1. INTRODUCTION

According to Judd et al. (2002), herbarium (pl. herbaria) is a place where plant collections are

stored, typically as pressed and dried plants mounted to sheets of paper, identified, and provided

with locality and habitat data, so that they can be further studied. These locality and habitat data

provide us with good sources of information about the individual plant as well as any plant

community types to identify key species for conservation prioritization. The plants are also

arranged in such a way that either alphabetically or systematically according to an acceptable

system of classification thereby serving as a reference room in a library. Moreover, herbaria are

good sources of information for researchers, say chemists or pharmacists, who are going to work

on any pyhtochemical analysis about the general knowhow of the particular species of interest.

1.1. ETHNO-ECOLOGY

The field of ethno-ecology focuses on the ways people conceptualize elements of the natural environment

and human activity within it and investigates how these concepts vary culturally as well as reveal

universal aspects of human cognition (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1074051/ethno-

ecology). Ethno-ecological investigations are among the key elements employed, in this respect, for

ecosystem restoration and resilience where herbaria can contribute a lot to applied aspects of ethnobotany

in conservation and management of resources in our surrounding.

1.2. ETHNOBOTANY

According to Cotton (1996), ethnobotany is simply considered to encompass all studies which

concern the mutual relationships between plants and traditional peoples. Moreover, it was

elaborated (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194285/ethnobotany), thatethnobotany

is systematic study of the botanical knowledge of a social group and its use of locally available

plants in foods, medicines, clothing, or religious rituals. Rudimentary drugs derived from plants

used in folk medicines have been found to be beneficial in the treatment of many illnesses, both

physical and mental. The ethnobotany of prehistoric cultures is discovered through examination

of ancient writings, pictures, pottery, and plant remains in jars or maiden heaps (garbage dumps)

excavated at archaeological sites. From this information, the agricultural practices and cultural

development of a people can be determined. Ethnobotanists often live for periods of time in the

society they are studying, to observe all phases of their lives, including mythology, religious

1

practices, and language, in order to determine the specific plants used and the methods involved

in their preparation. Travelers’ journals, the field notes of early botanists, and other writings

serve as sources of information about agricultural methods and folk remedies of the past.

Hence, Martin (1995) summarized that where as ethnoecology studies the interactions of local

peoples with the natural environment, ethnobotany is the part that studies the interactions of local

people with plants. Therefore etnobotany tries to get a holistic understanding of local knowledge

on plants.

Richard Evans Schultes (An American Botanist): (born Jan. 12, 1915, Boston, Mass.—died April

10, 2001, Boston), American scientist who, pioneered the field of ethnobotany, the study of

indigenous peoples and their uses of hallucinogenic and medicinal plants. Schultes spent

extensive time among native tribes in South America and collected more than 24,000 plant

specimens from the Amazon region. Although his books on hallucinogenic plants were widely

read by drug experimenters during the 1960s, he dismissed the notion of “mind expansion”

espoused by counterculture figures such as Timothy Leary and maintained that such plants

should be studied for their medicinal value. Schultes had a long association with Harvard

University, where he earned a Ph.D. in biology in 1941 and worked as a curator, lecturer, and

professor from 1954 to 1985. Among Schulte’s numerous awards were the Tyler Prize for

Environmental Achievement in 1987 and the Linnaean Society Gold Medal in 1992.

(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/761765/Richard-Evans-Schultes).

Modern Ethnobotany: Beginning in the 20th century, the field of ethnobotany experienced a

shift from the raw compilation of data to a greater methodological and conceptual reorientation.

This is also the beginning of academic ethnobotany. The so-called "father" of this discipline is

Richard Evans Schultes even though he did not actually coin the term "Ethnobotany". Today the

field of ethnobotany requires a variety of skills: botanical training for the identification and

preservation of plant specimens; anthropological training to understand the cultural concepts

around the perception of plants; linguistic training, at least enough to transcribe local terms and

understand native morphology, syntax, and semantics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany).

Hence, the objectives of herbaria even could not be achieved without proper applications of the modern

concepts of ethnobotany.

