paper 39 lawrence (flow measurement)

7/31/2019 Paper 39 Lawrence (Flow Measurement)

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^`stfli md Nfdd`r`ltfah [r`ssur` Oml` yp` Dhmw B`t`rs tm Tarfmus

Flt`rlatfmlah _talnarns

[gfhfp A Hawr`lo` - Ogafrbal F_M ^O16? _o#?

(Ppstr`ab Laturah Ias _talnarns)


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^`stfli md Nfdd`r`ltfah [r`ssur` Oml` ^yp` Dhmw B`t`rs tm Tarfmus Flt`rlatfmlah _talnarns

[gfhfp A Hawr`lo` - Ogafrbal F_M Ô16? _o#?

(Ppstràb Laturah Ias _talnarns)

Aest raot

^òglmhmiy fs anvalofli at al `v`r floràsfli rat`, as a omls`qu`lo`, `lifl``rfli

b`tgmnmhmiy aln apphfoatfmls fl dhmw bàsur`b`lt ar` dmrofli a ogali` dmr tg` e`tt`r.

^g`s` l`w`r tòglmhmif`s oal mdt`l erfli anvalo`s tm tg` mp`ratfmlah prmo`ss`s wftgfl

baly flnustrf`s. ^g`s` anvalo`s oal ahsm fbprmv` tg` mv`rahh prmnuotfml md a daofhfty ey

a e`tt`r p`rdmrbalo`, e`tt`r r`hfaefhfty, aln hmw`r omsts.

Fl tg` past gmw`v`r, tg` fltrmnuotfml aln us` md tg`s` l`w`r tòglmhmif`s gan e``l al

fssu` nu` tm tg` stalnarnfzatfml prmo`ss l``n`n dmr aoo`ptalo`.

Bàsur`b`lt _talnarns drmb mrialfzatfmls suog as tg` Flt`rlatfmlah Mrialfzatfml dmr

_talnarnfzatfml, tg` Ab`rfoal [`trmhùb Flstftut` aln tg` Ab`rfoal Ias Assmofatfml

gav` `xp`rf`lo`n drmb tfb` tm tfb` smb` `xabph`s md n`hay`n puehfoatfml.

Ygfhst tg`s` pap`r stalnarns s`rv` tm prmtòt aln iufn` ombpalf`s fl tg`fr us` md

tòglmhmiy, tg`y gav` mdt`l pr`v`lt`n tg` fltrmnuotfml md l`w aln mdt`l e`tt`r

tòglmhmiy ey vfrtu` md tg` hmli prmo`ss tfb` fl prmnuotfml, air``b`lt, aln

anbflfstratfml md tg` safn stalnarn.

^galjduhhy tmnay l`w`r aln vferalt stalnarns wrftfli ombbftt``s wftg ymuli`r b`be`rs

ar` g`hpfli tm i`t a nmoub`lt tgrmuig a ombbftt`` aln tm tg` nradt stai` fl buog

sgmrt`r tfb`s tgal fl tg` past.

Ml` aspòt md tgfs ogali` gas e``l al fbprmv`b`lt rìarnfli tg` aspòt md a gfig`r

prmdfh` assfil`n tm tg` oahferatfml aln t`stfli md l`w`r dhmw bàsur`b`lt n`vfo`s. ^g`

stalnarnfzatfml emnf`s ar` iranuahhy bmvfli tm prmnuo` stalnarnfzatfml prmtmomhs tgat

ar` e`fli us`n tm g`hp l`w`r n`vfo`s fl tg`fr qu`st dmr aoo`ptalo`.

^g`s` prmtmomhs suog as B[B_ A[F 55.5 nfdd`r`ltfah pr`ssur t`st prmtmomh mr tg` MFBH

U1?9 ar` a l`w dabfhy md nmoub`lts tgat oal e` us`n lmt mlhy tm n`bmlstrat` a b`t`rs

dfn`hfty eut ahsm tm sgmw a ràh wmrhn flstahhatfml pgfhmsmpgy ey vfrtu` md tg`s` stalnarns

flstahhatfml aln p`rtureatfml t`stfli parab`t`rs.

^gfs pap`r n`tafhs tg` rò`lt t`stfli md varfmus oml` typ` nfdd`r`ltfah pr`ssur` b`t`rs at

varfmus haemratmrf`s flohunfli tg` O@@_F afr t`st daofhfty fl Lull Omhmranm.

