paper on rain water harvesting for begginers

8/6/2019 Paper on rain water harvesting for begginers

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AUTHORS:Sourabh Soni, Anis Ahmad,Babasaheb Naik College of Babasaheb Naik College of

Engineering, Engineering,Pusad PusadPh: 9595482602 Ph:9922656362

E-mail:[email protected]. E-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT:

Water resources management is the practice of making decisions and taking actions while considering

multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed.

These decisions and actions relate to situations such as river basin planning, organization of task forces, planning of new capital facilities, controlling reservoir releases, regulating floodplains, and developingnew laws and regulations.

The need for multiple viewpoints is caused by competition for water and by complex institutional

constraints. The decision-making process is often lengthy and involves many participants.

Irrigation water management has significant economic implications in developing countries like India.

Most developing countries are continuing to develop and implement comprehensive water resource

management plans. These plans serve as guidelines for overall water resource management and settargets for smaller, local utilities to provide adequate water supplies. Comprehensive plans are

increasingly popular as a method of combining supply and conservation projects.

In this paper we briefly account on Water management and Irrigation systems, Challenges to Water

Management Integration, Integrated Resource Planning, Conserving water resources, and methods for water management.

INTRODUCTION:

Water resources management is the practice of making decisions and taking actions while considering

multiple viewpoints of how water should be managed.

These decisions and actions relate to situations such as river basin planning, organization of task forces, planning of new capital facilities, controlling reservoir releases, regulating floodplains, and developing

new laws and regulations.

The need for multiple viewpoints is caused by competition for water and by complex institutional

constraints. The decision-making process is often lengthy and involves many participants.

Irrigation water management has significant economic implications in developing countries like India.While the structural infrastructure has been created with a huge financial investment in these countries,

it is vital that appropriate non-structural measures be adopted for efficient water management. Scientific

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policies of operation of irrigation reservoir systems need to be developed with the aid of implemented in

practice.


management plans. These plans serve as guidelines for overall water resource management and set

targets for smaller, local utilities to provide adequate water supplies. Comprehensive plans are


Figure shows Usage of water.

COMPONENTS AND VIEW POINTS:

Integrated water resources management begins with the term "water resources management" itself,

which uses structural measures and nonstructural measures to control natural and human-made water resources systems for beneficial uses. Water-control facilities and environmental elements work together

in water resources systems to achieve water management purposes.

Structural components used in human-made systems control water flow and quality and includeconveyance systems (channels, canals, and pipes), diversion structures, dams and storage facilities,

treatment plants, pumping stations and hydroelectric plants, wells, and appurtenances.

Elements of natural water resources systems include the atmosphere, watersheds (drainage basins),

stream channels, wetlands, floodplains, aquifers, lakes, estuaries, seas, and the ocean. Examples of nonstructural measures, which do not require constructed facilities, are pricing schedules, zoning,

incentives, public relations, regulatory programs, and insurance.

Multiple Purposes:

Integrated water resources

management considers the

viewpoints of water

management agencies withspecific purposes,governmental and

stakeholder groups,

geographic regions, anddisciplines of knowledge.

In general, water agencies

deal with water supply,



wastewater and water quality services, storm water and flood control, hydropower, navigation,

recreation, and water for the environment, fish, and wildlife. As the practice of water resourcesmanagement evolved, the term "multipurpose" water resources development (or management) came to

refer to projects with more than one purpose.

CHALLENGES TO WATER MANAGEMENT INTEGRATION:

The term "functional integration" means to join purposes of water management such as to manage water

supply and wastewater within a single unit. Still another term is "conjunctive use," which usually refersto the joint management of surface water and groundwater.

Government and interest groups:

Accommodating the views of governments and special interest groups is a challenge in integration because they have different perspectives. Relationships between different levels of government include,

for example, state–federal and local–state interactions.

Special interest groups range from those favoring development of resources to those favoring

preservation. In many cases, conflicts arise between the same types of interest groups, as, for example, between fly fishers and rafters on a stream.