2

The main objective of this review paper is to give an in-depth critics (both strong and weak side criticism)

on the paper entitled; “Linking Ethnobotany, Herbaria and Flora to Conservation: The Case of Four

Angiosperm Families at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia” .It is believed that such engagement in

reading and criticism practice can scale up the knowledge and practice of beginners who engage in their

first hand research endeavor.

Conservation is about maintaining the biosphere, taking action to avoid species decline and extinctions

and permanent change to the environment which requires public and governmental support (Taylor, et al.,

2003). Biological conservation aims at maintaining the diversity of living organisms, their habitats and

the interrelationships between organisms and their environment (Spellerberg et al., 1995). Ethnobotanists

play a catalytic role in suggesting which wild or semi-cultivated species can be incorporated into

agroforestry or agro-ecosystems as well as through proposing alternatives to environmentally destructive

practices (Martin, 1995).

2. OVERVIEW ON HERBARIA OF THE WORLD AND INDEX HERBARIORUM

According to Biorepositories.org (2008), scientists have documented the earth’s plant and fungal diversity

through dried reference specimens maintained in collections known as herbaria for the past three

centuries. Index Herbarium: A Global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff under the above

website reported that there are approximately 3, 400 herbaria in the world today, with approximately

10, 000 associated curators and biodiversity specialists. Hence, collectively, the world herbaria contain

an estimated 350, 000,000 specimens that documented the earth’s vegetation for the past 400 years

(http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp). Therefore, Index Herbariorum is a guide to

the crucial source for biodiversity science and conservation.

It was said that the Index Herbarium (IH) entry for herbarium includes its physical location, web address,

contents representing number and types of specimens, history and names, contact information and areas

of expertise of associated staff. The New York Bbotanical Ggarden, Iinternational Plant Sscience

Centerer (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp) also noted that only those

collections that are permanent scientific repositories are included in IH. Hence new registrants

must demonstrate that their collection is large usually 5,000 specimens minimum, accessible to

scientists , and actively managed where each institution is assigned a permanent unique identifier

in the form of a four to eight letter code, as practiced and dates from the founding of IH in 1935

(h ttp://www.biorepositories.org ).3

3. MAJOR HERBARIA OF THE WORLD

According to http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=en, the

continent Europe is the leading in harboring the largest (9,500,000) specimen collections of

herbarium specimens in France followed by USA, Asia, Australasia and Oceania, Africa and

South America respectively (Table 1 below). In case of African continent, South Africa is the

leading followed by Kenya at the continental level although compared to the other continents

except South America, it is with lesser collections of specimens. The East African Herbarium of

Kenya is the second largest in African continent but the first largest in the Horn of Africa with its

1,000,000 specimen collections (http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/116/83/).

A B C

Fig. 1 Herbarium preparations (Herbarium specimens of various Nepenthes at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, France (A), Preparing a plant for mounting (B), A large herbarium may have hundreds of cases filled with specimens (C))

(Source: http://www.encyclopedia.com)

(I) (II)

Fig 2 (I) The Swedish Museum of Natural History (Herbarium building) (II) Herbaria soap and tools for field tour (Source: http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/beskrivn.html.en)

4

Table: 1. Herbaria Profile by Continent (See Appendix 9 for more details)

Continent Name

of herbaria

Number

of specimens

Location Source

Europe Musum National d'Histoire Naturelle

9,500,000

France; Paris http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/

transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=en

USA New York

Botanical Garden

7,200,000

USA; The Bronx, New York City, New York

http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/SteereHerbarium.asp

Asia Chinese National Herbarium,

2,470,000

People's Republic of China; Xiangshan, Beijing

http://pe.ibcas.ac.cn/

Australasia

And Oceania

Australian National Herbarium

1,328,000

Australia; Canberra, A. C. T.

http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/herbarium/index.html

Africa South African National Botanical Institute

1,200,000

South Africa; Pretoria, Gauteng Province

http://www.sanbi.org/frames/nationalherbfram.htm

South America Fundacin Miguel Lillo 700, 000

Argentina; Tucum n

http://lillo.org.ar/content/blogcategory/10/36/

3.1. HERBARIA IN EAST AFRICA AND ETHIOPIA

According to http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual-

Herbarium.htm, East Africa is one of the worlds Biodiversity Hotspots with nearly 7,600 plant

species, of which a third are found nowhere else on the planet. It is also one of the most densely

populated places on Earth. The rapid expansion of agriculture and urbanization to service this

rising population places the habitats of East Africa’s plants under threat.