Al `xphalatfml aln mv`rvf`w md tg` tòglmhmiy wfhh ahsm e` nfsouss`n fl tg` pap`r

tmi`tg`r wftg a vf`w md smb` l`w fnàs fl tgfs tòglmhmiy i`lr`.


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Oml` ^yp` B`t`rs

Oml` ^yp` N.[ dhmw b`t`rs ar` eòmbfli floràsflihy pmpuhar wmrhn wfn` fl tg` mfh alnias flnustry aln ar` sgmwfli floràsfli prmbfs` as al aht`rlatfv` tm omlv`ltfmlah mrfdfo`phat`s aln mtg`r suog N.[. b`t`r typ`s.

^g` oml` N.[ b`t`r fs a b`be`r md tg` I`l`rfo Nfdd`r`ltfah [r`ssur` (N[) B`t`r dabfhyaln mp`rat`s aoomrnfli tm tg` sab` pgysfoah prflofph`s as mtg`r N[ b`t`r typ`s, tg`gynrauhfo dhmw `quatfml fs `xaothy tg` sab` dmr tg` dabfhy md oml` b`t`rs as fs tg`T`lturf aln Mrfdfo` phat` wftg smb` n`vfatfml rìarnfli tg` `xpalsfefhfty om`ddfof`lts mr Vdaotmr wgfog fs eas`n ml tg` r`h`valt i`mb`try aln np/[ r`hatfmlsgfp md tg` n`vfo`.

Yg`r` as tg` mrfdfo` aln T`lturf b`t`rs omlstrfot tg` dhmwfli stràb aormss a e`ta `nièmulnary omltraotfml tg` oml` b`t`r nfdd`r`ltfah `h`b`lt oaus`s tg` dhufn dhmw tm e`pusg`n tmwarns tg` pfp` wahh away drmb tg` o`lt`rhfl` md tg` b`t`r wgfhst bafltaflflitg` wahh nfab`t`r. Mv`r a pr`n`t`rbfl`n oml` h`litg tg` o`ltrahhy bmult`n oml``h`b`lt ahsm prmnuo`s a hflàrfzatfml `ddòt fl tg` tgrmat md tg` b`t`r.

^gfs hflàrfzatfml `ddòt gas o`rtafl anvaltai`s wgfog fs ohafb`n ey varfmusbaludaotur`rs as a traft tgat ahhmws tg` b`t`r tm e` flstahh`n fl a sbahh`r spao` mr dmmtprflt eòaus` md r`nuo`n up aln nmwl-stràb pfp` h`litgs, a us`duh attrfeut` ml almddsgmr` phatdmrb wg`r` tg`r` fs a ràh `stat` spao` hfbft !

^g` dfrst pat`lt`n N.[. dhmw b`t`r n`vfo` tm us` a o`ltrahhy bmult`n r`strfotfml tmprmnuo` a N.[. aln ahsm r`-nfròt tg` dhufn drmb tg` o`ltr` md tg` pfp` was ey tg`@hòtrm-Dhmw B`t`r Ombpaly, pat`lt apphfoatfml lube`r 1;57/?0 - iralt`n ml tg` 59tgmd Cul` 16?0. Eurtml Nulhflisml md Aee`y Uman Hmlnml PJ -( Dfiur` 1).

Dfiur` 1


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Ml` fssu` wftg tg` admr`b`ltfml`n stalnarns A[F 55.5 aln MFBHU1?9 wgfog ar` lmtb`t`r n`sfil stalnarns eut t`st prmtmomhs oal, e` omlo`rl`n wftg artfdaot ombphfaloòahferatfml tòglfqu`s nurfli tg` df`hn apphfoatfml md tg` n`vfo` prmmd mr typ` t`st`n wftgfltg`s` prmtmomhs.

Fd tg` r`hatfmlsgfp e`tw``l i`mb`trfo sfbfhftun` (bògalfoah aln nylabfo) md tg` varfmus

sfz`n b`t`rfli n`vfo`s aln omrr`spmlnfli nata s`ts ar` lmt nrawl tmi`tg`r prmp`rhytg`r` bay e` p`rdmrbalo` fssu`s!

