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|Proceedings of 12 th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand 1. The Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship 1152 of Mental Health and Intuitive Eating Queenie Nasebah B. Musor, Julielyn D. Orbe, Merjevinyl C. Samson Xandee I. Pescador 2 . Social Determinant of Free Larva Mosquito Number in Payaman Village, 1153 Ngraho, Bojonegoro Fikha Yozi, Atika Binti Utari, Devy Mulia Sari, Bintang Mareeta Dewi Elisa Dwi Pertiwi 3. From the Dumpsite to the Classroom: An Impact Study 1154 Marie Joy D. Banawa, Felicidad C. Gadiano 4. The Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment On The Labour Productivity 1165 In Vietnams Electronics Industry Bui Thi Thuy Linh, Dinh Duc Truong 5. Effects Of Trade Liberalisation On The Environment 1183 In The Manufacturing Sector In Vietnam Dinh Duc TRUONG, Nguyen Thi Thanh HUYEN Panel 28 : Education in Humanities and Social Sciences

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Page 1: Panel 28 Education in Humanities and Social Sciences · 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand | From the Dumpsite to the Classroom:

|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1. The Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship 1152

of Mental Health and Intuitive Eating

Queenie Nasebah B. Musor, Julielyn D. Orbe, Merjevinyl C. Samson

Xandee I. Pescador

2 . Social Determinant of Free Larva Mosquito Number in Payaman Village, 1153

Ngraho, Bojonegoro

Fikha Yozi, Atika Binti Utari, Devy Mulia Sari, Bintang Mareeta Dewi

Elisa Dwi Pertiwi

3. From the Dumpsite to the Classroom: An Impact Study 1154

Marie Joy D. Banawa, Felicidad C. Gadiano

4. The Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment On The Labour Productivity 1165

In Vietnam’s Electronics Industry

Bui Thi Thuy Linh, Dinh Duc Truong

5. Effects Of Trade Liberalisation On The Environment 1183

In The Manufacturing Sector In Vietnam

Dinh Duc TRUONG, Nguyen Thi Thanh HUYEN

Panel 28 : Education in Humanities and Social Sciences

Page 2: Panel 28 Education in Humanities and Social Sciences · 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand | From the Dumpsite to the Classroom:

1152 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

The Moderating Role of Gender in the Relationship of Mental Health and

Intuitive Eating

Queenie Nasebah B. Musor1, Julielyn D. Orbe2, Merjevinyl C. Samson3

Xandee I. Pescador4

1,2,3,4Department of Psychology, Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology,Philippines 1E-mail: [email protected], 2E-mail: [email protected], 3E-mail: [email protected],

4E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Mental health problems (generalized anxiety, depression, and somatic symptoms) usually

occur during adolescence. Research demonstrates that males have greater prevalence of mental

health symptoms than females and that mental health symptoms are predictors of intuitive eating.

The present study aims to explore if mental health symptoms are predictors of intuitive eating in

adolescence and if gender moderates this relationship. The participants were 504 college students

from Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology. Self-report questionnaires were

used to assess mental health symptoms, measured by Generalized Anxiety Disorder Dimensional

Scale ( GADDS) , Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 ( PHQ9) , Patient Health Questionnaire – 15

(PHQ15) , and intuitive eating, measured by Intuitive Eating (IE) by Hawks. Results showed that

male group had higher levels of mental health symptoms and also demonstrated lower level of

intuitive eating.

Keywords: Gender, intuitive eating, mental health, moderation

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|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1153

Social Determinant of Free Larva Mosquito Number in Payaman Village,

Ngraho, Bojonegoro

Fikha Yozi1, Atika Binti Utari2, Devy Mulia Sari3, Bintang Mareeta Dewi4

Elisa Dwi Pertiwi5

1,2,3,4,5Faculty of Public Health, Airlangga University, Indonesia 1E-mail: [email protected], 2E-mail: [email protected], 3E-mail: [email protected]

4E-mail: [email protected], 5E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Dengue fever is a infected disease caused by dengue virus which carried by mosquito called

aedes aegypti. Dengue fever occurs almost every year in Indonesia and it spreads to many areas

included Bojonegoro Regency. Based on the data of Bojonegoro Public Health Office, there are 6

people died from 197 accusative of dengue fever in 2016 . Payaman Village is one of endemic area

of Dengue Fever in Bojonegoro. In 2016, there is a person died because this disease in that country.

Based on the survey in Payaman Village, health probl em is dominated by many mosquito’s larva

in the bathtub, water recervoir, and puddle around the house. It support dengue fever. The destiny

of this reaserch is identify social factors that influence the free mosquito’s larva number in Payaman

Village. The method of this research is cross sectional . The first step of this research is analyse the

people. Then, interviewed the village chief and health service provider. Based on the result of this

research, the determinant factors that influence the free mosquito’s larva number are education,

majority Payaman people are elementary school graduated (41,6%). The second factor is frequency

to clean the bathtub, many people clean in more than once a week (61,5%). The third is having

closed garbage-can in the house, just 17,2% people whose it. The last factor is geographic condition

of Payaman whose many forest and swamp. So, it can be concluded that education, behavior, and

environment are the determinant factors of free mosquito’s larva number.

Keywords: Dengue Fever, Free Mosquito’s Larva Number, Social Determinant

Page 4: Panel 28 Education in Humanities and Social Sciences · 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand | From the Dumpsite to the Classroom:

1154 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

From the Dumpsite to the Classroom: An Impact Study

Marie Joy D. Banawa 1 and Felicidad C. Gadiano2

1Current Dean of the College of Arts and Social Sciences, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Full

1Professor of the Department of Filipino & Other Languages. The Project Leader of the study, Philippines 2Chairperson of the Political Science Department of CASS, MSU-IIT, An Associate Professor and a practicing lawyer.

2The brainchild and coordinator of the Sagip-aral, Sagip-buhay Program, Philippines 1E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This impact study is anchored from the extension program of the College of Arts

and Social Sciences of the Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology to determine

if the 7 years extension program really gave the proper intervention in alleviating the lives of the

beneficiaries. Originally, the study is entitled Sagip-Aral, Sagip-Buhay: Mula sa Bundok ng Basura

Patungong Eskwela. Qualitative, quantitative method, observation and focus group discussion was

used in this study.The impact of the study was outstanding in a sense that most of the beneficiaries

agreed that the program greatly help them.

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|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1155

Background of the Study

Enshrined in the Millennium goals of the Aquino Administration is the “alleviation of poverty” not

only in the national capital region but as well as in all regions of the country. According to DSWD Report

of 2013, there were more than 3 million children who are out of school because they are actively engaged in forced labor. This kind of national problem is present almost in every city of the Philippines. Thus, the

College of Arts and Social Sciences of the Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology

particularly handled by the Political Science & Filipino Departments of the said college, spearheaded the uplifting of the plight of the scavenger children from Barangay Santiago. This barangay is located along the

Bayug river where all the garbages of Iligan City are being damped into the terrain of the almost mountain damping ground. The foul smell especially during the afternoons of rainy weather extends even to the

campus of this University. The SAGIP-ARAL Program started in June, 2008 with a handful children, boys and girls

in elementary ages. In that year, there were seventy three children who were recipients of the school supplies. The school supplies distributed were the basic ones needed by the children in school placed inside a transparent plastic envelop. The idea behind the SAGIP-ARAL Program is to support the children who were

identified by the Solidwaste Management Office of Iligan City as children of those who originally lived and survived through garbage scavenging at the Barangay Santiago dumpsite, so that they can continue their schooling at the elementary level. Though originally the SAGIP-ARAL was only intended for those

scavengers living at the Barangay Santiago Dumpsite, however this later extended to the poorest of the poor

at Barangay Santiago. This kind of support in a form of giving school supplies during the opening of each school year and the giving of christmas goodies during the yuletide season continues until at present with the condition that school children should not quit schooling. In the event that the child will drop-out from the school, he/she

will then be deleted in the list and will not qualify to receive the support . A monitoring system was in placed

in a form of a certification from the principal where the student is enrolled, certifying that the student is still in school.

Along with the desire to bring back the scavenger children to the classrooms, was the desire to empower the parents economically thus, the birth of SAGIP -BUHAY. Under the SAGIP-BUHAY, the

parents were trained with different livelihood programs which can eventually augment the income of the family. In March 2009, for example, those who received training from the local government of Iligan City

for manicure, pedicure and barber were given one kit each complete with materials which they can use for livelihood. There were twenty five mothers who received the materials.

To respond to this call for help from the members of the SAGIP-BUHAY, the parents of the children

beneficiaries were trained in liquid bleach making, liquid dishwashing and liquid soap making. They were

also trained in ice cream and “borloloy” (fancy jewelries) making. The Department of Trade and Industry also

trained them in Entrepreneurial Management at MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology. Blessed with this

program, the parents of the children-beneficiaries were able to sustain the education of their children and

further, to increase the family’s socio-economic income (no matter how meager it may be).