5

The Kew website also noted that Preserved plant specimens are a vital resource for

conservationists, forming the foundation of plant research and conservation projects. Specimens

are used to identify, name and classify plants, and to document a population’s spread or decline.

This historical record of plant distribution and vegetation change is fundamental to our

understanding of the implications of climate change and human impact. It informs conservation

priorities, drives land management policies and encourages sustainable use practices

(http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual - Herbarium ).

Hence, the Virtual Herbarium is a web-based collection of digital images of preserved plant

specimens and associated information, which makes data on taxonomy, geographic distribution

and plant biodiversity available to conservationists throughout East Africa. Collaborative

Fieldwork and Vegetation Studies in Ethiopia indicated that Kew is working in collaboration with

herbaria at Addis Ababa University (ETH) and the University of Copenhagen (C), to carry out

and document detailed studies on the woody plants of Ethiopia. Plant specimens are housed in

herbaria and it was stated that a good Flora as the foundation from which other work can come,

whether in the form of local floras and guides for specific areas and/or groups of plants, or

providing the basic information for research into new and economically or intellectually fruitful

fields (Edwards, et al., 2000). The five major herbaria in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania

contain over 3 million plant specimens. Access to this data is severely limited - less than 5% is

available digitally. A virtual herbarium, a web-based collection of digital images of plant

specimens and supporting information, will enable conservationists throughout East Africa to

make use of this data in order to protect the region’s biodiversity from further degradation

(http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual - Herbarium ).

6

Table 2: The Eastern African Virtual Herbarium project (Source: http://www.Bioscience.org)

Country Name of Herbaria Location Approx.

Size of SpecimensKenya National Museums of Kenya,

East African HerbariumNairobi, Kenya

1,000,000

Tanzania National Herbarium of Tanzania

University of

Dar es Salaam 125,000

Uganda University of Makerere Herbarium

? ?

Ethiopia Ethiopian

National Herbarium

Addis Ababa University

Ababa

80,000

3.2. HERBARIA IN ETHIOPIA:THE ETHIOPIAN NATIONAL HERBARIUM

Ethiopia is a land of great ecosystem diversity. The great ecosystem diversity is attributed to the

numerous floristic diversity of the country. However, compared to the available Flora and land

mass of the country, the available herbaria is not sufficient to host all plant species both from

both the vicinity and remote areas. Experiences from other countries around the world are good

indicators of the need to design herbaria expansion projects at least in each higher learning

institutions of the country.

The National Herbarium of Ethiopia (ETH) was founded in 1959 (Friis, 2001 quoted in Ermias

Lulekal et al., 2011). The Ethiopian Flora Project was launched in 1980 and it is currently the

source of information for many researchers, academic as well as nonacademic institutions both in

Ethiopia and abroad (Edberg and Edwards, 1989). The Ethiopian National Herbarium which is

the result of the Ethiopian Flora Project and it is currently harbored approximately 80,000

7

specimens representing 450,000 species and the Ethiopian Flora contains approximately 6,000

plant species belonging to 258 families (oral communication with Ensermu Kelbessa). Similarly,

it was reported in recent publication of Volume 8 of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea that from

1980 to 2008, the number of collections in ETH has increased from 16,000 to 80,000 and

duplicates have been deposited in various herbaria elsewhere (Friis, 2009).

4. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE PAPER

A study was conducted at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia on four angiosperm families. The study

was targeted with the objective of evaluating the amount of ethnobotanical information captured and

documented in herbarium specimen labels and associated flora volumes. Moreover, the study was

supposed to be important to identify species with more anthropogenic pressure that is based on local

utilization. Hence, it can be used as a tool to identify those species that need further documentation and

subsequent conservation measure. With the above objective, the researcher carried out a research that

evaluated the amount of plant use information in 4717 herbarium specimens of the families Rubiaceae,

Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Burseraceae and relevant flora volumes housed at the National

Herbarium of Ethiopia.

