the issue is how to preserve it. The difficulties of data storage over a long period of time are well known (for example, the durability of disks; frequent changes of hard and software, electronic breakdowns etc.). Once again, paper offers the most convenient and durable storage option. The advance in technology will affect only the printing of items like short-lived handbooks and encyclopedias. Reading a book will remain a great pleasure into the future and paper, as a ubiquitous material with its many uses, will continue to play an influential role. Many artists will continue to express themselves by using this most versatile material.  

Units used in Paper Industry Units

List of Useful Parameters and their Units in Paper,

Printing & Packaging Industry

 

Parameter Recommended Parameter Recommended

  Unit or method   Unit or method

  of expression   of expression

       

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES   Light absorption coefficient m²/kg

Apparentbulk density g/cm³ Light absorbing power numerical value

Apparentsheet density g/cm³ Light scattering power numerical value

Bending stiffness µm, mNm, Nm Light scattering coefficient m²/kg

Bending stiffness index Nm²/kg² Opacity %

Box compression resistance BCT kN Reflectance factor %

Breaking length km Reflection (optical) density numerical value

Bulking thickness µm Transmission (optical) density numerical value

Burst energy absorption s/m²    

Burst index kPam²/g SURFACE PROPERTIES  

Bursting strength kPa Adhesion on strength of glue  

Compression resistance SCT kN/m bonds of corrugated fibreboard kn/m

Compression resistance SCT Index kNm/kg Air permeance µm/(Pa.s)

Edgewise crush resistance kN/m Air resistance (Gurley) s

Flat compression resistance kPa Friction coefficient N/N

Flat compression resistance FCT   Ink absorbency "K and N" "K and N" units

(corrugated board) kPa Picking velocity, IGT m/s

Flat crush resistance of laboratory   Resistance to water penetration min, h, d

fluted corrugated medium N Resistance to grease penetration min, h, d

Fracture toughness J/m Roughness, Print-surf µm

Fracture toughness index Jm/kg Roughness, Sheffield m 1/min

Fold number, double folds numeriacl value Roughness, Bendtsen m 1/min

Folding endurance log10( number of Smoothness, Bekk s

  folds) Water absorbency  

Grammage g/m² *area basis g/m²

Puncture resistance J, kj    

Ring crush kN/m    

Static bending force mN, N OTHERS  

Stretch at break % Ash %(mass/mass)

Tear index mNm²/g Conductivity of extracts mS/m

Tearing strength N Dimensional change after  

Tensile index Nm/g immersion in water %

Tensile energy absorption J/m² Dint and shives in pulps 10² (number of

Tensile stiffness N/m   spocks)/kg

Tensile stiffness index Nm/kg Drainability of pulp "CSF"  

Tensile stiffness orientation *(degree with and Schopper-Riegler numerical value

  decimalsub- Electric strength kV/mm

  divisions) Hygroexpansivity %

Tensile strength kN/m Moisture content or dry matter  

Tensile toughness Index Jm/kg content %(mass/mass)

Tensile toughness  J/m Stock concentration %

Thickness µm, mm Swelling after water immersion %

z-direction strength properties kN/m² Surface resistivity Ώ

    Volume resistivity Ώ .m

    Water absorbency  

OPTICAL PROPERTIES   *mass basis %

Gloss % or numerical *capillary rise mm

  value Water vapour transmission rate g(m², d)

       

Associations related to Paper  

 

Sr.                            Name                                                                  Address

No.

 

 1.            Federation of paper traders Association of India                401 - A, Commercial House,

                                                                                                           140, N Master Road, Fort,

                                                                                                            Mumbai - 400023

                                                                                                            Telefax: 022 22677708

                                                                                                            Email:  fpta_mumbai@mtnl.net.in 

 

2.           Federation of Corrugated Box Manufacturers of India           138, Mittal industrial Estate,

                                                                                                             No. 3, Vasanji Road,

                                                                                                             Andheri ( East), Mumbai.

 

3.           All India Federation of Master Printers                                   E - 14, 3rd Floor. South Extention,

                                                                                                             Part II, New Delhi - 110049.

 

4.           Institute of Paper Technology                                                Saharanpur, U.P.

 

5.            Department of Packaging Technology                                   Govenrment Polytechnic, Sadar,

                                                                                                             Nagpur - 440001.

 

6.           Department of Printing Technology                                        Govenrment Polytechnic,

                                                                                                             Gandhinagar, Gujarat

 

7.           Indian Institute of packaging                                                 E - 2, MIDC Area, Andheri ( East),

                                                                                                             Mumbai - 400093

Import duty calculation Import duties on Paper Imports with 8% CVD is as follows

DetailsValue (Rs.) 

Loading 1%

Assecible value ( Rs.)

  100.00 1.00 101.00Basic Duty@10%     10.10

       CVD @ 8%     8.89

       Cess @ 0.125%     0.14

       Education Cess on CVD @3%     0.27

       Custom Education Cess @3%     0.58

       Duty amount     19.98

       Additional duty @ 4%     4.84

       Total duty percentage     24.82

 

Import duties on Paper Imports with 14% CVD is as follows

DetailsValue (Rs.) 