This extension program of the College of Arts & Social Sciences run for about seven years thus an

impact study is being conducted entitled “Sagip-aral, Sagip-buhay: Mula sa Bundok ng Basura

Patungong Eskwela”.

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1156 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

Reseach Objectives:

a. To survey the socio-economic profile of the beneficiaries at present;

b. To determine the personal, family and community benefits of the project; c. To document the needs assistance of the pupil and student-scholars of the project;

d. To determine how the MSU-IIT College of Arts and Social Sciences would be able to

help in the poverty alleviation of the beneficiaries as well as in assisting their children that may be out-of-school or have problems with the sustenance of their education.

Methodology

This is a qualitative/quantitative follow-up study that involves participative survey of

parent and pupil-beneficiaries from barangay Santiago, Iligan City.Through focus group discussions and

broad observation, this research documents the contemporary lifestyle of the beneficiaries of Sagip-aral

and Sagip-buhay, how the beneficiaries expected to change their lives from being scavengers to becoming

patrons of the livelihood programs on the one hand and their children beneficiaries as regular pupil enrollees on the other hand. Survey questionnaire were distributed to the respondents, the parents of the

children beneficiaries.

Project Management

1. Profiling Evaluation of the parents and children beneficiaries

2. School anecdotal and classroom performance evaluation of pupils

3. Health Condition evaluation

4. Community Status Assessment of families involved in the project

5. Educational Scholarship sustenance computation

6. Training for income generation

Monitoring and Evaluation

Pupils and Students’ Performance were monitored and evaluated in schools they enrolled

in before the christmas break in December of every year and immediately after the close of enrollment in June of every year. This monitoring is purposely done to ensure that those enrolled in the previous year

have also enrolled in the year they are monitored with the grade level corresponding to the list kept by the coordinator. Those found to have already enrolled will be included in the list of beneficiaries who will

receive the school supplies from the College of Arts and Social Sciences. Those who are still in school ar

the time of the checking in the December, will also e the ones who will receive the christmas gift package

from the College.The schools that collaborated with this project were Cabili Elementary School, Brgy. Santiago High School, Sta. Elena Elementary School, Iligan City National High School and Tambo

Elementary School. It should be noted that the pupils and students listed as original beneficiaries of the

program were relocated in different government relocation sites after typhoon Sendong in 20011 violently smashed their residences.

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|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1157

Results and Findings:

The findings of the study indicate that the poverty of the beneficiaries are caused by unemployment neither they are self-employed. This in turn forced families to look for other income earning opportunities

like garbage scavenging. Uncertain income gave way to uncertain pattern of life adjustment . Priority was

given to basic life necessity which is food needs. Nonessentials like clothing and leisure to be given up. Education and health care were reprioritized. The poverty resulted also to higher demand for basic social

services from the government which they assessed to be very slow or none at all . This study found out also

that the occupations easily sought by families to help in financial crisis are from the garbage scavenging, construction, and quarrying. Agriculture and aqua marine labor were not included in life augmenting choices

although the barangay is near the sea. In its totality, the research has been conducted to 103 respondents. All of whom are beneficiaries of

the Sagip-Aral/Sagip-Buhay program of the College of Arts and Social Sciences. The questions raised in the

questionnaires were designed to evaluate the program. The the standard of living of the beneficiaries and on

how the program have made an impact to their lives.

Socio-Demographic Profile of the Respondents:

The Socio-Demographic profile includes the educational attainment of both mother and father of

the child beneficiary, the household size, the before Sendong- after Sendong address, the source of income

of both parents, the status of their house ownership, and the rental prices of their houses.

Table 1. Educational Attainment of the Mother

Educational Level Frequency Percentage

Elementary Level 34 33.01

Elementary Graduate 5 4.85

High School Level 31 30.10

High School Graduate 13 12.62

College Level 9 8.74

College Graduate 2 1.94

TESDA Graduate 2 1.94

None 7 6.80

Total 103 100

The data shown on the table indicates the highest educational attainment of most of the mothers of the beneficiaries is Elementary level. Thirty three point zero one percent (33.01%) of the mothers only

attained a particular level of elementary education and have not finished their primary education. The table

also reflects that roughly 98% of the mothers were not able to graduate from college. Twelve point sixty two

(12.62%) have graduated High School but only 1.94% has earned a college degree.

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1158 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

Table 2. Educational Attainment of the Father

Educational level Frequency Percentage

Elementary Level 35 33.98

Elementary Graduate 8 7.77

High School Level 30 29.13

High School Graduate 8 7.77

College Level 5 4.85

TESDA Graduate 2 1.94

None 15 14.56

Total 103 100

The table above is a reflection of the educational attainment of the fathers of the beneficiaries of the Sagip-Aral Program. It shows that a thirty three point ninety eight percent (33.98%) of the fathers have

elementary level of education but have failed to finish their primary education. Seven point seventy seven

(7.77%) of the fathers finished their secondary education but nobodyfinished a college degree. One point

ninety four percent (1.94%) had a TESDA diploma while 14.56% had no educational training or experience at

all.

Table 3. Percentage and Frequency Count of the Number of Children of the Families of the

Respondents

No. of children per family No.of families Percentage

11 children 1 1

9 children 2 1.94

8 children 9 8.73

7 children 9 8.73

6 children 12 11.65

5 children 13 12.62

4 children 15 14.56

3 children 19 18.45

2 children 17 16.50

1 child 6 5.82

Total 103 100

The table above shows the number of children each member family of the beneficiaries has. It can

be deduced from the above data that seventeen families (16.5%)have 2 children per family and nineteen

families (18.45%) have 3 children per family. Twelve families (11.65%) have 6 children per family while six

families or 5.82% have 1 child per family only.

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|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1159

The average number of children among the respondents of the research is 5 children. Which means that the

average household size of the beneficiaries of the Sagip-aral Program of CASS is 7, composed of 5 children

and 2 parents.

Table 4. Source of Income of the Father of the Beneficiaries

Type of Work Number of Fathers Percentage

Scavenger 16 15.5

Garbage Collector 5 4.85

Farmer 1 .97

Didang (Junk shop) 1 .97

Casual Employee 1 .97

Construction Worker (Panday, Mason,

Welder, Labor, Scraper) 35 34

Guard 2 1.94

Sikad Driver 10 9.70

Habal-habal Driver 1 .97

Jeepney Driver 1 .97

Fisherman 6 5.82

Messenger (Brgy. Hall) 1 .97

Automotive worker 1 .97

No Job 22 21.4

Total 103 100

The table above shows the source of income or the occupation of the fathers of the beneficiaries. Out of the 103 fathers, twenty two of them or 21.4% are unemployed. Sixteen of them or 15.5% are scavengers

or those who are scavenging for trash and garbage for money. Thirty five of them or 34% of the are working

for any job in line with Construction like welders, manual laborers, scrappers, masons, and carpenters. Ten

of them or 9.7% work as Sikad drivers and six of them or 5.82% are fishermen.

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1160 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

Table 5. Source of Income of the Mother of the Beneficiaries

Type of Work Number of Mothers Percentage

Scavenger 10 9.7

Garbage Collector 1 .97

Fish Vendor 6 5.8

Bag Maker 1 .97

Promo Vendor 1 .97

House Keeper 62 60.19

Livestock owner (Baboy) 1 .97

Sari-sari store owner 5 4.85

Manicurista 1 .97

Gardener 2 2

Street Sweeper 1 .97

Labandera 4 3.88

Janitress 4 3.88

Teacher 1 .97

BHW 1 .97

Sales Lady 1 .97

Helper 1 .97

Total 103 100

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|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1161

The table above shows the source of income or the occupation of the mothers of the beneficiaries. It can be clearly seen from the data that sixty two housewives or 60.19% are unemployed and are mere

housekeepers in their respective houses while 10 housewives or 9.7% works as scavengers; four of them or

3.88% are working as janitresses and another 3.88% are working as Labandera or doing other’s laundry. Six

of them or 5.8% ns are fish vendors while five of them or 4.85% are sari-sari store owners.

Impact of the Sagip-aral Program:

Table 6. Number of Students and their Educational Accomplishment through Sagip-Aral

Educational level No. of students

Elementary Graduates 71 graduates

High School Graduates 14 graduates

College Undergraduate 1

Total 86

The above shown table presents the number of Sagip-Aral beneficiaries who finished elementary

grades, graduated in high school and those who were able to continue to college . As presented above, 71

elementary graduates have received their diploma in Primary education with the aid of Sagip-aral program

and 14 high school graduates. Currently, the SAGIP-ARAL program has 1 College undergraduate student in

addition to the 128 beneficiaries who are in their secondary and primary studies.