The research indicated that out of the 4717 herbarium specimens assessed representing 293 species

deposited at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia, belonging to Rubiaceae (2505 specimens representing

109 species), Solanaceae (894/69), Cucurbitaceae (743/66), and Burseraceae (575/49) for information

documenting their use. The result of the study indicated that 34.5 %( 101 species) had documented

ethnobotanical uses. About 10 %( 29 species) were found represented each with only a single specimen,

hence hardly possible to detect their conservation status. The researchers’ conclusion is then that the

presence of limited plant use information calls for an effort for future plant collections, label preparations

and flora revisions. Moreover, a prior attention on documentation and conservation has to be given for

locally useful endemic species that are currently in the IUCN Red List as noted by the writer.

5. STRENGTHS IN THE PAPER

The paper showed to the reader a clear picture of the roles of ethnobotany, herbaria and flora in

conservation. It reminds the proper usage of under exploited herbarium specimens as sources of

plant use information for conservation. This may initiate researchers, taxonomists, as well as

herbarium establishers to include plant use information while cataloguing their herbarium

8

specimens. This leads to the re-assessment of herbaria that established ahead to check whether

all ethnobotanical aspects or all the plant use information were correctly included during

specimen mounting in their respective specimens collections or not. On that note, the paper

clearly indicated that the practice of incorporating ethnobotanical uses of plants in herbarium

specimens during the past six decades is under increasing trend. However, compared to the total

number of species present in the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, only smaller percentage of them

documented plant use information in case of the Ethiopian National Herbarium.

The author also emphasized the need for systematically designed comprehensive ethnobotanical

studies in the country. He emphasized, for example in his earlier works, the need for immediate

actions so as to effectively document, produce a development plan and utilize useful plants such

as the wild edible ones (Ermias Lulekal et al., 2011). This helps to achieve the objective of

reaching for reports of local use information and compiling for the greater majority of species in

order to detect the use-based pressure against them. That reminded conservationists as well as

policy makers for future projects to dedicate entirely to an ethnobotanical study of plants that is

adjunct to the existing National Herbarium. This helps to house ethnobotanical collections with

detailed plant use information according to the writer. Finally, he emphasized the need for

immediate attention that should be given to developing an ethnobotanical garden for

conservation purposes taking into account the opportunity of having newly established Botanic

Gardens in the country to help attaining the above objectives.

6. SOME SHORTCOMINGS (GAPS) OF THE PAPER

The author failed to incorporate a brief overview of key terms and phrases into his paper so that

any ordinary reader can easily understand the manuscript. Although the author selected the four

Angiosperm families (Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Burseraceae) taking into

account of their wide distribution as a selection criteria, he did not said anything about families

that contained the largest number of species. He did not for example mention anything about

Asteraceae, and those that are economically constituted the largest percentage of food (crop

plants), for example Poaceae and Fabaceae with regard to their wide distribution. He also did

9

not mention anything from literature about any herbaria apart from the Ethiopian Herbarium on

the practice of plant use information and utilization from other countries. It is expected that such

comparisons could be the lessons learnt from others on the effective implementation of the

relationship between Ethnobotany, herbaria, flora and conservation.

The author also did not address the role of local peoples while establishing new botanic gardens

to implement community based conservation practices. It is an important practice that since the

local communities are the immediate authorities of both any natural and anthropogenic

environments, they play crucial role in the achievement of any conservation practice that is going

to be designed and implemented.

7. CONCLUSIONS

Although the paper is with slight shortcomings, it’s over all quality is very well as it contained

many things especially about the key functions of ethnobotany and flora in conservation. It

clearly addressed the need to integrate ethnobotany, herbaria, and flora with conservation. It is

hoped that the findings of the author can serve as a gate for interested researchers to work upon it

for more to fill the gaps. Such investigations can answer the question that how do we go beyond

the rhetoric of policy on human needs and sustainable resource use without jeopardizing the

natural resource base or primary goal of a given conservation area as noted by Cunningham

(2001).

8. References10

1. Cotton, C. M. (1996). Ethnobotany; Principles and Applications. John Willey &

Sons. New York, USA.

2. Cunningham, A.B., (2001). APPLIED ETNOBOTANY. People, Wild Plant Use and

Conservation, Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, UK.