Loading 1%

Assecible value ( Rs.)

  100.00 1.00 101.00Basic Duty@10%     10.10

       

CVD @ 14%     14.14       

Cess @ 0.125%     0.14       

Education Cess on CVD @3%     0.43       

Custom Education Cess @3%     0.74       

Duty amount     25.55       

Additional duty @ 4%     5.06       

Total duty percentage     30.61

Here are the types of Paper for your reference

TYPES OF PAPER 

Abrasive packing paper  Badami Paper Cable Paper 

Abrasive paper Bag Paper  Calendered Marked Paper 

Absorbent paper Bagasse Paper  Candle Paper 

Account Book Paper Baling Paper  Candy Cup Paper 

Acid free Paper Ballon Paper  Capacitor Paper 

Acid proof Paper Bamboo Paper  Carbon Paper 

Acid resistant Paper Bank Paper  Carton/Chromo board/Chromo Paper 

Adhesive Paper Barrier Paper  Cartridge Paper 

Air dry paper & Board Base Paper  Cement Sack Paper 

Air mail Paper Battery Paper  Coated Paper/Board

Album Paper Bible Paper  Counter Cheque Paper 

Alkali resistant Paper Billhead Paper  Coupon Paper 

Aluminium coated Paper Billing Machine Paper  Cream Wove

Ammonia Paper Binding Paper  Crepe Paper 

Ammunition Paper Bituminous Paper /Board Creped Kraft Paper 

Analytical Filter Paper Black Album Paper  Cup Paper 

Angle cut Paper Black central Paper  Currency Paper 

Antacid Manila Paper Black Line Paper  Deed Paper 

Anti Counterfeit Paper Black Photo Paper  Developing Paper 

Anti Rust Paper Black Wrapping Paper  Directory Paper 

Antique Paper Bleach Craft Paper  Drawing Paper 

Armature Paper Bleached Board/ Paper  Duplex Board

Art Board  Blue Print Base Paper  Duplicating Paper 

Art Cover  Bond Paper  Embossed Cover Paper 

Art Paper Board (sun Dried-Handmade Boards)

Emery Paper 

Art Poster Board Book Cover Paper  Envelope Paper 

Articulating Paper Book Paper Coated Envelope Kraft Paper 

Artificial Leather Paper Book Paper Uncoated Filter Paper 

Ash-less Filter Paper Bronze Paper  Fireworks Paper 

Atlas Paper Brown Wrapping Paper  Fish Paper 

Azure Laid Paper Brush Enamel Paper  Flint Paper

Azure wove Paper                                                                 

           Fluroscent Paper

  Glassine Paper  Label Paper Packing Paper  

  Glasswood Paper  Lace Paper    

  Glazed Board Ammunition Laminated Board Paraxyline Paper  

  Glazed Paper  Laminated Paper Pattern Paper  

  Graph Paper  Ledger Paper Photocopying Paper  

  Graphite Paper  Letter Paper Photographic Paper  

  Greaseproof Paper  Lottery Paper Pin Paper  

  Grey Paper /Board LWC Paper / Board Plain Copier  

  Gummed Paper  M.G.Sulphite Wrapping Postcard Board  

  Handmade Paper  M/C Mark Stripes Poster Paper  

 Hanging Paper  Magazine/cigarette

PaperPulp Board

 

  Hard Paper /Board Manila Paper Rayon Grade pulp  

  High Bulk Book Paper  Map Paper Release Paper  

  Ice Paper  Maplitho Paper Sack Kraft Paper  

  Ice-Cream Board Marble Paper Safety Paper  

  Illustrated Board Match Paper Sandwich Paper  

  Illustrated Letter Paper  Matt Art Paper Security Paper  

  Imitation Art Paper  Metallic Paper Self Ashesivs Paper  

  Imitation Greaseproof Paper  Meter Paper Self Sealing Paper  

  Imitation Kraft Paper  Mica Paper Sign Board/ Paper  

  Imitation Press Board MICR Paper Strawboard  

 Index Board Mill Board Supercalendered

Paper  

  Index Card Monotype Paper Synthetic Paper  

  Insulating Paper/ Board Mottled Paper Tag Board   

  Insulating Tissue Music Paper Tea Bag Paper  

  Intaglio Paper Napkin Paper Thermal Paper  

  Interleaving Paper Negative Paper Tile mounting Paper  

  Ion Exchange Paper Newsprint  Tissue Paper  

  Ivory Bristol Noiseless Paper Tobacco Paper  

  Ivory Ledger Non-rust Paper Toilet Paper  

  Jacquard Board/ Paper Non -Tarnish Paper Tracing Paper  

  Jute Bag Paper Notebook Paper Transfer Paper  

  Kraft Bag Paper OCR Paper Triplex Board  

  Kraft Board Offset Paper Twist Wrap Paper  

  Kraft Paper Offset Printing Paper Typing Paper  

 Kraft Waterproof Oil proof Paper Unbleached Board

Paper  

 Kraft Wrapping Onion Skin Paper Writing &printing

Paper  

    Opacity Book Paper Opaque Paper