Table 7. Schools in Iligan City where the elementary graduates enrolled for secondary education

Name School No. of SAGIP-ARAL beneficiaries

who enrolled

Percentage

Iligan City East National High School, Santiago

62 87.32

Tominobo Annex National High School, Sta. Elena

4 5.63

Iligan City National High School 3 4.23

La Salle Academy (Night High

School) 2 2.82

Total 71 100

The table above reflects the schools where the elementary graduates under the Sagip-Aral program

are currently enrolled for their secondary education. As shown above, sixty two pupils or 87.32% of the

beneficiaries are now enrolled in Iligan City East National High School- Santiago while four pupils or 5.63% are enrolled in Tominobo Annex National high School- Sta. Elena three pupils or 4.23% are now enrolled in

ICNHS while the remaining two pupils or 2.82% are in Lasalle Academy Night High School. All are still

under the aid of the Sagip-aral Program.

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1162 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

Impact of the Program to the Student Beneficiaries

The pie chart shows the result of the question addressed to the respondents on whether or not the Sagip-Aral program has helped their children (Student beneficiaries). The result reflects that an

overwhelming 99% of the respondents have answered that the Sagip-Aral Program has a positive impact to

the education of their children and that truly it had helped the student beneficiaries.

Impact of the Program to the Parents

99%

1%

Impact of Sagip-Aral to the Student Beneficiaries

Positive Impact

No (Negative) impact

100%

Impact of the Sagip-Aral Program to the Parents

Positive Impact

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|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1163

The pie chart above shows the result after the parents where asked whether the Sagip-aral program

has helped them or not. The result above reflects that 100% or all of the parents have answered that indeed,

Sagip-Aral Program has helped them and has a positive impact to their lives as family and as parents.

Table 8. Additional Intervention Suggested by the Respondents

Suggested intervention Frequency Count

Continuing support (School Supplies) until the Children graduates college 62

Continue the Livelihood Programs 8

Add more Livelihood Programs 10

Giving of School Shoes 2

Giving of School Uniform 1

Scholarship 1

College Education and Admittance in MSU-IIT 2

Adding a New Batch of Grade-1 Beneficiaries 1

Permanent job for parents 2

Satisfied with the help afforded to them by the Program 5

No suggestions 11

Total 105

Note: The total number exceeds 103 because there are two respondents who have similar answers.

Shown above is the table which reflects the sentiments of the parents on how the Sagip-Aral

Program can be of more help to them and to their children. Some parents have given multiple suggestions

while some have expressed their satisfaction to the program. Sixty two respondents answer the continuance

of the Sagip-Aral support until they will finish college which ranks first. This validates that the parents are

hoping that the program be continued in aiding them until their children graduate College . 8 respondents

suggested for the continuation of the Livelihood Program of Sagip-Aral and 10 more respondents suggested

to add more of what the Livelihood Program already provides. 5 respondents have positively expressed the

satisfactory help and support of the program while 11 respondents abstained from giving any more suggestions.

Conclusion

In spite of indications of improvement, the progress towards poverty alleviation is slow; urban poverty requires greater opportunities that must be planned by both the academe and the city government to contribute for overall economic growth. There is a need for investments that will require human capital for

manual labor than merely infrastructures alone. Urban poverty is less extensive and severe because they

have more access to health and education services than in rural areas. There is a need to strengthen the

government and academe’s capacity to monitor on the outcomes of researches relating to poverty alleviation

projects ensuring the statistical precision of progress and development on households. Institutional

mechanisms for the poverty alleviation efforts can help a lot in social impact of poverty eradication studies.

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1164 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

The SAGIP-ARAL and SAGIP-BUHAY extension programs of the College of Arts and Social

Sciences is therefore an instrument that help realize the millennium goals of the United Nations towards eradicating illiteracy. It also help the government in developing a neglected sector in the society by

empowering them economically through livelihood trainings that enable them to develop sustainable income generating activities.

Recommendation

1. The Institute supports the beneficiaries through scholarship grants in any forms. 2. The Institute funds livelihood training programs to address poverty. 3. To make a follow-up study for those who graduated high school and elementary.

Bibliography

Balisacan, Arsenio. 1994. Poverty, Urbanization and Development Policy: A Philippine

Perspective. Methodological researches under the Development Planning and

Research Project (DPRP) of the NEDA. De Dios, Emmanuel S. 1993. Poverty, Growth and the Fiscal Crisis.

International Development Research Center (IDRC).

Department of Social Welfare and Development Report (DSWD) dswd.gov.ph

National Economic and Development Authority Report (NEDA) neda.gov.ph

Department of Education Report (DepEd) deped.gov.ph

http://exploreiligan.blogspot.com/2012/01/barangay-kiwalan.html

https://psa.gov.ph/content/population-iligan-city-was-recorded-323-thousand-results-2010-census-population-and-housing

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|Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016) 14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

1165

The Impact Of Foreign Direct Investment On The Labour Productivity

In Vietnam’s Electronics Industry

Bui Thi Thuy Linh1 and Dinh Duc Truong2

1Faculty of Investment Economics, National Economics Univesity (NEU), Vietnam 2 Associate. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Environmental & Urban Economics and Management, NEU, Vietnam

Abstract

Foreign direct investment (FDI) may have a positive impact on labour productivity in

recipient industries through direct introduction of capital, management skills and technology;

indirectly through spillover effects on domestic firms. This paper used two models intended to

examine the overall effects of inward FDI on Vietnam’s electronics industry and test for spillover

effects on domestic firms. This paper used Vietnam Enterprise Survey [VES] (2008 -2012) with

223 enterprises operating in the electronics industry. Labour productivity is modelled as

dependent on the degree of foreign presence in the industry and other variables. Specifically, they

are capital intensity, human level, firm size, firm age, research & development cost and location .

The results suggest that foreign presence in the electronics industry was associated with higher

labour productivity. However, this paper found no evidence indicating a positive spillover effects

of FDI on domestic firm.

Key words: FDI, Labour Productivity, Vietnam, Electronics Industry, spillover effects

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1166 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

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1. Introduction

Economic growth is the prime motto of all nations of the world. International experience

shows that economic growth depends critically on labour productivity. Nobel laureate Paul

Krugman's concluded that “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost

everything. A country’s ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost

entirely on its ability to raise its output per worker”.

According to research by International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2014 that the labour

productivity index of Vietnam was among the lowest in Asia - Pacific. Specifically, Vietnam’s

labour productivity was nearly 15 times lower than that of Singapore, 11 times of Japan, and 10

times of South Korea. Labour productivity of Electronic Industries is also average if compared to

other industries (31000 - 36000 USD/year). Especially, the Electronics Industry is a high-tech

industry. It will play a leading role in modern industrial system in the future. Especially. This

productivity is not enough to motivate the growth of productivity of Vietnam economy.

In recent years, the electronics industry is always the sector that attracts the largest amount of

FDI. The FDI firms’ rapid development and contributed to the revenue growth of the section.

However, whether FDI enterprise s' presence is along with increasing in labour productivity or

not may need to be consider rationally since the state of technical progress in Viet Nam

electronics industry now stands at a basic level - assembling. Additionally, contributions of

domestic electronics firms to supply chain is negligible.

The theoretical literature suggests that the presence of FDI is likely to raise the

productivity of domestic firms (Blomstrom and Kokko, 1998). But the empirical evidence does not

confirm this unanimously. The findings may be divided into two groups - one group which

concludes that FDI always improves the productivity of domestic firms (Nguyen Thi Tue Anh et al,

2006; Pham Xuan Kien, 2008; Ludo et al, 2008; Mebratie, 2010), and the other which argues that

the impact of FDI is unclear or even negative for developing countries (Aiken & Harrison, 1999;

Gorg & Greenaway, 2004; Vahter, 2004). However, the results obtained are different when

studying this relationship in different sectors, different countries. Such as, the impact of FDI on

labour productivity in the Chinese electronics industry was found to be positive (Xiaming Liu et al,

2000) and Vietnam's garment sector is negative (Tran Cam Linh, 2013).

In addition, Vietnam has not had a formal study to clarify the impact of FDI on productivity

electronics industry: Whether these effects are positive or negative? Can FDI affect labour

productivity of local firms? How does FDI policy need to change to improve labour productivity of

Vietnam's electronics industry? This study will analyze and clarify the answers to these questions.

The remainder of the paper is organised as follows: Section 2 discusses briefly the theoretical

relations between FDI and productivity; The data and methodology are introduced in Section 3.

Section 4 gives the model overview; Section 5 gives the estimation results of the regression

analysis; Section 6 is the conclusion and recommendation.

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2. Theoretical framework

2.1. FDI Impact on Labour Productivity

FDI can affect labour productivity by many different ways. Basically, the impact of FDI on

productivity can either be direct or indirect. Inward FDI is associated with the introduction of

additional capital and new production and managerial skills that have a direct effect on productity

efficiency. FDI also provides indirect effects by knowledge diffusion, competitive pressure, transfer

of technology…These impacts are called spillover effects of FDI (Blomstrom and Kokko, 1998).