Geographic Regions:

The views of stakeholders in different locations must be balanced, introducing a geographic dimension

of integration. Examples include issues between upstream and downstream stakeholders, issues amongstakeholders in the same region, and views of stakeholders in a basin of origin versus those in a

receiving basin. Another aspect of geographic integration is the scale of water-accounting units, such as

small watershed, major river basin, region, or state, even up to global scale.

Coordination and Cooperation:

Coordination is an important tool of integration because the arena of water management sometimesinvolves conflicting objectives. Coordinating mechanisms can be formal, such as intergovernmental

agreements, or informal, such as local watershed groups meeting voluntarily.

Cooperation is also a key element in integration, whether by formal or by informal means. Cooperation

can be any form of working together to manage water, such as in cooperative water management actionson a regional scale, often known as "regionalization." Examples of regionalization include a regional

management authority, consolidation of systems, a central system acting as water wholesaler, joint

financing of facilities, coordination of service areas, interconnections for emergencies, and sharing of

personnel, equipment, or services.

Total Water Management:

Integrated water resources management can take different forms and is examined best in specific

situations. In the water-supply field, the term "integrated resource planning" has come into use toexpress concepts of integration in supply development. Perhaps the most comprehensive concept for

water supply is "Total Water Management."

A basic principle of Total Water Management is that the supply is renewable, but limited, and should be

managed on a sustainable-use basis.



Taking into consideration local and regional variations, Total Water Management:

• Encourages planning and management on a natural water systems basis through adynamic process that adapts to changing conditions;

• Balances competing uses of water through efficient allocation that addresses social

values, cost effectiveness, and environmental benefits and costs;

• Requires the participation of all units of government and stakeholders in decision-making

through a process of coordination and conflict resolution;

• Promotes water conservation, reuse, source protection, and supply development to

enhance water quality and quantity; and

• Fosters public health, safety, and community goodwill.

WATER MANAGEMENT AND IRRIGATION SYSTEMS:

"Irrigation system" is defined as a set of components which includes (may include) the water source,water distribution network, control components, and possibly other general irrigation equipment

Scheme water management:Despite the increase in water use by sectors other than agriculture, irrigation continues to be the main

water user on a global scale. However, there is an increasing pressure for water to be used more

efficiently in agriculture. On the other hand, irrigation is regarded as one of the main ways to increasefood production and rural incomes. It is therefore imperative to improve water management in order to

achieve both, high water productivity and higher rural income.

On-farm water management:

The Water Resources, Development and Management Service offers technical assistance to countrymembers in the design and implementation of on-farm irrigation systems, as well as in the identificationand adaptation of irrigation techniques.

Crop water management:The great challenge for the coming decades will be the task of increasing food production with less

water, particularly in countries with limited water and land resources. Conservation of available water resources for agricultural water use is the overall aim of the FAO Water Services in its support to

member countries. Crop Water Management is a key area to optimize crop production with limited and

dwindling water supplies

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#scheme

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#onfarm

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/cropwater/default.stm


http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#onfarm

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/cropwater/default.stm



Institutional strengthening:The new challenges in water management posed by the increase in population and the pressure to use

water resources efficiently mean that the institutions in charge of water management should be either

reformed or created so that countries are able to cope with these new demands.

These institutional reforms might take different forms depending on the local conditions and the specific

aims of the reform. In order to illustrate different alternatives on how these reforms can be pursued.

Irrigation advisory services can play an importantly role in assisting users to adopt new techniques and

technologies for more efficient water use and increased production. Such services can be provided by private, public or co-operative agencies. Increasingly commercial agencies can take over the traditional

role of the public agencies, although often restricted to the more lucrative parts of irrigation sector.

Training and Capacity building:

Training and capacity building are identified as key elements in developing the skills, knowledge and

means to define, plan and implement the action programmers in integrated water resources development

for agriculture.

MANAGING IRRIGATION WATER FOR DRINKING & DOMESTIC USE:

Developing country's efforts to supply drinking water to their rural communities have focused primarily

on digging deep tube wells and installing hand-pumps to exploit groundwater, which is free fromharmful bacteria and parasites. But in large areas of South Asia, the Middle East and East Africa,

groundwater is not an option because of high arsenic,

fluoride, iron, or salt levels. Here irrigation water is often theonly water available for drinking, bathing, and washing.