^g` l``n dmr àog flstahh`n b`t`r tm e` oahferat`n fl a traoàeh` haemratmry mv`r tgÙ`ylmhns lube`r (U`N) dhmw rali` tgat omrr`spmlns tm tg` fl df`hn omlnftfml mrapphfoatfml bay e` l``n`n fl o`rtafl oas`s.

[rfbary N`vfo` Oahferatfml

Oahferatfml md tg` stalnarnfz`n mrfdfo` b`t`r usfli tg` artfdaot ombphfalo` tòglfqu`r`qufr`s omldmrbfty aln aoouraoy nurfli baludaotur` md tg` phat` aln phat` gmhn`r.

Omrròt flstahhatfml, sàh rfli fltìrfty, omrròt N[ tap ombbulfoatfml, phat` omlo`ltrfoftyfl baludaotur` aln flstahhatfml phus a b`t`r tue` baludaoturfli aoouraoy aln surdao`rmuigl`ss ombphfalo` as stat`n fl tg` r`h`valt stalnarns (usuahhy A[F B[B_ Ogapt`r1>.? mr F_M 0149- [art1 ), ar` r`qufr`n tm satfsdy tg` bàsur`b`lt l``n.

F_M 0149 [art 1, Flnfoat`s tg` p`rdmrbalo` md tg` stalnarnfz`n mrfdfo` phat`, lmzzh`,T`lturf lmzzh` aln T`lturf n[. B`t`rs aormss prmv`l i`mb`trfo n`sfils aln mv`rpartfouhar rali`s md dhmw omlnftfmls mr U`ylmhns lube`r (U`N).^g` F_M 0149 aln A[Fstalnarns omv`r tg`s` b`t`r typ`s nu` tm hmli r`sàrog gfstmry wg`r` hari` t`st natas`ts ar` puehfohy avafhaeh` dmr p``r r`vf`w.

^gfs fs wgy w` nm lmt l``n tm t`st àog mrfdfo` phat` àog tfb` uln`r jfl`batfoah dhmw

omlnftfmls tm metafl fts (O.n.)om`ddfof`lt md nfsogari`, eut cust tm baj` sur` tg` artfdaoti`mb`try (nfb`lsfmls) ar` omrròt aln tg` flstahhatfml aln mp`ratfml fs omrròt.

_talnarnfzatfml

Ourr`lthy F_M 0149,mr A[F n`sfil stalnarns nm lmt omv`r oml` typ` N[ b`t`rs sflo` tg`pat`lt prmtòtfml gas mlhy rò`lthy haps`n aln lm hari` fln`p`ln`lt r`sàrog mr CF[sgav` y`t sgmwl tgat a oml` typ` b`t`rs n`sfil i`mb`trf`s gav` r`pàtaeh` alnr`prmnuofeh` p`rdmrbalo`s mv`r ifv`l dhmw omlnftfml rali`s.

^gfs fs nu` tm baly daotmrs eut ml` bafl daotmr fs tg` nfdd`rfli nfb`lsfmlah nfdd`r`lo`se`tw``l tg` varfmus baludaotur`rs n`sfils, tmi`tg`r wftg shfigt nfdd`r`lo`s fl tg`

b`tgmns tm suppmrt tg` nfdd`r`ltfah prmnuo`r oml` `h`b`lt ml a oaltfh`v`r syst`b st`b.

^g` oaltfh`v`r suppmrt md tg` oml` aln fts staefhfty fs orftfoah fd tg` dfn`hfty md a oml` b`t`rn`vfo` aln hmli-t`rb p`rdmrbalo` fs tm e` bafltafl`n.

_mb` b`t`rs fl partfouhar wftg hari`r nfab`t`rs


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Omltrmh md tg` surdao` rmuigl`ss md tg` oml` `h`b`lt aln b`t`r tue` dmr àog b`t`rbaludaotur`n bay ahsm g`hp tm larrmw smb` md tg` O.n. pmflt spràn tgat gas e``ls``l mv`r rò`lt yàrs.

[rmvfn`n tgat tg`s` hari`r nfab`t`r w`hn`n b`t`r typ`s ar` baludaotur`n fl ar`pàtaeh` way ey usfli sfbfhar aln r`pàtaeh` baludaoturfli prmo`ss`s aln usfli

sab` n`sfils aln r`pàtaeh` omlstruotfml e`tw``l n`vfo`s tg`l nfdd`r`lo`s e`tw``làog baludaotur`n n`vfo` oal e` ròmlofh`n ey usfli a oahferatfml p`rdmrb`n mv`r tg`flt`ln`n fl df`hn U`Nrali`.