Figure 2.1: Diagram of impact of FDI on labour productivity

Source: Synthesized from previous research

Firstly, FDI inflows affect labour productivity of FDI firms themselves through investment

channels. FDI firms often receive more advanced technology and new management methods from

the holding company. It promotes the development commensurate to skills of workers in the firm.

So, FDI will impact positively on both the inputs and outputs of production (physical capital and

human capital). Therefore the labour productivity of FDI firms is improved.

Spillover effect might be considered as a phenomenon caused by operation of foreign

enterprises affecting behavioral adjustment process of domestic companies. It is includes Vertical

spillover and horizontally spillover.

FDI Impact onLabourProductivity

Directly through the investment

Indirectly through spillover effects

Vertical spillover

Forward effect

backward effect

Horizontal spillover

Knowledge shifts with

skilled labour

Technology transfer

Competitive effect

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Vertical spillover includes forward effect and backward effect. Backward effect happens

when foreign companies to buy goods and services from companies in the above industries.

(Blomström and Sjöholm, 1999; Javorcik, 2004). Forward effect happen when foreign companies

sell goods and services to companies in the host country, but this is often not obvious and less

noticeable than the backward effect (Havranek and Irsova, 2010).

Horizontally spillover is the beneficial effects of foreign capital to domestic companies

operating in the same sector / industrial fields (Aitken and Harrison, 1999). The presence of FDI

creates horizontal spillovers to domestic firms through three channels: knowledge shifts with skilled

labour (Goerg H. and Strobl E, 2002), technology transfer (Haddad Mona and Harrison A, 1993,

Blomstroem M. và Sjoehlm, 1999), and effective resource allocation results from competition

(Aitken and Harrison, 1999).

2.2. Empirical Approach

The Cobb-Douglas production function (Y = ALαK1-α) has been employed to obtain

empirically testable results because of its realistic assumption of non-linear relationship

between inputs and output in the production. Therefore, Blomström and Sjoholm (1999)

proposed labour productivity model as follows:

𝑌𝑖𝑗

𝐿𝑖𝑗= 𝐹(

𝐾𝑖𝑗

𝐿𝑖𝑗, 𝐹𝐷𝐼𝑖𝑗, 𝑆𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑗, 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑖𝑗, 𝐷𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑦𝑗) (2.1)

Where Y is value added, while K and L are capital and labour of firm. Skill is the ratio of

skilled labour; FDI is foreign direct investment. Scale is the size of the firm. DIndustry is its

manufacturing sector.

In addition, some recent empirical research has examined the impact of FDI on labour

productivity in domestic firms by regression analysis based on variables representing foreign

elements and the independent variables show characteristics of the firm (Liu et al, 2001; Javorcik,

2004; Yingqi, 2004; Pham Xuan Kien, 2008...). A model can be developed - termed a

‘productivity spillover model’ - that contrasts with an overall impact model as introduced earlier.

One such model is as follows:

LP = F (KL, FS, LQ, SIZE, OV) (2.2)

That is, the labour productivity in local firms (LP) is influenced by the capital intensity

(KL) and labour quality (LQ ) in local firms, the size of local firms (SIZE), foreign presence (FS)

in the industry, and a vector of other possible explanatory variables (OV) such as the industry

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concentration ratio, R&D intensity in local firms and the technology gap between local and

foreign firms.

3. Data and Methodology

This paper combines qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.

Qualitative analysis is used to assess the situation of FDI and labour productivity of

electronics industry in Vietnam. It provides some preliminary conclusions in order to provide

information for the following quantitative model.

Quantitative analysis is used for testing relationship between FDI and Electronics Industrial

Enterprises s’ labour productivity and testing spillover effects.

However, it is known that pooled OLS is associated with several limitations and sole reliance on

this model may lead to raise the concern of potential bias. The standard errors of OLS regressions

estimated from micro level data are usually underestimated and failing to take into account this affect

the statistical significance of the variables of interest (Javorcik, 2004). Moreover, OLS estimates may

be inconsistent in spillover effect analysis if productivity shocks have an effect on the input factors

employed in the firm (Konings, 2001). Therefore, in order to deal with some of the shortcoming of

pooled estimates and to avoid misleading econometric results, alternative models namely fixed effect

and random effect models are also estimated in this paper.

This paper used Vietnam Enterprise Survey [VES] (2008 -2012) with 223 enterprises

operating in the electronics industry (121 FDI enterprises, 96 private enterprises and 6 domestic

enterprises)

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4. Model

4.1. Model 1: Testing the impacts of FDI on labour productivity of all firms

Based on the theoretical framework described above, studies were conducted to test the

factors affecting labour productivity of businesses through the following models:

LP = f( KL, SIZE, LQ, RD, Age_Ent , Fshare, pro_FDI, Dlocation1, Dlocation2) (4.1)

In this model, the dependent variable LP is a quantity measuring the labour productivity of

the electronics industry by revenue divided by employees. KL is capital intensity. It is measured by

the ratio of fixed capital to the number of workers in the enterprise. Variable SIZE indicates scale

of the enterprise in the sector, which shows the degree of exclusiveness. It is assumpted that the

enterprise owning large revenue proportion in the sector shall has the advantage of scale; thus, it

possesses higher productivity. Variable LQ demonstrates the quality of labour in the enterprise,

measured by the percentage of employees who undergone vocational training courses compared

with the others of the enterprise.

Compared to the baseline model in the theoretical framework, the study offers a number of

independent variables characterizing for each enterprise (RD, Age_Ent) and dummy variables

characterizing for geographic location (Dlocation1, Dlocation2). Variable RD expresses the

exenses for research and development divided by revenue. Variable Age_Ent is the number of

operating years of the enterprise in the sector which is included to test the assumption that the

longer enterprises operate, the higher productivity they get. Dlocation1 and Dlocation2 are

dummy variables representing the Red River Delta and Mekong River Delta, as these are two

areas of industrial concentration and attract the most FDI in the country (accounting for 60% of

the capital). It included with two purposes: (1) to control the impact of economic region changes

and (2) to control the impact of FDI concentration and activities industry concentration.

Fshare represents the ownership forms of the enterprise. It equals to 1 with FDI enterprises

and equals to 0 with domestic enterprises. Therefore, variable Dsohuu is used for testing whether

the presence of FDI enterprises may affect the labour productivity or not. Variable pro_FDI is

calculated by accumulated capital of the enterprise divided by total capital of 5-number subsector

1which aims to assess the impact of FDI capital scale in each subsector on labour productivity of

1 There exist 9 5-number subsectors in the electronics industry: Electronics component manufacturing; computers and

computer peripheral devices manufacturing; communication equipments manufacturing; civil electronics products

manufacturing; measurement - testing - nevigating – control devices manufacturing; watches manufacturing;

radiation equipments manufacturing; medicine and electropathy electronics devices manufacturing; optical

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enterprises. Both pro_FDI and Fshare represent for the contributions from overseas; however,

pro_FDI is more meaningful in case of the greater FDI capital propotion compared with total of

capital structure, the higher labour productivity enterprises get while Dsohuu just stops at

presence inspection.

4.2.Model 2: Test the spillover effects of FDI on labour productivity of domestic firms

The models (2.1), (2.2) is also used to identify and assess spillover effects of FDI on domestic

enterprises. Despite the appearance of FDI in this sector may impact indirectly the results of

business activities of enterprises in other sectors, but the directly affected subject is still local

businesses in the same industry. Therefore, the spillover effects can be recognized through

changes in labour productivity of local businesses when foreign direct investment appears in that

business operating sector.

𝑳𝑷𝒊 = 𝒇(𝑲𝑳𝒊 , 𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏_𝑭𝑫𝑰𝒊𝒋, 𝑳𝑸𝒊 , 𝑹𝑫𝒊 , 𝑺𝑰𝒁𝑬𝒊 , 𝑫𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝟏, 𝑫𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝟐) (4.2)

This productivity function can be used to study the spillover effects of FDI on local firms

and can change to consider spillover effects demonstrated by the selection of a measure

Position_FDI of FDI in branch. Spillover effects are only seen as occurred if the variable

Position_FDI may affect productivity, expressed by the sign and the statistical significance of

the variables in the quantitative analysis.

In terms of Vietnam, using variable “revenue” could be difficult to analyze spillover

effects because many FDI enterprises in the electronics industry have a high export ratio. Using

the ratio of fixed capital in the industry is better, but by FDI companies usually invest in capital-

intensive sectors (industry itself the electronics industry was capital intensive sector) and often

don’t use the full capacity led to reviews overpriced spillovers. This study used the proportion of

workers of FDI in 5- number subsector for variable Position_FDI. Besides overcoming two

drawbacks mentioned above, using the proportion of workers are also allowed express spillover

effects through skilled labour channel. So, Position_FDI represents spillovers horizontally.

