panama canal course day 3 final

Panama Canal - Class #2

The Panama Canal100 Years of Service to World Commerce

Day 3 The Workforce Life in the Panama Canal Zone The United States Exit from Panama Recent Panamanian Events The Panama Canal Today The Canal Expansion Project

Cruiser USS North Carolina


1900 – 1904 – McKinley / Roosevelt1904 – 1908 – Roosevelt1908 – 1912 – Taft1912 – 1916 - Wilson

Presidential Visits….

v

v

v


The Work Force



The Workforce.…

Engineers

v


The Workforce.…

Engineers


The Workforce.…

Executives


The Workforce.…


The Workforce.…

Skilled Labor


The Workforce.…


Retired, 12/31/45, $1.89 / hr.Hired, 8/11/06, $0.65 / hr.

The Workforce.…


Isthmian Canal Commission, Culebra, August of 1910

Maurice ThatcherColonel Goethals

Joseph Bishop

The Workforce.…


The Workforce.…

Chief Engineer , Colonel George Washington Goethals


Bishop: “The last visitor of the morning is big Bill Morrison, the Socialist blacksmith from Gorgona, and he comes, not with a kick, but with an invitation. “Morrison: “The boys in the shops are going to give a banquet to celebrate the breaking up of the old camp and they want the Colonel to be there.”Colonel Goethals: “Can I get such a breakfast next morning as I had at Mrs. Morrison’s in 1907? That was the best I had on the Isthmus.”Morrison: “Sure”Colonel Goethals: “Then I’ll come.”Bishop: “He passes over the cigarettes and the two sit down as amicably as if there was not a shoulder strap nor a red flag in the world.”Morrison: “Colonel did you see much of Socialism when you were in Germany?”Colonel Goethals: “The Kaiser told me he was going to stamp it all out.”Morrison: “Bismarck tried that you know.”Colonel Goethals: “Now look here Morrison, you mustn’t say we have Socialism down here. Introduce the franchise and we’d go to pieces. It’s a despotism; and that’s the best form of government.”Morrison: “It is, agrees the big Socialist with a laugh, if you’ve got a good despot.”

Genius of the Panama Canal by Joseph Buchlin Bishop, 1930, page 248

The Workforce.…

The Workforce.…

My Dad, Inspector of Weights & Measures & C.V. Brathwaite, helper

Engineers and skilled workers were U.S. citizens and numbered about 6,000.


The Workforce.…

My Dad retires at age 56 after 36 years , 7 months, & 6 days of employment with the Panama Canal Company

My Mom, Secretary to 5700th Wing Commander, Albrook AFB, C.Z.

The Workforce.…

The Workforce.…

The vast majority of the workers on the isthmus during the American construction period were unskilled laborers recruited from islands throughout the Caribbean.

Workers also came from other parts of the world, with Spain, Greece, Italy, and India.

Chief Engineer Stevens tried to use Chinese labor, ala railroad construction in the western U.S., but strong anti-Chinese sentiments both at home and in Panama made this impossible.



The Workforce.…

Trinidad, Barbados. Guadeloupe


These men are paid from 16 to 20 cents an hour (about $5.00 per hour in todays dollars).

The Workforce.…


Laborers were so attracted by the good pay, fair treatment, and excellent living conditions that more than 2,000 came from Spain and Italy during 1910 alone.

Laborers who had left the work to go to Brazil and South American countries returned to the Isthmus in large numbers, seeking re-employment.

The Workforce.…

The popularity of the work on the Isthmus became so great that it is no longer necessary for the Canal Commission to bring in recruits from the West Indies and Europe.

Employees are divided into two categories Those paid in gold, who form the

"gold roll." Those paid in silver, the "silver roll."

Americans belong to the former, and the West Indians and Panamanians to the latter.

The Workforce.…


Workers received daily meal tickets for 30 cents after they have done one's work, entitling them to three meals.

The three-meals cost the Commission 27.29 cents.