3. Ermias Lulekal, Zemede Asfaw, Ensermu Kelbessa, Damme, P.V., (2011). Wild

Edible Plants in Ethiopia: A Review on their Potential to Combat Food

Insecurity, Africa Focus 24(2):71-121.

4. Ermias Lulekal, Zemede Asfaw, Ensermu Kelbessa and Damme, P.V., (2012).

Linking Ethnobotany, Herbaria, and Flora to Conservation: The Case of

Four Angiosperm Families at the National Herbarium of Ethiopia, Journal

of East African Natural History 101(1):xx-xx.

5. Friis, I (2009). The Scientific Study of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea up to the

Beginning of the Ethiopian Flora Project(1980).In: Flora of Ethiopia and

Eritrea, Vol.8, General Part and Index to vol. 1-7, Hedberg, I. and Persson,

E. (edrs), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Upsala, Seweden.

6. Judd, W.S., Cambell, C.S., Kellog, E.A., Stevens, P.F., and Donghue, M.J. (2002).

Plant Systematics; a Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc.,

Sunderland, USA

7. Hedberg, E and Edwards, S. (1989). Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea(Preface). Vol.3:

Pittosporaceae to Araliaceae, The National Herbarium Addis Ababa

University, Ethiopia and Department of Systematic Botany, Upsala Sewden.

8. Http://www.britanica.com/EBcheked/topic/194285/ethnobotany.

9. Http://www.britanica.com/EBcheked/topic/1074051/ethnoecology .

11

10. Http://www.biorepositories.org

11. Http:www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany.

12. Http://www.britanica.com/EBcheked/topic/761765/Richard-Evans-Schultes .

13. 11. http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/E-African-Virtual -

Herbarium

14. http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/116/83

15. Http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp : The New York

Botanical Garden, International Plant Science Centre.

16. Martin, G.J. (1995). Ethnobotany. A Methods Manual, Cahpman & Hall, London,

UK.

17. Spellerberg, I.F., and Hardes, S., (1995). Biological Conservation, Cambridge

University Press, Great Britain.

18. Taylor, D.J., Green, N.P.O., Stout, G.W., and Soper, R., (2003). Biological Science,

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

9. APPENDICES

12

Appendix: 9.1 HERBARIA IN AFRICA

Name of Herbaria No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

South African National Botanical Institute

1,200,000 PRE South Africa; Pretoria, Gauteng Province

http://www.sanbi.org/frames/nationalherbfram.htm

National Museums of Kenya, East African Herbarium

1,000,000 EA Kenya; Nairobi

http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/116/83/

Bolus Herbarium 373,000 BOL South Africa; Rondebosch, Western Cape Province

http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/bolus/

Albany Museum 200,000 GRA South Africa; Grahamstown, Eastern Cape Province

http://www.ru.ac.za/static/affiliates/am/?request=affiliates/am/

University of Pretoria, H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium

120,000 PRU South Africa; Pretoria, Gauteng province

http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=3526&sub=1&parentid=1592&subid=1613&ipklookid=11

Appendix: 9.2 HERBARIA IN ASIA

Name of Herbaria No of Abbrv. Location Website

13

Specimens

Chinese National Herbarium, (Chinese Academy of Sciences

2,470,000 PE People's Republic of China; Xiangshan, Beijing

http://pe.ibcas.ac.cn/

University of Tokyo

1,700,000 TI Japan; Tokyo http://herb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Central National Herbarium, India 1,500,000 CAL India; Kolkata, West Bengal

http://164.100.52.111/cnh/index.htm

South China Botanical Garden

1,000,000 IBSC People's Republic of China; Guangzhou, Guangdong

http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=600

Hebrew University 700,000 HUJ Israel; Jerusalem http://nnhc.huji.ac.il/hujiCollections/page.htm?id=422

North West Agriculture and Forestry University

550,000 WUK China; Yangling, Shaanxi http://wukvh.plantlib.net http://vh.plantlib.net

Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre 259,000

MH India; Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu http://164.100.52.111/circles/Southern-Circle.htm

National Taiwan University, Herbarium

250,000 TAI Taiwan; Taipei http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw

HERBARIA IN ASIA (continued)

14

Name of Herbaria No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Hokkaido University

200,000 SAP Japan; Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture http://sap.museum.hokudai.ac.jp/