The proportion of workers are calculated according to the average time (in years) of the FDI in

the 5 – number subsector j to consider the impact of FDI life possible. This is based on the

assumption that the other with the same criteria, in two different FDI enterprises, which operates

in the sector j longer will be able to create greater spillover effects.

equipments and instruments manufacturing; magnetic disks, opticla disks and tapes manufacturing (under Table of

subsectors of General Statistics Office, 2007)

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𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛_𝐹𝐷𝐼𝑖𝑗

= ∑ 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐷𝐼 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 5 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

∑ 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 5 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

×𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝐷𝐼 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 5 − 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

The remaining independent variables in the model are not only meaningful that how

characteristic of businesses affect labour productivity but also represent the kinds of spillover

effects. For spillovers resulting from popular channels of technology transfer variable KL, LQ

and RD to represent. Because spillovers from this channel will take place or not depends on two

factors as: the difference technological level and the level of technology absorption2. The

difference in the level of technology can partly indicated by the difference of the capital intensity

(KL) or the cost of R & D measurement technology capabilities in the country. Level of

technology absorption depends on the qualifications of workers with the ability to control use of

technology or not.

For spillovers resulting from competition, variable SIZE represents the competitiveness of

domestic enterprises. With implication that the greater market share scale of domestic enterprises,

the more and more stimulating competitiveness and creating incentives for higher labour

productivity appearance of foreign enterprises.

2 The hypothesis here is that if the technological level of the enterprise does not reach a certain level, the competitive

impact of FDI will overwhelm more and consequently positive spillover effects will not occur (Barrios, 2000)

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5. Results and Discussion

Situation attract FDI and labour productivity in the Vietnam’s electronics industry

Chart 5.1: FDI in the electronics industry the period 2008 - 2015

(1000 USD)

Source: Calculated from Enterprise Survey Data, GSO and V - IMP

Chart 5.2: Labour productivity in the electronics industry the period 2008-2015

(USD/person)

Source: Calculated from Enterprise Survey Data, GSO and V - IMP

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

All enterprises FDI enterprises Domestic enterprises

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1174 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

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Vietnam’s Electronics Industry continuously largest amount of FDI. By the end of 2015,

this industry has attracted more $ 15 billion in FDI capital with big names like Samsung,

Foxconn, LG, Panasonic, Intel. Achieved results, largely resulting from the foreign investment

policy of Vietnam has been changed towards to creating a favorable environment for business

and foreign investors. Since WTO integration in 2007, Vietnam has been proactively integrate

with the world, commitment on investmen freedom and funding for high technology particularly

electronics. With this policy orientation, Vietnam electronics industry with such a policy

direction, Vietnam’s electronics industry is facing great development opportunities.

However, intergration has its own challenge as electronics of Vietnam have to compete

with FDI corporations in funding. On the other hand, FDI in the sector is mainly focused on the

processing stage causing difficulties in meeting the rules of origin in the AEC and TPP .

Electronic enterprises which can not contribute much in the electronics supply chain, the ability

to acquire high technology is limited.

Labour productivity in the electronics industry at passable level than some other industries,

but since 2010 the growth rate of productivity tends to decrease while amount of FDI capital

since 2011 increased sharply, which makes a question again: whether FDI capital growth has

come with the growth rate of labour productivity correspondingly or not? When splitted by

business type, the FDI enterprises have much higher labour productivity than domestic

enterprises. Current situation of foreign investment area shows that FDI enterprises tend to focus

on the manufacturing sector for import substitution, used mainly imported raw material,

especially in the electronics industry.

5.1.An overview of relationship between FDI and Electronics Industrial Enterprises s’ labour

productivity.

Drawn from the function (4.1), a model as following is regressed by Eview 8 software,

based on Panel EGLS method (Cross-section random effects):

Ln(LP) = β1 + β2ln(KL) + β3SIZE + β4LQ + β5RD + β6Age_Ent + β7Fshare + β8Pro_FDI +

β9Dlocation1 + β10Dlocation2

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Table 5.1: Results of Regression Coefficients

Regression

Coefficients

Log(KL) SIZE LQ RD Age_Ent

3.439147***3

(21.78318)

0.020882***

(2.806897)

0.042163***

(10.24268)

0.018679***

(11.47961)

0.000381*

(-1.650916)

0.038139***

(3.968248)

Fshare Pro_FDI Dlocation1 Dlocation2 Observations R-squared

0.434359***

(4.368784)

0.007165***

(4.514966)

0.232807***

(3.157211)

0.225744**

(2.029002)

1114 0,24

The estimated outcomes above show that the regression model is definitely suitable,

variables which are put into the model demonstrate the reproducibility of labour productivity at

24.14 percents according to R-squared. KL, SIZE, LQ, Age_Ent and Pro_FDI respectively affect

positively on total labour productivity, for both domestic and foreign enterprises. Meanwhile, RD has a prob value greater than 0.5 and an estimated coefficient less than 0,

which infers that RD has a negligible impact on total labour productivity. Even if there is, the

influence on it is negative as some distinct features in VietNam electronics industry stand at a

basic level: preliminary process, assembly and highly intensive use of labour . Hence, R&D plays a

slight role in contributing to labour productivity. Besides two dummy variables Fshare and Dlocation, the value of estimated coefficient

SIZE reaches the highest level, meaning the larger scales enterprises have, the stronger

influences they have on labour productivity. As a consequence, labour productivity in total will be

raised in the light of revenues, especially for big companies. But on the downside, increasing

revenues does not entirely mean dominating domestic market since most of priorities of major

large-scale firms related to export activities so overwhelming small-scale firms s’ domestic market

share is not effective.

The estimated coefficient of variable KL is positive and reliable, which allows brought

about conclusion that a positive impact on fixed capital per labour results in a surge in labour

productivity. Similarly, from variable Age_Ent, it can be inferred that a company is highly likely

to improve labour productivity if it works as long as possible. In addition, there is a positive

3 Note: Values in parentheses and below each line are from t-test and marked as *, ** or *** to represent

significance levels, correspondingly, of 10%, 5% and 1%

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connection between two sides: the former is of enterprises including: a number of years in

operation; the latter is of labour force comprising: qualification, skills and experience. In fact, the

level of trust of variable Age_Ent is low as it is also affected by two other factors: technology

transfer and mergers and acquisitions. However, considering the research scope, we decide not to

mention them.

For variables Dlocation1 and Dlocation2, it can be seen that geographical location has a

major influence on labour productivity. Due to the nature of electronics industry, many

enterprises prefer to locate in industrial areas, therefore, for companies which gather at FDI -

concentrated areas such as Red River Delta and South East usually have labour productivity

higher than those do not. Furthermore, they can save costs thanks to better infrastructure,

favourable consumer market and dynamic business environment.

Variable Fshare has a positive estimated coefficient and statistical significance, which

shows difference among forms of business ownership or in other words, the appearance of FDI

enterprises has an effect on overall labour productivity . Particularly, variable Pro_FDI has not

only a positive estimated coefficient but also a high significance level at 1 percent, reflecting an

important role of FDI. When there is a growing proportion of FDI in capital structure of the whole

industry, labour productivity in general will be higher .

Notwithstanding those outcomes and their explanations above, they can not identify

whether raising labour productivity of all companies is resulting constructive contributions of

spillover effect or not. The next section is about to discuss this issue.

5.2.The spillover effects of FDI on labour productivity of domestic electronics enterprises

After removal of the enterprise does not have sufficient data, the data used include 102 domestic

enterprises (96 private enterprises and 6 state enterprises). Fixed effects model was selected (FEM) by Hausman test.

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Table 5.2: Results of Regression Coefficients model 2 4

Variable Domestic enterprises Private enterprises State enterprises

Regression

Coefficients 1.5645*** (6.8036) 1.4936*** (6.4261) 5.6145*** (7.5694)

Log(KL) 0.0251** (2.2578) 0.0288** (2.5402) 0.01314 (0.5285)

LQ 0.0472*** (15.2598) 0.0482*** (15.2697) 0.0049 (0.6438)

RD 0.0037 (1.1685) 0.0036 (1.1702) -0.0112 (-1.5272)

SIZE 0.1735*** (5.7916) 0.1781*** (5.6221) -0.0123 (-0.0611)

Position_FDI 0.0018 (0.0982) 0.0064 (0.3369) 0.0016 (0.0544)

Dlocation1 0.1648** (2.2093) 0.0734** (2.0227)

Dlocation2 0.4103*** (3.0316) 0.1492** (2.3346)

Observations 102 96 6

𝑹𝟐 0.7536 0.7558 0.8739

The results indicate that Variable Position_FDI is no statistically significant, which are

contrary to the initial expectations of the study . But that does not mean the emergence of FDI

completely create spillovers to domestic enterprises. For instance positive spillover effects may

appear in this channel, but it is negative in other channels and ultimately cancel each other out .