A typfoah i`mb`try md a oml` b`t`r wfhh e` sgmwl l`xt fl Dfiur` 5, gmw`v`r aormss tg`baludaotur`rs rali`s o`rtafl nfdd`r`lo`s `xfst tgat oal addòt tg` p`rdmrbalo` e`tw``ltg` n`vfo`s. N`dfl`n V daotmr (`xpalsfefhfty om`ddfof`lt) aln nfb`lsfmlah flstahhatfmlnfdd`r`lo`s (dao` tm dao` dhali` nfb`lsfmls - st`b suppmrt) `xfst fl tg` ourr`lt barj`tphao` sm assubfli ml` b`t`r n`vfo` drmb ml` baludaotur`r dfts fl tg` sab` spao` asalmtg`r l``ns tm e` taj`l fltm omlsfn`ratfml.

Dfiur` 5 - ^ypfoah Oml` B`t`r Haymut (_talnarn N`sfil)

.Yg`l b`t`rfli a bass dhmw rat` (b) mr vmhub` dhmw rat` ( Q) wftg a oml` N[ b`t`r,tg`

gfig pr`ssur` fs ràn drmb tg` flh`t pr`ssur` pmrt ([1) aln tg` nfdd`r`ltfah pr`ssur` (mrN[) fs ràn as tg` nfdd`r`lo` e`tw``l tg` flh`t pr`ssur` aln tg` hmw pr`ssur` ( [5) at

tg` o`ltr` md tg` ràr md tg` oml`. [ 2 [1-[5 , tg` hmw pr`ssur` pmflt ([5) fs tg`pr`ssur` fl tg` oml`s waj` at tg` o`ltr` md tg` pfp`. (Dfiur` ?)

^g` waj` fs a gfighy tureuh`lt arà md dhmw, hmoat`n nfròthy e`gfln a emny fbb`rs`n fl adhufn dhmw n`dfof`lt fl bmb`ltub.

[

[1 [5

E`ta Ogali`

55.0nì

40nì

_uppmrt Oaltfh`v r

_yst`b

Dhmw

;.>0 ;.40

H

E`ta Ogali`

55.0nì

40nì

_uppmrt Oaltfh`v r

_yst`b

Dhmw

;.>0 ;.40

H

[5


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^g` i`l`rfo oml` gynrauhfo n.[. `quatfmls sgmwfli emtg bass aln vmhub` dhmw rat``quatfmls ar` sgmwl l`xt as `quatfmls 1 & 5 r`spòtfv`hy.

-------- (1) --------------(5)

Lmt` tgat r`pr`s`lts tg` dhufn n`lsfty. @ fs tg` v`hmofty md apprmaog aln At fstg` tgrmat arà. ^g`s` ar` emtg omlstalts dmr a spòfdfo N[ b`t`r n`sfil i`mb`try.

^g` v`hmofty md apprmaog fs smh`hy a dulotfml md tg` e`ta ratfm sgmwl fl `quatfml ?.

^g` oml` b`t`r e`ta ratfm fs oahouhat`n ey `quatfml - > - (wg`r` N fs tg` av`rai`b`t`r flh`t nfab`t`r usuahhy bàsur`n mv`r > pmflts aln n fs tg` eas` oml` nfab`t`r).

^g` tgrmat arà At fs oahouhat`n as fl quatfml 0 e`hmw.

E`ta Uatfm ogali`s ar` usuahhy `ddòt`n ey ogalifli tg` h`litg M/ahh md tg` oml``h`b`lt.

Oml` Yaj` aln ODN

Yftg bmn`rl smdtwar` ft fs pmssfeh` usfli Ombputatfml Dhufn Nylabfos (ODN) tm pr`nfotaln vfsuahfz` varfmus dhufnfo mp`ratfmls aln parab`t`rs rìarnfli a oml` b`t`r alnsfbuhat`n fl a [.O. e`hmw fs a typfoah fbai` sgmwfli _tràbhfl`s aln tg` Yaj` Arà -Dfi ?(`t ah Salj`r / Hawr`lo` 5;1; Z1R)

Dfiur` ? ODN Fbai` (_tràbhfl`s).

