PAPER BATTERY

…..Storing Energy in a slim way

A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.

The Nano materials are a one-dimensional structure with very small diameters.

It can be bent and twisted, trimmed with scissors or molded into any needed shape.

A paper battery acts as both a high-energy battery and super capacitor. This combination allows the battery to provide both long-term, steady power production and bursts of energy.

It is non toxic, environment friendly and is everything that a conventional battery is not.

What is aPaper

Battery?

Ni-Cd BATTERY

Rechargeable battery using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic Cadmium as electrodes.

Terminal voltage of 1.2V

Rugged, high specific power(150W/kg), long life, light.

Used in UPS, portable power tools, photography equipment. 

flashlights, emergency lighting, and portable electronic devices.

Disadvantages include Memory effect, Environmental hazards.

cost.

Constructed using graphite rod, Lithium cobalt oxide(or Lithium manganese oxide) as electrodes and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) as electrolyte.

Nominal cell voltage of 3.6-3.7V

High specific power(300W/kg), no memory effect, and only a slow loss of charge when not in use,possibility of a range of shape and size.

Used in laptops, mobiles, other consumer electronics.

However it is expensive, delicate, has high internal resistance and safety concerns.

Li-ion Battery

Lower specific power

compared to fuels

Weight and size

High charging

time

Environmental hazards

Explosion, corrosion, leakage

High cost

Problems with Conventional Batteries

Carbon nanotube is the main concept behind paper battery

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs; also known as Bucky tubes) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element

CNTs exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors.

Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family. The diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometres  Their name is derived from their long, hollow structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon, called graphene. These sheets are rolled at specific and discrete angles, and the combination of the rolling angle and radius decides the nanotube properties

CARBON NANOTUBES

Graphene structure

CARBON NANOTUBE

Rolled at Angle Spinning Carbon Nanotube

• CNT thin films were coated onto stainless steel (SS) substrates with a solution based process.

• The concentration of CNT is 1.7 mg/ml.

• A dried film with a thickness of 2 micrometre was formed after drying the CNT ink on the SS substrate at 80 °C for 5 min . This film is then peeled off from substrate.

• These films act as electrodes of paper battery.

• One film is pasted to electrolyte LTO (Li4Ti5O12) and the other film is pasted to electrolyte LCO (LiCoO2).

• Paper is sandwiched between two electrolytes LTO and LCO with PVDF(poly vinylidene fluoride) acting as glue.

Construction of Paper Battery

Construction Procedure

Microscopic View of Layers

Structure of a Paper Battery

• While a conventional battery contains a number of separate components, the paper

• Battery integrates all of the battery components in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.

• Traditional Batteries produce electrons through a chemical reaction between electrolyte and metal.

• Paper battery produces electrons due to the interaction of electrolytes LTO & LCO.

• Electrons collect on the negative terminal of the battery and flow along a connected wire to the positive terminal during discharging.

• Electrons must flow from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to continue.

Working

Light, rugged, flexible, can be rolled, crunched, cut, made into any shape.

The Nano composite paper is compatible with a number of electrolyte, like blood, urine, sweat etc.

If we stack 500 sheets together in a ream, that's 500 times the voltage. If we rip the paper in half we cut power by 50%. So we can control the power and voltage issue.

Non toxic and hence can be used to power pacemakers and RF tags.

It is very useful where burst of energy is required for operation like mostly electric vehicles.

Advantages

The electrolyte contains no water, thus there’s nothing in the batteries to freeze or evaporate, potentially allowing operation in extreme temperatures.

Environment friendly.

The organic radical materials inside the battery are in an "electrolyte-permeated gel state,“ which helps ions make a smooth move, allowing the batteries to charge at lightning speeds. (It could charge 10-20 times faster than conventional Li-ion batteries.)“Paper Battery Would Be THE Answer To Electrical Energy Storage Problems.”

Advantages

Presently, the devices are only a few inches across and they have to be scaled up to sheets of newspaper size to make it commercially viable.

Carbon nanotubes are expensive.

The idea is still in the labs and a commercially viable paper battery will take at least 40-60 years to become a reality.

Researches in nanotechnology to mass produce nanotubes is promising.

Limitations

Pace makers (uses blood as

electrolyte)

Used as alternate to conventional batteries in

gadgets.

Devices in space shuttles

Powered smart cards RF id tags, smart

clothes

Applications

Disposable medical devices - Single-use delivery and diagnostic devices could have Power Paper incorporated into their construction to allow for sensors and smart labels.

Paper battery is set in iontophoresis patch. It helps to deliver functional drugs, local anesthesia, antichloristic, anodyne, etc. into skin.

In iontophoresis patch for whitening and wrinkles

Paper battery could one day power motor vehicles and aircrafts and replace the conventional fossil fuel based engines with electric motors.

Applications

The range of possible applications for paper batteries derives from their important advantages as compared to conventional battery technologies.

They can be made in virtually any shape and size to meet the requirements of each application.

The batteries are rechargeable, and have reduced cost and weight which in itself may give birth to new applications.

Paper battery could solve all the problems associated with electrical energy storage.

However the reality is still very far away, though the researches are promising.

Conclusions

QUESTIONS???

Thank you