Table 5.2 also shows variables KL, LQ, SIZE affect positively on labour productivity of

domestic enterprises. However, variable RD is no statistically significant. This is understandable as

the fact that enterprises in the country almost ignore almost research and development or new

4 Note: Values in parentheses and below each line are from t-test and marked as *, ** or *** to represent significance

levels, correspondingly, of 10%, 5% and 1%;

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technology investment (only about 2% of domestic enterprises R & D spending). The coefficient of

KL indicates if domestic enterprises increase capital intensity by 1%, the labour productivity will

increase by 0.0251%. This means that domestic enterprises have yet to reach optimal profitability by

assets and profitability continues to increase as capital increases.

The coefficient of SIZE indicates if enterprises s’ market share increase by 1 unit, labour productivity

will increase to 17.35% . This confirms the position of enterprises in the sector have great significance

to labour productivity. Meanwhile the majority Vietnam enterprises are small and medium scale even

tiny and revenue is only about 10% of total revenue of the industry. Whereas current market share is

small, the competitive pressure of domestic enterprises is huge. Data also shows that along with the

increase in FDI over the years labour productivity of domestic enterprises tends to decrease (Figure 5.2).

6. Conclusion and Recommendation

6.1. Conclusion

Model 1 in labour productivity of all firms in the electronics industry brought about made

some important conclusions about the factors affecting labour productivity, such as firm size,

quality of labour, capital intensity, cost R&D, number of operating years, the geographic location

of the business, which highlighted the emergence of FDI in general . The results showed that on

the whole, all these factors are contributing to explaination of changes in labour productivity of

the business sector. FDI enterprises contributed to change general labour productivity of the

business sector towards increased. On the policy side that is, increase the number of FDI

enterprises would benefit labour productivity growth of the whole industry.

Labour productivity from FDI area is generally expected to spread to other areas, and the fact

is that in some countries it has been verified to have occurred. However, the second model to indicate

that not happening FDI spillovers to productivity domestic firms. This means that the labour

productivity growth for the whole electronics industry mostly results from increased labour

productivity contribution of FDI enterprises. In other words, the impact of FDI on labour

productivity of Vietnam’s electronics industry is mainly due to the direct impact through investment

channel and spillovers no clear effect. This can be explained by the following reasons:

First, electronics industry is a sector that FDI focuses on producing import substitutes,

which are protected and in some extent have market power . FDI concentrated on the protected

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industries, concentration of capital can prevent labour migration process between FDI enterprises

to domestic enterprises, especially labour ‘s mobility skill level. Thus, the possibility of positive

spillover effects from labour mobility is very limited.

Second, low-level workers are hampering the positive interaction between FDI and human

capital. At the enterprise level, low-level workers will limit (if not impede) the ability to acquire

and transfer of technology. Actual labour skills of the private sector tends to decrease after 5 years

from 61.17% to 60.87%. Meanwhile, employment levels of FDI are not only higher but also

increased over the years (74.53 -83.41%)

Third, differences in technology, criteria expressed by capital intensity or concentration of

capital on labour started, also hinder technology transfer to industry requires huge capital as the

electronics industry. Meanwhile, the scale of investment in research, research costs of FDI

enterprises 5 times, even years (2009 and 2010) than 15, 20 times higher than the state-owned

enterprises and private businesses.

Fourth, the appearance of FDI enterprises creates greater competition for local businesses

(mainly small and medium enterprises). On the scale of sales, FDI accounts for more than 80%

market share electronics industry sector, while the share of private enterprises tends to decrease

(from 12.03 to 7.87%).

6.2. Recommendation

Based on the analysis results, the study proposes some recommendations, which are

presented in two groups: policies group to attract FDI effectively and solutions group to

improve the capacity of receiving FDI towards increasing labour productivity in the

electronics industry.

Policy recommendations to attract FDI effectively

General recommendations for policy is to continue to attract of FDI for electronics industry .

However, to solve some shortcomings analyzed, policies to attract FDI should be adjusted

accordingly:

- Improving the domestic investment environment and increasing competitiveness in

attracting FDI with other countries in the region.

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- Focusing on attracting FDI in manufacturing electronic components, other supportive

products. Focusing on subsectors which create greater value added, reducing primary

processing, assembly subsectors and labour forces.

Recommendations to improve the capacity of domestic enterprises towards to increasing

labour productivity in the electronics industry

- Focusing on feasible products: currently domestic enterprises can not compete with

foreign firms since FDI enterprises invest in Vietnam had already been strong in their

traditional product lines like telephone, television and computer . Products are considered

more feasible for internal electronic enterprises are products that have high demand and

technology will not change too much or complicated (consumer electronics products such

as fans machine, air conditioning or electronic signs ...)

- Raising the level of technology, investment in research and development

- Developing human resources, especially high-quality workforce: i) application of models

associated training 3 parties (enterprises - institutes and schools - State management

agencies) to train human resources high skills for requires of enterprises; (ii) equip material

for employees; (iii) build the affiliate program, information channel between FDI enterprises

and domestic industry to contribute to promoting investment and technology transfer,

management models, research - industrial product development to support the electronics

industry.

- Forming the electronics industry clusters : Forming the electronics industry clusters will

promote the gathering, investment by enterprises in order to create links and improve the performance of the electronic enterprises.

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Analysis with a Test for Publication Bias, Research Paper 2000/17, Centre for research on

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Konings, Jozef.(2000). The Effects of Direct Foreign Investment on Domestic Firms: Evidence

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Ludo Cuyvers et al. (2008). Productivity Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment in the

Cambodian Manufacturing Sector: Evidence from Establishment – Level Data, University of

Abtawerp, Working paper: No.004.

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14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

Mebratie, A. D (2010). Foreign Direct Investment and Labour Productivity in South Africa .

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of Master of Art in

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Vietnam

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Estonia and Slovenia.

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Productivity in Host Countries: the Case of Vietnam. Vietnam Development Forum,

Hanoi, Vietnam <http://www.vdf.org.vn/workingpapers/vdfwp0814.pdf> [accessed

16 February 27, 2016].

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ngành dệt may Việt Nam.

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Czech Enterprises, Forthcoming in the World Bank Economic Review.

Thiam Hee Ng (2002). Foreign direct investment and productivity: evidence from the East Asian

economies.

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Estonian Firms, Journal of East West Business

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Investment on Labour Productivity in the Chinese Electronics Industry, Lancaster

University Management School, Working Paper .

Yu CHEN (2002). Foreign Direct Investment and Manufacturing Productivity in China.

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Effects Of Trade Liberalisation On The Environment

In The Manufacturing Sector In Vietnam

Dinh Duc TRUONG1 and Nguyen Thi Thanh HUYEN2

1 Assoc. Prof. Dr., Faculty of Environment and Urban, National Economics University,

2 PhD candidate, Faculty of International Economics, Foreign Trade University, 1,2Hanoi, Vietnam.

1E-mail: [email protected], 2E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The rapid increase in commercial activities not only meet export requirements, but also

meet the needs of domestic consumption, contributing to economic growth, increase of

employment and poverty reduction. However, trade liberalization is creating negative

consequences on the process of sustainable development in Vietnam. Trade liberalization has

increased the exploitation and use of natural resources, focusing on exploiting the raw materials

that Vietnam has the advantage, increasing production capacity. Consequently, environmental

pollution increases on a national scale, natural resource depleted, affected health of people and

ecological imbalance. Manufacturing sector is a key economic sector of Vietnam. Vietnam's

manufacturing is exported to countries and territories around the world . Trade liberalization will

promote manufacturing sector development, and will affect the environment of Vietnam without

protection policies. This paper discusses the impact of trade liberalization on the environment and

suggests solution for the manufacturing sector.

Keywords: Manufacturing sector, Trade liberalization, environmental pollution

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1. Introduction

Vietnam officially becomes a member of the World Trade Organization since 2007 . So far,

Vietnam has trade relations with almost countries in the world . Trade Liberalization has become

much more important than ever, it has a direct impact on the fastest way to international trade and

investment, thereby spreading to domestic production, job creation and reduce poverty. In addition,

trade liberalization also has intangible impacts such as social awareness of the need for increased

integration, state institutions strong innovation systems more legal documents in sync.