Gfig`r [r`ssur`. ODN

Hmw`r [r`ssur`. ODNYAJ@


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^g` `xpalsfefhfty om`ddfof`lt `quatfml ( ) p`rdmrbs a omrròtfml dmr ias n`lsfty dhuotuatfmltgrmuig a N[ b`t`r. Fl tg` P_ tgfs parab`t`r fs oahh`n tg` `xpalsfml daotmr aln usuahhy fsn`lmt`n ey tg` h`tt`r V.

Ml` oml` N[ b`t`r `xpalsfefhfty ahimrftgb was n`v`hmp`n ey _t`wart `t ah Z5R drmb tg` L@H fl

PJ aln fs sgmwl as `quatfml 4. Lmt` tgat, n`lmt`s tg` dhufns fs`ltrmpfo `xpml`lt.

Ml` mtg`r baludaotur`r gas n`v`hmp`n al `xpalsfefhfty om`ddfof`lt ahsm tgfs was n`v`hmp`n attg` O@@_F daofhfty fl 5;1; ey Gmni`s - `t ah Z?R.

^g` `quatfml dmr tgfs b`t`r wgfog fs shat`n tm e` avafhaeh` drmb 1 tm 4 flog nfab`t`r fs -

-------- (9)

Dmr hfqufns tg` V daotmr fs 1.;.

Nfsogari` Om`ddfof`lt

^g` nfsogari` om`ddfof`lt md oml` (aln ahh i`l`rfo) N[ b`t`rs fs n`dfl`n ey `quatfml 7.

^g` lub`ratmr md `quatfml Lm 7 aln fs tg` aotuah bass dhmw rat`. ^g` n`lmbflatmr fs tg` N[b`t`r tg`mr`tfoah dhmw rat` oahouhatfml wftgmut ràh wmrhn `ddòts taj`l fltm aoomult.

----- (7)

^g`r`dmr`, tg` nfsogari` om`ddfof`lt md oml` (aln ahh i`l`rfo) N[ b`t`rs fs n`dfl`n as tg` ratfmmd tg` aotuah tm tg` tg`mr`tfoahhy oahouhat`n bass dhmw rat`s,

I`l`rahhy dmr n`t`rbflfli nfsogari` om`ddfof`lts tg` stalnarnfz`n mrfdfo` phat` us`s al artfdaotombphfalo` tòglfqu` aln tg` oml` typ` b`t`rs us` a oahferatfml tòglfqu` .

[`rdmrbalo` md Oml` B`t`rs

I`l`rfo Oml` B`t`r baludaotur`rs ohafb usuahhy a +/- ;.0% p`rdmrbalo` wftg a r`pàtaefhfty md;.1, tg`s` ohafbs ar` v`ry n`p`ln`lt ml tg` pr`vfmus ombb`lts rìarnfli baludaoturflitmh`ralo`s prmp`r oahferatfml aln ass`behy.

Ml` baludaotur`r gas annr`ss`n tg` parab`t`r md baludaoturfli tmh`ralo`s ey prmnuofli ab`t`r ban` ey usfli al flv`stb`lt oastfli aln a OLO baogfl`n o`ltrahfz`n oml` aln suppmrtsyst`b, tgfs n`vfo` omlo`pt aln t`st nata wfhh e` nfsouss`n hat`r.


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^g` b`trmhmifoah e`l`dfts md tgfs b`t`r syst`b ar` a e`tt`r omltrmh md tg` b`t`r i`mb`try alnfbprmv`n surdao` rmuigl`ss, tgus laehfli a sfilatur` dmr tg` dhmw ourv` tm e` prmnuo`n wgfogoal mv`romb` tg` fssu` md oahferatfml tgus ahhmwfli tg` n`vfo` tm gav` smb` mrfdfo` phatàrtfdaot attrfeut`s wgfhst gavfli tg` e`l`dft md a oml` b`t`rs rmeustl`ss.

A[F 55.5 & MFBH U1?9

^g` A[F 55.5 aln tg` U1?9 w`r` emtg att`bpts tm erfni` tg` iap e`tw``l a n`sfil stalnarntgat omltrmhs tg` way a b`t`r fs put tmi`tg`r, aln a t`st b`tgmnmhmiy tm prmv` tgal a b`t`rwmrjs prmp`rhy adt`r ft fs flstahh`n, e`sfn`s sgmwfli tg` prmpms`n b`t`r fs mp`ratfli aoomrnflitm jlmwl prmp`rtf`s.