Options for improving drinking water quality in areas

where groundwater cannot be used have received very

little attention. IWMI is trying to put this issue on the map by looking at the ways irrigation water can be made safer fo

human consumption.

Water

usage for domestic purpose.

Conserving Water Resources:

Today, conservation of natural resources encircles the general idea of conserving the Earth itself by

protecting its capacity for self-renewal. The most fundamental and essential of all these naturalresources is water. Without water, life on Earth would not exist.

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#institut

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#capacity

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#institut

http://www.fao.org/ag/aGL/aglw/watermanagement/default.stm#capacity



Water conservation is defined as those activities designed to reduce the demand for water, improve the

efficiency of its use, and reduce losses and waste. The purpose of conservation is to protect water resources and to achieve, at lower costs, the benefits from its use. This is achieved through measures

such as water-saving devices, water-efficient processes, water demand management, and water

rationing. A key to water conservation is getting people to recognize the value of water and not using itas if it were a free good.

Almost every country in the world faces a growing challenge to meet the increasing demand for water

that is driven by expanding populations and economic growth. Water supplies are affected by moreindustrialization, mechanization, urbanization, and their polluting byproducts.

The world is now in an era where neither the economy nor the environment can absorb much negativeimpact from the mismanagement of water resources.

CONSERVATION PLANNING:


management plans. These plans serve as guidelines for overall water resource management and settargets for smaller, local utilities to provide adequate water supplies. Comprehensive plans are


Historical:

Water conservation practices have been advocated since the 1960s. As early as 1965, the federalgovernment made water conservation a goal with the Water Resources Planning.

The reclaimed wastewater is used to irrigate golf courses, parks, schools, and agricultural land, as well

as for industrial processes.

Water or improve land management practices to conserve water." Historically, local conservation has

been a valuable part of water resource plans because small savings can add up to large volumes of water

saved.

Common Characteristics:

Innovative water conservation programs have been enacted throughout. The major characteristicsinclude:

• Needs to simplify and coordinate resource planning efforts;

• Efforts to extend limited supplies prior to initiating new source development projects;

•

Reductions in residential, industrial, and agricultural demand; and• Improvements in the efficiency of older supply infrastructure.

PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT, WATER RESOURCES:

Traditional Supply Planning:



Three principal concerns about the traditional approach

have been advanced.

First, forecast demand is taken as a given, and virtually

no attempt is made to integrate supply management and

demand management options. Traditional supply-

planning activities have tended to focus on providingnew sources of supply to meet future water demands.

Dam-building has been an important component of traditional water-supply planning, and civil engineershave played a major role in the construction and

maintenance of the world's dams.

Second, the public-at-large, outside experts, and government regulators generally have little or no

involvement in traditional utility planning. Demand analysis and the assessment of supply alternativestakes place within the utility (or a single planning unit within the utility); only the final product is made

available for review or regulatory approval. Often, major investment decisions are made with little or no

oversight.

Third, traditional planning also tends to be confined to individual utilities in virtual isolation. Thedecision-making process excludes parties who not only have a vested interest but also unique insights

about resource options.

Supply-Driven Focus:

Like other types of public utilities, the prevailing planning processes undertaken by water utilities have been internally driven and dominated by supply considerations. The result has been an emphasis on

maintaining reliable water supplies and, accordingly, the engineering of facilities for source

development, treatment and storage, and transmission and distribution of water.

The result is a disaggregated planning approach focusing only on new supply alternatives, whileinitiatives in the areas of conservation are consigned to separate programs. Moreover, conservation

effects often are not reflected in revised demand and revenue forecasts.

Least-Cost Planning:

The shortcomings of traditional planning, along with significant external economic and political forces,gave rise to the current interest in least-cost planning, or integrated resource planning (IRP). Least-cost

planning emerged in the context of the energy industries during the 1980s as a response to rising costs, a

poor record of forecasting, and growing concerns about environmental externalities.