After 7 years of WTO accession, the growth rate of domestic gross product (GDP) of Vietnam

was at 5.6% on average, lower than the figure of 7.8% of the period from 2002- 2006 but the result is

still considered relatively high compared to low growth rate or decline in the output of many

countries in the world in the context of crisis and recession . Foreign investment has increased

significantly thanks to a stable environment and transparency . In 2006, the registered capital of over

US $ 10 billion, to US $ 21.3 billion in 2007 and by 2008 had increased to 64 billion USD . However,

due to the context of the world economic crisis, the year 2010 registered foreign capital decreased

to 18 billion, and by 2011 only reached 15 billion. Nevertheless, ODA still achieve high growth

and increased disbursements. Vietnam's exports increased continuously after 6 years, an average of

19.52% / year. Remarkably, despite the country's economic difficulties, but in 2010 exports reached

72.2 billion US dollars still (up 26.4%) and in 2011 rose to 96.3 billion (up 33%). Growth in exports

has boosted the distribution service sector, retailers thrive. The business has been actively

expanding retail network, increasing service quality for various types of abundance. Number of

newly established supermarkets after 6 years of WTO membership increased by 20% (303/251)

compared to the previous 5-year period. Particularly the number of commercial centers established

in 72% new increase (CIEM, 2013). Besides the introduction of supermarkets, commercial centers,

and hundreds of convenience stores under the modern model, ... has changed the face of retail trade,

changing buying habits of consumers Vietnam used towards civilization, modernity and contribute

significantly to economic growth and social development .

However, trade liberalization is creating negative consequences for the environment in the

process of sustainable development in Vietnam. The potential impact of trade liberalization on the

environment must first mention that the product effects. Trade liberalization will help Vietnam

approaches easilier with technology and products environmentally and friendly. However, if

environmental policies are not tight, it will create opportunities for these products obsolete

technology, poor quality products imported into Vietnam . Since that would make Vietnam become

waste impoundments. Secondly, trade liberalization impact on the environment through scale

effects. Trade liberalization can help expand the scope of economic activity by increasing the

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performance of such activities. Thirdly, trade liberalization impact on the environment by changing

the structure of the national economy. Free trade with countries where consumers demand green

goods that Vietnam will reduce the proportion of pollutants in the economy. Fourthly, trade

liberalization impact on the environment by direct effects . Trade will promote the production,

transport and exploitation of natural resources more, this process leads to environmental pollutants

faster without appropriate environmental policies. Therefore, Vietnam can not avoid the issue of

trade and environment in international economic integration in general and in particular the WTO .

Trade issues and environment in the WTO Agreement was expressed as to the terms of the standard

of the production process and processing, the regulations on labeling, the system of fees and

charges related to environment for import and export products. Vietnam is one of the WTO

members to seriously implement the commitments on international economic integration in general

and the commitment to open markets for goods, services markets in particular environments

(MUTRAP, 2015) .

Industry is the sector that has significant impact on GDP growth of Vietnam's economy as this

is the major industry, and has the highest growth rate in the economy . Although the world economy

fell into crisis and recession, but Vietnam industrial sector has a high growth rate, which must

include a number of industries such as: manufacturing, distribution and processing. In 2007, the

total export value of the industry reached $ 40 billion, by 2012, this figure had increased strongly

to the total value of exports of industrial products reached US $ 109 billion. In 2013, exports rose

15.4% industry compared to 2012. The average growth in the period 2011- 2013 exports reached

approximately 21%, 9% higher than the target set. The proportion of the processing industry

increased from 61.2% to 70.5% in 2011 to 2013. The two items and textiles phones accounted for

44.4% of total exports of industrial goods (import-export Department, 2013). In 2007, the total import

turnover of the industry was 60 billion dollars in 2012, then rose to above 110 billion US dollars,

up 16.1% in 2013. The average import growth in 2011-2013 was about 16%, 5% higher than the target

set. The structure of imports also shifted in a positive direction, increasing imports of goods, fuel,

materials for production, exports, reduce imports of non-essential goods, domestically produced

(MUTRAP, 2014a; MUTRAP, 2014b; MUTRAP, 2014c). Thus, free trade has boosted Vietnam

industry flourished in recent years. But such developments have an impact on the environment or

not? In this study the authors will focus on the impact of trade liberalization on the environment in

the manufacturing industry under the following angles: (i) The relationship between growth, free

trade and the environment schools in Vietnam; (ii) environmental pollution in the manufacturing

industry in Vietnam.

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2. Method

This paper uses the method described statistical analysis, based on the research results have

been published in the world. In particular it is the study of environmental pollution in the industry

sector of in the world bank. Although the survey data of GES now, businesses have to report on industrial wastes of the

business, but this information does not include "levels of contamination" of waste. Therefore, the

system of industrial pollution estimates of the World Bank (IPPs) are used to derive estimated values

of pollution load production enterprises in this study. IPPs are a model system that combines data

from business activity like manufacturing and employment data with pollution emission to

calculate pollution intensity factor (or factors), ie the level found pollutant emissions per unit of

industrial activity. IPPs are based on the assumption that industrial pollution is determined by size

of operation, industry structure, and technology used in the manufacturing process. Information

exchange IPPs employment, value added, output of pollution intensity. Pollution intensity is

defined as: the amount of pollution per unit of activity caused by the pollutants. Then, the intensity

of pollution is used as the estimated level of pollution. Hettige and his colleagues launched the

study about pollution intensity in 1995 (Hemamala Hettige 1995).

Many studies have used IPPs for estimating industrial pollution, such as: research Godfrey

Bahiigwa et al 1999 for Uganda's Fisheries Sector (Godfrey Bahiigwa et al, 1999), studies of Aldaba

and Cororaton 2002 Philippines, research by Mani and Jha 2005 Vietnam (Shreyasi.Jh, 2006). IPPs

also used to estimate the pollution in industrial production in Vietnam, the World Bank had studied

in 2008 (World Bank, 2008). From this study the World Bank has ranked 30 industries heavily

polluting production in Vietnam.

3. Results 3.1 Free trade and growth

International trade has increased on average by 7% since 1945, it contributed a huge part in

the growth of Vietnam's economy. Krugman's theories have also demonstrated that promote growth

of trade (Krugman, 1994). International free trade helps Vietnam emerged as a major figure in the

field of manufacturing: textile, footwear and garments, agricultural processing, electrical and

electronics industries, automobile and motorcycle assembly. Contributed greatly to the GDP, GDP

has increased from 5% in 1990 to 7.3% in 2006, ranging from 5 .5% to 6.5% since 2007 den2015. While

the manufacturing sector used 10.2% of the workforce. Sectors: food processing, cigars and

cigarettes, textiles, chemicals, electrical goods and rapid growth in this decade .

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In Vietnam's economy, the proportion of industry - construction in GDP increased

gradually, the structure has gradually been shifting right with orientation, gradually increasing the

processing industry, manufacturing and mining sectors declining, tools may: mining fell from 8.5%

in 2010 to 8% in 2015; processing industry increased from 86.5% in 2010 to 86.6% around 2015.

Overall, industrial production continued to maintain high growth momentum; manufacturing and

distribution of electricity and the processing industry, manufacturing continues to make great

contributions to the growth of the whole industry. From Figure 3.1 we can see, the value added of

the industry accounted for nearly 40% of Vietnam's GDP between 2011 and 2009. In the period from

2010 to 2015, the world economy difficult, so prices added value of industry in the GDP of Vietnam

decline, averaging 33%.

Figure 3.1. Value added of industry in GDP in Vietnam

Unit:%

Source: WB

3.2 Growth and pollution in Vietnam The achievements in economic development has contributed in reducing poverty, creating

jobs, improving people's living standards and narrow the economic gap with other countries in the

region. However, economic development is creating huge implications on the quality of the

environment, especially in large urban areas in Vietnam. Environmental issues such as water

pollution, air and solid waste is becoming increasingly pressing problems of society . National rating

of Vietnam on the indicators of environmental quality (Environment Performance Index) of

Vietnam tended to decrease in recent years.

0

10

20

30

40

50

19

90

20

00

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

Industry, value…

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EPI is a method of evaluating environmental standards through policies of each country,

conducted by Yale University and Columbia University (USA), with the collaboration of the World

Economic Forum and the Commission Europe. Through the data relating to the policies,

measurements from satellites, the implementation will give 22 points to 10 factors related policies

of nations: Air, agriculture, ecosystems , forests, climate change, etc ... according to a scale of 100.

in 2012, the EPI study ranked the 132 countries in the world, by 2014, the study expanded to 178

countries.

Table 3.1 Comparison of some indicators of environmental quality in Vietnam

2012 and 2014

The aggregate level Quality Score National

Ranking

Year 2012 2014 2012 2014

Environmental quality index EPI 50,6 38,17 79/132 136/178

Health effect 51,6 62,83 91/132 111/178

Air quality 31,0 51,32 123/132 170/178

Water quality 42,5 43,15 80/132 95/178

Ecosystem vitality 50,2 28,66 62/132 129/178

Source: Compiled from data of Yale University, USA

Results from table 3.1 rating indicates, Vietnam ranked low average and tends to decrease

as compared with other countries in Asean region gioi.O, EPI of Vietnam from 2006 to present are

ranked lowest. In terms of each specific indicator, Vietnam is among 10 countries with the worst

air quality in the world, ranked No. 170/178, the ranking of the ecosystem is also significantly

reduced. Currently, Vietnam is facing many problems that arise in the process of industrialization

and modernization degrade environmental quality.