The Workforce.…


The Workforce.…

Spanish workers


The Workforce.…

Indian Workers


The Workforce.…


The Workforce.…

London’s West End, Circa 1900


The Workforce.…

New York City, 10th Ward Circa 1900


The Workforce.…

Panama City Poor Neighborhoods

2013

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The Workforce.…

Panama City Poor Neighborhoods

2013

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The Workforce.…

Panama City, Today


The Workforce.…


The Workforce.…

Rainbow City High School


The Workforce.…


Helper Mortimer Boyce presented with Certificate of

Service

Instrument Repair Shop Helpers

The Workforce.…


The Workforce.…


The Workforce.…

Performance recognition22 years of service

Elevator Operator, 34 years of service


The Workforce.…

Business Manager of Local Union 397, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers & Panama Canal Personnel Bureau Director awards a scholarship to a Pedro Miguel lock operator.


Life in the Panama Canal

Zone



Life in the C.Z.…

My Dad & Siblings,1917

1906


Life in the C.Z.…


Balboa Club House (Service Center)

Life in the C.Z.…


Life in the C.Z.…


Life in the C.Z.…

Balboa Post Office


Life in the C.Z.…

Balboa Teen Club


Life in the C.Z.…

Governor’s Mansion, Ancon Heights


Life in the C.Z.…

Housing for U.S. Rate Employees(Quarters)


Life in the C.Z.…


Life in the C.Z.…

Housekeepers


Life in the C.Z.…

1949

2011


Life in the C.Z.…

1930


Life in the C.Z.…

Life in the C.Z.…

AFRTS – Armed Forces Radio & TV Service

SCN – Southern Command Network


Life in the C.Z.…

Balboa Commissary


Life in the C.Z.…


Life in the C.Z.…

Balboa Police Station


Balboa Fire Station

Life in the C.Z.…


Tivoli Hill of Rome

Tivoli Hotel(Guest House)

Life in the C.Z.…


Life in the C.Z.…

“Joltin Joe” DiMaggio & New York Yankees


Publication of accurate information Progress by week, by month, by year Social life, Amusements, Sports Letters from employees with only restriction that they be respectful and signed with

name and address of writer

Life in the C.Z.…

Joseph B. Bishop

Panama Canal - Class #3Panama Canal Review

Life in the C.Z.…

Life in the C.Z.…

Panama Canal - Class #3Border at Ancon, C.Z.

Life in the C.Z.…


The U.S. Exit from the Panama

Canal Zone



1928: The gradual reversal of U.S. policy was heralded with the formal disavowal of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

The Roosevelt Corollary was articulated by President Teddy Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in 1904 stating that the U.S. will intervene in conflicts between European Nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.

Tensions in the C.Z.

1933: In his inaugural address in 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt enunciated the Good Neighbor Policy.

That same year, the U. S. expressed a qualified acceptance of the principle of non-intervention.

1936: the United States approved this principle without reservation.


1932: Panama began opposition to the sale of 3.2 % beer in the C.Z. competing with Panamanian beers.

1933: High unemployment in Panama and friction over the C.Z. commissaries. 1933: President Harmodio Arias went to Washington. The U.S. pledged

sympathetic consideration of future arbitration requests involving economic issues that did not affect the vital aspects of canal operation.

1934: President Roosevelt visited Panama preparing the way for future negotiations..

Tensions in the C.Z.Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations


1935: discussions on a replacement for the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty continued, 1936: Secretary of State Cordell Hull signed a new treaty--the Hull-Alfaro Treaty.

The Hull-Alfaro revisions, radically altered the special rights of the U.S. in the Isthmus, and the Senate was reluctant to accept the alterations.

1939: A reluctant US Senate passed the Hull-Alfaro Treaty . 1946 & 1947: U.S. intentions to extend its hold on military bases outside of the CZ

met with violence. When the Panamanian National Assembly met in 1947 to consider ratification, a mob of 10,000 Panamanians armed with stones, machetes, and guns rioted.

1948: U.S. evacuated all occupied bases and sites outside the Canal Zone. 1952: Jose Antonio Remon Cantera, a former police commander in chief, won

the presidential election in Panama campaigning against the U.S., which was the normal approach, with the slogan "Ni millones ni limosnas, queremos justicia." ("Not millions nor alms, we want justice".)

January 25,1955: The Remon-Eisenhower Treaty was signed that further updated and amended the original Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903 . Aspects of the treaty covered local trade /worker rights, upgrades and military base usage and was characterized by the hardness and unwillingness to negotiate of the Panamanians.


President Remon was assassinated on January 2, 1955 at the Juan Franco Racetrack some three weeks before the Treaty was signed.




Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid


1956: Egyptian nationalization of the Suez Canal raised new hopes in Panama, because the two canals were frequently compared in the world press.