St. Xavier's College, Blatter Herbarium

200,000 BLAT India; Mumbai, Maharashtra http://blatterherbarium.org/drupal/index.php

French Institute of Pondicherry

22,000 HIFP India; Pondicherry, Union Territory of Pondicherry

http://www.ifpindia.org/biodiversityportal/index.php?option=com

Botanical Survey of India, Deccan Regional Centre

11,000 BSID India; Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh http://164.100.52.111/circles/Deccan/Aboutus.shtm

15

Appendix: 9.3 HERBARIA IN AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA

Name of Herbaria No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Australian National Herbarium

1,328,000 CANB Australia; Canberra, A. C. T. http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/herbarium/index.html

Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of Victoria

1,200,000 MEL Australia; South Yarra, Melbourne, Victoria

http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/research_and_conservation/herbarium

Royal Botanic Gardens, National Herbarium of New South Wales

1,000,000 NSW Australia; Sydney, New South Wales http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/nsw_herbarium

Queensland Herbarium

730,000 BRI Australia; Brisbane, Queensland http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/nature_conservation/plants/queensland_

Northern Territory Herbarium

200,000 DNA Australia; Palmerston, Northern Territory

http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/plants/herbarium/index.html

Western Australian Herbarium

640,000 PERTH Australia; Western Australia http://www.dec.wa.gov.au/our-environment/science-and-research/wa-herbarium.html

Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Herbarium

300,000 HO Australia; Hobart, Tasmania http://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1273

16

HERBARIA IN AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA (continued)

Name of Herbaria No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

N.C.W. Beadle Herbarium, University of New England

90,000 NE Australia; Armidale, New South Wales

http://www.une.edu.au/herbarium

Landcare Research New Zealand Limited, Allan Herbarium 600,000

CHR New Zealand; Lincoln http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biosystematics/plants/h

New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), National Forestry Herbarium

30,000 NZFRI New Zealand; Rotorua http://www.scionresearch.com/general/facilities-and-collections/national-forestry-herbarium

Museum of New Zealand

230,000

WELT New Zealand; Wellington http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Search.aspx?imagesonly=off&advanced=colCollectionType%3A

Singapore Botanic Gardens

650,000 SING Singapore http://www.sbg.org.sg/research/herbariumlibrary.asp

National Tropical Botanical Garden

50,000 PTBG PTBG http://ntbg.org/programs/research-herbarium.php

Bishop Museum, Herbarium

600,000 BISH USA; Honolulu, Hawaii http://www.bishopmuseum.o

17

Pacificum rg/research/natsci/botany/botany.html

Appendix: 9.4 HERBARIA IN EUROPE

Name of Herbaria No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Mus um National d'Histoire Naturelle

9,500,000 P, PC France; Paris http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/transverse/transverse/accueil.xsp?cl=en

Komarov Botanical Institute ( . . )

7,160,000 LE Russia; St. Petersburg http://www.binran.ru/

Royal Botanic Gardens Kew

7,000,000 K UK; Kew, England http://www.kew.org/collections/herbcol.html

Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de

Genève

6,000,000 G Switzerland; Geneva http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/

British Museum of Natural History

5,200,000 BM UK; London, England http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/collections/departmental-collections/botany-collections/index.html

Naturhistorisches Museum Wien

5,000,000 W Austria; Vienna http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/

Swedish Museum of Natural History

4,400,000 S Sweden; Stockholm http://www.nrm.se/

18

National Herbarium of the Netherlands (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland)

4,000,000 L Netherlands; Leiden http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/

Universit Montpellier

4,000,000 MPU France; Montpellier http://www.herbier-mpu.org/papyrus.php

HERBARIA IN EUROPE (Continued)

Name of Herbaria No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Universit Claude Bernard

4,000,000 LYFrance; Lyon

http://spiral.univ-lyon1.fr/herbier/

Joint Herbarium of the University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich

3,500,000 Z+ZT Switzerland, Zurich http://www.zuerich-herbarien.ethz.ch

National Botanic Garden of Belgium

3,500,000 BR Belgium, Me H ise http://www.br.fgov.be/RESEARCH/

COLLECTIONS/HERBARIU

Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem,Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universit t Berlin