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Figure 3.2 can display in kg CO2 emissions per capita GDP of Vietnam. We see that,

Vietnam's CO2 emissions continued to increase from 1990 to present. Especially from 2010 to 2011

the CO2 emissions in Vietnam increased sharply, this may happen is because the economy tends to recover.

Figure 3.2 Vietnam CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP)

Source: WB

3.3 Free trade and environmental pollution in the industry

Industry made up 40.0 percent of GDP in 2006 and 33.0 percent in 2015. The food and

beverage sector, wearing apparel, tanning and dressing of leather, wood and wood products,

fabricated metal products, and furniture are the most economically significant industrial sectors,

with 65 percent of all industrial employment and 57 percent of all industrial firms in the country .

Most industrial activity is located in five provinces — Ho Chi Minh City, Binh Duong, and Dong

Nai in the South; and Hanoi and Hai Phong in the North — with 63.1 percent of all manufacturing

employment and 54.7 percent of all industrial firms. Da Nang is the most important industrialized

area in Central Vietnam, albeit to a much smaller extent. More than 80 percent of industrial activity

is taking place within the 3 economic focal regions. Industrial estates are making a growing

contribution to the economy. An additional 4,000 new industrial facilities are expected to be located

within existing industrial estates and estates under construction. Thirty-five percent of all

manufacturing enterprises will be located within industrial estates by 2010, most in Southern Vietnam.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

1990 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Vietnam CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP)

Vietnam CO2 emissions(kg per PPP $ of GDP)

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Vietnam joined the WTO, CO2 emissions from industry and construction are above 32%

of total CO2 emissions from Vietnam. Especially from 2008 to 2009, CO2 emissions from industry

and construction accounted for 35% of total CO2 emissions of the Vietnamese nation years.We have

seen this clearly in Figure 3.4.

Figure 3.4 Vietnam CO2 emission from manufacturing industries and construction

Unit:%

Suorce:WB

Besides, free trade leads to mining depletion of natural resources of Vietnam. To increase

the scale, increase production, mining firms have limited resources to the final, even lead to

exhaustion. A survey in the fisheries sector of Vietnam took place from 2008 to 2010 by an

oceanographic institute, showed a lot of resources of Vietnam seafood extinct . Surveys in Cat Ba

zones on bottom animals, it has 5 on the 7 species extinct (Table 3 .2). Cu Lao Cham is also in 3 of

7 species extinct (Table 3.3). Aquaculture is developing industries in Vietnam and is also one of the

most polluting sector 30 in Vietnam.

26

28

30

32

34

36

1990 2000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Vietnam CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and

construction (% of total fuel combustion)

Vietnam CO2 emissionsfrom manufacturingindustries andconstruction (% of totalfuel combustion)

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Table 3.2 Results of survey in marine conservation zones Cat Ba on bottom animals

(2008-2010)

No Species

Densities (Individual/400m2)

2008 2009 2010

1 Acanthaster planci 0.00 0.00 0.00

2 Palinuridae 0.00 0.00 0.00

3 Diadema 80.67 159.83 96.50

4 Heterocentrotus mammilatus 0.00 0.00 0.00

5 Holothuridae 1.17 1.33 1.67

6 Stenopus hispidus 0.00 0.00 0.00

7 Charonia 0.00 0.00 0.00

Source: Oceanographic Institute

Table 3.3 Results of surveillance group average bottom animals marine conservation zones

Cu Lao Cham (2008-2010)

No Species

Densities (Individual/400m2)

2008 2010

1 Acanthaster planci 1.33 2.00

2 Palinuridae 0.17 3.00

3 Diadema 38.17 42.00

4 Heterocentrotus mammilatus 0.00 0.00

5 Holothuridae 13.33 6.17

6 Stenopus hispidus 0.00 0.83

7 Charonia 0.00 0.00

Source: Oceanographic Institute

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4. Conclusion

On the basis of the research results achieved, we see that trade liberalization plays a huge

role in the development of Vietnam's economy. However, trade liberalization is a major impact on

the environment. Vietnam government has strategies to change the environment in a comprehensive

National. The management system is constantly changing through a process of public

administration reform.

First, management priorities and interventions for pollution industries. According to our

assessments and regional pollution industry pollution in manufacturing industry. Therefore, to

solve priority environmental issues we need to reach under the national needs to identify the most

important pollutants, businesses, area for priority.

Second, to clarify institutional roles and responsibilities for the management bodies of

environmental pollution. The Government of Vietnam has been many reforms in public

administration, which will usher in transparency, openness, fairness and efficiency. Pollution

management responsibilities spread across multiple domains. Alone environmental management

agencies can not manage all of the processes affecting the quality of the environment, it is necessary

to implement on a large scale and with the approach under a series of agencies . To more effectively

manage and resolve environmental pollution problems quickly, the Ministry of Natural Resources

and Environment and other ministries and departments need to establish or strengthen the unit,

agency environmental sector.

Third, strengthening supervision and enforcement of industrial pollution. Despite recent

efforts and important to increase staffing, resources and capacity of local governments to monitor

the behavior and operational environment of the industrial base, but weak monitoring system . To

be able to contribute to alleviate this weakness, some important issues need to be addressed:

- The rights and responsibilities of pollution control and inspection should be clearly

defined, especially in the case of industrial parks have frequently barred pollution control

inspector. - There must have a system of self-reporting requirements for industrial facilities, along

with administrative penalties for acts of self-reporting, and severe penalties for knowingly

reporting false information or false Products. - Significant efforts should be made to increase the number of accredited laboratories can

provide, sampling and analysis for the industrial facilities required to perform their self-reports.

- Management and analysis of data is very important to evaluate and use information

effectively and improve environmental quality effectively.

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1193

- Improved monitoring must be accompanied by strong enforcement. They work in tandem

to create incentives for prevention and control of pollution. Raising the current level of

the fine is reasonable to acts of non-compliance with environmental regulations, but the

fine should not be limited to conventional forms such as administrative fines or civil . - And finally, a benchmarking system should be designed properly and disclosure of

environmental activities of local authorities, along with a reward system, can be effective

in moving the focus attention to the quality of the local environment. Fourth, rationalizing expenditure management and pollution control. As a rule, the

government extracted 1 percent of the state budget for operational costs of environmental

protection, followed by the application of Decision No . 70, providing new opportunities to set up a

system under comprehensive monitoring to address inefficiencies in the allocation of expenditure

and management of the industry. But we need to pay attention to the establishment of such a system

as follow:

- From the annual cost has to be a systematic and comprehensive collection of data on

environmental protection, waste management and pollution control or not?

- The financial system overall report should include a separate budget line for general

environmental costs and the costs of pollution control especially for government agencies

and businesses. - Analysis of environmental protection, waste management, pollution control, and costs

related to environmental priorities must be made a standard of environmental status

reports every year by the Ministry NRE chair . - Need to improve public access to environmental protection activities, data processing

wastes, pollution control, revenue and expenditure, and information needs to be

expanded, particularly for the purpose of analysis policies related to environmental

management and sustainable development.

5.References

CIEM (2013), Assess overall economic situation - Vietnam society after 5 years of joining the world

trade organization, financial Publishers, Hanoi

Import-export Department of Industry and Trade (2013), report on Vietnam export in 2013.

Godfrey Bahiigwa Nsimbe Bulega, Justin Ecaat, Ignatius Odong, O. Odongkara,, C. Okaronon

Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo, F. Lake Orach Meza, Eugene Muramira, và Jackson Wadanya and

Robert Wabunoba Robert Sabiiti (1999), Environmental Impacts of Trade Liberalization

and Policies for the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources : A Case Study on

Uganda’s Fisheries Sector, National Institution: Economic Policy Research Centre

Kampala, Uganda.

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1194 Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2016 (IC-HUSO 2016),

14-15 November 2016, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

Hemamala Hettige Paul Martin, Manjula Singh and David Wheeler (1995), The Industrial Pollution

Projection System. Policy research working paper Trong: The World Bank, POLICY

RESEARCH WORKING PAPER.

Krugman Paul (1994), Competitiveness A dangerous obsession,

MUTRAP (2014a), ' The environmental provisions in the EU's free trade agreements', Proceedings

of the workshop: The project supports trade policies and investment in Europe, Foreign

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MUTRAP (2014b), Assess the impact of economic, social and environmental consequences of free

trade agreements Vietnam - EU, composer), symposium, MUTRAP, Vietnam.

MUTRAP (2014c), The environmental provisions in the EU's FTA composer ), environmental

clauses in EU FTAs, the Foreign Trade University.

MUTRAP (2015), Green growth and trade opportunities for Vietnam composer

Shreyasi.Jh Mani.M and (2006), Trade liberalization and the Environment in Viet Nam World Bank

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http://epi.yale.edu/ https://www.gso.gov.vn/Default_en.aspx?tabid=491

http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&country=VNM