1956: John Foster Dulles's unqualified statement on the Suez issue that the U. S. did not fear similar nationalization of the Panama Canal because the U.S. possessed "rights of sovereignty" there inflamed Panamanian Nationalists.

1956: Panamanian public opinion was further inflamed by a United States Department of the Army statement implied that the 1955 treaty had not in fact envisaged a total equalization of wage rates. The United States attempted to clarify the issue by explaining that the only exception to the "equal pay for equal labor" principle would be a 25 % differential that would apply to all citizens brought from the continental United States.

1958: Students demonstrating against the United States clashed with the Panamanian National Guard. The violence of these riots, in which nine died, was a forecast of the far more serious difficulties that followed a year later.



November 1959: Anti-U.S. demonstrations occurred during the two Panamanian independence holidays aroused by the media, particularly by articles in newspapers owned by Harmodio Arias.

Panamanians began to threaten a "peaceful invasion" of the C. Z., to raise the flag of Panama there as tangible evidence of Panama's sovereignty.

Fearful that Panamanian mobs might actually force entry into the C. Z., the U.S. called out troops.

Several hundred Panamanians crossed barbed wire restraints and clashed with C. Z. police and troops. A second wave of Panamanian citizens was repulsed by the Panamanian National Guard, supported by the U.S.

U. S. authorities then erected a fence along the border of the Canal Zone,


Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations



1959 Disturbances


March 1, 1960: On Constitution Day student and labor groups threatened another march into the C. Z. Widespread disorders of the previous fall had had a sobering effect on the political elite, who seriously feared that new rioting might be transformed into a revolutionary movement against the social system itself.

Both major coalitions contesting the coming elections sought to avoid further difficulties, and influential merchants, who had been hard hit by the November 1959 riots, were apprehensive.

September, 1961: Agreement to raise the Panamanian and United States flags side by side at one location along the C.Z. border with Panama.



A permanent bridge over the canal had been proposed as a major priority as early as 1923.

Panama Today.…

In 1955, the Remon - Eisenhower Treaty committed the U.S. to building a bridge at a cost of $20 million to be paid for by the U.S.

The inauguration of the bridge took place on October 12, 1962, with great ceremony.

Thatcher Ferry

Thatcher Ferry Bridge


Undersecretary of State George W. Ball was to deliver the keynote address.

The President of Panama, Roberto F. Chiari attended

The ribbon was cut by Maurice Thatcher, the only living original ICC Commission member.

Panama Today.…

Public opinion in Panama was against the naming of the bridge after Maurice Thatcher.

Canal Zone Police, alerted to planned demonstrations, were dispatched to the bridge to protect the dignitaries in the event the demonstrators became violent.


At the height of the ceremonial proceedings, a crowd of over 5,000 turned hostile. A Canal Zone Police contingent of fifty-five police officers removed the dignitaries

from the platform and directed them to safety.. Demonstrators, having successfully marred the dedication ceremonies, poured onto

the center-span of the bridge and marched back and forth displaying anti-American banners.

The two commemorative plaques set at the entrance to each bridge approach were pried loose and destroyed.

Panama Today.…


1964: Public demonstrations continued, but the rioting that occurred 1964 was much more intense. The incident began with a symbolic dispute over the flying of the Panamanian flag in the Canal Zone.

For some time the flag issue had been seriously complicated by differences of opinion on that issue between the Department of Defense and the Department of State.

Panamanians remained dissatisfied as their flag appeared at only one location in the Canal Zone, while the United States flag flew alone at numerous other sites.

President Eisenhower ordered that at several points in the Canal Zone the U. S. and Panamanian flags would be flown side by side.

President Kennedy had further extended this to all locations in the Canal Zone.


Overview of U.S. – Panama Relations


Tensions in the C.Z. At some point in late 1963, Canal Zone Officials decided that no flags would be

flown in front of schools in the Canal Zone Students of at Balboa High School on two consecutive days (January 7th & 8th)

hoisted the American flag alone in front of their school. Word of the gesture soon spread across the border, and on the evening of January

9, 1964, nearly 200 Panamanian students marched into the Canal Zone with their flag. A struggle ensued, and the Panamanian flag was torn. After that provocation, thousands of Panamanians stormed the border fence. Rioting lasted 3 days, and resulted in more than 20 deaths, serious injuries to several hundred persons, and more than $2 million of property damage.