Emtg nmoub`lts ahhmw a prmspòtfv` baludaotur`r md a b`t`rfli n`vfo` tm strut tg`fr studd sm tmspàj, aln n`bmlstrat` tm tg` prmspòtfv` `ln us`r tgat tgfs lml stalnarnfz`n b`t`r nm`swgat fs ohafb`n.

Ourr`lthy emtg tg` A[F aln MFBH nmoub`lts flomrpmrat` emtg flt`lsfv` eas`hfl` t`stfli aln ap`rtureatfml t`st prmo`nur` tm daofhftat` a psùnm-ràh wmrn omlnftfml at tg` b`t`r r`hatfli tmpfp` `hemws, fbpaot md vahv`s aln swfrh ddòts.

^g` A[F 55.5 fs ourr`lthy uln`r a r`-wrft` aln sgmuhn e` avafhaeh` as a r`-fssu` smml.

^`st Nata drmb Tarfmus _muro`s

^g`r` ar` baly dhmw haemratmrf`s armuln tg` wmrhn tgat oal p`rdmrb dhmw b`t`r t`stfli, ft fsfbpmrtalt tgat tg` hae oal n`bmlstrat` fts dfn`hfty ahsm tgrmuig tg` stalnarnfzatfml prmo`ss.

Psuahhy tg` F_M 19;50 fs a n` daotm h`v`h tgat baly haemratmrf`s strfv` tm wmrj tm, tgfsprmo`ss ahhmws tg` hae tm n`v`hmp ormss emrn`r rmuln rmefl flt`r haemratmry ombparfsml t`stflimd stalnarnfz`n n`vfo`s armuln tg` wmrhn usuahhy vfa tgat omultrf`s stalnarn emny. ^g`Latfmlah Tmhultary Haemratmry Aoor`nftatfml [rmirab balai`n ey LF_^ P_A (LTHA[) fs ahsmapphfoaeh` fl tg` P_A

^g` bass`n nata s`ts drmb tgfs flt`r ombparfsml t`stfli hae oal tg`l e` phmtt`n ml a Vmun`lphmt tm aso`rtafl fd tg` safn haemratmry fs wftgfl a tari`t ulo`rtaflty r`hatfv` tm tg` mtg`r haes ahsmr`vf`wfli nata fl tg` ombparfsml ogafl.

^ypfoah Oml` B`t`r Nata _`ts

^g` dmhhmwfli fs smb` nata drmb tgr`` baludaotur`rs tgat ourr`lthy supphy oml` b`t`rs armulntg` wmrhn, ymu wfhh s`` tg` gfig U`Nnata as sgmwl drmb t`stfli aln tg`l ahsm smb` wat`r natas`ts, tgfs sgmws tgat tg` U`N rali` oal gav` a efi fldhu`lo` ml tg` stat`n p`rdmrbalo` mdtg`s` n`vfo`s `v`l tgmuig ft gas e``l assub`n tgat tg` wat`r oahferatfml oal e` us`n tmi`l`rahfz` a O.n. p`rdmrbalo` rali`.


9/15

^`st Nata

A[F 55.5 [art 1 ^`stfli ml Yat`r at DOO Jmr`a (`t ah Hawr`lo`-_uli 5;;6 Z>R.)

Dfiur` >.;

L`xt tg` sab` 5 flog B`t`r - Afr ^`st`n Dfiur` 0 `t ah Hawr`lo` 5;;6 Z0R.

A[F Og-55.5 ^`stfli md I`l`rfo Oml` B`t`rs (O@@_F)(Afr K 140 [_FI & Abef`lt ^`bp 5 flog ;.>0 e`ta ratfm)

Dfiur` 0

^g` oml` b`t`r sgmws immn r`sfstalo` tm p`rtureatfml `dd`ots gmw`v`r lmt` tg` nfdd`r`lo` fl

O.n. e`tw``l tg` 5 ourv`s at 5 haes (afr aln wat`r) tg` hfbft md tg` wat`r t`st at ofroa 14;,;;;

U`N.

