Palm Pipes

Objective Students will be able to create

vibrations, which we hear as music, in order to understand basic properties of sound and waves.

Warm up Using the slinky on your table,

demonstrate the movement of a sound wave.

Now demonstrate the movement of a light wave.

Focus QuestionsWhat are some important

properties of sound waves?What is resonance and why

is it important?What is sound and how do

we hear it?What is music and how do

we make music?

Exploration

Palm Pipes

http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/img/cache/02268c260f8fff6f7502dd93a20e39be/WPVC-100_2.jpg

Palm PipesCheck to see the note of your palm

pipe.Follow along with the music and

play your palm pipe when your note occurs.

Mary Had a Little LambMelody

(1st line)

E D C D E E E D D D E G G

Melody

(2nd line) E D C D E E E E D D E D C

HAPPY BIRTHDAY Melody C C D C F E C C D C G F

Harmony A A Bb Bb BbA

Melody C C C A F E D BbBb A F G F

Harmony F C Bb C A

Jingle Bells Melody E E E E E E E G C D E

Harmony F F F F F E E E E E D D E D G

Melody E E E E E E E G C D E

Harmony F F F F F E E E E G G F D C

GOD BLESS AMERICA Melody F E D E D C G F G A G A Bb D

Harmony A C E E D E F D

Melody Bb A C F G A G F G F E F

Harmony C F E C

Melody E F G C F G A C G A Bb E A Bb C

Harmony C E D F E G C G

Melody D C Bb A G F Bb A G F

Harmony F F E C E D F F E C

TWINKLE, TWINKLE LITTLE STARMelody F F C C D D C Bb Bb A A G G F

Harmony C C A A Bb Bb A G G F F E E C

Melody C C Bb Bb A A G C C Bb Bb A A G

Harmony A A G G F F C A A G G F F C

Melody F F C C D D C Bb Bb A A G G F

Harmony C C A A Bb Bb A G G F F E E C

Explanation

How could pipes that have the same note be different lengths?

ExplanationHow does it work?

When you pound the Palm Pipe into the palm of your hand, it disturbs the air molecules inside the tube. The action of these molecules creates the vibration that becomes the note you hear.

The different lengths of pipe create different lengths of sound waves, which in turn create eight different notes.

Explanation

Click this picture for the online wave animation.

Explanation

http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/images/long_waves.jpg

Explanation

http://www.fi.edu/pieces/dukerich/vibrations/graphics/wavedi.gif

Wavelength is the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next. Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in each second. Amplitude this is the measure of the amount of energy in a sound wave.

Explanation

This is how a high and a low soundwave looks.A bird makes a high pitch.A lion makes a low pitch.

Can you think of other high and low pitched sounds?

Basic characteristics of standing waves

NodePoints where the string does not move

Anti-nodePoints where the string moves the

most

Explanation

RESONANCEA condition where a force (a push) occurs at a

frequency that results in a Standing WaveThese Standing Waves occur at what are called

Natural Frequencies or Harmonics.Every object, substance and material has its own

Natural Frequencies, where they “like” to vibrate.

Explanation

FREQUENCY x WAVELENGTHEach Harmonic has a different

frequency and wavelengthFrequency x Wavelength gives the

same answer for ALL HarmonicsCycles/Seconds x Meters/Cycle=

Meters/Second which is a value for speed of the Wave on the string

If Frequency increases, Wavelength decreases and if Frequency decreases, Wavelength increases

Explanation

Sound Waves

How do we perceive Sound Waves?What do they have in common with other kinds

of waves?What is different about Sound Waves?

Explanation

Sound and Music - ChordsDifferent notes have different frequencies.Chords are combinations of different notes with

specific mathematical relationships.Different relationships of the notes will produce

chords with very different “moods” or “feel.”

Explanation

Musical InstrumentsMusical instruments play different

notesFrequencies are controlled by altering

wavelengthVibrating materials like strings or reeds

cause chunks or columns of air to vibrate

Explanation

Musical InstrumentsNatural Frequencies/Harmonics cause amplification

through ResonanceInstruments can be amplified this way and/or

electronicallyThe vibrating element vibrates at ALL its Harmonics, not

just the Fundamental.The combination of these frequencies give an instrument

its particular sound.

Explanation

Elaboration

Speed of sound in air at room temperature = 350 m/s.

Speed of light in a vacuum (in outer space) = 299,792,458 m/s or 3.0 x 108

Important numbers:

Frequency calculationsVelocity of a sound wave is equal to its

frequency times its wavelength.

v = f x λ

2. velocity is 350m/s in normal room air temperature

1. wavelength can be obtained by multiplying the tube length in meters by 4

3. So…if you divide 350m/s by a tube's wavelength value, you obtain the approximate frequency in cycle per second, or hertz, of the note the tube will produce.

Example:350 m/s

tube length of 21 cm (.21 m) x 4= .84 m

= frequency of 416 Hz

Frequency calculations:Now calculate the frequency of the Palm Pipes

assigned to the members of your group and be prepared to share your answers with the class.

Approximate answers:Note Length (cm) Frequency (Hz)

F1   23.6   349

G1   21.0   392

A1   18.7   440

B flat 1   17.5   446

C1   15.8   523

D1   14.0   587

E1   12.5   659

F2   11.8   698

G2   10.5   784

A2   9.4   880

B flat 2   9.2   892

C2   7.9   1046

D2   7.0   1174

E2   6.2   1318

F3   5.9   1397

Closure

In your notes, write a brief summary of what you have learned.