Least-cost planning emphasizes a balanced consideration of supply management and demandmanagement options in identifying feasible least-cost alternatives for meeting future water needs.

Complexity, Risk, and Cost:

Least-cost utility and planning is complicated by the lack of familiarly with demand management,

barriers to coordination with nearby utilities, the use of broad definitions of costs and the inclusion of goals not directly attributable to the utility.



Traditional planners tend to view least-cost planning as more risky, as least in terms of supply reliability.

Advocates of least-cost planning would counter that planning actually reduces some forms of risk, suchas the revenue recovery risk associated with excess capacity.

INTEGRATED RESOURCES PLANNING:

Integrated resource planning is a somewhat more encompassing term than least-cost utility planning,

although the two are consistent and can be used interchangeably for many analytical purposes. In fact,

the term "least-cost integrated resource planning" sometimes is used. The concept of integrated planningevolved in part to address the potential misconceptions and complexities arising from use of the term

"least cost" as well as any unjustified bias against supply-side solutions.

Comprehensive and Participatory:

Integrated resource planning encompasses the concept of least-cost planning, which emphasizes

balancing supply and demand management considerations and identifying feasible planning alternatives

that meet the test of least cost without unduly sacrificing other policy goals. Integrated resource planning

is a more comprehensive evaluation system that goes further to emphasize the construction of various planning scenarios in which key variables and assumptions can be altered. These scenarios can be used

to help utilities incorporate uncertainties, environmental externalities, and community needs into

decision-making.

Integrated resource planning also emphasizes the importance of establishing a more open and participatory decision-making process and coordinating the many water institutions that govern water

resources.

Integrative Assessments:

Like least-cost planning, IRP explicitly recognizes that demand management can be a cost-effective andviable resource option. In a somewhat broadened sense, IRP recognizes that demand management can

help achieve multiple policy goals (such as cost control and pollution prevention).

The generalized concept of IRP also can be used to address short- and long-term community needs that

span from environmental protection to economic development. Prescreening resource options and theconstruction of alternative planning scenarios can be used to evaluate the implications of a given

resource mix on the utility, the environment, and the community.

Internal and External Linkages:

Integrated resource planning clearly entails new roles and responsibilities for water-supply utilities.

Integration means that environmental, engineering, public health, financial, rate-making, social, andeconomic considerations all feed into the planning process. Planning data and information are linked

internally to the other management activities of the water utility (physical facilities management,financial management, environmental management, research and development, economic development,

and public involvement).

Integrated planning also links water utility planning with external planning processes (planning by other

water, wastewater, and energy utilities; local and regional planning; river basin planning; and statewide,interstate, and federal water planning and policy).



WAYS TO CONSERVE WATER AT HOME:

• Turn off the faucet while shaving and brushing teeth

• Take quick showers and eliminate unnecessary showers

• Chill drinking water in the refrigerator rather than running the tap until the water cools

• Clean fruits and vegetables in a water basin rather than under running tap water

• Add food wastes to the compost bin instead of the in-sink garbage disposal

• Install low-flow appliances• Never use the toilet as a wastebasket

• Avoid toxic cleaning materials, which can pollute water

• Check faucets and pipes for leaks

• Place mulch around trees and shrubs to reduce evapotranspiration

• Use a bucket or spring-loaded nozzle to wash the car

• Use sand, not salt, to de-ice walkways

Conclusion:

(i) A description of the current situation in water resources management, in the efficiency of water useand how decisions are made and actions taken .

(ii) A vision of where the country wants to be in the future in terms of its water resources, the quality of

the resource, efficiency of use, the decision making process, how actions will be taken to solve

problems, etc.

(iii) Least-cost planning emphasizes a balanced consideration of supply management and demand

management options in identifying feasible least-cost alternatives for meeting future water needs.

(iv) Conservation benefits include reduced water bills and greater water supplies that help in better

economic development. Environmental benefits include ecosystem and habitat protection

References:

http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Planning-and-Management-Water-Resources.html


Water Resources Management by David Stephenson.

http://europeandcis.undp.org/WaterWiki/index.php/Decision_making



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