3,000,000 B Germany, Berlin http://www.bgbm.org/BGBM/research/colls/herb/default.h

19

Finnish Museum of Natural History (University of Helsinki)

3,000,000 H Finland, Helsinki http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/english/botany/index.htm

Botanische Staatssammlung M nchen

3,000,000 M Germany, Munich http://www.botanischestaatssammlung.de/

University of Copenhagen

2,510,000 C Denmark, Copenhagen http://botanik.snm.ku.dk/Samlinger/Herbarier/

Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh

2,000,000 E UK; Edinburgh, Scotland http://www.rbge.org.uk/science/herbarium

HERBARIA IN EUROPE (Continued)

Name of Herbaria No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt

1,200,000 FR Germany, Frankfurt http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=823

University of Cambridge

1,000,000 CGE UK; Cambridge, England

http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/herbarium/

University of Manchester

1,000,000 MANCH UK; Manchester, England

UK; Manchester, England

Moscow State University ( )

993,000 MW, MWG

Russia; Moscow http://www.herba.msu.ru/

Real Jard n Bot nico

850,000 MA Spain; Madrid http://www.rjb.csic.es/jardinbotanico/jardin/index.php?Ca

Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Utrecht University branch

800,000 U Netherlands; Utrecht http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/

20

W adys aw Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences

800,000 IB PAN Poland; Krak w

http://www.ib-pan.krakow.p

University of Coimbra

800,000

COI Portugal; Coimbra https://woc.uc.pt/botanica/genericpages/showgenericpage.

Institut Bot nic de Barcelona

700,000

BC Spain; Barcelona http://www.institutbotanic.bcn.es/herbari.html

HERBARIA IN EUROPE (continued)

Name of Herbaria

No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Mus um d'Histoire Naturelle de Grenoble

700,000 GRM France; Grenoble http://www.museum-grenoble.fr/collections/botanique.htm

National Botanic Gardens, Ireland

600,000 DBN Ireland; Dublin http://www.botanicgardens.ie/herb/herb.htm

Wageningen University

600,000 WAG Netherlands; Wageningen http://www.bis.wur.nl/UK/Herbarium/

Institut des Herbiers Universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand

550,000 CLF France; Clermont-Ferrand http://herbiers.univ-bpclermont.fr

National Museum Wales

550,000 NMW UK; Cardiff, Wales http://www.nmgw.ac.uk

Fielding- 500,000 OXF UK; Oxford, England http://

21

Druce Herbarium, University of Oxford

herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/herbaria_pages/fielding_dru

Mus um d'Histoire Naturelle d'Aix-en-Provence

420,000 AIX France; Aix-en-Provence http://www.museum-aix-en-provence.org/collections_bota

CABI Bioscience UK Centre

385,000 IMI UK; Surrey, England http://www.cabi.org/

Daubeny Herbarium, University of Oxford

300,000 FHO UK; Oxford, England http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/herbaria_pages/daubeny.htm

Appendix: 9.5 HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA

Name of Herbaria

No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

New York Botanical Garden

7,200,000 NY USA; The Bronx, New York City, New York

http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/SteereHerbarium.asp

Missouri Botanical Garden

5,870,000 MO USA; St. Louis, Missouri http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/herbarium.shtml

Harvard University Herbaria

5,005,000 A, AMES, ECON, FH, GH, NEBC

USA; Cambridge, Massachusetts

http://www.huh.harvard.edu

United States National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution

4,340,000 US USA; Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/colls/collections_overview.htm

Field Museum

2,650,000 F USA; Chicago, Illinois http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/

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botany/coll

University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley

2,200,000 UC/JEPS USA; Berkeley, California http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/

California Academy of Sciences, Herbarium

1,950,000 CAS/DS USA; San Francisco, California

http://research.calacademy.org/botany/collections

HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)

Name of Herbaria

No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

University of Michigan Herbarium

1,700,000 MICH USA; Ann Arbor, Michigan http://herbarium.lsa.umich.edu

Academy of Natural Sciences

1,500,000 PH USA; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

http://www.ansp.org/research/biodiv/botany/index.php

Universidad Nacional Aut noma de M xico

1,120,000 MEXU Mexico; Mexico Cityhttp://www.ibiologia.unam.mx/mexu/index.html

Wisconsin State Herbarium, UW-Madison

1,100,000

WIS USA; Madison, Wisconsin http://www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium

University of Texas at Austin

1,006,000

TEX USA; Austin, Texas http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/

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Botanical Research Institute of Texas

1,001,000

BRIT-SMU-VDB

USA; Fort Worth, Texas

http://www.brit.org

Instituto Polit cnico Nacional, Mexico

950,000

ENCB Mexico; Mexico Cityhttp://www.herbario.encb.ipn.mx/polibotanica.htm

Herbier Marie-Victorin, Universit de Montr al

850,000

MT

Canada; Montreal, Quebechttp://www.irbv.umontreal.ca/francais/herbier.htm

HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)

Name of Herbaria

No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

National Herbarium of Canada, Canadian Museum of Nature

838,000 CAN, CANM

Canada; Ottawa, Ontario http://nature.ca/collections/botany_e.cfm

Rocky Mountain Herbarium, University of Wyoming

806,800 RM USA; Laramie, Wyoming http://www.rmh.uwyo.edu/

Herbier Louis-Marie, Universit

770,000 ULF Canada; Quebec City, Quebec http://www.herbier.ulaval.ca/

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Laval

University of North Carolina Herbarium

665,000

NCU USA; Chapel Hill, North Carolina

http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/

University of British Columbia

560,000 UBC Canada; Vancouver, British Columbia

http://www.botany.ubc.ca/herbarium/

The Ohio State University Herbarium, The Ohio State University

500,000 OS USA; Columbus, Ohio http://herbarium.biosci.ohio-state.edu/

HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)

Name of Herbaria

No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

University of Florida Herbarium, Florida Museum of Natural History

470,000 FLAS USA; Gainesville, Florida http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herbarium/

Pringle Herbarium, University of Vermont

310,400 UVM

USA; Burlington, Vermont

http://www.uvm.edu/~plantbio/pringle

Instituto de Ecolog a, A.C.

310,000 XAL Mexico; Xalapa, Veracruz http://www.ecologia.edu.mx

UCDavis Center for Plant Diversity

300,000 DAV; DAVH; AHUC

USA; Davis, California http://herbarium.ucdavis.edu/default.html

Herbario Paul 240,000 EAP Honduras; Tegucigalpa http://www.zamorano.edu/

25

C. Standley, Escuela Agr cola Panamericana

herbario/pag_adicionales/inicio.ht

USF Herbarium, University of South Florida

235,000 USF USA; Florida

http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/

Herbario Nacional, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica

215,000 CR Costa Rica; San Jos http://www.museocostarica.go.cr/en_en/historia-natural/bot-nica-11.html?Itemid=100

HERBARIA IN NORTH AMERICA (continued)

Name of Herbaria

No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium, Florida State University

206,000 FSU USA; Tallahassee, Florida

http://www.herbarium.bio.fsu.edu/

E.C. Smith Herbarium, Acadia University

200,000 ACAD Canada; Wolfville, Nova Scotia

http://herbarium.acadiau.ca/index.html

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Appendix: 9. 6 HERBARIA IN SOUTH AMERICAName of Herbaria

No of Specimens

Abbrv. Location Website

Fundaci n Miguel Lillo

700,000 LIL Argentina;

Tucumn

http://lillo.org.ar/content/blogcategory/10/36/

Instituto de Bot nica Darwinion

650,000 SI Argentina; Buenos Aires

http://www.darwin.edu.ar

Museo de La Plata

500,000 LP Buenos Aires http://www.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/abamuse.html

Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos

500,000

USM Peru; Lima http://museohn.unmsm.edu.pe/divisiones/botanica/botan

Fundaci n Instituto Bot nico de

400,000 VEN Venezuela; Caracas

http://www.fibv.org.ve/jardin/index.php?option=com_co

27

Venezuela

Instituto de Bot nica

370,000 SP Brazil; S o Paulo http://www.ibot.sp.gov.br/herbario/herbario.htm

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural

145,000 SGO Chile; Santiagohttp://www.dibam.cl/historia_natural/contenido.asp?id_contenido=308&id_menu=44&id_submenu=670

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