Balboa High SchoolJanuary 7th and 8th of 1964



Balboa High SchoolJanuary 9th of 1964



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Tivoli Guest House


President Johnson confers with Special Envoy Robert B. Anderson who will represent the U.S. in upcoming discussions with official of Panama regarding the Canal Zone dispute.


Panama Canal - Class #3Ford / Carter Debate – October 6 of 1976

Candidate Jimmy Carter stated he “would never give up practical or operational control of the Panama Canal”.

11 months later, Carter signed a treaty immediately giving up control of the Canal Zone and total control over the operation of the Panama Canal on December 31 of 1999.

U.S. Exit.…


U.S. Exit.…


U.S. Exit.… Henry Kissinger, Secretary of state to Presidents Nixon and Gerald Ford, served as

the principal negotiator for the U. S. with Panama beginning in 1973 and reached an agreement with Panamanian officials in September, 1977.

The treaty governed the operations and defense of the Canal through December 31, 1999, and guaranteed the permanent neutrality of the Canal.


1966: Attained rank of Lt. Colonel in the Guardia Nacional. 1968: Along with Major Boris Martínez led a successful coup d'état against the

recently elected president of Panama, Arnulfo Arias, after only eleven days in office.

1968: Torrijos was promoted to full Colonel and named commandant of the National Guard.

1968: Political activity was outlawed, legislature shut down, seized control of three newspapers owned by Arias' brother, Harmodio.

1969: Exiled Martínez and promoted himself to Brigadier General.

U.S. Exit.…

1972: Regime held a controlled election of an Assembly of Community Representatives, with a single opposition member.

The assembly approved a new Constitution which made Torrijos the actual head of government, with near-absolute powers for six years.

General Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera


U.S. Exit.…

September 30, 1979


Torrijos was regarded by his supporters as the first Panamanian leader to represent the majority population of Panama, poor, native Indian, mixed heritage as opposed to the light-skinned, political and social elite of pure Spanish heritage, often referred to as rabiblancos, "white-tails“.

U.S. Exit.…


July 31 of 1981 General Torrijos died at the age of 52 when his aircraft, a DeHavilland Twin Otter , crashed. The aircraft disappeared from radar during severe weather.

Due to the limited nature of Panama's radar coverage at the time, the plane was not reported missing for nearly a day. The crash site was located several days later by U.S. Special Forces in the first few days of August.

U.S. Exit.…


Operation Just Cause.…

Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno

Supreme Military Governor of Panama from 1983 to 1989

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The military incursion into Panama began on the 20th of December 1989, at 1:00 a.m. local time.

The operation involved 27,684 U.S. troops and over 300 aircraft.

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According to official Pentagon figures, 516 Panamanians were killed during the invasion; however, an internal Army memo estimated the number at 1,000.

The UN estimated 500 deaths while Americas Watch found that around 300 civilians died.

President Guillermo Endara said that "less than 600 Panamanians" died during the entire invasion.[

The U.S. lost 23 troops and 325 were wounded.



About 2,700 families that were displaced by the Chorrillo fire were each given $6,500 by the U.S. to build a new house or apartment in selected areas in or near the city. However, numerous problems were reported with the new constructions just two years after the invasion.



During the invasion, General, and dictator Manuel Noriega was deposed. President-elect Guillermo Endara was sworn into office at Fort Clayton, and the Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved.

Guillermo Endara




Predictably the invasion provoked international outrage. Some countries charged that the U.S. had committed an act of aggression by invading Panama and was trying to conceal a new manifestation of its interventionist policy of force in Latin America.

On 22 December, the Organizational of American States passed a resolution deploring the invasion and calling for withdrawal of U.S. troops.

On 29 December, the General Assembly of the U.N. voted 75–20, with 40 abstentions, to condemn the invasion as a flagrant violation of international law.

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Military Governor of Panama from 1983 to 1989.

In the 1989 invasion by the U.S. he was removed from power as a prisoner of war, and taken to the U.S.

Tried on eight counts of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering in April 1992.

U.S. prison sentence ended in September of 2007.

Extradited to France in April 2010. Found guilty and sentenced to seven

years in jail in July 2010. A conditional release was granted on

September 23, 2011, to be extradited to serve 20 years in Panama.

He arrived back in Panama on December 11, 2011.


Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno


U.S. Exit.…

December “30th” of 1999


U.S. Exit.…

Some 95 years after acquiring the Panama Canal Zone in 1904, the United States is presence is over.


U.S. Exit.…

Panama Canal Authority Directors

Panama Canal Authority Chairman & Minister for Canal Affairs Ricardo Martinelli

Canal Authority Board of Directors


Completed his high school at Staunton Military Academy. Graduated with a B.S. in Business Administration from the University of Arkansas in

1973 Earned a M.A. in Business Administration from the INCAE Business School in

1977, located in Nicaragua.

Martinelli is the President and Director of the board of Panamanian supermarket chain Super 99. and of two other companies

He sits on the boards of at least eight other companies

Panama Today.…

President Ricardo Martinelli


Panama Today.…


As soon as the world became aware of the intent of the U.S. government to surrender the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government , a Hong Kong international trading company, Hutchison-Whampoa, owned by a Hong Kong billionaire , quietly began adding the Panamanian seaports along each coast of the Isthmus of Panama to its world-wide seaport holdings.

Ten per-cent of this new venture, Panama Ports, is owned by China Resources, the commercial arm of the Peoples Republic of China's Ministry of Trade and Economic Cooperation.

Panama gave Hutchison Whampoa the right to build new port facilities in Balboa, the canal's only Pacific port, and a major Atlantic port in Cristobal, and to operate the ports for the next half-century.

Later Panama's gave Hutchison Whampoa the right to control anchorages on both ends of the canal, to hire new pilots , to block all passage that interferes with the company's business, to take control of key public roads near the canal and to have right of first refusal for control of some former U.S. military bases.

China is in Panama for the long haul. A Chinese corporation called Great Wall Panama has secured a lease for 60 years for an export zone on the Atlantic side.

Panama Today.…


Panama Today.…

Centennial Bridge, opened in 2004

Designed by T.Y. International. Built by German company Bilfinger Berger using resources from its Australian

subsidiary Baulderstone Hornibrook. Structural engineering awarded to German firm of Leonhardt, Andrä and Partner.

Panama Today.…


HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co. Ltd (HKND), recently won Nicaraguan approval to build a canal across that nation.

The company says a second canal is needed to accommodate expanding international trade and the growing number of ships too big to use the Panama Canal..

Panama Today.…


Panama Today.… HKND will receive much of the financing coming from the Chinese government

estimated at $40 Billion. In 2013 the Sandinista National Liberation Front pushed through a vote in

Nicaragua’s National Congress to give HKND has sole rights to: Build an inter-oceanic canal deeper and wider than the Panama Canal and

operate it for 50 years and option for 50 more. Shielded from lawsuits over environmental damages May plan to build and run a parallel railway “dry canal”. Construct an oil pipeline. Operate deep-water ports at either end. Operate at least one major airport and free trade zone.

Daniel Ortega


Colombia and China are collaborating on a "dry canal" . China would fund the project, which would link Colombia's Atlantic and Pacific

coasts together by rail linking the Atlantic coast city of Cartagena with the Pacific port of Buenaventura.

Colombia is the world’s fifth biggest producer of "high quality coal in easily-worked surface mines close to the Caribbean end of the proposed route.

Panama Today.…

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=G6M4QOVewgwFsM&tbnid=QkaaipszRTQHyM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/colombia/8322284/Panama-Canal-rail-alternative-built-by-China-considered-by-Colombia.html&ei=OkgRUrD8LOfR2wWEooGoBQ&psig=AFQjCNGGHfVobn7-BJ34y5ujfIwDx1w_ew&ust=1376950714818253


Panama Today.…

Chinese Presence


The Canal Expansion



Canal Expansion.…


Canal Expansion


Canal Expansion.…

Canal Expansion.…Estimated Completion – Mid 2015


Canal Expansion.…


The Maersk Line Triple E class is a family of large, fuel-efficient container ships. The name "Triple E" is derived from the class's three design principles:

Economy of Scale Energy Efficient Environmentally Improved

They will be the most efficient containerships per twenty foot equivalent unit (TEU) of cargo with a capacity of 18,000 containers!

The Future.…

The following words of Theodore Roosevelt are displayed in the Rotunda of the Panama Canal Administration Building, Balboa, C.Z.

http://www.pancanalsociety.org/articles/HistoryOfTheAdministrationBuilding.html

Happy Turkey Day !!!!!

panama canal course day 3 final

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