pancreatic hormones glucagon insulin. pancreas histology
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Pancreatic Hormones
• Glucagon
• Insulin
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Pancreas Histology
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Pancreas
13-34
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Islets of Langerhan (Pancreatic Islets)
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Pancreatic Hormones, Insulin & Glucagon Regulate Metabolism
Figure 22-8: Metabolism is controlled by insulin and glucagon
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Insulin Stimulates Cellular Glucose Uptake
LiverSkeletal Muscle
Adipocytes
Intestine & Pancreas
InsulinInsulin
Insulin
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Glucagon and Insulin
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Action of Insulin on Adipose Tissue
• Stimulates glucose uptake
• Stimulates glycolysis
• Stimulates lipogenesis
• Inhibits lipolysis and ketogenesis
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Actions of Glucagon on the Liver
• Stimulates glycogenolysis
• Stimulates gluconeogenesis
• Inhibits glycolysis
• Stimulates lipolysis and ketogenesis
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Actions of Insulin on the Liver
• Stimulates glucose uptake• Stimulates glycogenesis• Stimulates glycolysis• Stimulates HMP shunt activity• Inhibits glycogenolysis• Inhibits gluconeogenesis• Stimulates lipogenesis • Inhibits lipolysis• Stimulates cholesterol synthesis• Increases VLD lipoprotein• Increases potassium and phosphate uptake
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Actions of Insulin on Muscle
• Stimulates glucose uptake• Stimulates glycogenesis• Stimulates glycolysis• Inhibits glycogenolysis• Inhibits FFA uptake and oxidation• Stimulates proteogenesis• Inhibits proteolysis• Stimulates uptake of potassium, phosphate and
magnesium• Increases blood flow
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GLUCAGON
Alpha cells
Hypoglycemia =
glucagon secretion
Actions
increased glycogenolysis
increased gluconeogenesis
Result = normoglycemia
hypoglycemia (<90mg%)
alpha cells secrete glucagon
liver cells: increase glycogenolysis increased gluconeogenesis
normoglycemia (>90mg%)
( -)
negative feedback
increased blood glucose
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INSULIN
Beta cells
Hyperglycemia =
insulin secretion
Actions
increased glucose uptake
increased glycogenesis
increased lipogenesis
hyperglycemia (<110mg%)
beta cells secrete insulin
increased glucose uptake into body cells increase glycogenesis (skeletal muscle, liver)increased lipogenesis
normoglycemia (<110mg%)
( -)
negative feedback
decreased blood glucose
Result = normoglycemia
Diabetes mellitus
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Normal
LPL
Triglyceride
LipolysisGlycerol
Free fatty acids
Free fatty acids
Glucose
Synthesis
Insulin
Insulin
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Triglyceride
LPL
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
LipolysisGlycerol
Free fatty acids
Free fatty acids
Glucose
Synthesis
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Diabetes Mellitus• This is a disease caused by elevated glucose levels
• 2 Types of diabetes:
Type I diabetes (10% of cases)
Type II diabetes (90% of cases)
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Type I Diabetes (10% of cases)
• Develops suddenly, usually before age 15
• Caused by inadequate production of insulin because T cell-mediated autoimmune response destroys beta cells
• Controlled by insulin injections
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Type II diabetes (90% of cases)
• Usually occurs after age 40 and in obese individuals
• Insulin levels are normal or elevated but there is either a decrease in number of insulin receptors or the cells cannot take it up.
• Controlled by dietary changes and regular exercise
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• Glucose homeostasis
Figure 26.8
Insulin
Beta cellsof pancreas stimulatedto release insulin intothe blood
Bodycellstake up moreglucose
Blood glucose leveldeclines to a set point;stimulus for insulinrelease diminishes
Liver takesup glucoseand stores it asglycogen
High bloodglucose level
STIMULUS:Rising blood glucoselevel (e.g., after eatinga carbohydrate-richmeal) Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level
(about 90 mg/100 mL) STIMULUS:Declining bloodglucose level(e.g., afterskipping a meal)
Alphacells ofpancreas stimulatedto release glucagoninto the blood
Glucagon
Liverbreaks downglycogen and releases glucoseto the blood
Blood glucose levelrises to set point;stimulus for glucagonrelease diminishes
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Glucose
Insulin
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
I
G
G
G
Beta CellDysfunction
Increased SGO
Exxagerated lipolysis
Insulin Resistance
Decreased Glucose Uptake
Type 2 diabetes: patophysiology
Pancreas
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Glucose
Insulin
I
I
I
II
I
I
I
G
G
G
G
G
G
GG
I
G
G
G
InsulinSecretion
Insulin Effects
FOOD
Pancreas
Restrain of HGO Uptake of glucose
Storage In Fat DepotsInhibition of Lipolysis
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Prevention of obesityشرا ) وعاء آدمي مأل ما وسلم عليه الله صلى قال
فان صلبه، يقمن لقيمات آدم ابن بحسب بطنه، منوثلث لشرابه وثلث لطعامه فثلث فاعال البد كان
والترمذي(. أحمد رواه لنفسه