Yat`r ^`st

U`N Hfbft


10/15

Yat`r & Ias ^`st 5;;>- Oml` B`t`r > flog nfab`t`r ;.90 E`ta (`t ah [`t`rs, Emwh`s &I`mri` Z4R).

^gfs b`t`r sgmws a 5 % sgfdt ahtgmuig ft bust e` stat n tgat tg` turlnmwl mv`rahh fs armuln flog nfab`t`r Yat`r aln Afr Dhmw ^`st Ombparfsml (`t ah Gmni`s O@@_F 5;1; Z?R).

Dfiur` 9.; -

^g` wat`r dhmw eas`n nata omlstalt nfsogari` om`ddfof`lt sgmws al uln`r-r`an as ombpar`n tm

tg` ias (afr) dhmw rat` at tg` upp`r `ln md tg` apphfoatfmls U`ylmhns lube`r ey up tm -1.91%.

(Dfiur` 9.;).

5 %

0-1 ^ / nmwl


11/15

^g` hflàr hfl` dftt`n tm tg` wat`r nata mlhy (wgfog sfbuhat`s mlhy gavfli tg` wat`r nata avafhaeh`

dmr b`t`r oahferatfml) fbprmv`n tg` sftuatfml.

^gfs hflàr dfttfli batog`s ahh tg` nata tm al ulo`rtaflty md ;.6?% aormss a 1;31 turlnmwl.

Gmw`v`r, Dfiur` 9 ahsm sgmws tgat ey nata dfttfli ahh tg` wat`r aln ias dhmw nata (f.`. ey

oahferatfli tg` b`t`r omrròthy) tg` r`suhtfli ulo`rtaflty was ;.0%, aormss a 1;31 turlnmwl.

Oahferatfml md tg`s` typ`s md b`t`rs bust e` r`vf`w`n aln a pgfhmsmpgy n`t`rbfl`n tm balai`

tg` ulo`rtaflty rìarnfli tg` oahferatfml b`nfub.

A L`w Omlo`p t Oml` B`t`r

^g` l`xt nata tgat wfhh e` sgmwl fs dmr a l`w omlo`pt b`t`r tgfs b`t`r us`s artfdaot oahferatfml

tòglfqu`s aln gas omltrmh md tg` dmhhmwfli parab`t`rs fl tg` n`sfil md tg` n`vfo`.

1) _urdao` rmuigl`ss omltrmh dmr tg` b`t`r tue` aln oml`

5) Umeust oml` suppmrt aln emny ass`behy usfli al flv`stb`lt oastfli wftg

flt`rogaliàeh` baogfl`n oml` parts dmr nfdd`r`lt dhmw rali`-aefhfty wftgfl tg` sab`

emny

?) Baogfl` o`lt`rfli md tg` ass`behy adt`r baludaotur` tm bafltafl omlo`ltrfofty.

>) Aoourat` baogflfli md tg` r`phaoàeh` parts tm OLO tmh`ralo`s

0) A[F 55.5 -^`st nata s`t tm sgmw a sfilatur` p`r e`ta aln p`r hfl` sfz`.

^gfs typ` md b`t`r fs lmv`h aln gas iràt prmbfs` sflo` tg` omlo`pt tm us` artfdaot oahferatfml

aln v`rfdfoatfml tòglfqu`s ahhmws bflfbah oahferatfml r`hyfli ml i`mb`trfo sfbfhftun`, a nrawfli

md tg` n`vfo` fs sgmwl fl dfiur` 7 l`xt.

Dfiur` 7 - Oml` b`t`r wftg flt`rogaliàeh` `h`b`lt.


12/15

Nata dmr tg` l`w omlo`pt b`t`r mrfi flah O@@_F t`stfli 5;11

^`st 1.; O@@_F ^`stfli Aprfh 5;11 dfiur` 6 e`hmw.

Dfiur` 6.;

Lmt` - ^g` O.n. sfts e`tw``l ;.610 aln ;.65 tgfs fs usuahhy fl tg` O.n. r`ifml dmr a T`lturf !

A[F-Ogapt`r 55.5 - O@@_F^`stfli nata aln r`pmrt r`h`as`n 9tgCul` 5;15

Dfiur` 1;.; - 5 flog E`ta ;.>1> O@@_F Eas`hfl` 140 psfi


13/15

[`rtureatfml ^`stfli

Dfiur` 11.; - 5 flog ;.>1> E`ta 140 [_FI - Bmml [hat` 0 N


14/15

Dfiur` 15 Mut md [hal` @hemws

5 flog ;.41> E`ta

Dfiur` 1? O@@_F Eas`hfl` ;.41> e`ta 140[_FI.

[`rtureatfml ^`sts

Dfiur` 1> - 5 flog ;.41> E`ta - (Mut md [hal` @hemws)


15/15

^g` nata sgmwl aemv` dmr tg` P_A eufht sbart-oml` fs a slfpp`t md tg` mv`rahh nata s`t wgfog

wfhh e` tg` suecòt md a dutur` wgft` pap`r.

Omlohusfml

Drmb tg` r`sàrog nata tgat gas e``l prmnuo`n mv`r ?; yàrs rìarnfli tgfs i`lr` md n`vfo` ft

s``bs tgat ohafbs rìarnfli tg` rmeustl`ss md fts p`rtureatfml r`sfstalo` ar` w`hh dmuln`n aln

prmvfn`n a prmp`r oahferatfml fs p`rdmrb`n tg`fr us` fl oustmny tralsd`r bàsur`b`lt fs lmt al

fssu`.

^g` us` md artfdaot oahferatfml tòglfqu`s aln omltrmh md tg` baludaoturfli prmo`ss bay e` a

j`y nrfv`r fl tg` l`xt `vmhutfml md tg`s` b`t`r typ`s.

Omltrmh md surdao` rmuigl`ss aln baogflfli a b`t`r tmi`tg`r wftg tfigt quahfty omltrmh fl tg`

nfb`lsfmlah tmh`ralo` appàr tm `lgalo` tg`s` b`t`r typ`s p`rdmrbalo`, aln tgfs ahsm gas al

`ddòt ml tg` `l`riy `ddfof`loy/ròmv`ry aormss tg` b`t`r , O.n.s md ofroa +;.65 gav` e``l

rar`hy s``l wftg oml` typ` b`t`rs.

Ft wfhh e` flt`r`stfli tm s`` dutur` nata s`ts dmr b`t`rs usfli al artfdaot oahferatfml prflofph` fl aw`t ias dhmw rìfb`.

U`d`r`lo`s

1) ^g` @ddòt md I`mb`try ml Nfdd`r`ltfah [r`ssur` B`t`r [`rdmrbalo` Salj`r-Hawr`lo`, ^g` Ab`rfoas Dhmw Bàsur`b`lt Ymrjsgmp Gmustml 5;11 - Z1R

5) _t`wart N., Uàn`r Garrfs B., [`t`rs U., N`rfvatfml md al @xpalsfefhfty Daotmr dmr tg`

T-Oml` B`t`r, Dhmw Bàsur`b`lt Flt`rlatfmlah Omld`r`lo`, [`èh`s, _omthaln,PJ, Cul` 5;;1- Z5R ?) Gmni`s, Erfttml, Cmgals`l & _t`v`l 10tg Dhmw Bàsur`b`lt Omld`r`lo`

(DHMB@JM)Oml` N[ B`t`r Oahferatfml Fssu`s 5;1;- Z?R >) Hawr`lo` /_uli GFÛMH & OAB@UML , A[F 55.5 t`stfli [art 1 FDD_ 5;;6 - Z>R 0) Hawr`lo` /Navfs Df`hn Ombparfsml md a > Gmh`n Mrfdfo` [hat` aln Oml` B`t`r FDD_

5;;6 - Z0R4) [`t`rs, Emwh`s & I`mri` L_DBY - 5;;> A[F t`stfli tm ogapt`r 0.9 (lmw 55.5)- Z4R9) O@@_F - @xpalsfefhfty om`ddfof`lt n`rfvatfml dmr a Nylabfo _bart-Oml` 5;117) O@@_F A[F 55.5 Nata s`t dmr Nylabfo Dhmw Ombput`rs P_A Cul` U`hàs` 5;156) @hòtrm-Dhmw B`t`r Ombpaly, pat`lt apphfoatfml lube`r 1;57/?0 - iralt`n ml

tg`11tg md Cul` 16?0. Eurtml Nulhflisml P.J.

paper 39 lawrence (flow measurement)

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